INTRODUCTION

The system constitutes the following:

The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the water source, street
main or a pump to the building and to various points in the building at which water is used.
The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow the
occupants of the building to use the water.
The drainage system. The piping network within the building which conveys from the
plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter (sanitary drainage) as well as rainwater (storm
drainage) to a point of disposal or a treatment facility.

House Drainage
 The W.C, Bathrooms, Sinks, Wash basins are important components of a house.
The occupants of the house make use of the above components and as a result of that
there is a formation of waste water.
 The Waste water from W.C, bathrooms, sinks and wash basins is to be properly
disposed in to the municipal sewers.
 It is therefore necessary to construct a system of conveyance of wastewater from
W.C, bathrooms, kitchens and washbasins and disposal to the municipal sewer. This
system is known as house drainage system

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Wastewater Water when used for different purpose like domestic commercial,
industrial etc., receives impurities and become wastewater. Thus
wastewater is used water and it has physical, chemical, and
biological Impurities in it. wastewater is a general term.
Sewage The waste water coming from W.C. and containing human excreta is
known as sewage.
Sullage The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens which does not
contain fecal matter is known as sullage.
Plumbing System It is entire system of pipe line for providing water supply to the
building or it is a system of pipes for disposal of wastewater from the
building.
Sewer A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called sewer.
Soil Pipe It is pipe carrying sewage from W.C.
Waste Pipe It is a pipe carrying sullage from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash
basins, etc.
Sewerage System A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town collecting
wastewater from the town and carrying it to the wastewater treatment
plant.
Manhole These are RCC/ Masonry chambers constructed at suitable intervals
along sewer lines.
Traps Traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes of waste pipes to
prevent foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste pipe.

Principles House Drainage

 House Drainage should be preferable laid by side of the building to facilitate easy
repair and better maintenance.
 House sewer joints should be leak proof because leakage if any shall create an odour
problem and leaked wastewater shall infiltrate in the ground and shall reduce bearing
capacity of soil below foundation, which is not desirable.
 The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.
 The house sewer should always be straight.
 The entire system should be well ventilated from start to the end.
 The house sewer should be connected to the manhole such that the invert level is
sufficiently higher to avoid back flow of sewage in house sewer.

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  Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in the premises, provide
inspection chamber at the junction.
 Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be allowed to flow through the
house sewers.
 Siponage action can never be permitted and therefore adequate ventilation systems
should be installed.
 Sewer drains should be laid at a slope to achieve self cleansing velocity of 0.6 -0.75
m/sec.
 Sewer pipes should be at least 900mm below the road and minimum 600 mm
below the fields and gardens.
 It should not be laid near foundation of buildings or near large trees.

SYSTEMS OF PLUMBING
 There are four systems adopted in plumbing of drainage work in a building
 Single stack system
 One pipe system
 One pipe system partially ventilated
 Two pipe system

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SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
This is a simplified one-pipe system without ventilation pipe work. The trap of water closet,
sinks, basins, is directly connected to single stack.
The pipe, in addition, also acts as a vent pipe. The single stack system is economical
Single stack system has been found satisfactory in actual working if there is close grouping of
sanitary appliances and short branches discharge soil and waste into the main stack in the
direction of flow, there by minimizing the danger of loss of water seal of traps by induced
siphonage.
The vertical distance between the waste water branch and we branch connection should
be separated by minimum 200 mm when soil pipe is above waste water branch.

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ONE PIPE SYSTEM PARTIALLY VENTILATED
In this, a single soil waste pipe conveys both soil and waste directly to the building drain.
A separate vent pipe is provided. Hence, it is more effective than the single stack system.
The vent pip provides ventilation to water seal of all the traps of Water Closets.
The term one pipe system is a misnomer as there are actually two stacks, one soil-cum-
waste pipe, and the other vent stack.
This system is suitable for buildings when the toilet layout and the shafts are repetitive as it
requires less space and is economical.

