Inferential Statistics

Week 1 session 2
Sampling Distribution of the Mean

EXPLANATORY EXERCISES
The nominal value of the resistance of a sheet of a composite metal is 8500 psi. Through studies
It is known that the standard deviation of this resistance is 1950 psi. A sample is taken.
of 100 sheets. What is the probability that the mean of that sample:
a) Is it greater than 8900 psi?
Is it less than 8000 psi?
Is it between 8200 and 8700 psi?
d) What mean value has a probability of occurrence less than 16.35%?

2. A machine produces parts with a size that fits a normal distribution whose value
The mean is 14 cm. What is the probability that the mean of a sample of size 20 is
less than 14.58 cm, knowing that the sample variance has been 9 cm2?

1 Inferential Statistics
 PROPOSED EXERCISES

1. Car engine oil bottles have an average content of 2.0 liters and a deviation
standard of 0.12 liters. If a random sample of 36 bottles is taken, calculate and interpret the
probability that the bottles have a filling average between 1.96 and 2.03 liters.

In Lima, the average price of a kilo of rice is μ = S/. 3.20 with a standard deviation σ = S/.
0.25. If a random sample of 100 rice consumers is selected, calculate and interpret: a)
The probability that the sample mean price of rice is greater than S/. 3.25 per kilo.

3. The company "Yapatera" sells bags of sugar with an average content of 5 kilos and a
standard deviation of 0.2 kilos. If random samples of 36 bags are taken. Calculate and interpret: the
probability that the mean weight of the sample exceeds 5.1 kilograms.

4. A gas station in a big city has found that its weekly oil sales
they have an average of 15 gallons per customer with a standard deviation of 2.8. For a sample
randomly selected from 49 clients, calculate and interpret the probability that the average weekly purchase of
oil should be less than 14 gallons;

5. The company 'La negrita' sells cans of coffee with an average content of 195 grams and a
standard deviation of 6 grams. If random samples of 25 cans are taken. Calculate and interpret: The
probability that the mean weight of the sample is less than 192 grams.

6. A study is being conducted on air quality in an area. One of the indicators of the
Air quality is the average number of micrograms of suspended particles per cubic meter.
Assuming that the variable X: 'Number of micrograms of particles', is normally
distributed. A total of 16 measurements are taken, resulting in a standard deviation of 10.8585.
units. 36 measurements are made in which a standard deviation of 12 units is obtained.
Obtain the probability that the sample mean does not differ from the population mean by more than 5
units.

7. Juanita Martínez, researcher at the Colombian Coffee Corporation, is interested in determining

the coffee usage rate per household in the United States. She believes that the annual consumption per household has
normal distribution with unknown mean and standard deviation close to 1.25 pounds.
If Juanita takes a sample of 36 households and records their coffee consumption over a year, what is the
probability that the sample mean deviates from the population mean by no more than half
libra?

8. Let's assume that the number of barrels of oil produced by a well per day is a random variable with
unspecified distribution. If production is observed in 64 days and it is known that the deviation
typical of the number of barrels per day is 16, obtain the probability that the sample mean is found
to no more than 4 barrels of the true value of the average daily production.

2 Inferential Statistics
 SOLVED EXERCISES
1. A population consists of 5 numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11. Let’s consider all the samples of size
equal to 2 that can be obtained, with replacement, from this population.
Calculate:
a) the population mean and the population standard deviation
b) the mean of the sampling distribution of means
c) solve the problem considering that the sampling is without replacement.

Solution:
2+3+6+8+11 30
Population Media: = = =6
5 5

2= (2−6) 2+(3−6) +(6−6)

2 2
+(8−6) 2
+(11−6) 2 16+9+0+4+25
Population variance: = = 10
5 5

= 3.29

Now let's choose all possible samples with replacement: There are 5(5)=25 samples of size
equal to 2 that can be obtained with replacement (since any of the 5 numbers from the first...
Show up to associate with any of the 5 numbers from the following sample)
These are:
Samples Sample Means

["(2,2)","(2,3)"] (2,6) (2,8) (2,11) Let's calculate 2 2.5 4 5 6.5

the stockings
(3,2) (3,3) (3,6) (3,8) (3,11) respective 2.5 3 4.5 5.5 7

(6,2) (6,3) (6,6) (6,8) (6,11) 4 4.5 6 7 8.5

(8,2) (8,3) (8,6) (8,8) (8,11) 5 5.5 7 8 9.5

(11,2) (11,3) (11,6) (11,8) (11,11) 6.5 7 8.5 9.5 11

∑25
1
̅ 2 + 2.5 + 4 + 5 + 6.5 + ⋯ + 11
̅ = = =6
25 25

It can be observed that the average population( ) matches the mean of the sampling distribution of
the stockings.

