Teacher: Mr.

BOUASABAH MOHAMMED

NATIONAL ECOLOGY
E-COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT
( ‫) ﻤﺪ ﺑﻮﻋﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬
KENITRA Academic year: 2019/2020
 Course outline

V{tÑ|àÜx DM
Introduction, definitions and generalities

V{tÑ|àÜx EM
Project planning

V{tÑ|àÜx FM
Project management: MS Project
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 V{tÑ|àÜx DM
Introduction, definitions and generalities

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 0- Introduction:
Project management
Project management is the process of planning,
organize and manage the tasks and resources of a project in order to
to achieve a defined objective.
Project management allows us to deliver a good and/or a
quality service

AT THE RIGHT TIME,

AT THE BEST POSSIBLE COST

TO THE GOOD PERSON,

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 The importance of project management...!

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I- WHAT IS A PROJECT?
DEFINITION 1:
A project refers to the set of actions to be taken in order to
respond to an unspecified need within set deadlines (the project has a
start and an end). The project mobilizes identified resources.
(human and material) during its execution, it has
also a cost and therefore subject to budgeting of resources.
The results expected from the project are called 'deliverables'.

DEFINITION 2: from the World Organization for Standardization

according to ISO standard 10006:
Unique process consisting of a set of coordinated activities
and controlled with start and end dates, undertaken in
the aim of achieving a goal that meets specific requirements
such as constraints of deadlines, costs, and resources.
 To summarize..

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Note:
The concept of a set of activities or actions is retained.
but it is still necessary to distinguish the project from a whole
of operations.

The main distinctions are that the activities or actions of a

projects are temporary and have a unique character.

Project Activities Operations Activity

Non-repetitive Repetitive
Irreversible decisions Reversible decisions
Strong uncertainty Low uncertainty
Strong influence of external variables Strong influence of internal variables
Example:
A large car manufacturer produces 2000 vehicles.
per day, it is about operations, however if he plans to
to manufacture a "Formula 1" car we will talk about a project.

I-1) Main characteristics of a project

Character of uniqueness
The product or service of a project is unique or has a characteristic
of uniqueness.
Limited time
Every project has a clear beginning and end.
Constraints: of time, quality, and cost
The target is located at the center of gravity of the triangle.

The objective can move towards one of the vertices of the triangle.
 Strong irreversibility
The capacity for action is very strong at the beginning but it decreases at
as the project progresses and decisions are made
prizes.
 Objectives

Each project must have clearly defined objectives that

allow for the satisfaction of a specific and particular need.
Example: Vehicle project with five major objectives
 Novation
The innovation is always present in a project because the product
the project is still new.
Example: Construction of a highway

If a highway is not a new thing in itself, what is new to

Each time it is the characteristics of the terrain crossed (layers
geological, natural accidents such as rivers, hills ..., type of habitat
rural, urban, etc.) that make each highway a new project.

Of uncertainty
In every project, there is a degree of uncertainty related to the nature
unitary but also to the external environment which can be
difficult to grasp.
 Writing exercise
The company Alpha has decided to create a new product and to
to present at the next major trade show in a year. The company
count on the novelty of this product that will set it apart from the others.
competition by getting ahead and thus allowing it to energize
its sales.
A budget envelope of €600,000 has been allocated for the project.
The investment made in this new product represents for
the company has a very heavy burden and cannot be exceeded. However, in order to
to be able to compete with the existing competing products that are
of impeccable quality, the new product must be made with
very strict quality standards.
Rank the following constraints in order of importance:
quality constraints, cost constraint, constraint of
deadline.
 I-2) The stakeholders of a project
a) The project owner (or Project bearer or Client):
Ordering party in favor of whom the work is carried out

Example:
Regional council for the construction of a high school
It defines the needs, the requirements.
The "client"
b) Project management (or Director): Organization or person
tasked by the project owner with the execution of the project.

