Linguistic Relationships and Analysis
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ScribdTranslationsLinguistic Relationships and Analysis
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ScribdTranslationsUNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS
FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY, LETTERS AND Elements of Linguistics II - Professor Ana
HUMAN SCIENCES Muller
1. Indicate whether there is hyponymy for the pairs below:
Cellular → electronic e) Feline → tiger
There is hyponymy. The characteristics of There is no hyponymy. The characteristics of
electronic devices are contained in cell phones. tigers are not contained in the felid ones.
b) Sneakers → Nike Sneakers f)Assassinar → matar
There is no hyponymy. The characteristics of There is hyponymy. The characteristics of
Nike shoes are not included in the Shoes. to kill are contained in those of murder.
cat → feline lunch → eat
There is hyponymy. The characteristics of There is hyponymy. The characteristics of
Feline species are contained within cat. Lunch is contained in what to eat.
h) Write → type
Persian cat → feline There is no hyponymy. The characteristics of
There is hyponymy. The characteristics of typing is not included in writing.
feline are contained in Persian cat.
2. Indicate whether the relationship between (a) and (b) is one of entailment, presupposition, both, or neither.
presupposition.
The man killed the snake.
the snake died. Renato stopped stealing cell phones.
Inferences occur. If (a) is true, (b) is Renato was stealing cell phones
necessarily true. No é Carrying occurs. If (a) is true, (b) is
the assumption, the family of (a) does not assume necessarily true. Occurs
(b). presupposition, the family of (a) presupposes (b).
The boy was kissed. V) a) Ana thinks Luciana is cool.
the girl kissed the boy. b) Luciana is cool.
There is no causation. If (a) is true, There is no consequence. If (a) is true,
(b) is not necessarily true. It is not (b) is not necessarily true. It is not
assumption, the family of (a) does not assume presupposition, the family of (a) does not presuppose
(b). (b).
Chomsky is a famous linguist. Ana knows that the students cheated.
b) Chomsky writes good articles about The students cheated.
linguistics. There is a consequence. If (a) is true, (b) is
There is no implication. If (a) is true, necessarily true. It happens
(b) is not necessarily true. It is not assumption, the family of (a) assumes (b).
assumption, the family of (a) does not assume
(b).
3. Say, based on the information after the text, whether they are (or are not) consequences and/or presuppositions:
After the kiss, the sheikh receives applause, protest, and attack: 'Stupid Prejudice'
In Corinthians' re-presentation this Monday, a day after the 1-0 victory over Coritiba at Pacaembu, the great
The highlight was Emerson Sheik. Inside the CTJoaquim Grava, he earned the respect of his clubmates by posting a photo.
on Instagram, last night, giving a peck to a friend. Because of the act, he was applauded by the group in the locker room.
before the start of the activity. But outside the training center, some fans did not take the striker's gesture well and took
posters to protest against the player. Outraged, five members of an organized group said they would not accept such behavior.
how you are coming from a Timão athlete and that the protests will increase. Sheik responded, classifying the act of the fans
like a 'stupid prejudice'.
We didn't come here because of the team, which is doing well, but because of this nonsense that he did. This is not an attitude of
a player from Corinthians, and the least we want is for him to make a formal apology. We are not
homophobic, but if he wants to do those things, he should go to another club. (3) Aquino Corinthians, no" said one of the
fans.
I. Emerson Sheik is a player. It is a consequence if 'some fans brought banners to
"to protest against the player" is true, then "Emerson Sheik is a player" is necessarily true.
It is also a presupposition because the family of 'some fans brought banners to protest against the
player implies "Emerson Sheik is a player".
II. Emerson gave a peck on a man. It is a consequence, if Emerson took a photo 'giving a
"A kiss on a friend" is necessarily true, so "Emerson Sheik kissed a man" is
necessarily true.
III. Posters were taken to protest against the player. It is a burden, if 'some fans
posters were taken to protest against the player" is true, then "Posters were taken to
"to protest against the player" is necessarily true.
IV. The protests will increase. It's not a matter of a burden, if the members of the fans said that
"protests will increase" is true, "The protests will increase" is not necessarily true. And also
it is not a presupposition because the family of 'the supporters said that the protests will increase' does not presuppose
The protests will increase.
4. Say whether the sentences below are examples of paraphrases, contradictions, or neither paraphrase nor contradiction.
I) Maria likes André.
Maria loves André.
The sentences are not paraphrases; the truth of (b) entails the truth of (a), but the opposite is not valid.
The sentences are also not contradictory as they can both be true in the same context.
II) a) The room is large for 50 students.
b) The room is small for 50 students.
The sentences are contradictory because (a) and (b) cannot be true in the same context.
III) Renata read a book.
A book was read.
The sentences are not paraphrases; the truth of (a) entails the truth of (b), but the opposite is not true.
The sentences are also not contradictory as they can be true in the same context.
IV) Gina is Ronald's sister.
Ronald is Gina's brother.
The sentences are paraphrases, (a) it entails (b) and vice versa.
V) Joana wears glasses.
Joana has vision problems.
The sentences are not paraphrases; the truth of (a) does not entail the truth of (b), nor does (b) entail (a).
The sentences are also not contradictory as they can be true in the same context.
VI) Victória is very hungry.
b) Victória is starving.
The sentences are paraphrases, (a) entails (b) and vice versa.
VII) a) Maria is fat.
b) Maria is not obese.
The sentences are not paraphrases; the truth of (a) entails the truth of (b), but the opposite does not hold.
verify. The sentences are also not contradictory as they can be true at the same time.
context.
I am going to the party on Saturday.
I am going to the party ON SATURDAY.
The sentences are paraphrases, (a) entails (b) and vice versa.
5. Using the concepts of use and mention, place single quotes in the sentences below to make them
coherent.
'You' originates from the form of address 'your mercy.'
'Pork', 'beef', and 'lamb' are words of French origin.
'Google' in English is now a verb meaning to search on Google.
6. Check in the sentences below what type of relationship is occurring: ambiguity, vagueness, or anomaly.
a) Some students failed in elements II.
The sentence is vague. According to Cançado, the quantifier 'some' makes the sentence vague. If you are
talking about a group of 100 students, some could refer to a quantity of around ten, now
if you are talking about a group of 800 students, some could be a group of 50 or 60. Thus, the
the meaning of the expression 'some' is not something delimited but not because the expression is ambiguous, but rather
because she is vague.
b) João photographed a shark swimming.
The sentence is ambiguous; in one reading, João could be swimming and in another, the shark could be swimming.
Carolina is happy.
The sentence is vague. According to Cançado, adjectives like happy make the sentence vague. 'Carolina is happy.'
Being sad is not a contradictory sentence because she can be happy with the relationship and sad with the job.
Thus, to determine the meaning of happy, one needs to know in relation to what, for this reason it is a
vague adjective.
The river drank the boy.
The sentence is anomalous because no type of consequence can be derived from it.
Each student speaks two languages.
The sentence is ambiguous; in one reading, two languages are spoken by all the students, and in another, each student.
I speak two languages and those languages are different from each other.
f) Cats that meow in German are happier.
The sentence is anomalous because no type of consequence can arise from it.