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ONE PIPE SYSTEM FULLY VENTILATED

TWO PIPE SYSTEM WITH COMMON VENT PIPE

In this system of plumbing, the soil and the waste pipes are distinct and separate as shown in
figure. The soil pipes are connected to the building sewer direct.
Waste pipes are connected to the building sewer through a trapped gully. The gully trap
forms a barrier to the passage of foul air from the sewer into waste pipe.
All traps of soil appliances are completely ventilated through a separate ventilating pipe.
Likewise traps of all waste appliances are completely ventilated through a separate
ventilating pipe.

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TWO PIPE SYSTEM WITH INDEPENDENT VENT PIPE
Thus this system of plumbing contains one soil pipe, one waste pipe and two (or one)
ventilating pipes.
The two-pipe system is age-old and safe system, especially advantageous where the sullage
(waste water ) from waste appliances can be dealt with separately for use in gardening or
other such purposes.
The two pipe system is proper system to adopt where fitments are scattered with water closet,
baths and basins widely separated.
Due to unsightly and uneconomic web of pipes, this system is not much favored today.

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TRAP
A trap is a fitting provided in a drainage system to prevent entry of foul air or gases from the
sewer or drain into the building. The barrier to the passage of foul air is provided by the water
seal in the trap.
A trap is merely a double bend or loop in the sanitary fitting, the depth of water seal being the
distance of the first bend and the bottom of the second.
The deeper the seal the more efficient is the trap.
The depth of the water seal varies from 40 to 75 mm.
The trap should always be fitted close to the waste or soil fitting unless the trap is an integral
part of the fitting as in case of European WC (siphon type).

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TYPES OF TRAPS
Depending upon the shapes the traps are classified as:
 P-Trap
 Q-Trap
 S-Trap
Above three types of traps are shown in the following figure

DEPENDING ON THE USE AND LOCATION

 Floor trap (Nahani trap)
 Gulley trap
 Intercepting trap
 Silt trap
 Grease and oil traps

Floor Trap (Nahani Trap)

Floor traps are provided in floors to collect waste water from kitchen sinks, bathroom floors,
washing floors, etc. A floor trap forms the starting point of waste flow.
The trap is made of cast iron or PVC,provided with a removable grating at top so as to
prevent the entry of solid matter. The depth of water seal of floor trap should not be less than
40 mm.
Gulley Trap
The gulley trap is usually situated near the external face of the wall. It disconnects the waste
water flowing from kitchen, bathroom, wash-basin and floors from the main drainage system
This is a deep seal trap forming a barrier for preventing the foul gases from house drain to the
inside of the building.
It is made of cast iron or glazed stoneware. Grating is provided on top to retain all solid
matter. It is fitted in a small masonry enclosure to meet the requirements of invert levels of
waste pipes discharging into the gulley trap.
The water seal of about 60 to 70 mm is provided in the gulley trap. Gulley trap is provided in
the waste pipe only. The maximum distance between the gulley trap and the first manhole
should be 6 m.

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INTERCEPTING TRAP
This trap is provided at the last manhole, ie. at the junction of house drain (inspection
chamber) and the public sewer so as to prevent the entry of foul air from public sewers to the
house drain.
The trap is made of glazed stoneware with an inspection arm for the purpose of cleaning or
inspection The inspection arm is kept closed by a lid or plug.
The water seal is deeper than that of normal traps (not less than 100 mm).
Though the use of intercepting trap is not essential; the provision of this trap is sometimes
made compulsory by the local authority and thus it is a matter of policy of local authority.

GREASE AND OIL TRAPS

These are chambers provided on the sewer line to exclude grease and oil from sewage before
it enters the sewer line These traps work on the principle that grease or oil being light in
weight float on the surface of sewage. Thus, the inlet pipe is near the top of the chamber and
the outlet pipe is near the bottom.
The grease and oil traps are located near the sources contributing grease and oil to sewage
like automobile repair workshops, grease and oil producing industries, garages, hotel
kitchens, etc. If grease or oil is not removed, it sticks to the sides of sewer, reducing its
capacity. Moreover, presence of grease or oil in sewer adversely affects the biochemical
reactions during sewage treatment.

