NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN

MARCOS
(Dean of America)

Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

School of Chemical Engineering
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2
Report Title:
Bed fluidization
Professor:
Pizarro Cabrera, Raúl German
Members:
Cornelio Vidal Ruth Estefany 15070134
Crisóstomo Torres, José Antonio 15070132
Vasquez Charqui Valeri Nicole 15070144
Villazana Huallullo Wéndoly 15070147

2019
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. NOMENCLATURE................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. INTRODUCTION.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS........................................................................11
6. DATA AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
8. CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................23
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................25
11. APPENDIX......................................................................................................26

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

1. SUMMARY

The laboratory conditions correspond to a temperature of 24°C and a pressure

of 756 mmHg. The equipment used in the practice is a column with packed bed.
formed of solid particles of sand. For the pressure measurement, a liquid was used.
manometric, in this case it was carbon tetrachloride due to its high sensitivity.

A granulometric analysis was performed, obtaining a particle diameter of 0.5858mm.

an apparent density of 1427.04 kg/m3, an absolute density of 2508.66 kg/m3 and
the initial porosity of the bed, which was 0.4312, was also calculated. Subsequently
Hello, the sphericity with a graph that relates both variables was 0.73.

To determine the pressure variation in the empty column, an equation was obtained.
quadratic with an r=0.9876. The Re was found to vary from 0.2066 to 4.7221.
it demonstrates a laminar characteristic.

Subsequently, the pressure drop was determined using 3 methods, applying the equations
de Max leva, Carman-Kozeny and Sabri Ergun.

Finally, the minimum fluidization velocity was calculated, applying an equation and
graphically, presenting a deviation percentage of 2.3%.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

2. NOMENCLATURE

Minimum flow velocity, mass flow per unit area (kg/s.m)2)

Mass velocity of the fluid (kg/s.m)2)

∆ Pressure drop (cm CCl)4); (kg/m2)

Flow (mL/min; L/s; m3/h)

0 Initial porosity before fluidization

Porosity of the bed

Sphericity

Particle form factor

Density of the solid

Fluid density

0 Initial height

Height of the bed

Diameter of the particle. ( )

Diameter of a component of a particle mixture. ( )

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

3. INTRODUCTION
The widespread use of fluidization began in catalytic cracking reactors.
in the oil industry. Currently, fluidization is applied to many processes
catalysts and other operations, such as drying crystals. The main ones
The advantages of fluidization are that it ensures contact of the fluid with all parts of
the solid particles; it maintains a complete uniformity of solids due to the total
bed agitation, and makes temperature variations minimal in reactors
large in size, also due to the vigorous agitation.
In contrast to these advantages are the increased power required due to the
pressure drop in a fluidized bed, the increase in the size of the tank or reactor,
and a greater breakage of solid particles. In general, a recovery must be carried out
from the fines that come out of the fluidized bed.

The fluidization phenomenon must meet certain conditions such as for example the
the fluid velocity must be high enough to suspend the particles,
but at the same time not so high as to expel the particles out of the container. The
solid particles rotate in the bed quickly, creating excellent mixing. The
Material that becomes fluidized is almost always a solid, and the medium that fluidizes can be both
fluid as gas. The characteristics and behavior of fluidized beds
they depend heavily on the properties of the solid and the fluid.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

4. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES

FLUIDIZATION:

Fluidization is a process in which a fluid is passed vertically through

a bed of solid particles, until a homogeneous mixture is achieved between the
fluid and the particles. In this state, the particles behave like the fluid in
those that are, and therefore flow in response to the pressure gradients at the
those that are subjected. What is intended to achieve is to separate the particles of a
solid enough to achieve general mobility; when these particles are
they begin to separate this means that the fluid has equalized the weight of the particles
through the drag forces and this is thanks to the increase in speed
of fluidization.

2. TYPES OF FLUIDIZATION:

a) PARTICULATE FLUIDIZATION:

When sand is fluidized with water, the particles are farther apart and
its movement is more vigorous as the fluidization velocity increases,
although the average density of the bed at a given speed is the same throughout
its sections. These are called particulate fluidization and are characterized by a
large but uniform expansion of the bed at high speeds.

b) BUBBLE OR TURBULENT FLUIDIZATION:

Air fluidized solid beds exhibit what is known as fluidization

aggregative or bubbling. At superficial speeds, most of the gas passes
through the bed in the form of bubbles or gaps that are almost devoid of solids,
and only a small fraction of the gas flows through the existing channels between the
particles.

c) CIRCULATING FLUIDIZATION:

At higher gas speeds, all feed particles are fast.

dragged with the gas, but it is possible to recover them with a cyclone to return them to
background to keep the solids in the unit. This type of system is called
from the fluidized bed.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

3. IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN A FLUIDIZED BED

a) BED POROSITY:

It is the relationship that exists between the volume of voids in the bed and the total volume of it.
(more solid gaps).