Example:
Company responsible for coordinating the different trades
project manager
The 'director' of the project.
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c) The project team
She is chosen by the project manager and she understands the people.
taking an active part in the implementation of the project, the managers
of lots of work or tasks.
d) The hierarchical managers
When team members are 'made available' for the
Project duration, they depend on their hierarchical superiors.
e) Partners
Who can be suppliers, subcontractors or laboratories.
of research or any other partner useful to the project.
f) The steering committee
He intervenes for important 'political' decisions that the leader of
The project cannot be taken alone. It is chosen by the project owner.
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I-3) The different types of project
We will differentiate the following three main types of projects:

The project "work"

The "product" project
The 'organizational' project

a) The project "work"

The project called 'work' or 'engineering project' relates to a
unique, non-recurring project aimed at a single client.
Example:

(Bridge, tunnel, highway, library, museum..)

b) The 'product' project

The project called 'product' refers to a project that will be, after a
non-recurring phase, produced in several copies or in
series. Of an ephemeral nature, this type of project is aimed at
several clients

Example:

(Planes, cars, computers, medications, perfumes...)

c) The "organizational" project

The project called 'organizational' or 'event-based' is not.

associated with a material supply but with an event
temporary or to a process.

Example:

the transition to the euro, the organization of the Olympic Games, a

business project, a cultural event...)
Quiz
Among the following qualifiers, check the one that is incompatible with
the concept of a project :

Singular
Autonomous
Permanent
Innovator
Complex
 Quiz
A project is always:
Of short duration
Sure
Temporary

Project management is a function that requires primarily

place of knowledge:
techniques
administrative
economic
commercial
financial
Quiz
The essential characteristic of a project is to have a beginning and an end.
end
False
True

The changes that occur during a project are always

the consequence of a bad estimate or poor management:

True
Fake
Quiz
To successfully carry out his project, the project manager must know the
motivations of all stakeholders in the project, and of
members of his team:
Fake
True

The project called work is not a project:

Engineering
Who addresses a unique client
Recurring
 I-4) Main phases in a project

The project can be broken down in a basic way as follows:

Before
Definition Achievement Ending
project

a) The pre-project phase

The project owner must verify the feasibility of the idea by conducting
or by conducting a technical-economic feasibility study.
If the decision to proceed is made, a specifications document will be
a summary must be established.

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 YES
Study of the Phase of
Before Launch
feasibility, Analysis of the project?
project definition
risks

NO

Abandon
of the project

b) The project definition phase

The objective of this phase is to fully define the framework.
of the project by developing the concepts defined in the previous phase
project detailing enough to move to the phase of
realization.
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It is about:

. To define the project's content in more detail

function of the targeted objectives.
. To establish the detailed project planning (PERT, GANTT..).
. To establish the budget.
. To analyze the risks.
. …..
c) The implementation phase of the project
The execution phase is the culmination of the previous phases.
because it is in this one that the product of the planned project is realized and
described in the definition phase.
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 d) The closing phase (Termination)
Delivery and reception of the project product, transfer to the users,
Forecast for the reassignment of the team members upon contract termination
with suppliers and subcontractors.
A report must be made at the end of the project in order to capitalize on the knowledge.
to do and the experience gained.

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 V{tÑ|àÜx EM
Project Planning

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 I) Gather and structure the information
I-1) The task organizational chart OT (Work Breakdown Structure: WBS)

Make an appropriate lot division.

Too simple: we forget important elements
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Too detailed: unmanageable / waste of time
 1) At the top the overall task of the project,
2) Logic for dividing the sub-lots?
. Occupation, or location or supplier or function or time..
but
. A single logic to break down a given batch
. The sum of the sub-lots is equal to the initial lot.

Each final batch is manageable

 Example: Creation of an MBA
If, for example, a university has the project to create an MBA. Each
The course will be a task to be carried out by a single responsible teacher. There is
nevertheless several ways to organize the project content.
The first is to break the project into work packages: if there are 30
course in the MBA program and each course is conducted by
a teacher so there will be 30 batches of work.

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Another way to achieve the segmentation is to group all the
courses by major disciplines: Finance, HR, Accounting...

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A third option for the project manager is to divide the work into
achieved by separating the first and second year courses and
then separate by major disciplines.

