NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY OF THE JUNGLE

FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT OF RESOURCE SCIENCES
RENEWABLE NATURALS

THESIS PROJECT

“DETERMINACION DE EFICIENCIA DEL METODO DE MUESTREO

GENTRY IN THE ESTIMATION OF FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND
STRUCTURAL OF THE RESERVED FOREST OF THE UNAS - TINGO
MARIA

EXECUTOR : SOTO SHAREVA, Luis Enrique

ADVISORS : Dr. FERNANDO GUTIERREZ HUAMAN

COLLABORATORS VASQUEZ MARTINEZ RODOLFO

PLACE OF EXECUTION NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY OF

SELVA, TINGO MARIA

DURATION OF WORK: 8 MONTHS

TINGO MARIA – PERU

MAY - 2014
 I. INTRODUCTION

The forests are the largest and most diverse in the tropics.
(GENTRY 1990; WILSON 1988; World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1992).
Its ecology surrounds mysteries that can be understood by little ones.
Local floristic inventories (PITMAN et al, 2001)

The floristic inventory is a prerequisite for the research.

in tropical ecology. Its initial establishment in wet forests,
it was to understand how environmental factors can control the
distribution and diversity of species (PHILLIPS et al, 2003).

The truth is that large areas of tropical flora remain.

chronically under-researched (PRANCE et al, 2000 and BERRY, 2002), having
an extremely poor knowledge of the floristic composition of the
region. This deficiency in turn limits the possibility of making generalizations
about the diversity patterns of rainforests, whether with
scientific or conservation purposes.

The information as a result of the few diversity studies

floristics is generally found scattered in different institutions of
national or international research. For the researcher, it is not always
easy access to this study.

In light of this situation, five will be located for the present study.

floristic inventory plots in the Reserved Forest of the University

National Agrarian of the Jungle - Tingo María. To determine its composition and

floristic diversity, through establishment of the mentioned plots

transect 0.1 hectare every 1.

 The current research presents the following objectives:

General objective

Application of the Gentry sampling method in the determination of the

floristic composition and structure of the reserved forest.

Specific objectives

Determine the Importance Value Index using the method of

Gentry sampling in the Low and High Hills Forest of the Brunas.

Determine the floristic composition in the low and high hill forest
of the Brunas.

Create the horizontal and vertical structural scheme of the Forest

Reserved by UNAS

Hypothesis

Knowing the composition and structure of the forest through the

Gentry sampling can be compared and provide better information for
to carry out a silvicultural treatment and its dynamics and rational management of the

BRUNAS.

Knowing the composition and structure of the forest through the

Gentry sampling cannot be compared and better information cannot be obtained.

to carry out a silvicultural treatment and its dynamics and rational management
of BRUNAS.
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. General Aspects of the Reserved Forest of the National University

Agriculture of the Jungle (BRUNAS)

2.1.1. Legal Aspect

The BRUNAS was created by Resolution No. 1502 - 56 -

UNASTM dated December 31, 1971, in order to preserve in
a set of the natural resources existing in that area. Formally, it consists of
with property title No. 05788 - 95 granted by the Provincial Municipality
from Leoncio Prado and registered in the Public Records of Tingo María; encompasses
an approximate area of 260 hectares (CÁRDENAS, 1995).
2.2. Permanent measurement plots (PMP)

The establishment of PPM and the consequent data on the

vegetation, are necessary elements for the development of models of
growth and performance (CLAROS and LICONA, 1995).
The PPM are long-term research spaces.
permanently marked and periodically measured. The installation and
Monitoring a set of PPM entails several objectives which must
clearly defined before indicating the study (CAMACHO, 2000).
A PPM is a properly delineated piece of land.
geographically located where ecological data is recorded and
dasometric with the purpose of obtaining results on increase,
mortality, recruitment (incomes) or other types of information previously
determined (PINELO, 2000).
The first measurement must be made effective at the time of the
installation of the plot and before its use. The second, at the end.
of the same year and after the utilization has been carried out.

