The processes for obtaining a raw part by deformation.

I. Definitions.
 deformation

Plastic deformation

Plastic deformation is the irreversible deformation of an object; it

is produced by a rearrangement of the relative positions of the atoms, or
more generally the constitutive elements of the material.

elastic deformation
Elastic deformation is a reversible deformation. A solid material deforms.
when forces are applied to it. An elastic material regains its shape and size
initials when these forces are no longer exerted.
 The striction

Striction is a point of rapid decrease in diameter.

The hardening

The work hardening of a metal is the hardening of a metal under the effect of its plastic deformation.

Bauschinger Effect

A material that undergoes plastic deformation in tension and then in compression sees
to the limit
significantly reduced elasticity: Bauschinger effect.
 Influence of temperature
La température à une forte influence sur les contraintes dans le matériau lors d’une
deformation.
We will distinguish between two operating modes:
• cold deformation where θ < 0.5.θf
and hot deformation where θ > 0.5θf

Cold deformation
It is the athermal domain: phenomena related to molecular agitation (expansion)
can be neglected.
There is no diffusion, no recrystallization after shaping.
Cold forming generates:
An increase in the yield strength by strain hardening
An excellent surface condition
A tight tolerance range
• Internal constraints (which can be eliminated by restoration)
 Hot deformation
The efforts to deform the material are lower, but the temperature influences the
dimensional specifications of the part.
poor surface condition
low quality
The currying
The corrugation corresponds to the orientation of the material's dendrites. It is the phenomenon most
important of the forge.
The forging ratio is the ratio: S0/S1: S0 and S1 being the sections before and after forging.
The orientation of the processing results in certain changes in the material:
• Creation of an anisotropic material. Care must be taken with the direction of processing when
the use of raw materials.
Improvement of certain physical properties of the material, in the sense of forging
Unedendriteest uncrystalbranched, in shape
oftree(of the grecdendron): it has a trunk
with branches. The dendrites appear
during thesolidification
Chip formation V1
Chip formation V2
 Fibering

Fibring is the term used to describe the orientation of impurities within the material.
Fibring is therefore not a good thing in itself, as it highlights the fact that the material
is impure.
On the other hand, by attacking the impurities with acid, we can visualize the direction of the fibrillation, and
at the same time the meaning of plating, which is a fundamental characteristic of the
forge.
 II. Processes without material removal
Processes without
removal of
material
Classification
Process for
Process for
parts under
pieces
forms of
massive
leaves.
(forgeage)
boilermaking

Stamping-
Laminating forging Punching
matrixing
cutout
snacking
-shearing
Manuel mechanics folding
scent
stamping
upsetting
folding
-punching
Stamping
anvil
Centrage
stretching
-
 Forging, stamping, die casting.
a- definitions

Forging is a shaping process through plastic deformation.

material.
Free forging: tool without imprint
Closed die forging: die with imprint

Deposit the heated and curved piece in Removal of the Part

the lower matrix after strike
b. Free forging.

It is the oldest forging method, the material is

compressed in one direction and moves freely
according to the other two. Two modes of action are possible:

Bumpers

- By pressure
stretching.
stamping
Refoulement
Dredging.
Punching
clam
Camber
Slicing.
twisting
C. Stamping-die cutting
 III. Machines

There are two types of machines: impact machines (pounders) and machines for ...
press (newspaper).
The press, by deforming the material more gently, prevents the formation of cracks.
(critiques) and therefore allows for the manufacturing of complex parts.
The drums are well suited for fairly uniform parts.
Shock machines
Shock machines
[Link] machines
2. Pressure machines
[Link] machines
[Link] Machines
2. Pressure machines
The hardening of ametalis the hardening of a metal due to its plastic deformation
(definitive). This hardening mechanism largely explains the differences between the
metal parts obtained bycorrosion(that is to say by plastic deformation:lamination,
drawing, forging) and the parts offoundry.
Work hardening corresponds to the changes it undergoes when subjected to stress.
applied are strong enough to cause plastic deformations,
permanent. These changes are metallurgical (modification of the internal structure
of the metal) and generally have an influence on its mechanical properties.
Work hardening occurs only in materialsductileand in the fieldplastic.
Work hardening is characterized by an increase inlimit of elasticityand of thehardness; the
material also becomes more fragile. Depending on the metals considered, the mechanical properties
can evolve towards an increase in resistance (case of thesteelsallies) up to a certain
point (breaking threshold) or conversely towards its reduction (in the case of low alloy steels).
The corroyage consists of a hammering of themetalto thepilon, athammeror to thepressin a way
to improve its mechanical properties, after therefiningIt causes a tightening of
metaland an orientation of the crystals by the action of a deformation work in a or
several preferred directions.
The corroyage is done hot, at moderate temperature or at room temperature, and
allows, through appropriate deformation, to obtain products or semi-finished products in the desired shape:
blocksheet metalbar, wire, profile. Deformations by working are carried out by processes of
transformation such as theforging, therolling, the spinning, the matrixingOne must not confuse
the corrugation with thestrain hardeningintended to locally modify the structural state of a metal and which
is carried out at room temperature or moderate temperature on a semi-finished product.
The forging is measured by a coefficient (forging rate) which is the ratio of the section of
departure of the ingot to the rough section obtained. It actually indicates the importance of the work of
deformation performed.
The wrought steels have a forging rate equal to the ratio of the initial section
deformation and the section after deformation. The forging rate may vary depending on the
transverse and longitudinal direction of the obtained profile: as a result, the mechanical characteristics
can present a relativeanisotropy.
The reduction in cross-section after finishing can be significant. The construction codes
generally require a minimum refining rate of 3. However, rates of 14 are
not exceptional.
•Unedendriteest uncrystalbranched, shaped
oftree(of the grecdendron): it presents a
trunk with branches. The dendrites
appear during thesolidification
Forgable materials
Steels with a carbon percentage lower than 0.5
All aluminum alloys.