ℎ ó
= =1−

Epsilon = 1 -

The porosity of the fluidized bed is calculated by the length of the bed.

0
ε=1- ( 1 − ε0 )

Where:

0 Initialporosity before fluidization

Porosity of the bed
0 Initial height
Bedding height

b) SPHERICITY:

It is best defined by sphericity, which is the most useful measure for characterization.
the shape of non-spherical and irregular particles. Let's designate the surface area of a
arbitrarily shaped particle by The surface area of a spherical particle that has
the same volume that the particle of arbitrary shape will be So, by definition:

í
=( ) =

This value can also be estimated by graphs of porosity vs sphericity.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Foust, D. “Principios de Operaciones Unitarias”. Mc Graw-Hill (1950).

c) PARTICLE DIAMETER:

The average diameter regarding the surface is of great importance, especially in the
case of fluid flow through a porous medium where it is represented by
particle diameter, Dp.
In the case of having the distribution of particle sizes, it is necessary to define a
average particle size in relation to the surface of the particle. Therefore,
the particle diameterDpit would be:

Where
Particle diameter.
Diameter or size of the sieve.
Retained fraction in the sieve.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

4. EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR PRESSURE DROP:

a) Max –Leva Equation

The experimental data from Leva were all within the range of
relatively large Reynolds number.

Where the exponent n of the equation is a constant, it is evaluated.

experimentally from the slope of the pressure drop vs. mass flow curve and
varies

Laminar flow n = 1
Turbulent flow n = 2.
1<n<2 for transient flow.
Rearranging the equation:

Dp Mean particle diameter (m)

μ Fluid viscosity (kg/ms)
G Mass flow rate per unit area (kg/s/m)2)
Ѱ Sphericity of the particle
Є Bed porosity
ρ Fluid density (kg/m)3)
gc Gravitational constant (kg m/kgf s2)

b) Kozeny-Carman equation

This equation is used for pressure drops in laminar regime or laminar flow at
through porous beds. It was Carman who after many results
experimental proposed K = 180.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

The equation is used in particle bed with sphericity defined as a

relationship of spherical particle area to real particle area.

c) Sabri Ergun equation

Independently develop another correlation to predict the pressure drop.

in beds of solid particles, assuming the following:
- The energy loss in the static bed can be treated as a sum
of viscous and kinetic energy losses.
- The viscous energy loss per unit length is expressed by:

and the loss of kinetic energy is given by:

Therefore, the Ergun equation:

Dp Mean particle diameter (m)

μ Fluid viscosity (kg/ms)
G Mass flow per unit area (kg/s/m2)
Ѱ Sphericity of the particle
Є Porosity of the bed
ρ Fluid density (kg/m)3)
gc Gravitational constant (kg m/kgf s2)

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

5. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

a) MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

❖ Pyrex glass column with a 5.26 cm internal diameter.

❖ Fine solids collector column.

❖ Centrifugal pump.

❖ Valve system.

❖ U-tube manometer.

❖ Thermometer.

❖ 250 ml, 100 ml, 50 ml and 25 ml test tubes.

b) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

❖ The system is being recognized.

❖ The height of the static bed is measured.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

❖ The pump is turned on and a certain flow of water is made to flow, which
It will be regulated by a valve that will open slowly for each
race.

❖ For each run, measurements of the flow rate, bed height and
variation of pressure.
❖ The valve will be opened slowly (ascending) until the variation of
pressure is to be approximately constant, after this the valve will be closed
slowly to collect data on the descent.