2.2.1. Physiographic classification of the area

The lands of the UNAS are physiographically framed in three

great landscape: the great landscape of plain with flat surfaces, flat-
 wavy; with sandy clay material, the great hilly landscape of character
dominant formed by hills, low hills, high hills slightly to
strongly dissected; and the great limestone mountainous landscape, characterized
due to presenting large magnitude elevations (ZAVALA et al., 2005).
2.2.2. Physiographic classification of the brunas
According to MARCOS (1996), following the classification of Malloux, the
Brunas presents the following physiography:
Low hills class 1

They are hills that have a maximum relative height of 30 m and with
moderate slopes of 20 to 40% they occupy approximately 34.30 ha
(14.36%) of the total area of the reserved forest. The circumscribed forests in
This unit has been highly intervened, they are mostly presented.
like grasslands and purmas.
Low hill class 2

They comprise a relative height between 30 and 50 m approximately.

with a slope of up to 70%. The presence of this unit is minimal.
within the reserved forest, it occupies only 2.80 ha (1.17%) of the total area.
- Colinas altas clase 1

This unit represents the grouping of hills whose height

relative is up to 80 m. and with a slope of up to 60%, the area covered by this
the area is approximately 48.15 ha (20.16%) mostly the tree is
covered by young trees and abundant shrub vegetation.
High hills class 2

This unit is made up of hills up to 100 m.

slopes that range between 60 and 80%, covers approximately 37.0 ha
(15.50%). Like in the previous case, it presents a certain degree of intervention.
although it is smaller because it has less accessible areas.

Mountains
This unit is composed of the highest parts of the forest.
reserved with a relative height exceeding 100 m presents difficulties
 for its access both by the slope and by the absence of roads in
This unit is in good condition and corresponds to the highest land forms.
totally degraded, due to being considered as a protection zone
2.2.3. Biodiversity studies in the Reserved Forest of the University

National Agrarian of the Jungle

CÁRDENAS (1995) in an inventory carried out at the BRUNAS,

it determined the existence of 32 families, 70 genera, 111 species, and 1,693
trees; of which 1,124 trees correspond to the production forest
forestry and 569 trees to the protection forest. Likewise, it indicates that the
five most abundant species in the forest of forest production are:
Senefeldera macrophylla (184 individuos) Pseudolmedia lavets (47 individuos)
Hevea guianensis (36 individuos), Pouroma minor (34 individuos) y Cecropia
engleriana (32 individuals); in a sampling of 3 hectares.
RODRÍGUEZ (2000) in a quantitative study of diversity
Flora in the BRUNAS found 14 families in a primary forest.
species with 44 individuals and in secondary forest 9 families, 20 species with
38 individuals. In a sampling of five transects of 0.05 hectares by types of
forest.
BLAS (2004) in his study of establishment and evaluation of
PPM in BRUNAS reports 32 families, 67 genera, 97 species. Distributed
in 4 sampling plots of 4 hectares.
2.3. Studies of floristic diversity

Plant diversity studies have advanced the

scientific understanding of plant communities in forests
tropical wetlands (CLARK et al., 1995), showing that these ecosystems do not
they only have more tree species per unit area than
any other type of vegetation (WHITMORE, 1984), but rather they are shown
exceptionally rich in non-tree species, such as epiphytes, lianas,
bushes and ferns (DELGADO and FINEGAN, 1999).
2.4. Floristic inventory in tropical rainforests
 The Amazon forests are the largest and most diverse in the
tropics, and much of the mystery that surrounds their ecology can be traced back to the

efforts to understand them, through small local inventories (PITMAN

et al., 2001).
The floristic inventory is a prerequisite, necessary for the
research in the ecology of the tropical community. The central questions,
what motivated the start of inventories was to understand how the factors
Environmental factors can control the distribution and diversity of species.
(PHILLIPS et al., 2003).
According to PHILLIPS et al. (2003), the basic floristic inventory has
shown to have difficulties in the Neotropical forests, due to various
reasons: First, the high diversity creates difficulties for identification in the
field and herbarium. Second, forests tend to be difficult to access.
Third, the inventory is a physical and risky challenge, requiring climbing to the
trees to collect samples. And fourth, few tropical countries can
to afford to dedicate its scarce resources to science, so much so,
what majority suffers from a shortage of botanicals. In Peru for example, a country

With 20,000 plant species (8% of the global total), there are fewer than ten.
botanists experts in the Amazonian flora