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PLUMBING FIXTURES
TAPS
Taps fall into three main design categories, wall mounted taps are known as Bib Taps, those
mounted directly onto the sink, basin or bath are called Pillar Taps, and thirdly there are
Mixer Taps, which have a hot and cold valve linked to a single spout.
Traditionally, most taps used the Pillar design. These work by having a Rubber or Nylon (or
leather) washer on a threaded pillar/spindle inside the body of the tap. When the tap is closed,
the washer would sit on top of the water supply pipe. As the tap is unscrewed the whole pillar
unscrews and rises with the washer, allowing the water to pass into the spout

TYPES OF TAPS
 BIB TAP
 PILLAR TAP
 CERAMIC DISC TAP
 SELF – CLOSING TAP
 BASIN PILLAR TAP
BIB TAP: It is a draw-off tap with horizontal inlet and free outlet. A bib tap is closed by
means of disc carrying a renewable non-metallic washer which shuts against the water
pressure on a seating at right angles to the axis of the threaded spindle which operates it.
The bib taps are provided with threads on the external side and have to be connected to a
socket at the pipe out let.

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STOP VALVE
Stop Value is almost identical in function, except that it does not have a spout but it is
inserted in a pipe line for controlling or stopping water flow. The stop valves are available in
nominal sizes of 15,20,25,32,40 and 50 mm.

PILLAR TAP
The traditional spindle design is commonly used on lower quality, cheaper tap designs. The
tap has a spindle through the centre, with the valve seat connected via a screw thread. A
standard tap washer (either 15 mm or 20mm) is fixed to the end of the valve seat. As the
handle is turned the spindle rotates and the screw thread moves the valve seat up and down to
regulate the flow of water

These taps are very commonly used for all purposes but have following shortcomings,
 Difficult to operate - handle has to be turned many times from off to
full on.
 Higher maintenance - washers will require replacing regularly
 Less choice of style - cannot be used with modern lever designs.
CERAMIC DISC TAPS
This technology is commonly used on more expensive taps, as they perform better and last
longer. When the handle is turned, two ceramic discs are parted opening the valve and
allowing the water to flow.
The one disc is in a fixed position and the other turns up to 90% with the handle. These two
discs are aligned in the open position. This type is used in most superior taps and mixer
valves, where the operation is by small turn or lift of the knob.

SELF-CLOSING TAP
A self-closing tap is a draw-off tap which remains in the open position so long as a lever
handle is kept pressed up, down or sideways, or a pushbutton is kept pressed in, and closes by
itself or when the button or the lever handle is released; the self-closing taps may incorporate
a device which closes the tap even without the release of the button or the handle after a fixed
quantity is discharged. These types of taps prevents wastage of water and are normally fixed
at location where heavy public traffic is expected all the time
NOMINAL SIZE: - Self-closing taps shall be of the following nominal sizes. Nominal size
refers to the nominal bore of the inlet connection. ( 15mm& 18mm)
The force required for operating the self-closing tap for its full opening should not exceed
70N.

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MIXER VALVES
Hot and cold water is carried in different pipes and mixed in a mixer valve at the point of
discharge, through a common spout.

MATERIAL USED FOR THE TAP

All sanitary appliances and their components shall be durable, impervious, and corrosion
resistant and have smooth surface which may be easily cleaned. They shall conform to
relevant Indian Standard where they exist, otherwise they shall be of the best quality and
workmanship which shall be approved by a competent authority. Taps can be made from a
variety of materials of varying quality and cost. A general rule of thumb is that the heavier
the tap the better the quality of materials used . Some other materials along with suitable
coatings are also used for manufacturing the taps apart from plastic and brass given below.