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

6. DATA AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Table 1: Laboratory Conditions

Pressure (mmHg) 756

Temperatura (°C) 24

Table 2: Column data

Pipe Diameter 57
Thickness (mm) 2.2
Internal diameter (mm) 52.6
Area of the column
(m^2) 0.002173

Table 3: Bed data (sand)

Weight
Malla Diameter (mm)
(grams)
-18+20 0 0 0.000
-20+30 0.6875 264 0.6
10 0.5125 176 0.4
-40+50 0 0
dp(mm) 0.5858
Calculated data: the absolute and apparent density of the sand

Apparent Density
Test 1 Test 2
In the test tube (g) 129.4 153.8
In test tube + arena (g) 179.8 245.6
In the arena (g) 50.4 91.8
Volume (ml) 35.5 64
apparent density (Kg/m^3) 1419.72 1434.37
apparent density
1427.04
average (Kg/m^3)

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Absolute Density
porosity, sphericity and factor
Test 1 Test 2 form
In the test tube (g) 129.4 153.8
In a test tube + water (g) 179.4 206.2 porosity (ε) 0.43
Water volume (ml) 50.5 53.5 sphericity (ψ) 0.73
In a test tube + water + sand factor form (ʎ) 1.40
229.5 297.9
(g)
Volume of water + sand (ml) 70.5 90
Absolute density (
2505.00 2512.33
Kg/m^3
Average absolute density (
2508.66
Kg/m^3

TABLE 4: ΔP data in the column without bed

V Q prom.
ΔP (cm CCl4) T (s) Q (ml/s) Q (LPM) Q prom. (mL/s)
(ml) (LPM)
0.2 485 34.53 14.0458 0.8427 13.7620 0.8257
480 34.53 13.9010 0.8341
475 34.5 13.7681 0.8261
480 36 13.3333 0.8000
0.3 470 18.16 25.8811 1.5529 25.4578 1.5275
480 18.97 25.3031 1.5182
485 18.91 25.6478 1.5389
485 19.19 25.2736 1.5164
480 19.06 25.1836 1.5110
0.5 490 9.65 50.7772 3.0466 51.8428 3.1106
490 9.34 52.4625 3.1478
500 9.5 52.6316 3.1579
480 9.22 52.0607 3.1236
500 9.75 51.2821 3.0769
0.7 500 7.47 66.9344 4.0161 67.0701 4.0242
500 7.47 66.9344 4.0161
500 7.44 67.2043 4.0323
475 7.06 67.2805 4.0368
473 7.06 66.9972 4.0198
1 470 5.87 80.0681 4.8041 78.2054 4.6923
460 5.94 77.4411 4.6465
490 6.28 78.0255 4.6815
490 6.34 77.2871 4.6372

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 5: System Operating Data with Bed (Rise)

Measurement No.
time
V (ml) Q (mL/s) G (kg/m2. s) Re
(s)
2 7 10 0.7 0.3213 0.2066
3 14.5 10 1.45 0.6655 0.4279
4 20 10 2 0.9180 0.5903
5 24 10 2.4 1.1016 0.7083
6 27 10 2.7 1.2393 0.7969
7 30 10 3 1.3770 0.8854
8 33 10 3.3 1.5147 0.9739
9 37.9 10 3.79 1.7396 1.1185
10 39.5 10 3.95 1.8130 1.1658
11 40 10 4 1.8359 1.1805
12 42 10 4.2 1.9277 1.2395
13 46 10 4.6 2.1113 1.3576
14 51 10 5.1 2.3408 1.5052
15 55 10 5.5 2.5244 1.6232
16 60.5 10 6.05 2.7769 1.7855
17 61.5 10 6.15 2.8228 1.8151
18 65.8 10 6.58 3.0201 1.9420
19 66.5 10 6.65 3.0523 1.9626
20 67 10 6.7 3.0752 1.9774
21 70 10 7 3.2129 2.0659
22 70.5 10 7.05 3.2359 2.0807
23 71 10 7.1 3.2588 2.0954
24 73.5 10 7.35 3.3735 2.1692
25 77 10 7.7 3.5342 2.2725
26 78.8 10 7.88 3.6168 2.3256
27 90 10 9 4.1309 2.6562
28 95 10 9.5 4.3604 2.8037
29 111.5 10 11.15 5.1177 3.2907
30 125 10 12.5 5.7373 3.6891
31 137 10 13.7 6.2881 4.0433
32 146 10 14.6 6.7012 4.3089
33 153 10 15.3 7.0225 4.5155
34 160 10 16 7.3438 4.7221

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 6: Height, porosity, and pressure drop of the bed (Ascend)

