Introduction to Manufacturing Processes:

Manufacturing is an important activity from a technological and economic perspective.

It is historical. It is the process of converting raw materials into products. It includes the design of
product, the selection of raw material and the sequence of processes through which
The product will be manufactured.

The word manufacturing comes from the Latin manu factus, which means handmade. In the
In a modern sense, manufacturing involves the production of goods from raw materials.
raw materials through various processes, machinery, and operations, through a well-defined plan
organized for each required activity.

Manufacturing is an important tool that allows a country to create material wealth.

Everything we wear, where we live, what we travel in, even most of
our foods have gone through some manufacturing process.

Manufacturing Processes:

A process is a set of mutually related activities or that interact with each other.
together, simultaneously or successively in the input elements convert them into products
the results.

The fundamental elements of a process are matter, energy, and information.

The material is the raw material or input that makes up the product. Each material has
properties that help it to be transformed according to the requirements and
customer specifications and therefore with the functionality it will provide during its use or
service.

Energy, whether electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, chemical, thermal, among others, considered
as the industrial factor used in the operation of tools, machines or
teams help the process to run through their generation, transformation and
movement of elements.

The information defines the parameters or ranges within which the process variables must be
behave; such variables are: pressure, temperature, spatial positions, velocities,
conditions or attributes of the finished product.
 Material.
Energy. Entry

Information.

Process

Material.
Energy. Output
Information.

Figure 1 Graphic representation of a Process

Manufacturing processes are related activities and operations, organized and

consecutive, through the use of machine tools or equipment, in order to
transform materials for the production of an industrial product.

Technologically, they are the application of chemical and physical processes that alter the
geometry, the properties, or the aspect of a certain material to elaborate parts or
finished products. The processes for manufacturing involve a
combination of machines, tools, energy, and manual labor.

Figure 2 Manufacturing processes from the point

from a technological point of view

Economically, manufacturing is the transformation of materials into higher value items.

value, through one or more assembly operations or processes. Manufacturing adds
value to the original material, changing its shape or properties.
 Figure 3 Manufacturing processes from the point
from an economic perspective

Historical Review:

Manufacturing has been practiced for several thousand years, starting with the
production of stone, ceramic and metal articles.

Since ancient times, man has modified the appearance and characteristics of
various materials found in their habitat transforming them into useful elements
for their subsistence.

In ancient times, the materials available to man were essentially

of natural origin. The transformation operations had to be carried out on them.
necessary to achieve tools or weapons that their daily life required.

Over time, man's technological knowledge expanded.

new materials were discovered, animals were domesticated, food and fibers were produced
textiles, etc. By increasing knowledge and the ability to handle a greater
number of materials like fire were able to make textile materials and tools of
metals. In addition to agriculture and trade processes, the society already had practically
Processes for everything but not standardized.

The production of steel around 600-800 A.D. was an important development, since
entonces, se han desarrollado una amplia variedad de metales ferrosos y no ferrosos.

Until the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the 1750s, the articles
they had been produced in batches, relying heavily on labor in all
aspects of production. Modern mechanization began in England and in Europe
with the development of textile machinery and machine tools for cutting
metals. This technology was quickly transferred to the United States, where it was
further developed, including significant advancements in design, manufacturing, and use of
interchangeable parts.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the design of new methods and processes was incessant, which
has resulted in a notable increase in productivity and therefore in the standard of living
de la población. Dentro de este período destaca el concepto de manufactura intercambiable,
developed by Eli Whitney [1765-1825] at the beginning of the 19th century; the assembly line
put into practice by H. Ford [1863-1947] at the beginning of the 20th century and the introduction of the
computer science in manufacturing through CAD/CAM systems, which to date have
matured generating a new revolution in manufacturing.

In recent years, particular importance has been given to recycling and the disposal of
polluting by-products, to the minimization of energy and resource consumption
(renewable and non-renewable), in search of production in harmony with nature
sustainable manufacturing.