PLASTIC TAP
Plastic taps are very cheap and generally low quality. They are very light and are available in
a range of colors. 15 mm and 20 mm are the normal sizes of plastic taps available. Now a
days superior quality plastic taps are also manufactured with GFN (Glass filled Nylon). They
are to be manufactured as per IS:9763 and are suitable for use up to 1MPa pressure and water
temperatures 90OC. However the recommended temperature for use is 65OC.

BRASS TRAP
Standard brass is commonly used to manufacture the bodies of mid- priced, medium quality
taps.
Many tap components (such as handles) can be made from plastic. These are cheaper than
using brass, and whilst the quality is often very good, brass offers a better finish and
longevity.
WASH BASINS & SINKS
A Wash basin is made up of vitreous china and is available in wide range of colors, patterns
and sizes. Washbasins are of one piece construction including a combined overflow and soap
holder .
An overflow slot, if provided, shall have a horizontal dimension not larger than 64 mm and
an area not less than 500 mm2. A round overflow of the same area can be an alternate design.
The soap recess(es) shall have adequate provision for draining into the bowl. All internal
angles are designed so as to facilitate cleaning.
The sinks are also the similar construction as wash basins, except that the size of sinks is
much larger and the bottom surface is level/flat compared to rounded shape for wash basins

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CONSTRUCTION
Wash basins are provided with five, three, two or single tap hole, round in shape and
symmetrical about the centre line of the basin and either fully punched or semi-punched. The
tap holes shall be suitable for fixing pillar taps conforming to IS 1795:1982 or to IS
893:1993. The level of the top of the platform which accommodates the taps is not to be
below the spillover level of the basin irrespective of the overflow arrangement.
Each basin shall have a circular waste hole. The waste hole shall accommodate a waste
fitting having a flange diameter of 64 mm (IS 2963:1979).
Each wash basin has a rim on all sides, except sides in contact with the wall and has a
skirting at the back. The entire flat surface should have sloped inside towards the bowl.

WASHBASIN TYPES
Wash basins can be broadly classified as :-
1) Wall hung or 2) Counter fitted.
Wall hung wash basins are further classified as
• Flat back
• Angle back
• Full pedestal
Counter fitted wash basin are further classified as
• Under the counter
• Over the counter
Counter top

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Layout of Toilet - Section

RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

 Rain water harvesting and conservation , is the activity of direct collection of rain
water. The conservation of rain water so collected can be stored for direct use or can
be re changed into ground water.
 The main goal is to minimize flow of rain water through drains to the rivers without
making any use of the same.
 It is known fact that the ground water level is depleting and going down and down in
the last decades.
 Thus rain water harvesting and conservation aims at optimum utilization of the natural
resources.
 Its primary source of water in the hydrological cycle.
 The rivers, lakes and ground water are the secondary sources of water

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  In present times, in absence of rain water harvesting and conservation, we depend
entirely on such secondary sources of water and in the process its forgotten that rain is
the ultimate sources that feeds these resources.
GENERAL TERMS
AQUIFER
(also called ground water aquifer) any underground formation of soil or rock which can yield
water.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE:
Any man made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer is artificial recharge system
RUNOFF:
Runoff is the term applied to the water that flows away from a surface after falling on the
surface in the form of rain
RECHARGE:
The process of surface water (from rain or reservoirs) joining the
ground water aquifer

“ Rain water Harvesting & Conservation means to understand the value of rain and to
make optimum use of rain water at the place where it falls..”

FACTORS
The following are the reasons for ground water depletion
 Increasing demand
 With drawing more than recharge
 Reducing of recharge area due to buildings, paved paths and roads
 Diminishing surface water bodies
 Uncertain rainfall
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is
augmented at a rate of exceeding that obtained under natural conditions of replenishment.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES FOR SURFACE RUN OFF
Ditch and furrow method
Lateral ditch pattern

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  Large scale refers like town , cities or neighbourhood

Percolation tanks (PT)

 Individual residence scale of harvesting options
 These are the most prevalent structures in India as a measure to recharge the ground
water reservoir both in alluvial as well as hard rock formations.
 The aquifer to be recharged should have sufficient thickness of permeable zone to
accommodate the recharge
 The residents of multi storied complexes can safely utilize rainwater for their
domestic requirements by way of filtering it & collecting into sumps and recharging
the bore wells.

