Systematic Botany

The bases of taxonomy

Dr. Serafino Cannavò

Dr. Francesco Forestieri
General structure of a flowering plant
 Habitus

Arboreal Shrubby Herbaceous

 Leaf

Double-sided leaf
Apex

Margin

Lamina

Nervature
secondary
Nerve root Little one Base
main the sheath
to leaf through
Axial face abaxial face
(superior or ventral) (inferior or dorsal)
 Leaf

Lamina (leaf blade)

Margin
Nervature

Little one
Rare contemporary presence of the
four parts (e.g. in the Rose).
Stipole Guaìna and stipules: origin from the portion
basal leaf rosettes
Petiole and blade: origin from the portion
Guaìna apical of leaf bumps
 Leaf

LAMINA or LAMINA

Variable sizes even within the same species.

Variety of leaf blade morphologies (species-specific):

insertion on the shaft

whole leaf (simple leaf) or divided into leaflets (compound leaf)
form
veining
argine
summit
base
 Leaf

Arrangement of the leaves

Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves

appressate erect licenses patents reflected
Erette, with position Inclined to form When the considered element Fold outward and downward
strictly close an angle of about 45°, (petals, petals, peduncles...)
to the trunk. with respect to the branch sprocket from the right-angle shaft
 Leaf

Leaf arrangement

Small-stemmed leaf Sessile leaf Perfoliate leaf

 Leaf

Arrangement of leaves

Alternate leaves
Leaf

Arrangement of the leaves

Opposite leaves
Leaf

Leaf arrangement

Decussate leaves
 Leaf

Arrangement of leaves

Whorled leaves
 Leaf

Arrangement of leaves

Opposite leaves Alternate leaves Opposite leaves Leaves

verticillate
 Leaf

Structure of the leaves

Lamina (divided
in small leaves)

Simple leaf Compound leaf

 Leaf

Structure of the leaves

Little One
Spinal

Simple leaf Pinnate compound leaf Palmate compound leaf

 Leaf

Structure of leaves

Imparipennate Paripennata Bipennate leaf Tripennatosetta

 Leaf

Nervature

Retinervia Parallelinervia
 Leaf

Nervature

Central nervous system

Secondary nerve
Tertiary nervous system
 Leaf

Nervature
Pinnate venation

Nervature
Palmate nervation parallelinervia
Leaf

Nervatura
Leaf

Nervature
Leaf

Nervature
Leaf

Shape of the leaf

 Leaf

Shape of the leaf

Aghiform Leopardiform Linear Lanceolata Ovate-lanceolate

Ovata Peltate Spatula Rotunda Kidney-shaped

 Leaf

Shape of the leaf

Obovate Chordata Obcordate Rhomboidal Astate

Clover salad Pennato-lobata Sagittate Palmatosetta Palmato-lobate

Leaf
Leaf
Shape of the margin

Shape of the margin

Leaf
Leaf
Shape of the apex

Shape of the base

Leaf
Leaf

lamina
(divided into
leaves

little one
stipole
sheath
Composite leaf of Rose
Leaf
 Leaf

GUAINA

Function: protection of the gem and

strengthening of the trunk

Frequent in monocots (Zea

mays,Phragmites

Rare in dicotyledons, but substantial and

carnose in the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae -
celery, fennel

Can embrace completely

(Grasses) the stem, or partially
(Umbelliferae)

Open (Gram.) or closed (onion)

 Leaf

In grasses, the sheath extends.

beyond the insertion point of the sheet
with a small laminar expansion
1. Ligula glabra (A) or
cigliata at the summit (B)
colorless LIGULA
Replaced by a line of Variable appearance and dimensions.
eyelashes or hairs

Common reed Kentucky bluegrass

 Leaf

STIPOLE

Appendages at the base of the leaf

Function: protection in the early stages of

leaf development

In general, short life

Persistent petioles: photosynthetic function

(Pea, Vetch), defense function (spines of
Robinia), climbing (tendrils, Smilax)

•Sometimes, similar to the leaves (Galium) R

o
•Sometimes grown together (Polygonaceae, Ficus) bi
you
a
Leaf

Large photosynthetic stalks

in Pea
 Leaf

Stipules grown in Polygonum

persicaria.
 Leaf

small one

Axial portion of the leaf

Cylindrical or semicylindrical
• General function: promote aeration and
the illumination of the lamina (in the Fabaceae
the Mimosaceae: basal motor pulvino
Variable length
• Absentee picciolo: sessile leaf (e.g.
graminaceae
• Flat picciolo: poplar
• Petiole of Eichhornia crassipes: swollen
by flotation

38
 Leaf

Eichhornia cressipes: water hyacinth

Leaf
 Leaf
Leaves with divided blade
The flower
The flower
The flower is a metamorphosed bud, with defined growth, that bears the
sporophylls, modified leaves that contain the sporangia, surrounded or not by others
sterile modified leaves that form the perianth.

