Maranhão College of Science and Technology - FACEMA

Maintained by the Faculty of Science and Technology of Maranhão Ltda

Course: Analysis and Development of Systems
Discipline: Introduction to Computer Organization
Block I

ASSEMBLY OF MICROS
THREATS THROUGH VIRUSES
 TOPICS

HOW TO BUILD A PC
Cabinet
Motherboard
Microprocessor
Memory
Slots
Energy Source
Drives
Auxiliary Plates
 INTRODUCTION

The good performance of a computer depends on the combination

two components that make it up. It is of no use to have a
powerful processor if the PC has little RAM.
the fact that 32 MB of RAM was sufficient a few years ago,
it doesn't mean that it will be enough today. In the same way, it is not
it is convenient to install a hard drive with disks that spin at 5,400 RPM
(rotations for minute me um
current computer, since the processor does not
will be able to use all of its processing capacity because
Access to the hard drive data will be slow.
 HOW TO ASSEMBLE A PC

What exists inside your PC

Not always does a hardware expansion consist of fitting a
insert a card into an empty slot and install a driver. It may be necessary
remove some plates, undo some connections, make the
installation and put everything back in place. To do the
expansions with security, it is highly recommended that the user
understand the anatomy of a PC.
 CABINETS

They are "boxes," usually made of metal and painted in colors.

ice white or sand, nowadays it is becoming common equipment
in black or graphite colors, which was the standard color for appliances,
but there are other colors in use such as blue and red. It is in this
box where the components that make up a micro are installed
(power supply, motherboard, hard drive, cd-rom drive,
floppy disk, video card, memory and other internal peripherals.
 CPU board

It is the most important board of the computer, also called the Board
Mother, System Board or Motherboard. It is where the
processor, the memory and various interfaces. On this board there is
also available expansion slots, which are connectors for the
fits peripheral plates, containing unavailable functions. This is
an item of extreme importance, after all, it is the
a request that interconnects all other devices of the computer. A
The first thing to observe when choosing one is the socket, that is, the type.
from the processor connector. Processors, even those that
belong to the same family (for example, the Athlon XP line,
AMD), may have the quantity and the
arrangement of different pins, in such a way that a type of
conector - socket - adequado a essa combinação. Depois, deve-se
check if the card is onboard or offboard.
 MICROPROCESSOR

This, being the 'brain' of the machine, is one of the items that most
influence on performance. The choice of a processor should be made
observing your usage needs of
computer. For basic applications, such as video playback and
audio, internet access, light games and office programs, no it is not
it is necessary to acquire top-of-the-line processors. For these cases,
secondary (or economical) processors are sufficient.
 MEMORY

The main issue regarding RAM is the

its amount. To run operating systems like Windows 7
and the latest versions of Linux with minimal efficiency, it is
It is necessary to use at least 1 GB of RAM. As for the type
from memory, always prefer the most common patterns. Avoid using
memory technologies that are hard to find because, in these cases, the
the value of memory and the motherboard increases considerably.
 SLOTS