2.5. Type of plot for floristic inventory

According to LAMPRETCH (1990), the minimum area to sample is

find based on the species-area curve distribution, and that this varies from
5,000 m2 in a relatively poor cloud forest, to more than 10,000 m2 in
richer forests.
PHILLIPS et al. (2003) indicates that the normal method involves a
inventory of all individuals greater than or equal to 10 centimeters of
diameter, in a hectare.
The second method, namely the 0.1-hectare method, involves
measure all individuals greater than or equal to 2.5 centimeters in diameter
10 transects of 0.01 hectares (2 x 50 m) each (Gentry, 1982 and 1988a),
cited by (ESTRADA, 2007).
2.6. Floristic composition

The tropical rainforests are one of the most

large continuous forests in the world, and they contain a part
substantial biodiversity of the world (World Conservation Monitoring
center, 1992). Cited by (ESTRADA, 2007).
The Gymnospermae and Angiospermae of the Peruvian Amazon,
are represented by 6237 species, distributed in 1406 genera and 182
families, which account for 36.3% of the angiosperms in Peru; of the total of
Amazon species, 650 are endemic species of the Amazon and
represents 12.14% of the endemic species of Peru (VÁSQUEZ and
ROJAS 2006).

2.7. Horizontal structure of vegetation

The structure on the horizontal plane is simply the
mathematical distributions that present the qualitative variables measured in
the same plan mainly, the diameter of the trees at chest height
(DAP) and the basal area (Finega, 1992, cited by MEJIA, 1994).
Through the structure of the forest, it is possible to know its
dynamics and temperament of the species and that the results of the
analyses allow important deductions about the origin, the characteristics
ecological synecological, dynamism and the future development trends of
the forest communities (LAMPRECH, 1990).
The horizontal structure of a population or a forest in its
set can be described by the distribution of the number of trees by
diametric class. Thus, two main structures have been defined: the coetaneous ones.
the regulars and the disctetaneous or irregulars (Hawley and Smith, 1972; cited by
CATIE, 2001).
The basal area is a useful indicator of the productive potential of a
forest. In the Atlantic region of Costa Rica, the value of the basal area (trees,
Dap greater than or equal to 10 cm seems to fluctuate around an average of
about 28 m2 per hectare (Finegan, 1992; cited by MEJIA, 1994).
 CATIE (2001), from the forestry point of view, the measure
most important of the horizontal organization. It is calculated as the area of a
circle with a diameter equal to the Dap of the tree.

FINEGAN AND DELGADO (1997) describe that generally the

sum of all basal areas (m2/ha.), is used as an index of the degree of
development of a forest and as an indicator of competition.
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Place of execution

This research will be conducted in the Reserved Forest of

the National Agrarian University of the Jungle (BRUNAS), which corresponds to a
an area of 230.91 ha and a perimeter of 6935.36 located 1.5 km from the city of
Tingo María, politically located in the district of Rupa Rupa, province of
Leoncio Prado, Huánuco region, whose geographical coordinates are the
siguientes: Latitud S 09º 09´ 00´´, longitud W 75º 57´ 00´´, Altitud 670 m.s.n.m.

3.2. Weather conditions

Maximum temperature : 34 º C
Minimum temperature : 18 º C
Average annual precipitation : 3300 mm
Relative humidity : 77.5 %

3.3. Zone of ecological lives

The Holdridge bioclimatic diagram of life zone that classifies

to Tingo María in very humid forest vegetation formation - Premontano
Tropical (bmh-PT) (ZAMORA 2009)

3.4. Materials and equipment

3.4.1. Field material

The following materials will be required for this job: Scissors
pruning, telescopic scissors, climbers (lizard's foot and harness), diametric tape
(Dap), polyethylene bag, botanical press with strings, newspapers, ethyl alcohol
nylon rope, machetes, stakes, aluminum tag, 25 m tape measure
(for the sizing of the research area), raffia rope
(plot limitation), enamel paints (painting and coding), brushes,
brushes and field formats for data entry.
 3.4.2. Equipment

The following equipment will be needed: GPS, digital camera, compass

and ecliptometer, electric stove, stereo magnifier.

3.5. Metodología

3.5.1. Pre-field phase

Collection

Stage where it consisted in reviewing bibliographic materials

conducted in the Reserved Forest of the National Agrarian University of the
Selva, in order to make decisions for the execution of the project of
research.