Diagram of a flower
A complete flower consists of four whorls:
cup: format of dasepals (sterile anthers)
corolla: formato dapetali(antofilli sterili)Perianth or perigonium
androceo: format of staminate (fertile male anthers ♂)
gineceo pistil: format varied, stigma style (female fertile anthers ♀)
 The flower
The flower is a defined growth bud that bears sporophylls, modified leaves that contain
the sporangia, surrounded or not by other modified sterile leaves that form the perianth.

A generic flower is therefore composed of:

Flower stalk (P)
Ricettacolo (R)
Perianth (set of Tepals)
Calix (set of sepals) (CA)
Corolla (set of petals) (CO)
Androcium (collection of stamens)
–Stami
Antere (A)
Filament (F)
Gynoecium (set of pistils)
Piston
Stimma (ST)
Stilo (SL)
Ovary (O)
The flower
The whorls formed by the calyx and the corolla may be absent and in this case the flower is
defined clamidate or naked.
A flower that, on the contrary, is provided with at least one of such whorls is defined as chlamydous.
dress and in that case it can be:
Monoclamidate (without sepals) or apetal (without petals) when the flower presents
or the single corolla (Ranunculaceae-Clematis) or the single calyx (Urticaceae)
Diclamidate when it has both whorls and the perianth is complete.
The flower
The floral pieces that make up the calyx, that is, the outermost part of the bud, are
The sepals are generally green and serve a protective function.
The sepals can be fused together, at least at the base, to form a single piece.
floral.
In that case, the cup is called gamosepalous, while when the individual sepals are free and
they are individually inserted into the receptacle, the chalice is called dettodialisepalo.
The flower
In some plants (Malvaceae) immediately below the calyx there is a whorl of
leaflets distinct from the calyx that is called calicetto.
The flower
In the gamosepal cup, three elements can be distinguished:
iltuboche is the part where the sepals remain united;
lagolache is the part where they separate;
illemboche is the free portion formed by the lobes.
The gamosepalus calyx can take different shapes in relation to that of its
components: sawed, parted, typed, toothed, bidentate, tridentate, etc.; and still
tubular (carnation), bell-shaped (bean), turbinate (alder), etc.
The flower
The chalice is defined:
closed when the sepals touch at the edges;
•explanatory ones remain horizontal (purple),
•reflexed are presented reversed downwards (buttercup);
The caducous part separates when the flower opens.

It can be decided whether it detaches after fertilization or instead persists.

accompanies the fruit.
It expands during fruiting, (Physalis), leafy, petal-like.
(Helleborus, Impatiens); it can form nectariferous spurs (Viola) and transform into
little hairs, scales, bristles, fluff can present as simple, fluffy, sessile.
The flower
The petals, which are the individual floral pieces that make up the corolla and that have
vessile function, they can be welded together at least at the base to form a
unique floral piece or being free and inserted individually on the receptacle.

The corolla in these is defined as gamopetalous dialipetalous respectively.

In the gamopetalous corolla, the portion of the petals fused together is called the corollary tube, and
The free parts are called lobes, between the lobes and the tube there is the gullet.
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
that have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

papilionacea: with five petals of different sizes and shapes: the upper one which is the most
great said precisely banner or standard - covers the two sides, similar and opposite (wings)
enveloping the two lower petals often welded together forming a kind of keel, the
pod (bean, pea, broad bean, etc.)