ΔPmeasureDelta Pwithout bed

Measurement No.
ΔPexp
Δ h (m) ε (cm (cm
(kgf/m2)
CCl4) CCl4)
2 0.159 0.4312 2.8 0.24414 15.1465
3 0.159 0.4312 5.3 0.24161 29.9770
4 0.158 0.4312 7.8 0.23990 44.8027
5 0.157 0.4312 9.45 0.23873 54.5878
6 0.156 0.4312 10.9 0.23790 63.1857
7 0.156 0.4312 12.9 0.23710 75.0429
8 0.156 0.4312 14.15 0.23634 82.4551
9 0.155 0.4312 16.3 0.23517 95.2034
10 0.155 0.4312 17.9 0.23481 104.6874
11 0.154 0.4312 18.5 0.23470 108.2438
12 0.154 0.4312 19.2 0.23427 112.3947
13 0.154 0.4312 21.1 0.23345 123.6593
14 0.154 0.4312 23.2 0.23252 136.1099
15 0.153 0.4312 24.65 0.23185 144.7068
16 0.153 0.4312 27.4 0.23103 161.0087
17 0.153 0.4312 28 0.23089 164.5653
18 0.152 0.4312 29.5 0.23036 173.4578
19 0.152 0.4312 30.2 0.23027 177.6066
20 0.145 0.4312 32.5 0.23022 191.2372
21 0.15 0.4312 32.8 0.22990 193.0169
22 0.15 0.4312 34.3 0.22985 201.9065
23 0.15 0.4312 34.4 0.22980 202.4994
24 0.151 0.4312 35 0.22957 206.0565
25 0.152 0.4312 35.2 0.22930 207.2434
26 0.152 0.4312 34.9 0.22917 205.4662
27 0.156 0.4530 34.5 0.22870 203.0986
28 0.158 0.4600 34.6 0.22865 203.6915
29 0.163 0.4765 34.4 0.22919 202.5030
30 0.168 0.4921 34.5 0.23045 203.0882
31 0.17 0.4981 34.6 0.23218 203.6706
32 0.174 0.5096 34.6 0.23385 203.6607
33 0.175 0.5124 34.6 0.23538 203.6516
34 0.178 0.5206 34.6 0.23710 203.6414

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 7: System Operating Data with Bed (Descent)

Measurement No.
time
V (ml) Q (mL/s) G (kg/m2. s) Re
(s)

1 160 10 16 7.3438 4.7221

2 150 10 15 6.8848 4.4270
3 141 10 14.1 6.4717 4.1613
4 138 10 13.8 6.3340 4.0728
5 124 10 12.4 5.6914 3.6596
6 120 10 12 5.5078 3.5416
7 111 10 11.1 5.0947 3.2760
8 104 10 10.4 4.7735 3.0694
9 94.5 10 9.45 4.3374 2.7890
10 81 10 8.1 3.7178 2.3906
11 69 10 6.9 3.1670 2.0364
12 57.5 10 5.75 2.6392 1.6970
13 53 10 5.3 2.4326 1.5642
14 48.5 10 4.85 2.2261 1.4314
15 47.5 10 4.75 2.1802 1.4019
16 39 10 3.9 1.7900 1.1510
17 31 10 3.1 1.4229 0.9149
18 27.5 10 2.75 1.2622 0.8116
19 22.5 10 2.25 1.0327 0.6640
20 15.5 10 1.55 0.7114 0.4575
21 11.5 10 1.15 0.5278 0.3394
22 7.8 10 0.78 0.3580 0.2302

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 8: Height and Pressure Drop of the Bed (Descent)

ΔPmeasureΔPwithout a bed
No. ΔPexp
Δ h (m) ε (cm (cm
Measurement (kgf/m2)
CCl4) CCl4)

1 0.178 0.5206 34.6 0.23710 203.6414

2 0.176 0.5152 34.3 0.23470 201.8778

3 0.174 0.5096 34.3 0.23288 201.8886
4 0.172 0.5039 34.5 0.23235 203.0770
5 0.167 0.4891 34.5 0.23033 203.0889
6 0.166 0.4860 34.5 0.22990 203.0915
7 0.163 0.4765 34.6 0.22916 203.6885
8 0.16 0.4667 34.8 0.22881 204.8758
9 0.158 0.4600 34.5 0.22865 203.0989
10 0.154 0.4312 34.1 0.22904 200.7261
11 0.152 0.4312 32.1 0.23000 188.8680
12 0.151 0.4312 28.4 0.23146 166.9324
13 0.15 0.4312 26.8 0.23218 157.4462
14 0.149 0.4312 24.9 0.23297 146.1817
15 0.149 0.4312 23.5 0.23316 137.8839
16 0.149 0.4312 21.1 0.23492 123.6506
17 0.148 0.4312 16.7 0.23684 97.5640
18 0.148 0.4312 14.7 0.23776 85.7061
19 0.148 0.4312 12.2 0.23916 70.8823
20 0.148 0.4312 8.5 0.24129 48.9428
21 0.148 0.4312 6.8 0.24259 38.8605
22 0.148 0.4312 4.2 0.24386 23.4449

