3-9) MULTI-PHASE RECTIFIERS IN STAR:

We have seen in equation (3-54) that the average voltage of

output that could be obtained from wave rectifiers
complete single-phase [Link].

These rectifiers are used in applications up to a level of

power of 15 kW.

For higher power outputs, rectifiers are used.

three-phase and multi-phase.

The Fourier series of the output voltages given by the

equation (3-55) indicates that the outputs contain harmonics, the
the frequency of the fundamental component is double that of the
source frequency (2f).

In practice, it is common to use a filter to reduce the level of

harmonics in the load; the size of the filter is reduced with the
increase in the frequency of harmonics.

In addition to the higher power output of the rectifiers

multiphase, it also increases the fundamental frequency of the
harmonics and resulting source frequency (qf). This
Rectifier is known as a star rectifier.
 Fig. 3.12 Half Wave Rectifier Circuit.

The rectifier circuit of fig.3.12a can be extended to several

phases through multiphase windings in the secondary of
transformer, as shown in fig.3.19a.
 Fig. 3.19 Multiphase Rectifier.

This circuit can be considered as rectifiers

half-wave mono-phase and it is of the half-wave type.

The Eldiodo of order will conduct during the period when the
voltage of the phase is greater than that of the other phases.
The waveforms for voltages and currents appear in the
fig.3.19b.

The conduction period of each diode is 2. /q.

From this figure, it can be noted that the current flowing through
the secondary winding is unidirectional and contains a
CD component.
Only the secondary winding carries current at a moment
determined and, as a result, the primary must be
connected in delta.
In order to eliminate the dc component on the input side of the
transformer.

This minimizes the harmonic content of the line current

primary.
2
If we place a cosine wave from q until q the tension
output average for a q-phase rectifier is:
q
2 q
Vcd Vm Cos t d t Vm You ............(3-59)
2 q
q 0

1
2
q
2
Vrms Vm2Cos2 t d t .................. (3-60)
2 
q 0

21
q 1 2
Vm  Sen
2 q2 q
If the load is purely resistive, the peak current through the
Vm
diode is: Im
R
finding the rms value of the current of the
diode like:
21
q
2
IS I m2 Cos 2 t d t ................... (3.61)
2 0

21
1 1 2 Vrms
Im  Sen
2 q2 q R

EXAMPLE:

A star-connected three-phase rectifier has a purely

resistive with Rohms. Determine:
(a) the efficiency,
(b) the form factor,
(c) the wave component factor,
the utilization factor of the transformer,
the peak inverse voltage Piv of each diode
the peak current through the diode, if the rectifier
Delivery Idc= 30 A, at an output voltage of Vdc= 140 V.

Solution:

For a three-phase rectifier q = 3 in the equations (3-59), (3-

60) y (3-61).
(a) From equation (3-59):
q
Vcd= V Sen q =0.827Vm
m e Icd 0.827Vm/R.
From equation (3-60):
1
q 1 2 2
Vrms Vm
2 q2
 Sen
q
= 0.84068Vm, and

21
Vmq 1 2
Irms R2 q2
 Sen
q
=0.84068Vm/R.

From equation (3-34): Pcd(0.827Vm)2/R

From equation (3-35): Pca= (0.84068Vm)2/Ry

From equation (3-36) the efficiency

Pcd (0.827Vm) 2
99.77%
Pca (0.84068Vm) 2
(b) From Equation (3-38), the shape factor:
Vrms0.84068Vm
FF 1.0165 , or 101.65%.
Vcd 0.827Vm
From Equation (3-40), the component factor
wavy
2
Vrms
RF
Vcd
1 FF2 1 1.01652 1 0.1824 18.24%
The rms voltage of the transformer's secondary is:
Vm
VS 0.707Vm
2
The rms value of the current of the secondary of the
transformers
1
1 1 2 Vrms0.4854Vm
2
I S 0.4854I m
 Sen
2 q2 q R R

The specification in Volt-Amperes (VA) of

transformer is:
Vm
VA 3 V S xIS 3x0.707Vmx0.4854
R
From equation (3-41):
Pcd 0.8272
TUF 0.6643 66.43%
VSI S 3x0.707x0.4854
The peak reverse blocking voltage of each diode is
equal to the peak value of the line-to-line voltage in the
secondary
The line-to-line voltage is 3 the phase voltage and by
so : PIV= Vm. 3

The average current through the diode is:

 q
2 1
Id I mCos t d t Im Sen .............. (3-62)
2 0
q
For q=3, Id= 0.2757 Im.