3.5.2. Field phase

[Link]. Location of permanent sampling plots.

This research work will be carried out in high hills and

low hills in the BRUNAS, for the determination of floristic composition,
forest structure and potential. This will be carried out following the 'Method of
sampling 0.5 Ha Gentry Modified (Baraloto et al., 2012) with the
establishment of five plots of 5000 m2 (0.5 hectares). Designed for
obtain the best representativeness floristic and volumetric with minimum
effort. This methodology has been validated in 160 plots in Peru, Bolivia,
Guianas and Brazil, and compared with plots in Barro Colorado, Panama
Pasoh (Malaysia). The UTM coordinates of the plots are as follows:

[Link]. Sampling Design

 The research includes the establishment of five plots of 5
000 m2 (0.5 hectares). The sampling will be conducted by locating a baseline or
200-meter guide, in which they will be distributed alternately in the form of
perpendicular and equitable ten (10) subplot of 10 m wide by 50 m of
large (Figure 1), constituting a surface of 0.5 ha for each station of
sampling (plot). In the subplot, forest species will be evaluated and
palms, considering individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH) equal
greater than 0.10m.

Likewise, within each subparcel, one (01) strip will be located.

and one (01) line of evaluation for the registration of individuals below
0.10 m of DAP. The evaluation bands with dimensions 2 m wide by 50
m long, they constitute a surface of 1000 m² per plot. In these strips
the latizales (trees and palms) will be registered; that is, those individuals
whose DAP varies between 2.5 and 9.9 cm.

On the other hand, the evaluation lines whose dimensions are 3.0
cm wide by 50 m long, encloses an area of 15 m2 per plot. In
these lines will register the seedlings; that is, those individuals whose DBH
they are found below 2.5 cm. It is worth mentioning that in the case of the sprouts
the height will be obtained by direct measurement, while in tree trunks and poles it will be
they will obtain by eye estimation.

A total of 6 stations will be evaluated, defined in the area of

influence of the project (See Coordinate Tables and Map). The information
from the field, will be recorded in established formats, taking into account the
the following dasometric variables: species, DAP, height of the trunk, and total height
(Grijalva & Blandón, 2005).

During the field data collection, it also

will register use of forest species, as well as it will be carried out the
recognition and visual identification of impacts and interventions
anthropic to the forest
Source: Baroloto et al, 2012

Figure No. 1 Scheme of plots and subplots:

[Link]. Processing and analysis in the office

The information collected in the field will be digitized in a

database and processed using the Microsoft Excel program, in order to
determine and analyze parameters of floristic composition, indicators
structural and forest potential of the forest, following the methodology
proposed by Grijalva & Blandón (2005) and Nalvarte & Lombardi (1995).

[Link]. Floristic composition

It consists of recording the number of families and species present.

in the study area, which is the most important indicator of the structure
from the forest (Grijalva & Blandón, 2005). In addition, the species will be evaluated.

most important forestry for each vegetation unit, through the

determination of the importance value index (IVI).

[Link]. Herb harvesting

The methodology proposed by RODRIGUEZ and ROJAS will be used.
(2006).
- Sample selection and herbarium preparation

The collected samples must essentially have organs.

vegetative (branches with leaves) and reproductive organs (flowers and fruits).
After a good section of the sample, we will proceed to
arranging them on the t-shirts or newspapers, according to the
recommendations already mentioned. The code will be placed on each t-shirt.
designated in the field with a permanent marker, to prevent it from being erased at the time

to pour the alcohol and water mixture, this would be the proper herborization
said.
[Link]. Encoding
It will consist of assigning a number to the material label.
botanical, later on the shirt or newspaper and in relation to the
notebook or field notebook. In the case of taxonomists, the
collector number. Care will be taken when entering the data
to avoid confusion between one species and another.

[Link]. Preserved
 For this case, ethyl alcohol and water will be added in proportion.
from 50:50 for its conservation in order to avoid disastrous losses. The
samples inserted in the newspaper with the collector's numbering. Then you
they will be packed and tied with thread or raffia, trying to leave an opening in
on its upper part with the sample visible.
The packages will be placed individually in bags of
polyethylene or several packages in a large bag (50 kg. Polyethylene, the most
recommended, those for agrochemical fertilizers).