170 Abraham Darby use for 180 Humphry Davy invent the
9 first time the Coque for 8 arc lamp.
produce iron.
173 John Kay invents the shuttle 182 Hans Christian Oersted discovers
3 steering wheel.0 the electric magnetization.
175 Benjamin Franklin discovers the 182 Launching of the Aaron Danby,
2 electric nature of the lightning and 2 first steamship with the
he invented the lightning rod. iron helmet.
["175 Henry Cort discovers the process","182 Claude Burdin invents the turbine"]
4 of iron rolling. of reaction. 4
176 James Hargreaves invents the 182 Marc Follow build the
4 multi-spindle spinning machine 7 first tubular boiler.
hand-powered.
176 James Watt invents the machine 182 George Stephenson builds the
9 of simple effect steam. Rocket locomotive. 9
177 John Wilkinson had the 183 Hippolite built Pixii builds the
6- first iron bridge (over the 2 current generator primer
177 River Severn, England. alternate.
9
177 Samuel Crompton invents 183 Moritz Hermann Jacobi builds
9 hydraulic spinning machine. the first electric
4 motor
operative.
178 Peter Onion y Henry Cort 183 Samuel the Morse invent
3- they invent the iron puddling. 5- electric telegraph.
178 184
4 3
178 James Watt invents the machine 183 Frédéric Sauvage designs a
4 of double effect steam. 6 propeller suitable for installation on
the steam boats
178 Edmund Cartwright invented it in 183 Charles Goodyear invents the
5 mechanical loom. vulcanization of rubber. 9
179 Eli Whitney invents a machine 184 Friedrich Gottlieb Keller creates the
3 for the cotton harvest. 1 wood pulp for production
paper.
180 Alessandro Volta invents the battery 185 The red worldwide railway
 0 electric. 0 reach the 37.000Km of
length
180 Robert Fulton makes navigate the 185 Henry Bassemer invents a
7 first steam boat, the 5 steel refinement process.
Clemont, by the Hudson River.
Industrial Revolution: main inventions and discoveries:

. a d n e i l o m y o d a l l i t ra m , a j ro f : s o d a e l p m e s o s e c o rP•
it is not a problem, please
the remote control for the robot system
Discovery of soilisnotabrokengadgetforbuildinganotsolidground
Materials and Processes amanhadadalibilahled
(thousands of years ago) Malafunaareaandactivetradeispending.

auniqueweekofevents,realbrazil
acascadeofcomplicatedemotionserupted
The color of the darkened area is monochrome.
Division of Labor a single dose of the diuretic medication prescribed
abortion is a contentious issue
A simple problem you cannot solve at the moment.

.ralihedaniuqáM•
M a n u a rre h s i n q u á
Veda'sdress
First Revolution
a daily affair
Industrial (1750) A general statement would be that the art of being is already a reality where one can articulate.
alneadasabaímonoceanuedoibmacleacraM

internal ambibases farcicated one to some quest

Parts Manufacturing Whywillitbecondensedintampoco517-5671?
Interchangeable

I am not sure about the exact meaning of the phrase.

let's go! :) Fred the Red
AminAnicartsineicnocitalporducinocneitiff
a theatrical circle
Second Revolution Thesolutionisbeingrevealedinanon-traditionalway.
industrial (1850-PGM) Production conditions need to be in line with the range.
.ropav
Sinteredsubsolyestrelliracorrefsolonorejudortine.

. n o i c c u d o rPe d s e l b i x e l Fs a m e t s i S •
20th century Robotic Industrial
Automation . C N C occurred in N l o r t n o C •

Table 1. Industrial Revolution: main inventions and discoveries. Source Gran

Enciclopedia Salvat, tomo 24.

Table 2 Historical Evolution of Manufacturing

How do markets affect products?

Product markets encompass the goods and services that are bought and sold.
consumers and companies. A good functioning of product markets
it implies that consumers benefit from lower prices and greater
possibilities of choosing goods and services. This is the result of greater
competition, which leads companies to reduce their production costs, increase their
production and lowering their prices. This good operation also favors the entry into the
market of new companies with new products or brands and increases the incentives for the
innovation and creation of new goods or services for all companies.

Classification of the different manufacturing processes:

Manufacturing processes can be divided into two basic types:

Process Operations
Assembly Operations.

Process Operations: Transform a work material from one stage to another.

advanced, which places it close to the desired final state for the product. This adds value.
by changing the geometry, properties, or appearance of the initial material.

Within the processing operations, there are:

Shaping Processes: Casting, molding, particle processing, processes of

deformation, material removal.
Improvement processes of properties: Heat treatments.
Surface processing operations: Cleaning and treatment of
surface, coating, and deposition processes.

Assembly Operations: Join two or more components to create a new entity

assembly call.

Within the assembly operations, there is:

Permanent joining processes: thermal welding, brazing, and soldering.

stuck with adhesives.
Mechanical assembly: Threaded fasteners, methods of permanent joining.