The average current through each diode is:

Id=30/3=10 A

being the peak current:

Im=10/0.2757 = 36.27 A.

3-10) THREE-PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

A three-phase bridge rectifier like the one shown in the

fig.320 is commonly used in high energy applications.
 Fig.3.20 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier.

This is a full-wave rectifier.

It can operate without or with transformer and generate components.
six-pulse waveforms in the output voltage.

The diodes are numbered in sequence order of

driving, each of them drives for 120°.

The conduction sequence of the diodes is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56 and
61.
The pair of diodes connected between the pair of lines of
power supply that has the instantaneous potential difference
the higher ones from line to line will be the ones leading.

In a star-connected three-phase source, the line voltage to

Line is approximately 3 times the phase voltage.

The waveforms and conduction times of the diodes

appear in fig. 3.21.
Fig.3.21 Waveforms and conduction times of the diodes
RPT.

The average output voltage is calculated from:

6
2 3 3
Vcd 3V mCos t d t Vm 1.654Vm............. (3-63)
2
6 0

whereVm it is the peak phase voltage.

The output voltage is:
 1
2
6
2
Vrms 3Vm2Cos2 t d t ...................... (3-64)
2
6 0

1
2
3 9 3
 Vm 1.6554Vm
2 4

If the load is purely resistive, the peak current through the

Vm
diodes Im 3
R
and the rms value of the diode current is:
21
6
4
Ir I m2Cos2 t d t ................... (3.65)
2 0

1
1 1 2 2
Vrms
Im  Sen 0.5518Im
6 2 6 R

The rms value of the secondary current of the transformers:

21
6
8
IS I m2Because2  ttd ................... (3.66)
2 0

1
2 1 2 2
Vrms
Im  Sen 0.7804Im
6 2 6 R

wheremIt is the peak line current in the secondary.

EXAMPLE:
A three-phase bridge rectifier has a purely
resistive value R. Determine:
the efficiency,
the form factor,
(c) the wave component factor,
(d) the utilization factor of the transformer,
(e) the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode and
the peak current through a diode.
The rectifier outputs Icd= 60 A, at an output voltage of
Vcd= 280.7 V, the frequency of the source is 60 Hz.
Solution
(a) From equation (3-63):
3 3 =1.654V
Vcd= V m
m e Icd= 1.654Vm/R.

From equation (3-64):

1
2
3 9 3
Vrms= 2

4
Vm 1.6554Vm, e Irms =1.6554Vm/R.

From equation (3-34), Pcd(1.654 Vm.)2/R.

From equation (3-35), Pca(1.6554 Vm)2/R,y
From equation (3-36) the efficiency is:

Pcd (1.654Vm) 2
99.83%
Pca 1.6554Vm) 2
(b) From Equation (3-38), the shape factor:
Vrms 1.6554Vm
FF 1.0008%, or 100.08%.
Vcd 1.654Vm
From Equation (3-40), the wave component factor
es:
2
Vrms
RF
Vcd
1 FF2 1 1.00082 1 0.04 4%.
The rms voltage of the secondary of the transformer:
Vm
VS 0.707Vm
2
 The rms value of the current of the secondary of the
transformadores:
0.47804Vm
IS 0.47804Im
R
The specification in Volt-Amperes (VA) of
transformer is:
V
V
A 3 V SxIS 3 times 0.707 Vmx0.47804 3 m
R
From equation (3-41):
Pcd 1.6542
TUF 0.9542 95.42%
VSI S3x0.707x0.7804
From equation (3-63) The line-to-neutral peak voltage is:
280.7
Vm 169.7V
1.654
The reverse peak voltage of each diode is equal to the peak value.
From line-to-line voltage in the secondary
The line-to-line voltage is the3 phase voltage and by
so much : PIV= V
3 m= 3x169.7=293.9 V.

The average current through the diode is:

6
4 2
Id I mCos t d t Im You 0.3183Im .............. (3-62)
2 0
6
The average current through each diode is Id=60/3=20 A
being the peak current.m=20/0.3183 = 62.83 A.

Note: This rectifier has a considerable efficiency

greater mind than the multiphase rectifier.