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I-1-1) List of tasks
To establish the task list (or activities), one must start from the WBS.
and in particular to break down each lot of work into tasks. It is
possible during the establishment of the task list that the project team
find missing or poorly defined deliverables, the WBS must then be
corrected accordingly.
Example
In the example of creating an MBA, each batch of work is there.
creation of a course.
The tasks associated with these work packages can be, for example:
Writing a syllabus.
Writing a course handout.
Creation of a PowerPoint presentation file for the course.
Creation of a course for the web.
36 Tableau: Task Sheet
a) Duration of tasks
Each task requires resources (people) to be completed.
,machines...), the amount of these resources will determine the duration of
the task.
Example
Suppose that to carry out earthworks, we need
of a workload of 200 man-hours, if one has 4
workers (resources) to carry out this task.
The duration will then be: duration = 200 man-hours / 4 men = 50 hours

b) Priorities of tasks
Certain tasks can only start when others are
finished. It may happen that some tasks do not start
precisely at the end of the tasks that are prior to them.
Example 1
We cannot start painting before finishing the plastering.
It is also possible to overlap tasks and multiple types of
overlaps are possible. For example during machining and the
control of a batch of 20 pieces we can start the inspection on the
first machined parts without waiting for the machining of the 20 pieces to finish.

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 Example 2
Let task A be prior to three tasks B, C, E.

In the first case between A and B, there is a relative constraint.

CR of 2 days before being able to start A.
In the second case, the relative constraint is zero, task C
starts immediately after the end of task A
In the third case, the relative constraint is negative, task E.
39 starts three days before the end of task A
Example: List of tasks
L'exemple qui est traité en parallèle est celui d'un événement (fête,
commemoration etc...)
After gathering information regarding the 'event' project
you need to obtain a table of this type. The first thing to do is
to establish the list of tasks in a table indicating the tasks
earlier than the others.
Exercise
Etablissez sous forme de tableau la liste des taches, leur durée, leurs antériorités.
Subject:
Preparation of the production setup schedule for garlic sauces.
The establishment of the production of garlic
does not pose any particular problem in
the measure where the containers
of this new product remain in
the range of pots from our supplier
usual (or similar patterns
proposed by the competition.
The requested items are as follows:
According to the sales management, the studies on packaging choice
(pot, label, individual packaging) should last about ten days
workable and should be able to start as soon as the green light is given for
this operation.
 Our printer, GUTEMB S.A., has been contacted and is committed to providing the
labels within 8 working days following the submission of the mock-ups to
the printing and individual packaging cartons, 5 working days later
(due to the subcontracting of cutting operations by the printer).

The labeling operation for the jars should be able to be completed in 3 days for
have a stock of 6,000 jars, a sufficient stock to start production
a series allowing to satisfy a demand for aillou sauce from 400 to 600
units (depending on the packaging size chosen).

The supply of raw materials (fragrance extracts, alcohol, ...) must

request 10 business days but delivery can only take place once
reorganized the small store (wing B) where the necessary liquids would be stored
for the production of aillou as well as empty or filled pots.

The supply of pots, if we rely on the choice of a common model and

a supply from BSNA should take place within 6 days
42 available following our phone order.
 the redevelopment of wing B consists of:
A reorganization on two levels of the storage area for empty jars (delivered by
palette under shrink film), the necessary industrial furniture that can be
delivered and assembled in 5 working days, if the order is placed at least 10 days
before, and in an improvement of the building's security (in which no
inflammable had not been stored until now) which does not interfere with the reorganization of
the storage area; at first glance, this work could be entrusted to CLEENMAIN
S.A., a company specialized in industrial locksmithing that would require 8 days.
but, considering what happened last year, it seems reasonable to plan
rather over 12 working days

the increase in the workload resulting from the introduction of aillou makes
necessary to hire a P2 and a P1, which leads to prospecting work
about fifteen days. However, labeling can be done with the workforce
current.

the filling of 6,000 jars (previously labeled) is an operation that

request for 5 days of work and the placing of pots in individual packaging requires a
just under 7 days of work but can start very shortly after the beginning
of the filling
 Response