Banner

Ala
Ala

Carena
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

rosacea: with five petals arranged around like those of the rose (cherry, plum).
The flower
In relation to the various forms that the corolla can take, it is defined in different ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

urceolatacon tube almost null, swollen edge in the middle and narrowed at the throat in shape
of orcio (heather, arbutus).
The flower
In relation to the different shapes the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

cruciform: with four petals opposite two by two, like in a cross (cabbage,
Cruciferae.
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
that have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

cariofillea: with five very long petals enclosed in a gamosepalous or tubular calyx
(carnation).
The flower
In relation to the various forms that the corolla can take, it is defined in different ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

bell-shaped: widened like a bell and the lobes fused to the tip
(Datura);
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
that have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

labiata(bilabiata): with an elongated tube, open and dilated throat, lip divided into two parts
unequal, like an open mouth. With the upper lip that can be whole or
divided as in sage; when the upper lip is missing and the corolla is reduced to just
the lower lip divided into five parts the corolla is called bilobate.
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

tubular: cylindrical, with the corolla tube ending in short lobes (consolidated Symphytum)
officinale);
The flower
Regarding the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
that have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

funnel-shaped: with the lobes fused up to the tip but in the shape of a funnel (tobacco,
convolvulus
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
that have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

ligulata: formed by long lateral lobes arranged in a star shape. Like in
composite.
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

ipocrateriform: with a long and narrow tube ending in long, spread and flat lobes
similar to ancient cups (jasmine, periwinkle);
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

short tube rotation and round lobes arranged like the spokes of a wheel (potato,
Solanum
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

stellate con breve tubo e lobi stretti, lunghi e appuntiti (boragine);
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

masked person: when the tube is more or less elongated; the upper lip
format of two welded petals, and a lower lip with three petals, of which the central one
smaller and the two lateral ones wider, with a transverse swelling called fauces.
This corolla is gibbous in Anthirrinum latifolium (snapdragon); spurred with
lower lip extended at the base into a spur (Linaria).
The flower
In relation to the different shapes that the corolla can take, it is defined in various ways.
which have an important diagnostic value.

A corolla can therefore be:

digital five petals welded to an irregular and wavy outline, similar to a thimble
Digitalis
The flower
Another diagnostic feature is given by the shape of the corolla and its degree of symmetry.

Flowers are defined as regular (actinomorphic) if the corolla has radial symmetry.
(or radiated), (e.g., Rosaceae) the elements have instead a symmetry
bilateral (bilabial flowers of the Labiatae, papilionaceous flowers of the legumes).
The asymmetric flowers are those in which no plane of symmetry can be identified.

Attinomorph Zygomorphic Asymmetric

The flower
The androecium constitutes the fertile "male" part of the flower.
It is formatted (microsporophylls) in which a slender sterile portion is more or less distinguished.
elongated, the filament, which brings the enlarged fertile part, the anther, to the apical position.
Connective

Antera

Teche

Filament

The lantern is composed of two parts, connected by a sterile portion (connective tissue).
Each box contains one or two pollen sacs, homologous to a sporangium.
(microsporangium), within which the pollen grains (male gametophytes) mature.
The flower
The number, arrangement, and development of the stamens are of great importance
systematic.
Normally, the number of stamens is equal to that of the petals or, in other cases, it is double.
or even higher. Rarely is their number lower.

Based on the number of stamens, the flower is defined as:

monoandrous provided with a single stamen;
diandrous provided with two stamens;
poliandrose has more than two stamens.
The flower
The androecium can be made up of free stamens or stamens whose filaments are fused together.
them.
In relation to the anatomical relationship between the stamens, the following cases are distinguished:
•stamiliberi: all filaments free
•stamimonoadelfi: welded filaments in a single bundle that can eventually form
a tube that wraps around the pistil.
•stamidiadelfi: welded filaments in two beams

Free Monoadelphus Diadelfi

The flower
Gynaeceum
The gynoecium represents the female fertile part.
It consists of one or more modified leaves, called carpellary leaves (homologous to the
macrosporophylls), which are folded to form a closed basal cavity, the ovary, in which
there are one or more eggs (female gametophyte).