About the motherboard (also called the mainboard), we do the

fitting of expansion cards. They are the graphics cards, cards of
sound cards, modem cards, network interface cards, cards
SCSI controllers and several other less common ones. Not always a
the computer has all these slots. In general, the most computers
simple ones use fewer expansion cards, while the more
sophisticated users use more. The expansion cards are in connectors
called 'slots'. We can mention the PCI, ISA, AGP slots and one of the
but more current the PCI-Express.
 POWER SUPPLY
Power supplies are responsible for distributing energy.
electricity to all components of the computer. Therefore, a power supply
Quality is essential for maintaining the proper functioning of the equipment.
In order to facilitate the choice of a font, this article will present the
main features of this device, from the standard to the
ATX standard.
In computers, a type of font known as 'Font
"Chaveada". It is a pattern that makes use of capacitors and inductors.
in the energy conversion process. The advantage of this is that there is less
heat generation, since a mechanism of the source simply disables the
energy flow instead of dissipating a possible excess. Moreover,
there is lower consumption, as the source can utilize almost all the
energy that "enters" the device. As it is a piece of equipment that
generates an electromagnetic field (since it is capable of working with frequencies
High sources must be shielded to avoid interference
on other devices and on the computer itself.
 TENSIONS SUPPLIED BY THE SOURCES
The devices that make up the computer require different levels.
of tension for its operation. That is why power supplies
essentially provide four types of voltage (in Volts - V):
5 V - used for powering chips, such as processors, chipsets, and
memory modules;
- 5 V - applied to peripheral devices, such as mouse and keyboard;
12 V - used in devices that contain motors, like hard drives (whose
motor is responsible for spinning the discs) and CD or DVD drives (which
has motors to open the drawer and to rotate the disk);
- 12 V - used for powering communication buses, such as
the old ISA (Industry Standard Architecture).
 HARD DISK DRIVE
For home or office use, there are times when a
certain capacity is "in trend", that is, it is market standard.
The advantage of this is the reduced cost. When choosing a hard drive, one should
consider not only the capacity, but also the rotation speed of the
discs, which are measured in RPM (revolutions per minute) and this is linked
to the communication interface of the HD. Hard drives in the IDE standard
they operate at speeds of 5,400 RPM and 7,200 RPM. The disks in
SAT standard also works at 7,200 RPM, but this rate can be
greater in the future. The HDs with SCSI (Small Computer) interface
System Interface) - a faster but more expensive access technology -
they are usually available at speeds of 10,000 RPM and 15,000
RPM. The higher the rotation speed of the hard drives, the more
quickly the processor will be able to handle the stored data
in them. It is important to check which interface your motherboard supports before
to buy a hard drive.
 CD/DVD DRIVER

The connection of CD-ROM drives to the computer is made through the

the rear part of these devices. There are inputs for the power supply
power (energy), for the data cable (responsible for transmitting
the CD data for the computer) and for the audio cable (which must be
connected to the sound card so that it is possible to play CDs of
audio).
At the front of the CD-ROM drives, there is the tray where
the CD is inserted, a headphone jack (not available in
some devices) and usually 2 buttons: Load/Eject and Play.
Obviously, it is possible to find differences between the various models.
of the CD-ROM drives, both on the front and on the back.
 Auxiliary Plates
Video Card
The video card needs RAM.
own, especially when working with 3D images. How much
more memory, better, however, it is not always worth paying for
models that offer this item in large quantities. These are quite
but more expensive (since graphics cards with large memory capacity
usually have state-of-the-art graphics chips), reaching to have the
the same price as a low-cost computer and, for this reason, are
indicated for users who want to run very heavy games. The
current video cards work with the AGP slot (which tends to fall into
disuse) or with the new PCI-Express slot.
STAGES OF ASSEMBLY STEP BY STEP:
STAGE 1: Preparation of the Motherboard, Processor with Cooler and
Memory(ies)
This is the motherboard preparation stage before assembling it in the case.
1) Install the Processor in your socket.

2) Attach the cooler to the processor. Apply a little thermal paste.

thermal between the processor and the cooler.
3) Install the Memory(ies) on the Motherboard.
STAGE 2: Fixing the Drives, Hard Drive, and Connections for the front cables
Cabinet
1) Install CD drives, floppy disks and the hard drive
Most cabinets have several places for installing drives and some
spaces for the hard drive and only one location for the installation of the floppy disk drive.
Choose the correct locations, taking into account the best cable arrangement and the best
heat dissipation. Normally, CD and floppy drives are introduced by
front part, and then screwed in place through its lateral holes. Recommended at least
01 screw on each side. The hard drive will be inserted inside the case and
just like the drives secured by their side holes.
2) Identify the connectors on the front panel of the case: Reset, Power SW, Power
LED, Speaker, HD LED.
Then, look for the connectors on the motherboard where these wires should be.
Plugged in. If there is no identification on the plate, look for it in the manual.
They usually stay in the opposite diagonal corner from the external connectors of the
keyboard, mouse, USB (onboard). Once this is done, just connect the wires to their respective
connectors on the motherboard (usually the slot is marked on the board)
mother). Some boards have varied colors in their connectors, but not always
this can be taken into account, as in most cases these colors do not match
such as the wires of the cabinet.
Pay special attention to the polarity of the wires, connecting according to the positive marking and
negative (+ and -) on the motherboard. White and black wires are usually negative, but in
In case of doubts, it is always recommended to check the cabinet manual.
STAGE 3: Fixing the Motherboard in the case and the Power Supply
1) Position the Motherboard over the hexagonal metal screws and if it is the
case, fit them onto the plastic screws. In some cabinets, they are used
plastic spacers, which must be fitted into the Motherboard and then
introduced into existing slits in the cabinet.