. Tasks 6 and 8 are milestone tasks, they have a duration of zero but they must be
finished to carry out other tasks.
. For example, to fill the bottles, the delivery of raw materials must have been made.
. 13DD means 13 start and that task 14 has task 13 as its predecessor but they can
start at the same time because their beginning coincides. (except for filling a bottle)
 II) The PERT diagram
II-1) Presentation
The PERT method is a project management method aimed at
anticipate the properties of a project in terms of time, deadlines, and costs.
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) = Technique
Evaluation and Program Review (fr) originates from the navy.
American and the end of the 1950s.
Its principle is to break a project down into a set of actions.
called tasks and to represent them graphically according to
a dependency graph.

Its goal is to minimize delays, as well as reduce impact.

delays in the execution of the various tasks.
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Example: Consider the small project following: Change a flat tire.

A. Install the jack and raise the car: 5 minutes;

B. Unscrew the nuts of the flat tire: 3 minutes;
C. Remove the flat tire and install the spare tire: 1 minute;
D. Tighten the nuts of the new wheel: 4 minutes;
E. Lower the car and remove the jack: 3 minutes

Expressed using the PERT method, this project will take the following form:

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II-2) General concepts
II-2-1) Definitions
Task
A task is the unfolding over time of an action; it allows
to the project of moving towards its final state.
A letter is assigned to each task to simplify the diagram. The task has
temporal properties that qualify the execution time:
the duration, expressed in minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, etc.
Expressed via the PERT method, a task is represented by a
arrow, specified by its name and its duration.

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 Step
A step indicates the beginning and/or end of a task. We number the
steps to clarify the diagram.
The step has time order properties: earliest and latest dates.
lateness, expressed in minutes, hours, etc.

Expressed through the PERT method, a step is represented by a circle,

divided into 3 zones, specified by its number, as well as its dates at most
early and at the latest.

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The earliest date is the minimum deadline since the start of the project.
necessary to reach the considered step.

The latest date is the maximum date, since the start of the project, at
which must be reached for the deadline to be considered
the entirety of the project is not to be modified.

Network
A network is the set of tasks and steps that make up the whole.
about project planning (also referred to as PERT diagram).
Two tasks that follow one another immediately in time are
represented by two arrows that follow each other, separated by a step.

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II-2-2) Rules for graphical representation
A network always has one and only one starting stage.
that there is only one final step.
Every task has at least one starting step and at least one ending step.
a task can only start if the task that precedes it is
finished.
We cannot have 2 different tasks that have the same step.
from the beginning and even the end stage.
Two tasks that start at the same time and run simultaneously.
times are said to be simultaneous, and are each represented by a
arrow whose starting point is a single and the same step.

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 Two tasks that run at the same time and finish in
at the same time, they are said to be convergent and are represented
each by an arrow whose endpoint is a single one and
same step.

When two converging tasks precede one or more

common tasks, and that one of these two converging tasks
also precedes a task (or several) that the other task
convergent does not precede, it is necessary to resort to a
dummy task.

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II-2-3) Study of an example
A) Construction of a PERT network

The construction of a PERT network and its operation assume

to perform the following operations:

. Establish a precise list of tasks.

. Determine the previous tasks (as well as the subsequent tasks)
eventually).
. Build the partial graphs.
. Group the partial graphs.
. Build the network.

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 A-1) Establish a detailed list of tasks
We consider the list of the following 12 tasks, numbered from A to L.
The estimated duration of each task is indicated.

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 A-2) Determine the prior tasks
The analysis of the project and all the tasks that make it up leads us
leads to defining the chronological relationships of precedence of tasks,
these results are grouped in the following table, in the column
previous task(s):

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 By simple deduction, we deduce the values of the task(s) column.
subsequent

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 A-3) Build the partial graphs
We then proceed to the development of a set of diagrams very
simple; then we assemble these different diagrams gradually,
to arrive at the final network
The partial graphs of previous task(s)/ current task/
The subsequent task(s) are as follows:

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57
A-4) Group the partial graphs
Then, we group the partial graphs as we go along:

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A-5) Build the network
The grouping of all the partial graphs allows us to obtain the
PERT network.