Figura 6: Preservado en campo. A. Bolsa de polietileno. B. Muestras acumuladas

in packages. C. Introduction of packages into the bags of
polyethylene and arranging the packages in one direction. D.
 Alcohol spill: water in proportions of 50:50; E. Bag with
sealed samples.

3.5.3. Laboratory or herbarium phase

[Link]. Drying of the samples

After preserving the samples, we will continue with the

the most important phase for the final destination that will be given to the samples.
The drying of the samples will be properly placed interleaved with
absorbent cardboards and corrugated aluminum sheets (intended to raise the temperature)

to facilitate drying) and porous cardboard (which serves to give support,

consistency or stability when it comes to loving), finally with the presses
botanicals and with the small rope or adjustment belt.

The botanical samples in the press will be put to dry in the

stove with two resistances of 240 V and 750 W with their respective
asbestos insulation, where they will be placed for 24 hours for even drying
from the samples.

[Link]. Taxonomic identification or determination

The procedure for the identification and description of the specimen

collected will be carried out at the HOXA herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden with

headquartered in the Pasco region, Oxapampa province. For this work, it

suggest the following materials:

- Specialized bibliography: Consisting of keys, diagnosis,

catalogs of floras and floral lists and original descriptions.
 Specimens from the general collection: They are found
correctly determined by specialists or described as
new species for science that includes types (Holotypes,
Isotopes y Phototypes). Son used for carry out
determinations of unknown or new material by
comparison.

In addition, a dissection kit and a magnifying glass are necessary.

stereoscopic, microscope, etc.

3.5.4. Data processing

The information will be organized in a database, such as

número de individuo, familia, género, especie y diámetro a la altura del pecho
(d a p). To subsequently apply the necessary formulas.

[Link]. Analysis of floristic diversity for the Reserved Forest

from the National Agrarian University of the Jungle

a. Variables related to diversity

Number of individuals
It will correspond to the total number of individuals in each plot.

transects, in the same way, differ from individuals by family,

género, especie, grupo botánico, origen, habito de crecimiento.

- Family number, genus and species

With the list of individuals from each transect plot, we

will determine the number of families, genus, and species. Additionally, it will

determine the family numbers.

 - Cociente de mezcla (CM)

It consists of one of the simplest indexes to calculate and express.

the relationship between the number of species and the total number of individuals

Lamprecht (1990), cited by (MELO and VARGAS, 2001).

S
C.M. =
N

Where:

S = Número total de especies en el muestreo

N = Total number of individuals in the sampling

b. Structural variables

Structural variables constitute information, whose usefulness

is more related to studies, with a view towards management and regeneration of
forest. In this way, it forms rather complementary documentation.
on floral diversity (MELO and VARGAS, 2001)

Dominance (D)

The absolute dominance of families and species will be determined. This

It is the summation of all the basal areas. It is an indicator of the degree of
coverage of each taxon, and expresses the space occupied (ESTRADA, 2007).

π
D= × d a p 2
4

Where:
 π = 3.1416

dap Diameter at chest height.

Relative dominance (Dr)

It is the percentage participation that corresponds to each species.

of the total basal area. (BASCOPE AND JORGENSEN, 2005)

Absolute dominance of each species

Dr= X100
total absolute dominance

- Abundancia relativa (Ar)

Indicate the percentage of participation of each species, referring to

total number of trees found per hectare. (BASCOPE AND
JORGENSEN, 2005

¿ trees by species
Ar= x100
¿ of total trees

- Relative frequency (Fr)

 It is the absolute frequency percentage of a species in relation to
the sum of the absolute frequencies of the species present. (BASCOPE Y
JORGENSEN, 2005

Absolute frequency of a species

Fr= x100
Total absolute frequency

Importance Value Index at the species level (IVIs)

It is the arithmetic sum of the percentages of relative abundance.