2) Position and screw your power supply at the upper back of the
cabinet.
STAGE4:FixationofExpansionPlates
1) Now fit the expansion cards if there are any.
In all models, the relative position between the Motherboard, the expansion cards, and the
The mounting points in the cabinet are similar.
STAGE5:Cableconnection
1) We will make the connection of the power supply cables to all devices at this point that
they need power supply, IDE flat cables from the drives and hard disk
When connecting the flat cable to the HD and CD-ROM, the rule is to always connect the red stripe.
connect the flat cable to pin 1 of the connector. The red stripe will be facing the power cable.

To avoid connecting the flat cables the wrong way, just follow the pin rule.
red, where the end of the cable that is red must be connected to the
pin 1 of the connector. To determine the position of pin 1 on the motherboard's IDE connector,
just consult the manual, or look for the pin 1 indicator that is engraved in the
motherboard next to the connector.
Motherboards produced from the end of 2002 started to show a new type
of the interface, a SerialATA (SATA). This is the new version of the IDE interfaces, which despite
of operating in serial mode, offers even greater performance. The first
SATA interfaces operate at a rate of 150 MB/s. The second generation already operates at 300.
MB/s, and the third generation operates at 600 MB/s.
2) It's time to connect the power supply cables from the power source to the
devices. Motherboard, CD and floppy disk drives, hard drive and finally the cable
from external power grid to the power supply.
Modern motherboards, ATX standard, have a 20-pin connector for connection to the
power supply. We connect the main ATX connector from the power supply to it,
note that the pins of these connectors have different shapes. Some are
rectangular and others are hexagonal. This differentiation prevents a user from
distracted, make the connection in reverse. If it were possible to connect it in a way
if inverted, the motherboard would burn out immediately. Almost all motherboards
modern ones require ATX12V power supplies. These supplies have, in addition to the
main connector, two other connectors (auxiliary and 12 volts). The boards are rare.
mothers who use the auxiliary connector, but very common are those that use the 12 connector
volts. The figure below shows the 12-volt connectors on the motherboard and on the power supply.
nutrition.
 The new generation of ATX power supplies (version 2.2) has some differences. The connector
the main connector, which had 20 pins, now has 24 pins. The auxiliary connector was eliminated.
A new power connector for SerialATA drives has also been included. Meanwhile
the overwhelming majority of motherboards still operate with the ATX 12V (or ATX 2.1) power supply.
When a motherboard has a 24-pin power connector, you can use
an ATX12V power supply with a 20-pin connector. Despite the number of pins being different,
the fit is compatible.
Virus, Types of Virus and
Prevention
Index
Virus
Types of Viruses
Program Virus
Boot Virus
How to Avoid Boot Sector Viruses?
Virus Transmission
 Virus
In computer science, a computer virus is a
malicious program developed by programmers
that, just like a biological virus, infects the system,
makes copies of itself and tries to spread to
other computers, using various for that
means.
Types of Viruses
PC viruses belong to one of these three
main categories: program virus (or
parasitic), boot sector virus and virus of
macro.
 • Program viruses infect files of
program. Examples of program viruses
known are Jerusalem and Cascade.
 Attention!!!!
Program viruses are the viruses that most
damages cause, they attack the files
executables, often overwriting the
original code, causing damage - almost
always - irreparable.
 Boot Virus
The boot sector viruses infect the area of
disk system - that is, the boot record
in diskettes and hard drives. All diskettes and
hard drives contain a small program in the registry
the initialization that is executed when the computer
is initiated. Boot sector viruses attach to this
part of the disk and are activated when the user tries
start from the infected disk.
 Attention!!!!
Examples of boot sector viruses are
Form, Disk Killer, Michelangelo and
Stoned.
How to Avoid Sector Virus
Initialization?
Avoid leaving a floppy disk in the computer when
turn it off. In the startup, the computer will attempt to read the
diskette unit and it is at this moment that the virus of
the boot sector can infect the hard drive.
 Transmission of Viruses
File storage devices:
Pens, CDs, DVDs, Floppy disks and External hard drives
MSN
IP
 Attention!!!!
Be careful when connecting your drive and the
that you receive in your email and not
open everything you receive, for these things
can contain viruses that destroy all the
your files and things you need.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCING
• [Link]

•Complete Hardware Course 4th Edition Gabriel Torres

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