3.11) RECTIFICADOR TRIFÁSICO EN PUENTE CON

LOAD RL:

The equations that have been deduced can be applied in the

section 3-8 to determine the charging current of a
rectificador trifásico con carga RL. De la Fig.3.21 se nota que la
output tension becomes:
 2
vab 3Vm Sen t,For t
3 3
where vabit is the rms voltage of line to line input.
The current of charge iLit can be found starting from the
equation in the mesh:
ofL
L  RiL E 3V m You t
dt
that has a solution of the form:
R
2Vfrom  t E
IL Sen( t )  Ae1 L

Z R
1
where the load impedance Z R 2  L 2 2 and the angle of
L
load impedance tan1
R
.
The constant A1From equation (3-67) it is possible to determine a
starting from the condition in: t ,i I : L 1
3
R
E 2Vfrom L t
A1 I 1
 You e
R Z 3
The substitution of A1in equation (3-67) gives the result:
R
2Vab E 2Vab
iL Sen t   I1   You e L t
........... (3-68)
Z R Z 3
2
In steady state condition, IL t
3
iL t
3
.
2
This means that iL t
3
I1 Applying this condition
we obtain the value of I1like:
R
2 
L 3
Sen t  You t e
2Vab 3 3 E
I1 R
 For I1 0 ...
Z 
3
R
1e L

That after being substituted in equation (3-68) and simplified,

from:
R
2 
L
Sen t  You t e
2Vab 3 3 E
iL Sen t   R

Z 
L
R
1e
2
For: 3
t
3
and IL 0 ............. (3-70)
The rms current of the diodes is determined from the equation
(3-70) like:
1
2 2
3
2
Ir IL2 d ( t)
2
3

And then the RMS output current can be determined

combining the rms currents of each diode as:
I rms I I I
2 2 2
r r r
  3 I
1
2
r

The average current of each diode is also found at

starting from equation (3-70) as:
2
3
2
Id L id ( t) In the load Icd= 3 Id
2
3

3-12) DESIGN OF RECTIFIER CIRCUITS:

The design of a rectifier means determining the

specifications of semiconductor diodes.
The specifications of the diodes are typically filled in
terms:

from the average current,

(b) The rms current,
(c) The peak current and
the peak inverse voltage.

There are no standard procedures for design, but it is

necessary to determine the shapes of the currents and the voltage of the
diode.
In equations (3-53) and (3-55) it has been noted that the output of the
rectifiers contain harmonics.
To smooth the output DC voltage of the rectifiers
They can use filters, which are known as Filters cd, these
Filters are usually of type L, C, LC, as can be seen in
Fig. 3.22.

Fig. 3.22 Direct current filters.

Due to the action of the rectifier, the input current

this also contains harmonics, and to eliminate some of the
harmonics of the power supply system are used
CA filters, this filter is generally of the LC type, just as it is
shown in fig. 3-23.

Fig.3.23 Alternating current filters.

It is usually necessary to determine the magnitudes and the
frequencies of the harmonics for the design of rectifiers and
filters.

Example:
A three-phase rectifier supplies a highly
inductive, in such a way that the average current of the load is
Icd= 60 A, the content of the wave components is
despicable, determine:
The specifications of the diodes, if the voltage line to neutral
The power supply, connected in star, is 120V at 60 Hz.

Solution:

The current through the diodes appears in fig. 3.24.

The average current of the diode is I.d= 60 A/3=20 A.
The rms current of the diodes:
1
2
1 2 I CD
Ir I CD d( t) 34.64A
2 3
3
 Fig.3.24 Current through the diodes.

The PIV is:PIV 3Vm 3x2x120 294V

Note: The factor 2 is used to convert the rms value to

peak value.

Example:
The current through a diode appears in fig.3.25
determine
The rms current,
The average current of the diode is:
t1=100 uS, t2=350uS, t3500 microseconds, frequency 250 Hz, frequencyS=5 kHz
Im=450 A e Ia=150 A.
Solution:
(a) The rms value is defined as:
1
t1 2
1t 3 2
I
1
T
 I mYou S t 2
d( t)
T a
I dt I 2
r1  I r22  ...............(3-71)
1
2

0 t2

rad 1
where S 2 fS 31,415.93 ,t 1 100mSeg,y T
seg S f
t1 21
1 f t1
I r1
T
I mSen St 2
d( t) Im 50.31A ......(3-72)
0
2
t3 21
1
y I a  .......(3-73)
2
I r2 d( t) I af(t3 t 2) 29.05A
T
t2

Fig.3.25 Current waveforms.