Stigma

Style

Ovary

They complete the structure of the pistil, which is a hollow extension of the ovary and
lostigmache is the organ on which pollen grains are deposited at the act
of pollination.
The form and development of stigma is an additional element of classification.
The flower
The ovary is a hollow organ, divided into one or more lobes, inside which is present the
placental tissue from which the eggs (female gametophyte) originate.
The flower
The distinguishing elements for systematic purposes are:
the number of ovarian follicles;
the number of eggs;
the anatomical relationship that the ovum has with the ovary;
the mutual position of the ovary in relation to the receptacle and the other floral whorls.
The flower
Based on the number of lobes, the ovary is said to be:
unilocular
bilocular
multilocular
The flower
Considering the number of carpels, the gynoecium is distinguished into:
•apocarpic (or coricarpic): if the carpels remain separate and free from each other and each
the carpel forms an ovary and for each flower there are multiple pistils;
The flower
Taking into account the number of carpels, the gynoecium is distinguished into:
•sincarpic: it is formed by multiple fused carpels that give rise to a single ovary
divided internally into one (monolocular ovary) or more loculi (ovary
multilocular);
The flower
Considering the number of carpels, the gynoecium is distinguished into:
monocarpic: it is formed by a single pistil made up of a single carpel.
The flower
The ovary in relation to its position with respect to the other flower whorls and its degree
of fusion with the receptacle can be:
•supero(hypogynous flower) if the other floral elements are placed below it.
(Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Urticaceae, Leguminosae, Aceraceae, Geraniaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Violaceae, Cruciferae, Malvaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae
Liliaceae);
The flower
The ovary in relation to its position with respect to the other floral verticils and its degree.
of fusion with the receptacle can be:
•semi-infero (fiore perigino) if the other floral elements are inserted in a position
intermediate-equatorial Chenopodiaceae Rhamnaceae Rosaceae-Prunus
Alchemilla
The flower
The ovary in relation to its position with respect to the other floral whorls and its degree.
of fusion with the receptacle can be:
infero (epigynous flower) if the other floral elements are placed above it
(Rosaceae-Rosa, Malus, Myrtaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apiaceae, Araliaceae,
["Dipsacaceae","Caprifoliaceae","Rubiaceae","Asteraceae","Iridaceae","Orchidaceae"]
Poaceae).
 The flower
In eudicots, the flower is typically made up of 5 elements for each whorl.
floral (sometimes reduced to 4) or multiples of 5.
In monocotyledons, the flower is usually made up of 3 elements for each whorl.
flowers or multiples of 3.
Eudicot Flower Monocotyledon Flower
Geranium versicolor
Henry Lily

Stimmi
Stami

Petal

Sepalo

Peduncle
Floral formula
The floral formula, in morphological taxonomy, expresses the composition of a
flower in its various components: number of sepals, petals, stamens, of
carpelli.
* K 5, C 5, A 5-∞, G 1, 5, ∞
* P 3+3, A 3+3, G (3)
* K 5, C 5, A∞, G 1 -∞
↑K (5), C 5, A (10) o (9) + 1, G 1

It represents a useful method to describe the flower.

In the flower essence formula, it is necessary to list the following (separated by a comma or by a
point) the symbols related to:
duration
symmetry
sex
perigonium (or calyx and then corolla),
androecium
•gineceo
fruit
Floral formula
The symbols

Duration: Sex:
① annual plant male
② perennial plant female
perennial herbaceous plant ♀♂ hermaphrodite
5 woody perennial plants

Symmetry
Radiate symmetry (actinomorphic flower)
X o↑Bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic flower)
Asymmetry (asymmetric flower)

Number of elements welded together

x/y Number of free elements at the top and welded at the bottom
∞Numero di elementi superiore a 10
Floral formula

Perigonium (P) or Cup (K) and Corolla (C) followed by the number of tepals
or by the number of sepals and petals.
If the tepals are completely fused together (either the sepals or the petals) the
The number should be written in parentheses or circled.
If the fusion is partial, the number must be written as a fraction (having as
denominator the unit).

Androecium (A) followed by the number of stamens, similarly to what has been said in
priority, if the stamens are fused together the number should be written as a fraction

Gynoecium (G) followed by the number of carpels, if the carpels are fused among themselves
their number is placed in parentheses or circled. If the ovary is inferior
a line is drawn above the number, below the number if the ovary is
I overcome
Floral formula
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or gathered in structures, called inflorescences, (from Latin
inflorescence, to flower), with varied distribution of flowers on the supporting floral axis (spike,
corymb, umbrella, capitulum, spadix, apex, ear, etc.
The flowers that make up an inflorescence have characteristic arrangements.