DIFFERENT OPTIONS OR TYPES OF PERCOL ATION TANKS (PT)

 RECHARGE THROUGH ABANDONED DUG WELL
 RECHARGE THROUGH HAND PUMP
 RECHARGE PIT
 RECHARGE THROUGH TRENCH
 GRAVITY HEAD RECHARGE TUBE WELL
 RECHARGE SHAFT
BASIC COMPONENTS FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
CATCHMENT AREA/ROOF:
Surface upon which rain falls
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GUTTERS AND DOWNSPOUTS:
transport channels from catchment surface to storage
LEAF SCREENS AND ROOF WASHERS:
Systems that remove contamination and debris.
CISTERNS OR STORAGE TANKS:
where collected Rain Water is stored
CONVEYING:
the delivery system for treated Rain Water, either by gravity or pump
WATER TREATMENT:
filters and equipment and additives to settle, filter and disinfect.

AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF THE STATES OF INDIA

City Avg. Rainfall/year
Tamil Nadu - 998 mm
Maharashtra - 3100 mm
Kerala - 3055 mm
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ROOF CATCHMENT
Tiles - 0.8 - 0.9
Corrugated metal sheets - 0.7 - 0.9
GROUND SURFACE COVERING
0.5 - 0.75 as coefficient factor

Basic data required to calculate the amount of rain water harvesting system required
for small residence
 Avg annual rainfall
 Size of catchment
 Drinking water requirements
Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water requirement of a 5
member family living in a building with a roof top area of 100 Sqm. Avg. annual rain fall is
600 mm. Daily drinking & cooking water requirement per person is 10 litresWe shall first
calculate the maximum .amount of rain fall that can be harvested from roof top.

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FLUSHING CISTERNS
Many years ago most water closets had their tanks/ flushing cisterns near the ceiling, 2 m. or
more above the water closet. Now tanks either rest against the back of the water closet or are
hung from the wall with their bottoms just a few cms. Above the closet or even resting
on the W.C. Still another type has a flush valve on the flush pipe and no tank is provided, but
it is not practical for most homes because, in many cases, the water volume is insufficient
to make it operate properly.

SCHEMATIC OUTLINE OF FLUSHING CISTERNS

TYPES OF FLUSHING CISTERNS

 FLUSHING VALVES
 ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER (AVB)
 BELL TYPE CISTERN
 FLAP FLUSH , PUSH BUTTON LAVATORY CISTERNS
 SIPHON FLUSHING CISTERN
 CONCEALED FLUSHING TANK
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FLUSHING VALVES
Flushing without water cisterns is achieved using Flush valves. These flushing valves are being
used in some public lavatories, with push type and self closing valves, to save on the water
consumption.
However, this system can be adopted where continuous water supply is available.
In case these valves are directly connected to potable water supply and in the event of
chocking of the soil pipe or the W.C. outlet, there is a danger of cross connection of potable
water with the soiled
water due to back suction through the valve.

ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER (AVB)

AVB is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow of non-potable
liquids into the drinking water system. If the pressure in the "upstream side" is reduced to
atmospheric pressure or below, the pop- pet valve drops and allows air to enter the system,
breaking the siphon.
The AVB should be installed at least 150mm above the highest use down stream.

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The AVB is for "Low Hazard“ applications only and should not be used with continuous
pressure on the device, as the poppet would likely stick and the AVB would no longer function
properly. A shutoff valve should never be placed downstream of any AVB, as this would
result in continuous pressure on the AVB. The AVB is not a testable device.