Substituting equations (3-72) and (3-73), the rms value is:

21
tm2 f t12 2
I  Ia f  t3  t 2   50.31  29.05 
2 2
1
2
58.09A ..........(3-74)
2
The average current is obtained from:
1t 1 1t 3
Id I Sen t dt I dt I d1 I d2
T0 m S
Tt a
2

Where:
1t 1 I mf
I d1 I Sen t dt
T m S
fS
...............(3-75) and (3-76)
0

t
1 3
I d2 I dt I a(t3 t 2)
T a
t2

Therefore, the average current becomes:

 I mf
I cd  I a(t3 t2) 7.16 5.6 12.79A
fS

Example:
A single-phase bridge rectifier is fed from
a 120 V 60 Hz power source.
The load is resistive R = 500 .
(a) Design a C filter in such a way that the factor of
wave component (ripple) of the output voltage
is less than 5%.
With the value of C from part (a), calculate the injury.
average load Vcd.
Solution:
When the instantaneous voltage VSfrom fig. 3.26 is higher than the
instantaneous tension of the capacitor vCthe diodes (D1, D2, D3 and
D4) they lead; then the capacitor is charged from the
nutrition.
If the instantaneous supply voltage VSbelow
the instantaneous voltage of the capacitor vCthe diodes (D1, D2, D3
y D4) has negative polarization and the capacitor Ceif
download through the resistance R.
The voltage of the capacitor Cevaries between a minimum VC(min)and a
maximum VC(max), this is shown in Fig. 3.26b.
Fig. 3.26 Single-phase bridge rectifier with C filter.
Let us suppose that t1it is the loading time and that t2it's time for
download the capacitor Ce.
The equivalent circuit during charging is shown in the
Fig.3.26c. the capacitor charges practically in the form
snapshot at the power supply voltage VS .
The capacitor will charge to the peak supply voltage Vm
in such a way that Vc(t=t1) = Vm.
In fig3.26d the equivalent circuit is shown during the
download
The capacitor discharges exponentially through R
1
i dt vc
C L
t 0   Ri 0

That with the initial condition vC  t 0 Vm from the current of

t
Vm 
download as i L(t) e RCe

R
The output voltage (or the capacitor) vLduring the
The download period can be determined from:
t

RCe
v L(t) RiL Vm e
The peak-to-peak voltage of the wave component r(pp)he
find from:
t2 t2
 
Vr ( pp ) v L(t t1) v L(t t 2) Vm  Vm e RCe
V1
m e RCe
……(3-77)
Given e  x 1 x The equation (3-77) simplifies to:
t2 Vm t 2 Vm
Vr ( pp) V1
m
1
RCe RCe2f RCe
Therefore, the average load voltage Vcdis given by:
V V
V V 
cd
2
V 
m
4f RCe
…………..(3-78)
r ( pp)
m
m

Therefore, the output wave component tension in

RMS value Vcait can be found approximately as:
Vr ( pp )Vm
Vca
2 2 4f2RCe
The factor of the RF wave component is determined by:
Vca Vm 4fRCe 1
RF
Vchange directory
4f2RCe Vm  4fRCe 1  2 4fRCe 1  ………… (3-79)
What is solved for Ce:
 1 1 1 1
This 1 1 126.2uF
4fR 2RF 4x60x500 2x0.5
(b) From Equation (3-77, the average load voltage Vcdes:)
169.7
Vcd 169.7 169.7 11.21 158.49V
4x60x500x126.2x10  6

Example:
An LC filter as shown in Fig. 3.27 is used for
reduce the content of the oscillatory component of the tension
output of a single-phase full-wave rectifier.
The load resistance R=40 the inductance L = 10 mH and the
source frequency f = 60 Hz.
Determine the values Leand Candin such a way that the factor of
the wave component of the output voltage is vL.
Assume diode parameters IS=1e-25, BV=1000V.

Solution:

Fig. 3.27 Equivalent circuit for harmonics.

The equivalent circuit for the harmonics appears in the
Fig.3.27.
To facilitate the passage of the wave component current
from the n-th harmonic through the capacitor Ce of the filter,
the impedance of the load must be much greater than that of the
capacitor. This is:
1
R 2 (n L)2
n This

This condition is generally satisfied by the

10
relation: R  (n L)2
n This .............(3-80)
2
And under this condition, the effect of the load will be negligible.
The rms value of the harmonic component of rank n, which
it will appear in the output, it is using the divisor rule
of tension and is expressed as:
1
n This 1
Von
1
Vn
 n  2
LeCe 1
Vn .............(3-81)
n The
n This

The amount of wave component tension due to

all the harmonics are:
1
2
Vca
n 2,4,6..
2
Von .............(3-82)
For a value of Vcaand with the value of Ce corresponding to the
In equation (3-80), the value of L is calculated.e.
We simplify the calculation considering only the harmonic
dominant.
2Vm4Vm 4Vm
From vL:  Cos  2 t   4 t  4Vm Because
Because  6 t what is the
3 15 35
output for a R.O.C., we found that the second harmonic is
4Vm 2Vm
the dominant and its value is:V2 32
and the value V
ofcd
For n=2, the equations (3-81) and (3-82) yield:
1
Vca Vo 2 V2
 2  2
LeCe  1

The value of the capacitor Ce, it is calculated from:

10
R 2 (2 L)2
2 This

Or else:
10
This 326uF
4 f R  (4
2
L)2

Starting from eq. (3-39), the wave component factor

define as:
VcaVo 2 V2 2 V1
RF 0.1
VcdVcd 4 f  2The CE 1 3 4 f  2LeCe 1

Or else: 4 f  2LeCe 1 4.714y Le 30.83mH .