Relative frequency (Fr) and relative dominance (Dr). The sum being of the
Three percentages is the IVI. The same result will be used for families (IVIf).
(BASCOPE AND JORGENSEN, 2005)

IVIS= Ar+ Dr+ Fr

Family Importance Value Index (IVIf)

IVIF= Ar+ Dr+ Fr

3.5.5. Structural parameters

In addition, the current situation of the structure will be assessed.

forest, both horizontal and vertical, important information for the

static analysis of the forest, as mentioned by Vallejo et al (2005). This
characterization was carried out in each of the vegetation units.
Distribution by diameter class.
."
 The diameter structure will be defined in intervals of every 0.10 m.
grouped into 10 diameter classes. Tree species will be considered
forests and palms with DAP≥ 0.10 m.

-Distribution by Height Class:

To determine the vertical distribution of the forest, the following will be processed

the records of total heights in intervals of 10 m, defining 04

height classes or strata (Strata: Dominant, Codominant, Medium and
(inferior). Forest tree species and palms will be considered with
DAP ≥ 0.10 m
3.5.6. Horizontal and Vertical Profiles of the Forest

With the spatial coordinates and the data from the dasometric measurements, we

Elaborate horizontal and vertical profiles in ArcGis software v.10.2

of each evaluated vegetation unit, similar to what is represented in
the Figure BZ.
 VEGETATION PROFILE DIAGRAM OF THE CERRADO IN THE NOEL KEMPFF NATIONAL PARK
MARKET; a) Horizontal Profile, b) Vertical Profile. The numbers on each tree must match in both profiles.
(Mostacedo & Killeen, 1997.

[Link]. Total commercial volume

This parameter it will be determined, through the variables of

diameter (basal area) and height of the trunk of the individuals, multiplied by a
the thinning factor that on average is 0.65 for tropical forests
(Heinsdijk & Bastos, 1963). In this way, it will be determined and analyzed the
commercial trunk volume of tree individuals from 10 cm onward
DAP, applying the following Dasometric formula:

Where:
 V Volume of the tree (m3)

HF: Height of the trunk (m), distance from the base of the tree to the
cup point (Visual estimation).

ff: form factor (0.65) for tropical forests.

In addition to the aspects of floristic composition, dynamics of the

forest, parameters of structure and potentiality volumetric, himself
will determine the value of standing timber for purposes industrial and/or
commercials by species categories: A (Highly valuable), B (Valuable), and
(Intermediates), D (Potentials), E (Other species), established by R.M. No.
0107-2000-AG (2000).

[Link].EstatusdeConservación

A Conservation Status analysis will also be conducted.

National and International of forest species registered in the
study, according to 0.5. No. 043-2006-AG referred to the
Categorization of Threatened Species of Wild Flora where
the species registered in the main categories are included
amenaza siguiente: En Peligro Crítico (CR), En Peligro (EN), Vulnerable
(VU) Vulnerable (NT); as well as the Appendices of the Convention
International Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 2014) And the

Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2014). Likewise, it is

will review if the evaluated species they are found somewhere state
endemic.
 3. EXECUTION PLAN

Table 2. Activity schedules.

4. BUDGET
 5. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

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BLAS, J. 2004. Establishment and evaluation of Permanent Plots

Medición en el Bosque Reservado de la Universidad Nacional Agraria

from the Selva, Tingo María. Thesis Engineer of Natural Resources

Renewables. Tingo María, Peru. University

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BASCOPE, S., JORGENSEN. 2005. Characterization of a montane forest

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40(3):365-379.

CAMACHO, M. 2000. Permanent sampling plots in natural forest

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CLAROS, A., LICONA J. 1999. Summary of establishment works

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forests of the National Agrarian University of Tingo María

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MELO, C., VARGAS, R. 2001. Ecological evaluation and forestry of

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Colombia. Impressions Count. 183 p.

MORENO, E. 2001. Métodos para medir la Biodiversidad. M&T SEA. México.

86 p.

LAMPRECHT, H. 1990. Forestry in the Tropics: The ecosystems

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possibilities and methods for sustainable use.

Society for Technical Cooperation. Berlin, Germany. 335 p.

PINELO, M. 2000. Manual para el Establecimiento de Parcelas Permanentes

Sampling in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Petén, Guatemala.

Turrialba, Costa Rica 52 p

PHILLIPS, O., VASQUEZ, M., NUNEZ, V., LORENZO, M., CHUSPE, Z.

GALIANO, S., PEÑA, C., TIMANA, M., YLI-HALLA, M., ROSE, S.

2003. Efficient Plot-Based Floristic Assessment of Tropical Forests.

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