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 9: Pressure drops in the bed by different methods and % deviation with
regarding the experimental (Ascenso)

ΔP(kgf/m2) Deviation
Carman- Sabri Carman-
Experimental Level Lever Sabri Ergun
Kozeny Ergun Kozeny
0.0000 0 0 0 - - -
15.1465 20.5942 19.1528 15.9924 26.4523 20.9173 5.2896
29.9770 42.6594 39.6736 33.2364 29.7294 24.4409 9.8067
44.8027 58.4705 54.3781 45.6648 23.3756 17.6090 1.8879
54.5878 69.7205 64.8407 54.5461 21.7048 15.8124 0.0764
63.1857 77.9360 72.4811 61.0534 18.9261 12.8245 3.4926
75.0429 86.5955 80.5346 67.9258 13.3409 6.8191 10.4778
82.4551 95.2551 88.588 74.8159 13.4375 6.9229 10.2107
95.2034 108.6977 101.0898 85.5560 12.4145 5.8230 11.2762
104.6874 113.2865 105.3575 89.2297 7.5906 0.6360 17.3235
108.2438 113.9804 106.0028 89.7957 5.0330 2.1141 20.5445
112.3947 119.6794 111.3029 94.3672 6.0869 0.9809 19.1036
123.6593 131.0775 121.9032 103.5335 5.6594 1.4406 19.4389
136.1099 145.3250 135.1536 115.0352 6.3411 0.7075 18.3202
144.7068 155.7054 144.8074 123.4647 7.0637 0.0694 17.2050
161.0087 171.2759 159.2881 136.1327 5.9945 1.0802 18.2733
164.5653 174.1069 161.921 138.4423 5.4803 1.6331 18.8692
173.4578 185.0627 172.11 147.4256 6.2708 0.7831 17.6579
177.6066 187.0315 173.9409 149.0386 5.0392 2.1074 19.1682
191.2372 179.7597 171.7899 143.2747 6.3849 11.3204 33.4759
193.0169 194.2848 180.6866 155.0507 0.6526 6.8242 24.4863
201.9065 195.6725 181.9772 156.1916 3.1859 10.9515 29.2685
202.4994 197.0603 183.2678 157.3330 2.7601 10.4937 28.7076
206.0565 205.3590 190.9857 164.1339 0.3396 7.8911 25.5417
207.2434 216.5628 201.4053 173.3473 4.3033 2.8987 19.5538
205.4662 221.6253 206.1135 177.5358 7.2912 0.3140 15.7323
203.0986 207.0419 186.3377 171.6226 1.9046 8.9949 18.3402
203.6915 206.1796 185.5616 173.3547 1.2067 9.7703 17.4998
202.5030 210.9438 189.8495 184.3519 4.0014 6.6651 9.8459
203.0882 208.3360 187.5024 188.6914 2.5189 8.3123 7.6298
203.6706 217.6258 195.8633 200.4123 6.4125 3.9861 1.6258
203.6607 211.5456 190.3910 200.2046 3.7273 6.9697 1.7263
203.6516 216.8250 195.1425 206.9823 6.0756 4.3605 1.6092
203.6414 212.5334 191.2800 206.9889 4.1838 6.4625 1.6172

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 10: Pressure drops in the bed by different methods and % of deviation with
regarding the experimental (Descent)