3.13) OUTPUT VOLTAGE WITH LC FILTER:
The equivalent circuit of a full-wave rectifier with
an LC filter appears in Fig. 3.28 a.
Suponer que el valor de Ce es muy grande, de tal manera que su
voltage is free of oscillatory components with a value
medium V0(cd).
Leit is the total inductance, including the inductance of the source
or line, and is generally placed on the side of the entrance, to
that acts more like an alternating current inductance than a
direct current filter.
 Fig.3.28 Output voltage with LC filter.

If Vcd<Vm, the current iLit will start to flow at the angle , that
is given by:
Vcd VmYou
Vcd
What gives: Sen1 You1 x
Vm
Vcd
Where x
Vm The output current ILthis is given by:
of
The Vm Sen t Vcd
dt
What is resolved as a function of IL.
 1
iL  V Sen
The m
t  Vcd  d  t

Vm Vcd
...........(3-84)
 Cos  Cos t   t 
The The

For: t

The value of t in which the current iLdrop to zero

find from the condition iL  t :
Cos x Cos x ................(3-85)
The equation (3-85) is solved as a function of through
iteration.
Once the values are known y starting from
equation (3-84), the average current can be determined
loadIcd.
For Vcd0, the peak current that can flow through the
Vm
rectifier is Ipk
The.
Normalizing Icdregarding Ipkwe obtain:
I cd LeIcd 2 The
Ipk Vm 2 Vm
i Ld ( t) ........(3-86)
Normalizing Irmsregarding Ipkwe obtain:
2 21
I rms I rms 2
i LThe
d ( t) ........... (3-87)
Ipk Vm 2 Vm

Since and depend on the voltage relationship x, the

Equations (3-86) and (3-87) also depend solely on x.
I cd I rms
Table 3-1 shows the values of the relationships Ipk and ofIpk
based on the relationship of tension x.

Tabla 3-1: Corriente de carga Normalizada.

3-14) EFFECTS OF THE INDUCTANCES OF THE SOURCE AND
FROM THE LOAD:

In the deductions of the output voltages and the criteria of

performance of the rectifiers, it was assumed that the source
it had neither inductances nor resistances.
But in a transformer and in a real supply, these
they are always present so the yields of the
rectifiers are slightly modified.
The effect of the inductance of the source, which is more significant
that of the resistance can be explained by referring to
figure 3.29.
 Fig.3.29 Three-phase bridge rectifier, with inductance of
source.

The diode with the most positive voltage will conduct.

Let's consider the point t where the voltages VacyVbcson
identical, as shown in figure 3-29.
The currentIcdIt is still flowing through the diode D1.
Due to the inductance L1the current cannot drop to zero
immediate, and the current transfer cannot be
snapshot.
The currentd1it reduces, resulting in an induced voltage of
through the1of value +VL1and the output voltage becomes
VL= Vca+VL1.
At the same time, the current through D3, id3increases from
zero, inducing an equal voltage across it2of value–vL2,el
output voltage is converted to VL=Vbc–VL2.

The result is that the anode voltages of the diodes D1yD3

are the same; and both diodes conduct for a certain period,
what is known as an angle switching (or of
superposition). This current transfer from a diode to
Another is known as switching.
The reactance corresponding to the inductance is known as
switching reactance.
The effect of this superposition is to reduce the average tension of
output of the converters.
The voltage across L2es:
of
vL2 L
2
dt
................ (3-88)
Assuming a linear rise of current i from 0 to Icd
of i
(or a constant dt t We can write equation (3-88)
how:
v L 2 t L2 i ................ (3-89)
This repeats six times in the case of a bridge rectifier.
three-phase. Using equation (3-89) the average voltage reduction
due to the switching inductances is:
1
VS VL1 V L2 VL3  t 2f  L1 L2 L3  i
T ...........(3-90)
2f  L1 L2 L3  I cd
If all inductances are equal, and Lc L1=L2L3, la
equation (3-90) becomes:
Vx 6f LcI dc

Where f is the feed frequency in Hz.