Lonely flower Inflorescence

Inflorescences
Inflorescences
The inflorescences that can be distinguished in:
indefinite or racemose inflorescences
It is an inflorescence in which the main supporting axis does not
brings a flower to the top, but a vegetative apex that
continues to elongate, the secondary axes
the inflorescence ends with a flower that closes it
the development.

defined inflorescences or corymbs or botrytis

It is an inflorescence in which the main supporting axis...
mine with a flower, and then ceases to extend, while
the axil of leaves or bracts continue to elongate
the secondary axes (branches) that will then behave
not in the same way, that is, with a final flower that closes-
of the development of the part.
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or gathered in inflorescences that can be distinguished into:

indefinite or racemose inflorescences

Indefinite inflorescence, with an elongated main axis,

pendulous or upright, with flowers having a peduncle placed in
alternate mode.

Raceme

Indefinite inflorescence, in which the individual flowers

they are without a petiole and therefore inserted directly
on an axis, usually elongated or
very elongated.
There are simple spikes and compound spikes.
Explain
Inflorescences
The flowers can be solitary or gathered in inflorescences that can be distinguished into:

indefinite or racemose inflorescences

Inflorescence, typically elongated and pendant, formed by flowers of a

just sex.
In many plants (such as oaks, hazels, walnuts, etc.) they are arranged in
only the male flowers are present in some (for example willows, poplars,
etc.) also feminine. (from Latin amèntum, of identical meaning).
Sinonimo:gattino.
I bring

Inflorescence that, for various reasons of its structure,

it can be considered derived from the spike.
It consists of a thick and fleshy main axis.
on which sessile flowers are inserted, all with
a striking support board called spata.
spade
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or gathered in inflorescences that can be classified as:

indefinite or racemose inflorescences

Inflorescence in which the flowers, although inserted with their peduncles

At different heights of the trunk, they all end at the same level.

Corimbo

Inflorescence characterized by flowers borne by

stalks of more or less equal length that
They all depart from the same point of the supporting trunk.

Ombrella
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or gathered in inflorescences that can be classified into:

indefinite or racemose inflorescences

Inflorescence with a widened, flat or convex receptacle, on which

the sessile flowers are inserted, closely packed together.
Typical of the Asteraceae family.
Capolino
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or grouped in inflorescences, which can be distinguished into:

defined inflorescences or corymbose or botrytis

Inflorescence with a widened, flat or convex receptacle, on which

the sessile flowers are inserted, closely packed together.
Typical of the Asteraceae family.
Summit

Inflorescence characterized by flowers borne by

stalks of more or less equal length that
They all depart from the same point of the supporting trunk.

Umbrella
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or gathered in inflorescences that can be distinguished into:

indefinite or racemose inflorescences

cowl

ear of grain amendment grasshopper corimbo umbrella

we race

defined inflorescences or corymbs or botrytis

ear of corn spike

summit cima unipara cima unipara corn
composed composed
bipara scorpio helix
Inflorescences
Flowers can be solitary or gathered in inflorescences which can be classified into:

compound inflorescences

umbrella
corimbotirso hello siconio
composed
Fruits
Fruits
Fertilization leads to the formation of the embryo and the endosperm, the
transformation of the ovules into seeds and the ovaries into fruits.
The fruit is a mature ovary.
Normally, fruits contain seeds, but in some cases they are seedless (parthenocarpic fruits)
carpels) like for example in the banana.

Leguminous fruit

The formation of the fruit consists of the differentiation of structures that favor the
dispersion of ripe seeds in the environment.
In botany, only those fruits that develop from a gynoecium are defined as fruits.
following fertilization.
In the event that other organs (tepals, receptacle) participate in the formation of the fruit,
brattee, etc.), in botanical terms, we talk about false fruits.
Fruits
Given the evidence that the fruit originates from the gynoecium, a criterion of
classification of fruits distinguishes them into:
apocarpic (apocarpic fruits) originating from a single carpel;
sincarpic fruits (sincarpic fruits) originating from multiple fused carpels.
Fruits
A different classification criterion for fruits takes into account the coverings.
that constitute them.