Challenge! Calculate the standard deviation of the sample means.

Check the slides: the formulas are there. Verify them!

If we solve with sampling without replacement (There are 10 possible samples)

These are:

samples Sample means

Let's calculate 2.5 4 5 6.5
(2,3) (2,6) (2,8) (2,11) the stockings
respective
(3,6) (3,8) (3,11) 4.5 5.5 7

(6,8) (6,11) 7 8.5

(8,11) 9.5
3
 ∑25
1
̅ 2.5 + 4 + 5 + 6.5 + ⋯ + 9.5
̅ = = =6
25 10

It can be observed that the average population( ) coincides with the mean of the sampling distribution of
the socks.
Challenge! Calculate the standard deviation of the sample means.

Check the slides: the formulas are there. Verify them!

The height variable of the students studying in a language school follows a distribution
normal mean 1.62 m and variance of 0.0144 2 What is the probability that the mean of a
Is a random sample of 100 students greater than 1.60 m?

Solution:

Problem data:
1.62
2= 0.0144 ( 2 known

=0.12
n=100 (Sample)
Normal population:
: ( ̅> . )=1− ( ≤ 1.60)
Standardizing:

1.60 − . 2
(̅ > . )= 1 − ( ≤ )
0.12
√ 100
(̅ > . )= 1 − ( ⏟≤ -1.67)

∴ ( ̅> 8900) = 1 − 0.04746= 0.95254

The probability that the mean of a random sample of 100 female students is greater than 1.60 m is
of 95.25%

In a customer service setting, the wait time until receiving assistance is a variable.
normal average of 10 minutes and standard deviation of 2 minutes. Random samples of time are taken
of customer wait for those who arrive on a specific day. It is required:
a) What is the probability that the average waiting time of a sample of 25 customers does not
Did you surpass 9 minutes?

b) What is the distribution of the sample mean if random samples of 64 customers are taken?
Specify your parameters.

Solution to:

Problem data:

4 Inferential Statistics
 10
Normal population: =2 (Known)
They ask for: (̅ ≤ ) n=25 (Sample)
Standardizing:

9−
(̅ ≤ =) ( ≤)
2
√ 25
(̅ ≤ =) ( ⏟ ≤ −2.5)

∴ ( ̅≤ 8900) = 0.00621

Solution b.
The population and the samples fit a normal distribution:
Review slide theory!!

Population Sampling Distribution

10 n=64
=2 ̅ ~ ( ),
Yes: ~ ( , ) √
~ ( 10,2)
2
̅ ~ (10, )
√ 64
̅ ~ ( 10, 0.25 )

4. A study is being conducted on air quality in an area. One of the indicators of the
Air quality is the average number of micrograms of suspended particles per cubic meter.
Let's suppose that the variable X: 'Number of micrograms of particles' is normally
distributed. 16 measurements are taken, resulting in a standard deviation of 10.8585
units. Obtain the probability that the sample mean does not differ from the population mean in
more than 8 units.

Solution:

Problem data:
Normal population:
Number of micrograms of particles =10.8585 (unknown)
They ask for: | ( ̅ − | < ) n=16 (Muestra)
Propiedad valor absoluto:
(− < ̅ − < )
Standardizing:
− ̅−
( < < )
10.8585 10.8585
√ ⏟√ √
−

(− . < < . )

5 Inferential Statistics
 ⏟( < . ) −⏟ ( < − . )

0.995 -0.005=0.99

Note: according to the statement: the probability that the sample mean does not differ from the mean
population by more than 8 units, an absolute value has been conveniently placed since the
the difference mentioned does not imply an order of said measures.

6 Inferential Statistics