BELL TYPE CISTERN

The Burlington, or bell, style cistern is only suitable for high level cisterns and is now
considered old fashion but can still be found in old houses.
These cisterns are normally made from cast iron and are easily recognized by the 'well' in the
base into which the 'bell' sits. The flow-down pipe to the lavatory pan is positioned within the
bell with the open top just above the normal cistern water level.
When the cistern chain is pulled, the lever at the top of the cistern lifts the bell drawing the
water under the bell upwards into the top of the open flow-down pipe, once the water
starts down the pipe, it starts a siphon effect drawing the rest of the water from the cistern until
air is drawn under the bottom of the bell.

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FLAP FLUSH , PUSH BUTTON LAVATORY CISTERNS
This flap flush valve directly controls the flow of water from the cistern. The down pipe
to the lavatory pan is attached to the outlet under the flap and mounted at the bottom of the
cistern.
This flap flush valve directly controls the flow of water from the cistern. The down pipe
to the lavatory pan is attached to the outlet under the flap and mounted at the bottom
To operate a flap flush valve cistern, a button (normally fitted to the top of the cistern cover) is
pushed to lift the valve by means of a chain or lever. With the flap opened, the water flows
down the pipe to the lavatory pan.
Release of the button, allows the flap to close and the water, as it fills the cistern, seals the flap
against its seat

SIPHON FLUSHING CISTERN

Siphon flushing cistern has a ceramic or plastic siphon, as shown in above picture, next to the
flush pipe. The lever is connected to the valve in the siphon, which is lifted up when the lever
is moved up, and water enters the siphon by suction created by it. The whole cistern is
flushed through the flush pipe into the we, washing off the soil in the pan

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SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
1. Subsoil drainage systems are provided to drain away subsurface water in order to
increase the stability of the ground and footings of buildings by inducing a more
stable moisture regime and reducing foundation movements due to the variations in
the soil moisture content
2. mitigate surface water ponding and waterlogging of soils by lowering water tables
3. alleviate ground water pressures likely to cause dampness in below-ground internal
parts of buildings or damage to foundations of buildings, other structures, or
pavements and/or increase soil strength by reducing the moisture content.

SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Subsoil drainage is an important part of road construction.
Vehicular traffic on pavement with a saturated subbase results in rapid deterioration of the
pavement.
Entrapped water that is subject to vehicular loadings creates large hydrostatic and
hydrodynamic pressures within the subbase, reducing its ability to provide stable support for
the pavement.
One important factor indicating a need for subsoil drainage
is the presence of a water table high enough to have an adverse effect on buildings and
infrastructure within urban developments. Subsoil drainage is particularly important in
hillside areas due to the potential to create land instability

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SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS – CROSS SECTION

SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS – SCHEMATIC DETAILS OF LAYOUT

PROCESS

Basic system
which is a trench with fill or filter material (commonly sand or gravel).This simple
arrangement is called a rubble drain or French drain
Geo textile filter
The addition of a geotextile lining to prevent external fine soil particles being washed into the
filter material and clogging it.
Both this and the unlined rubble drain have only limited effectiveness due to theirlimited
ability to convey water.

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Pipe Drain
The addition of a pipe to promote more rapid drainage.
This is the most common type of subsoil drain.
The pipe is perforated to allow easy entry of water and can be rigid or flexible.
Pipe drain with capping to exclude surface water
It shows two further variations – an impervious cap for situations where the drain is intended
to collect only subsurface flows, and bedding material for cases where the base of the
excavation is unsuitable as a pipe support.

The pipe can be wrapped in geotextile to prevent piping and loss of filter material. Geo-
composite drains of various configurations and manufacture can be provided. These are
usually of plastic wrapped in geotextile and various proprietary systems are available. Shows
an external layer of filter material provided around the geotextile encompassing the filter
material. This might be used where there is a likelihood of fine particles or deposits, e.g.
iron precipitates, clogging the geotextile.
LAYOUT OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

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STANDARDS FOR SANITARY CONVENIENCES

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