Pericarp

In relation to the characteristics of the pericarp, fruits are classified into:

Fleshy fruits have a soft texture.
Dried fruits have a leathery, woody, or paper-like texture.
Dried fruits are further categorized into:
Dried fruits that open upon maturity while remaining attached to the plant.
thus the dispersion is entrusted to the seed.
–indehiscent dry fruits do not open at maturity and play an active role
in the dispersal of the seeds they contain.
Fruits
Fleshy fruits

Drupa
Indecent fruit, fleshy with a thicker epicarp or
softer (sometimes chewy or fibrous) and
one or more hard pits in the center, formed Drupes of Prunus persica (peach), Rosaceae
from the hardened endocarp that encloses one or
more seeds.

Olive: drupaceous fruit with two carpels

Fruits
Fleshy fruits

Bacca
Fleshy indehiscent fruit, containing one, some or
many seeds; the pulp can be ± homogeneous and the layer
The exterior can be resistant, hard, or leathery.
Fleshy endocarp and mesocarp.

Esperidio
Pepper

Capsicum annuum
Fruits
Indehiscent dried fruits

Achenio
Dry fruit, indehiscent, rather small, with
a thin covering adhering to the only seed, but not
attached to it. It derives from a monocarpic ovary.
Fruits
Indehiscent dry fruits

Caryopsis
Fruit with pericarp and seed coat strongly
adherent, sometimes grown together.
Fruits
Indehiscent dry fruits

Nice
Dry fruit, indehiscent, quite voluminous,
surrounded by a thick and hard wall that contains a
single seed. It derives from a multi-carpellate ovary that can
contain more eggs of which only one transforms into
seme.
Fruits
Indehiscent dry fruits

Schizocarp
Dried fruit or, rarely, fleshy that, at maturity, it
breaks into monospermic (or paucispermic) segments called
mericarpi

Samare Daychenio

Tetrachenio
Fruits
Dehiscent dry fruits

Follicle
Dry fruit, rarely fleshy, monocarpellate that is
opens along a longitudinal suture line
(generally adassial).
Fruits
Dehiscent dry fruits

Legume
Dry fruit more or less elongated, unicarpellate, that
opens, often explosively, along two longitudinal lines
in the suture; the typical fruit of the members of the Fabaceae.
Fruits
Dehiscent dry fruits

Lamentation
Dry schizocarpic fruit, monocarpellary, that breaks apart
transversely in monospermic segments.
Fruits
Dehiscent dry fruits

Siliqua
Fruit derived from a bicarpellate gynoecium in which the two
the fruit valves detach from a persistent septum (on which
the seeds are attached to the margins); The term is sometimes reserved
only those fruits whose length is more than double the
width (shorter fruits are called siliquettes).
Fruits
Dehiscent dried fruits

Capsule
Dry fruit, or (rarely) fleshy, derived from a bi- or
multi-carpellate, which opens in different ways for
release the seed or seeds.
Fruits

FAKE FRUITS or accessories

They originate from the ovary and from others.
floral structures such as the receptacle.

Apple of Malus domestica (apple), Rosaceae

 Fruits
In relation to the number of ovaries involved in the
fruit ripening is distinguished by:

SIMPLE FRUITS
They derive from a single ovary (monocarpic ovary or
Simple fruit: Berry of Solanum sincarpico)
lycopersicum (tomato), Solanaceae
AGGREGATED FRUITS
They derive from numerous ovaries belonging to the same
flower (apocarpous ovaries).
MULTIPLE FRUITS
They develop from ovaries belonging to different flowers.
tightly grouped in an inflorescence.

Aggregate fruit: drupe of Rubus

Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Rosaceae.

Multiple fruit: sorosis of Morus nigra (black mulberry) Moraceae

 Fruits

INDISCERNIBLE DRIED FRUITS

Achene Achenes with pappus

sunflower Dandelion

Nice Schizocarp of Disamara Tetrachenium Samara (winged achene)

(Fagaceae: Quercus) (Aceracea:Acer) (Boraginaceae,Cynoglossum) (Ulmaceae:Ulmus)
Angiosperm: Fruit

Legume
DRIED FRUITS DESCENDING
Albizzia polyphylla

Legume Capsule Follicle

Pea Poppy Asclepias
Angiosperm: Fruit

MULTIPLE FRUITS
They derive from the ovaries of several adjacent flowers in a
inflorescence

Syconium, fruit of the fig (Ficus carica)

Moraceae.
Fruits

AGGREGATED FRUITS
They derive from the free carpels of a flower
multiple carpel apocarpic

Conocarpus fruit of the strawberry

Wild Strawberry