ΔP(kgf/m2) % Deviation
Carman Carman- Sabri
Experimental Lift Sabri Ergun Leva
Kozeny Kozeny Ergun
203.6414 212.5334 191.2800 206.9889 4.1838 6.4625 1.6172
201.8778 207.9742 187.1768 199.3737 2.9313 7.8541 1.2560
201.8886 204.3009 183.8708 192.9477 1.1808 9.7991 4.6338
["203.0770","209.2239","188.3015"] 195.0795 2.9380 7.8467 4.0996
203.0889 211.8098 190.6288 190.5523 4.1173 6.5363 6.5791
203.0915 210.1550 189.1395 187.6505 3.3611 7.3765 8.2286
203.6885 209.9979 188.9981 183.4867 3.0045 7.7727 11.0100
204.8758 213.3583 192.0225 182.4305 3.9757 6.6936 12.3035
203.0989 205.0944 184.5850 172.4059 0.9730 10.0300 17.8028
200.7261 230.8103 214.6556 185.0670 13.0342 6.4892 8.4613
188.8680 194.0627 180.4801 154.8072 2.6768 4.6475 22.0021
166.9324 160.6550 149.41059 127.5265 3.9074 11.7273 30.9001
157.4462 147.1013 136.8055 116.5418 7.0325 15.0876 35.0985
["146.1817","133.7142","124.35538"] 105.7303 9.3240 17.5516 38.2590
137.8839 130.9572 121.7914 103.5056 5.2893 13.2132 33.2140
123.6506 107.5228 99.9971 84.6715 14.9995 23.6542 46.0356
97.5640 84.8932 78.9514 66.6195 14.9255 23.5747 46.4497
85.7061 75.3085 70.0376 59.0079 13.8067 22.3716 45.2451
70.8823 61.6160 57.3035 48.1740 15.0388 23.6963 47.1380
48.9428 42.4466 39.4757 33.0851 15.3043 23.9820 47.9300
38.8605 31.4926 29.2884 24.5040 23.3955 32.6822 58.5883
23.4449 21.3602 19.8652 16.5931 9.7596 18.0199 41.2928

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GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

TABLE 11: Theoretical and experimental ΔP of fluidized bed and its % deviation (ascending).

No. ΔPexp Theoretical ΔP

%Deviation
Measurement (kgf/m2) (kgf/m2)
27 203.0986 128.953478 36.50695
28 203.6915 128.953478 36.69177
29 202.5030 128.953478 36.32022
30 203.0882 128.953478 36.50371
31 203.6706 128.953478 36.68527
32 203.6607 128.953478 36.68219
33 203.6516 128.953478 36.67938
34 203.6414 128.953478 36.67620

TABLE 12: Theoretical and experimental ΔP for fluidized bed and its % deviation
(descent).

No. Delta Pexp Theoretical DP

Deviation
Measurement (kgf/m)2) (kgf/m2)
1 203.6414 128.953478 36.67620
2 201.8778 128.953478 36.12300
3 201.8886 128.953478 36.12640
4 203.0770 128.953478 36.50019
5 203.0889 128.953478 36.50393
6 203.0915 128.953478 36.50473
7 203.6885 128.953478 36.69083
8 204.8758 128.953478 37.05772
9 203.0989 128.953478 36.50704

21
GRUPO D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

According to Graph No. 1, a direct relationship was observed between the flow rate and the
pressure drop for a system without a bed resulting in a quadratic equation.

According to Graph No. 2, it was observed that for the minimum fluidization flow rate
Qmin=8.0739 mL/s la caída de presión fue de 203.0965 kgf/m2 tanto de manera
ascending.

From tables No. 5 and No. 7, it was noted that the Reynolds numbers for the minimum flow rate
The fluidization, both ascending and descending, were 2.32 and 2.39, respectively.
Through graph 4, it can be clearly seen that the fixed bed region is in
a Reynolds number range of 0 to 2.32, while for fluidized bed it is given at a
Reynolds number is 2.32 for this particular system.

From tables No. 5 and No. 7, the mass flow rate per unit area Gs for the start of the
Fluidization was 4.13 kg/m.s² and 4.33 kg/m.s², in ascending and descending order.
respectively; where the height of the bed varied minimally during the fixed bed of
14.8 to 15.40 cm and increased to 17.8 cm during the fluidized bed.

From graph No. 7, it is observed that porosity remains constant up to the point of
fluidization, once the fluidization point is reached, porosity increases as the
caudal

22
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química

8. CONCLUSIONES

In the static bed, the pressure drop varies linearly with the Reynolds and for
the fluid speed.

Porosity remains constant in the fixed bed stage, whereas in

the fluidization stage increases.

In the fluidization process, the pressure drop becomes constant as

the flow increases.

The fluidization process depends on the porosity of the bed, on the diameter of
particle, sphericity or shape and the conditions of the fluid.

23
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

9. RECOMMENDATIONS

To properly appreciate the fluidization point, the valve must be opened.

slowly opening the gate, in order to avoid sudden changes in the flow. This
prevents the dragging of particles or the expulsion of the manometric liquid (CCl4.)

We must collect as much data as possible before the bed begins to

fluidize to be able to represent the peak that forms in the pressure drop vs flow curve
just before the bed begins to liquefy.

