REDIRECTIONS

standard output
make file output to file and to screen
file output a file
file output at the end of the file
/dev/null # descarta output
error
2>&1 # error a output
file file error
file error at the end of the file
2> /dev/null discard error
output and error
2>&1 | tee file both to file and to screen
>& file both to file
&>> file both at the end of the file
VARIABLES
environment variables
$PWD current working directory
$OLDPWD previous working directory
$PPID parent process identifier
$HOSTNAME computer name
$USER username
$HOME user directory
$PATH # command search routes
$LANG language for messages
$FUNCNAME function name in execution
$LINENO current line number (of the script)
$RANDOM random number
special variables
$0 script name
${N} parameter N
$$ current process identifier
$! identifier of the last process
$@ all the received parameters
$# number of parameters received
$? # (0=normal, >0=error) return code of the last command
shift # $1=$2, $2=$3, ... ${N-1}=${N}
ARRAYS
declare -a ARRAY array declaration
ARRAY=(value1 ... valueN) composite assignment
ARRAY[N]=valueN simple assignment
ARRAY=([N]=valorN valorM[P]=valorP) # assign cells N, M and P
${ARRAY[N]} cell value N
${ARRAY[*]} all the values

Autor: Adolfo Sanz De Diego [Link] License:CC-BY-SA

OPERATORS
arithmetic operators
+ sum
- remains
* multiplication
/ division
% restaurant

++ increase
-- decrease
numerical comparison operators
number1–eq number2 number1 equal to number2
number1–number2 number1 different from number2
number1 - lt number2 number1 less than number2
number1 - the number2 number1 less than or equal to number2
number1 -gt number2 number1 greater than number2
number1–the number2 number1 greater than or equal to number2

logical operators
! NOT
&& , -a AND
|| , -o OR
file operators
-e file exists
-s file is not empty
-f file normal
-d file directory
-h file symbolic link
-r file reading permission
-w file write permission
-x file execution permit
The file owner
-G file belongs to the group
f1-ef f2 f1 and f2 links same file
f1-nt f2 f1 newer than f2
f1-ot f2 f1 older than f2
string operators
-n string not empty
-z chain empty
string1 = string2 string1 equals string2
string1 == string2 string1 equals string2
string1 != string2 string1 different from string2

Autor: Adolfo Sanz De Diego [Link] License:CC-BY-SA

QUOTED
#!RUTA path to the interpreter (/bin/bash)
character literal value of the character
linea1 \linea2 to write in several lines
chain literal string value
chain literal string value, except $ ' \
EXPANSION
[prefix]{string1,[,...],stringN}[suffix] # = precad1suf ... precadNsuf
${VARIABLE:-value} if VARIABLE is null, return value
${VARIABLE:=value} if VARIABLE null, assign value
${VARIABLE:?message} if VARIABLE null, error message and end
${VARIABLE:start} trim from start to end
${VARIABLE:start:length} crop from the beginning to length
${!prefix*} variable names with prefix
${#VARIABLE} number of characters of VARIABLE
${#ARRAY[*]} array elements
${VARIABLE#pattern} remove minimum pattern from the beginning
${VARIABLE##pattern} remove maximum pattern from beginning
${VARIABLE%pattern} remove minimum pattern from end
${VARIABLE%%pattern} remove maximum pattern from the end
${VARIABLE/pattern/replacement} replace first match
${VARIABLE//pattern/replacement} replace all matches
$((expression)) replace the expression with its value
$[expression] # sustituye expresión por su valor
EXECUTION
./command execute from current directory
$ROUTE/command run from anywhere
command # executes if it's in the $PATH
.script execute exporting variables
$(command param1 ...paramN) executes literally
command param1 ...paramN run by substituting variables
command & run in the background
c1 |c2 redirect output c1 to input c2
c1 ;c2 execute c1 and then c2
c1 && c2 execute c2 if c1 finishes without errors
c1 ||c2 execute c2 if c1 ends with errors
COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
while getopts "hs:" option ; do #getops + "available options"
case "$option" in as long as there are arguments
h) DO_HELP=1 ;; # we select
s) argument=$OPTARG; DO_SEARCH=1 ;; # -h without options
Invalid # -s with options in $OPTARG
case # * error
done

Autor: Adolfo Sanz De Diego [Link] License:CC-BY-SA

CONTROL STRUCTURES
if expression1; then #conditional
block1 if expression1 then
elif expression2; then # block1
block2 if and expression2 then
else # block2
block3 if none then
fi # block2
caseVARIABLE in #selective
pattern11|...|pattern1N) if VARIABLE matches patterns1
block1 # so block1
pattern21|...|pattern2N) if VARIABLE matches patterns2
block2 # so block2
*) if none
defaultBlock # then blockDefault
case
for VARIABLE in LISTA; do #iterative with list
block execute block replacing
done # VARIABLE for each element of LIST
for ((expr1; expr2; expr3;)); do #iterative with counter
bloque first, exp1 is evaluated
done then while exp2 is true
the block and expr3 are executed
while expression; do while loop
block block executes
done while the expression is true
until expression; do do while loop
expression block is executed
done until the expression is true
[function]expression () { function
[ return [value] ] it is invoked with
} # functionName [param1 ... paramN]
INTERACTIVITY
read [-string] [variable1 ...] #input
read keyboard and assign to variables
a message can be shown beforehand
if no variable, REPLY = everything
echo string #output
-n does not create a new line send the value of the string
- and interpret characters with to the standard output
printf #formatted output (same as C)
PROCESS CONTROL
command & run in the background
bgnúmeroProceso continues execution in the background
fgnúmeroProceso continue execution in the foreground
jobs show running processes
kill signal PID1|númeroProceso1 kill the indicated process(es)
exit code exit with return code
(0=normal, >0=error)
trap [command] [code1 ...] execute command when signal(s)
wait [PID1|processNumber1] wait until the end of child process(es)
nice-n priority command execute command with priority [-20/19]
renice-n priority command modify command priority [-20/19]
-20 maximum priority and 19 minimum

Autor: Adolfo Sanz De Diego [Link] License:CC-BY-SA