Task I precedes tasks F and K. However, task K is preceded by

only task I (and not C and D), while task F is preceded
tasks I, but also D and C.
If we were to disregard this problem, we would then have a step at which
C, D and I bring and from which F and K leave. However, this is incorrect because
This would mean that K also precedes C and D in addition to I! To solve
For this problem, we will therefore use a fictional task.
 The fictitious task allows specifying that F precedes I in addition to C and D, and by
against that K precedes I only.

We then obtain the following complete network:

Note: The steps have been numbered.

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B) Exploitation of the PERT network
B-1) Calculation of dates "as soon as possible"
If there is only one possible path to reach the stage, the date at the latest
earliest date before which we add the duration of the
task linking the 2 steps

There are several possible paths to reach the stage.

The process described above is applied to each of the previous tasks;
the earliest date is then the maximum among these results:
to0 = Max((to1 + duration1), (to2 + duration2), ...)

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Note: If one of the tasks considered is a dummy task, we proceed
exactly in the same way as with a non-fiction task, and we
consider that its duration has a value of 0.

The earliest date of the end stage indicates the minimum time.
necessary for the completion of the project.

Let's apply this process to our example:

 It is therefore determined that the project can at best be finalized in the space of
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24 working days.
B-2) Calculation of deadlines 'at the latest'

If there is only one possible path to leave the step:

The deadline is equal to the 'previous' deadline (the later one).
in the arrangement of tasks) from which the duration of the linking task is subtracted
the 2 steps

If there are several possible paths that start from the step.
We apply the process described above (for 1 task) for each of the tasks.
"previous"; the latest date is then the minimum among these results
ta0 = Min( (ta1 - duration1) ; (ta2 - duration2) ; ...)

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Let's apply this process to our example:

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 Once this step is complete, we gather the date information at
earliest and latest in a single diagram.

the obtained PERT network is therefore:

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B-3) Margin calculation
Some tasks benefit from variable latency in their
achievement without calling into question the completion date
of the project. This latency period is called margin.

The margin related to a task is determined by considering the value of

earliest and latest dates of the steps surrounding the task. The margin
is therefore worth the date at the latest of the subsequent step after which one
subtract the date as early as the previous step as well as the duration of the
task itself

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In our example, we grouped the calculated margins in the
following table:

Tasks with zero margin do not benefit from any latency.

in their execution allowing them not to delay the project.
The set of these tasks allows for determining the critical path.
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 B-4) Determination of the critical path
The critical path indicates which tasks need to be completed successively.
observe during the implementation of the project in order to monitor the
possible delays. The goal is to detect deviations and then act.
quickly as a result in order to minimize their impact on the duration
of the entire project.

Note:

To determine what the critical path is and therefore which tasks

Observer, it is enough to list all the tasks with zero margin.
The highlighting of these tasks determines the path itself.
critique.

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 The tasks with a zero margin are: F, G, H, and I.

Note: Sometimes, the critical path can be determined without using the margins.
by simply examining the earliest and latest dates of the entire set
steps; the steps that each have their earliest date identical to their
Due dates at the latest belong to the critical path.
If this examination of the dates leads to several possibilities, then it is necessary to proceed.
in the calculation of margins.
Example of application:
Here are the tasks of the following project:

Task (X) P(X) Durée en jours

A ---- 8
B ---- 6
C A 5
D A 5
E A,B 4
F C 3
G D 2
H F,G 2
I E 1

Create the PERT diagram and specify the critical path of the project
 Exercise:
Let the following event project (party, commemoration, etc...) be:

1) Create the PERT diagram of this project

2) Provide the critical path of this project

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 Correction of the exercise: 6
23 23

F2 I’0
3 J1
10 14
8
C3 G'0 H4 23 23
End
24 24
A4 G4 I5
Start 1 B3 2 5 7
0 0 4 4 7 7 14 14 18 18

D3 E4
4
10 10

Critical path {A,B,D,E,G,I,J}

Work to be submitted:

Here is the upcoming event project (party, commemoration, etc...):

1) Create the PERT chart for this project

2) Give the critical path of this project

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