REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2025-2026

RESEARCH OF one point and two-point perspective

SUBMITTED BY:
Zean curlin g. valdestamon
1st YEAR BLOCK-d
2025-15-0111

SUBMITTED TO:
AR. JEAN DANICA A. MORALES
 WHAT IS PERSPECTIVE?

ACCORDING TO SANCHEZ (2021), The word “perspective”

comes from the Latin word “perspicere”, which means "to see
through". Perspective in art refers to the technique used by
artists to create the illusion of depth and three-dimensionality
on a two-dimensional surface. It involves the use of lines,
shapes, and colors to give the impression of distance and space
within a painting or drawing.
Perspective allows artists to accurately represent the way
objects appear to the human eye in terms of size, shape, and
position relative to one another. By manipulating perspective,
artists can create realistic and lifelike images that draw the
viewer into the scene (ADMIN, 2025)

The Birth of the Perspective Method

Visual science originated with early Greek theories about
how the eye perceives images and became a formal discipline
when Euclid wrote Optics in the 3rd century BC. Later, Al-Kindi
expanded and improved these ideas. Once visual science was
established, scholars began studying artistic perspective. Visual
science explained how vision works, while perspective focused
on how to depict what the eye sees. By the Renaissance,
people clearly distinguished the two, calling the older theories
“natural perspective” and the artistic method simply
“perspective” (LI, 2023).
Ancient Beginnings and Early Attempts
Artists have always struggled to show three-dimensional
space on flat surfaces. Egyptians used size to show importance,
not depth. Greeks improved realism with foreshortening but
lacked formal rules. Romans created convincing illusions of
space, as seen in Pompeii, though still without a true system.
Medieval artists then shifted away from realism, focusing on
spiritual meaning rather than accurate spatial depth (SANDU,
2025).

THE RENAISSANCE EVOLUTION

ACCORDING TO SANCHEZ (2021), Filippo Brunelleschi
was among the first to study perspective, aiming to apply it to
architectural design. Through his experiments, he discovered a
key principle: objects appear smaller as they move farther
away. During the Renaissance, artists sought to create accurate
representations of reality, which led to the development of
linear (point) perspective. Leonardo da Vinci emphasized its
importance for learning to draw the human figure, stating that
students should master perspective first. In The Last Supper, da
Vinci applied linear perspective masterfully, making Jesus the
focal point where all lines converge, demonstrating the
technique typical of Renaissance art. Leonardo da Vinci
expanded perspective, discovering aerial and hidden
perspective, and studied how light and shadow affect vision.
Masaccio was the first to use the vanishing point in painting,
while Jan van Eyck used mirrors to create the illusion of space
(LI, 2023).

THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE

1. Linear perspective involves the use of converging lines to

create the illusion of depth and distance in a painting.
TYPES:
1. ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE
2. TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE
3. THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE
4. MULTI POINT PERSPECTIVE
5. CURVILINEAR PERSPECTIVE

2. Atmospheric perspective, on the other hand, relies on the

manipulation of color and tone to suggest depth and space.
Objects that are closer to the viewer are depicted with more
detail and intensity, while those in the distance appear lighter
and less defined.

3. Foreshortening is a technique used to create the illusion of

objects receding into the distance by distorting their
proportions. This technique is often used in figure drawing to
create a sense of depth and realism.

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE: DEFINITION, ELEMENTS,

AND TYPES

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
Creating the appearance of three dimensions on a flat
surface accurately takes some skill and knowhow. Linear
perspective in art can be defined as the process of creating
depth and dimension in a drawing or painting. With a horizon
line, vanishing points and objects that seem to disappear into
the distance. Objects are set on a perspective plane so they
appear as if we were viewing them in three-dimensional space.
Linear perspective relies on the visual elements of line and
shape to create the appearance of depth. This technique can be
used to capture realistic scenes and objects, as well as more
abstract or stylized compositions.

These THREE figures show how linear perspective creates

depth in drawings using vanishing points on a horizon line. It
compares one-point, two-point, and three-point perspective,
then illustrates how objects look different when placed above,
at, or below eye level. The diagram also shows how viewpoint
affects appearance: a bird’s-eye view looks down on an object,
while a worm’s-eye view looks up, making the object appear
taller.

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE ELEMENTS

 1. HORIZON LINE
2. VANISHING POINT
3. VANISHING LINE

1. HORIZON LINE\

This is an imaginary horizontal line that appears to divide

objects into those sitting above it and below it. In three-
dimensional space, the horizon line is eye level, which
separates the sky from the land, or sea. When creating a
drawing or painting, this line is used as a reference to
demonstrate the eye level of the viewer.

2. VANISHING POINT

The vanishing point is the spot on the horizon line where

all of the VANISHING LINE in a scene converge. It is usually
marked with a dot or cross to help artists visualize it in their
drawings. The vanishing point is an imaginary point in the
drawing and used as a guide.

3. VANISHING LINES

The VANISHING LINES are the lines that connect the front
to the back of the shapes of the subjects and objects to the
vanishing point. These are lines drawn in a scene that seem to
be receding into the distance. They converge at vanishing
points on a horizon line. These lines are used as guides to begin
with. Draw over parts of the guides and use them in the final
shape.

THE ONE POINT AND TWO POINT

PERSPECTIVE

ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE

 One-point perspective is a type of linear perspective that
utilizes a single vanishing point placed on the horizon line to
generate the illusion of depth and distance in a two-
dimensional artwork. This technique relies on the horizon,
which is the imaginary line where the land or sea meets the sky
and can be positioned to change the composition. The
vanishing point is the specific point on this horizon line where
all parallel lines, known as VANISHING LINES, appear to
converge. The orthogonals are the converging line segments
that extend outwards from the corners of an object or building
towards that central vanishing point.
TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE

Two-point perspective is similar to one-point perspective

but uses two vanishing points positioned on the horizon line.
This technique is often used when drawing architecture,
vehicles, or other objects viewed from an angle, rather than
straight on. The object’s edges that are parallel to the viewer’s
line of sight do not converge to a vanishing point, but the lines
that are orthogonal to the line of sight converge towards one of
the two vanishing points. This technique allows for more
dynamic and realistic depictions of complex forms and is
particularly useful when drawing buildings or objects at an
angle.

REFERENCES:

Admin. (2025, October 19). Perspective - Definition,

Examples, History & More - Art Theory Glossary -
[Link]. [Link].
 [Link]
glossary/perspective/

Fine Art Tutorials. (2023, August 14). One point Perspective:

a guide. [Link]
perspective/

Sanchez, M. S. (2021, July 6). What is architectural perspective,

and how do I use it in drawing? Domestika. Retrieved
November 23, 2025, from
[Link] is-
architectural-perspective-and-how-do-i- use-it-in-drawing

Li, Y. (2023). Perspective in Renaissance paintings.

Communications in Humanities Research, 3(1), 254–
261.