For a good flow measurement, appropriate measuring equipment should be used.

How to use the rotameter, in case you do not have the equipment for each variation of
They will take 3 flow measurements in the same time interval and calculate an average.

24
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, George; 'Basic Operations of Chemical Engineering' Marín SA Publishing

Barcelona 1955.
Foust, Principles of Unit Operations.
Leva, M. Fluidization. Chemical engineering series. Edit. McGraw Hill. Pág. 15-69.

25
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

[Link]

Calculation example:

[Link] of particle diameter (DP)

Based on the data, the D is calculated.P:
1
̅̅̅̅ =
∆∅
∑
1
̅̅̅̅ = = 0.0005858
4844-1

b. Calculation of the initial porosity of the bed:

Calculation of the apparent density of sand (aparent )

From the data, the apparent density for test 1 is calculated:

Grain of sand 50.4 g

Volume 35.5 mL

50.4 1000 1k
=1 = × × -3 3 3
35.5L 1× 10 10
3 3
1 = 1.4197 × 10 kg/m

Similarly, it is obtained for test 2:ρapparent= 1.4344 × 103kg/m3

Therefore:
= /

Calculation of the absolute density of sand (ρabsolute )

From the data in Table No. 4, the absolute density is calculated:

Initial volume of H2O 50.5 mL

Weight of sand 50.1 g
Volumesand + water 70.5 mL

50.1 1000 1kN

=1 = × ×
(70.5 − 50.5) 1 × 10-3 3103
3 3
1equals 2.5050× 10 kg/m
3 3
2= 2.5123 × 10 kg/m
= . /

26
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Calculation of the initial porosity of the bed ( o)

The initial porosity of the bed is calculated using the following formula:

=1-

Where:
apparentapparent density of the bed =1.426 × 103 / 3

absoluteabsolute density of the bed =2.532 × 10

3 / 3

Replacing the values:

1.427 × 103 / 3
=1-
2.509 × 103 / 3

= 0.4312

c. Calculation of the cross-sectional area of the column (A):

=× 2
4
: = 0.0526

( 2 2
= × 0.0526 = )0.002173
4
d. Calculation of the form factor ( ):
From the graph that relates Sphericity( ) with the Porosity( ), it is necessary to:

27
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

For: = 0.4312 → phi = 0.7376

A form factor equal to is obtained:

1 1
==
0.7376

= .
Where:
Sphericity
Form factor

e. Calculation of Flow Rate (Q)

First data for the first measured flow:

Volumen =7mL

Tiempo=10s

= = = 0.7 GL/G

Similarly, the other runs are calculated.

f. Calculation of the speed ( )

= ∗

2 2
Where: = ∗4 = ∗ 0.0526
4
= 0.00222

0.7A L 1A3
∗ 6
== 10 = 0.000322/1
0.0021732

g. Calculation of mass flow per unit area ( )

The following equation is used:

28
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

∗
=

Replacing the data

0.7A 997.38
∗ ∗ 3 13
= = ∗ 6 = 0.3213
0.0021732 10 2

h. Calculation of the fluid regime

: í = 0.000585m

: ( T = )24°C = 9.11 × -410 / ×

0.0005850 ×0.3213 kα ⁄ 2
=
9.11 × 10 -4 ⁄

=0.2066 (Laminar Regime)

i. Calculation of the pressure drop in the experimental bed

∆ ℎ =∆ − ∆ ℎ …(*)

Finding pressure drop in the empty column∆ )

In graph No. 1, the equation that relates is obtained.∆ ( ) 4with the

water flow Q(m3/s)

∆ í = 0.0002Q2− 0.0038Q +0.2467

2= 0.9876

Replacing for

Q = 0.7mL/s

29
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

∆ í = 0.2441 c0CC14

Then, for this run the∆ = 2.8 cCCl4

Replacing in the equation (*)

∆ ℎ( ) = (∆ − ∆ ℎ ) ( − )

Replacing

-2
∆ ℎ( Pa) = ( 2.8− 0.2441 x10A
) (
1590-997.38 )
3

∆ ℎ = 15.1465 kf ⁄ 2

j. Calculation of pressure drop according to different methods

Data:

: á = 0.3213 kN/m2
: = 9.11 × 10−4 / −
: 997.38 kg/m³3
: = 0.000585m
λ: Factor of fold = 1.40
: = 0.4312
: ℎ = 0.159