Product Life Cycle:

The product life cycle is the evolution of an item's sales over time.
that remains in the market. It is the set of stages (introduction, growth,
maturity and decline) that a generic category of products goes through.

Introduction: It starts when a new product is launched in the market, which can be
something innovative or it may have a novel characteristic that leads to a new one
product category.

This stage is characterized by presenting the following scenario:

Sales are low.

There are no competitors, and in the case that there are, they are very few.
Prices tend to be high at this stage, due to the fact that there is only one
offer, or a few.
The expenses on promotion and distribution are high.
Distribution activities are selective.
Profits are negative or very low.
The main objective of the promotion is to inform.
The customers who purchase the product are the innovators.

It is the riskiest and most expensive stage of a product because one has to spend a
considerable amount of money not only in product development but also
in seeking the acceptance of the offer by the consumer. Therefore, it is worth noting that
many new products fail at this stage mainly due to
that are not accepted by a sufficient number of consumers.
Growth: If a product category satisfies the market and survives
introduction stage, entering the second stage known as the stage of
growth, in which sales begin to increase rapidly.

This stage usually presents the following scenario:

Sales are rising quickly.
Many competitors are entering the market.
Products with new features (product extensions appear,
service or warranty
Prices are gradually declining as an effort by companies.
to increase sales and its market share.
The promotion aims to persuade to achieve preference for
brand.
The distribution shifts from being selective to intensive.
Profits increase as unit manufacturing costs rise.
decrease and the promotion costs are distributed among larger volume.
The customers who acquire the product at this stage are the adopters
early.

Maturity: The growth of sales decreases and/or stops.

The characteristics that distinguish this stage are the following:

In the first stage, sales continue to increase, but at a pace

decreasing, until it reaches the moment when it stops.
The competition is intense, although the number of competitors is first
tends to stabilize and then begins to decrease.
Product lines are lengthening to attract market segments.
additional. The service plays a very important role in attracting and retaining the
consumers.
There is intense price competition.
There is a strong promotion that aims to highlight the differences and
benefits of the brand.
Distribution activities are even more intensive than in the stage of
growth.
The profits of producers and intermediaries decline mainly due to
the intense price competition.

Decline: demand decreases, there is a long-term drop in sales.

which could drop to zero, or fall to their lowest level at which they can continue
for many years.
The characteristics that allow us to identify this stage are the following:
 Sales are declining.
The competition is decreasing in intensity due to the number of
competitors are decreasing.
Cuts are made in the existing product lines through the
discontinuation of presentations.
Prices are stabilizing at relatively low levels. However, it may
there may be a small increase in prices if there are few competitors
last out.
The promotion is reduced to a minimum, just to reinforce the image of
marks it to remind of the existence of the product.
Distribution activities are becoming selective again. In general, they
unprofitable distributors are discontinued.
There is a decrease in profits until they are null or even negative.
they become negative.

The stage of decline is inevitable for one of the following reasons: It is created
a better or less expensive product to meet the same need. The
the need for the product disappears, often due to the development of another
product. People simply get tired of a product, so this
disappears from the market.

Importancia del proceso de manufactura en el éxito final del producto:

There is a marked and complex interaction between design activity, manufacturing and
the materials that are going to be used. This is because the designer must comply with a
series of conditions, such as functionality, resistance, and low weight, considering
also that the article should be obtained at the lowest possible cost. In addition, it is required that
it is manufactured in the quantity and with the finishing characteristics and precision that the product
amerite.

Any change in the material or in the design involves a new study on the
most suitable production methods. Most of the parts that are manufactured can be
to produce through various procedures, but the one that best meets is selected
dimensional accuracy, with physical properties, production capacity and with the
demanded productivity, always at the lowest cost.

Selecting the most suitable process is not an easy task and will only be carried out once
alternative possibilities should be thoroughly analyzed, as it must be considered not
not only the cost of manufacturing itself but also the factor of material utilization,
the effect that the processing method has on the properties of the product and therefore
its capacity already in service, the demand for labor with the training that it
require, the energy necessary for the transformation, the pollution from the process or by
the product and recycling of the product, among others.
The factors that influence the selection of a manufacturing process are:

Material.
Number of pieces.
Thicknesses.
Size of the pieces.
Availability of the equipment.
Shape of the pieces.
Finished.
Tolerances.
Delivery deadline.
Necessary tools.
Energy consumption.