Calculation of pressure drop applying the Max Leva equation

2 )2
200× × × × × 1( - ε
∆ = 2× × 3

30
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

200× 0.3213 kɹ ⁄ 2
× 9.11 × 10 -4
⁄ × 1.4 × 0.1590
2 (
× 1 −0.4312 )2
∆ =
( 0.0005850 ) 2× 997.38 kN ⁄ × 0.4312
3 3

∆ = 20.5942 kf ⁄ 2

Calculation of pressure drop applying the Carman-Kozeny equation

2
180× × × × × 1( - ε ) 2
∆ = 2× × 3

∆
180× 0.3213 kɯ ⁄ 2
× 9.33 × 10 -4 ⁄ × 1.4 × 0.1590
2 (
× 1 -0.4312 )2
=
( 0.0005858 ) × 997.38 kΩ ⁄ × 0.4312
2 3 3

∆ = 19.1528 kgf ⁄ 2

Calculation of pressure drop applying the Sabri Ergun equation

(1 - ε) (1 - ε )
∆ = 3
(150 ) + 1.75G

0.159 x0.3212 k ⁄ 2
(1 -0.4312)
∆ = (150x9.33
9.8 x0.0005858 x0.73 997.38 ⁄ 3 0.43123
( 1 -0.4312 )
× 10 -4 ⁄ ) + 1.75x0.3212 ⁄ 2
0.000629x0.73

∆ 15.9924 kf ⁄ 2

31
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

k. Calculation of the percentage of deviation

∆ −∆
=| | × 100%
∆

20.5942 − 15.1465
=| × 100%
20.5942

= 26.45%

Similarly, the deviations regarding the Carman equations are calculated.

Ergun.

1. Calculation of the minimum fluidization velocity (Gmf):

The following equation is applied:

0.94 1.82
0.0093[ ( − )]
= 0.88

Where:

s Absolute density of the sand = 2.5087 × 103 / 3

f Density of the fluid (water) = 997.38 kg/m3

Dp : Diámetro de la partícula = 5.85 × 10-4
Viscosity of the fluid (water) = 0.000911 kN/0 ∙ 1

Replacing:

0.94
0.0093[997.38kG/A ×3 2.5087
( 3
× 10- 997.38 ) 3]
( 5.85 × 10 -4 ) 1.82
= 0.88
(0.000933 )
∙

= . ∙

32
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Graphically: Q=8.0739 mL/s (see Graph 2)

997.38 ∗ 8.0739
= =
0.002173 times 1000000

= .
∙

Desviación=2.3%

Calculation of the ΔP of the fluidized bed:

( 1 - ε )( − )
(ΔP) =

For measurement 27 we have:

( 1 − 0.4530∗) 9.8 2508.7

2
( − 997.38 ∗ 0.156 )
(ΔP) =
−
9.8
. 2

(ΔP) = 128.9535 2

33
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

GRAPHS

GRAPH 1: Pressure drop in the system without bed as a function of the flow rate used

ΔP (cm CCl4) Vs. Q prom. (mL/s)

1.2

1 y = 0.0002x2 - 0.0038x + 0.2467

R² = 0.9876
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80
Q prom. (mL/s)

GRAPH 2: Variation of flow rate with mass velocity

Q (mL/s) Vs G (kg/m2. s)
8
y = 0.459x + 3E-15
7 R² = 1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Q (mL/s)

34
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

GRAPH 3: Pressure drop in the system with bed as a function of the flow used

ΔP (cm CCl4) Vs. Q (mL/s)

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Q (mL/s)

Promotion Descent

GRAPH 4: Pressure drop in the system with bed as a function of Reynolds

ΔP (cm CCl4) vs. Re

250.0000

200.0000

150.0000

Promotion
100.0000
Descent

50.0000

0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000
Re

35
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

GRAPH 5: Pressure drop in the system with bed as a function of the flow rate used
with the methods (Promotion)

ΔP (cm CCl4) Vs. Q prom. (mL/s)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Q prom. (mL/s)

EXPERIMENTAL MAX LEVA CARMAN SABRI-ERGUN

GRAPH 6: Pressure drop in the system with bed as a function of the flow rate used
with the methods (Descent)

ΔP (cm CCl4) Vs. Q prom. (mL/s)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Q prom. (mL/s)

EXPERIMENTAL MAX LEVA CARMAN SABRI-ERGUN

36
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

GRAPH 7: Variation of porosity according to the Reynolds number.

vs Re
0.6

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5
Re

37
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Tables

38
GROUP D National University of San Marcos
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

39