QUESTIONS

4.1 Why is the frequency of a synchronous generator confined to the rate of rotation?
of the axis?

Synchronous generators are by definition synchronous, which means that the frequency
electricity is produced and interwoven or synchronized with the mechanical rotational rate of the generator.
The rotor of a synchronous generator consists of an electromagnet to which current is supplied.
direct. The magnetic field of the rotor points in the direction the rotor spins. Now, the rate
the rotation of the magnetic fields in the machine is related to the electrical frequency
of the stator through the equation
fe=nmP120
Where,
fe = electrical frequency in Hz
nm=mechanical speed of the magnetic field in r/min (equal to the speed of the rotor of a
synchronous machine
P = number of poles
Because the rotor spins at the same speed as the magnetic field, this equation
relates the rotor's rotation speed to the resulting electrical frequency.
4.2 Why does the voltage of an alternator drop abruptly when a load is applied?
with a lagging power factor?
If a load is added with a lagging power factor, then IA increases but remains
the same angle? with respect to VÃ . Therefore, the reaction voltage in the armature jXSIA
is bigger than before, but has the same angle. Now since,
EA=VØ+jXSIA
jXSIA must extend between Vía at an angle of 0 degrees and EA which has the restriction of
maintain the same magnitude as before the increase in load. If these are drawn
restrictions in the phasor diagram, there is only one point at which the reactive voltage of the
induced is parallel to its original position while its size increases.
If the restrictions are met, it is observed that as the load increases, the voltage VÃ
decreases abruptly.
As a conclusion, we say that:
If delayed loads (+Q or inductive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
The voltage at the terminals VT decreases significantly.

4-3. Why does the voltage of an alternator increase when a load is applied?
with a leading power factor?
If leading loads (-Q or capacitive reactive power loads) are added to a
generator, VØ and the terminal voltage will increase
4-4. Draw the phasor diagram and relationships of the magnetic field of a generator
synchronous that operates with a power factor a) unity, b) lagging and c) in
advance.

4.5 Explain how synchronous impedance and resistance can be determined.

induced of a synchronous generator?
it can be determined by cylindrical rotor machines, operation in the linear zone and the
superposition principle, the armature resistances can be determined by a value
approximate resistance by applying a DC voltage to the windings
while the machine is stationary and measuring the resulting current flow.
4.6. Why should it be reduced?powerfrom a 60Hz generator if it will operate at 50Hz?
How much reduction should be carried out?
Electric power is generated at 50 or 60Hz, so the generator must rotate at
onespeedfixed depending on the number of poles in the machine. For example, to generate
a 60Hz power in a two-pole machine, the rotor must rotate at 3,600 r/min. For
To generate a power of 50Hz in a four-pole machine, the rotor must rotate at 1500r/min.

4.7. Would you expect a 400Hz generator to be smaller or larger than a 60Hz generator?
with the same power and nominal voltage? Why?
It can be said that yes, moderately, as long as certain conditions are met.
Basically, the problem is that there is a maximum flow that can be reached in any
machine, and because EA=KØW, the maximum allowed EA changes when the
speed. Specifically, if a 400Hz generator is going to operate at 60Hz, then the voltage of
operation must degrade to 60/400, or to 83.3% of itsvalueAnd if a 60Hz generator goes
operating at one of 400Hz the opposite occurs.

4.8. What conditions are necessary to connect two synchronous generators in parallel?
Through transport and distribution lines.

They must have equal rms line voltages.

The two generators must have the same phase sequence.

The two angles of the two phases must be equal.

Sequence equality, the vector diagrams must rotate in the same direction.

4.9. Why should the generator in approximation in a power system be connected in

parallel at a frequency higher than that of the operating system?
The generator frequency is roughly adjusted to be a little higher.
that the frequency of the system in operation.

It is adjusted in approximation a little higher so that when it connects, it incorporates to

the line supplying power as a generator, instead of consuming it as it does
a motor.

4.10. What is an infinite bus? What restrictions does it impose on a generator that is
connected in parallel with him?
The infinite bus is an idealization of a power system, it is so large that in
that neither the voltage nor the frequency vary, being immaterial the magnitude of the
active or reactive powers that are taken or supplied to it.

The infinite bus restricts the frequency and voltage at the terminals as it is constant and
In the adjustment points of the regulating mechanism and the field current varies the
real and reactive powers.

4-11. How can the distribution of real power among generators be controlled without
afectar la frecuencia del sistema? ¿cómo se puede controlar la repartición de potencia
reactive between two generators without affecting the voltage at the terminals of the system?
The way a synchronous generator operates in a real power system depends on its
restrictions. When a generator operates alone, the real and reactive power to be supplied must
to be determined by the imposed load and the set points of the regulatory mechanism and the
Field currents control the frequency and voltage at the terminals, respectively.
4-12. How can the frequency of a large power system be adjusted without affecting the
power distribution among generators?
The capacity of a synchronous generator to produce electrical power is limited.
mainly due to the internal heating of the machine. When they overheat the
deviations from the generator, the life of the machine can be drastically shortened. Due to
that there are two different types of windings (armature and field), there are two constraints
different from the generator. The maximum heating allowed by the windings of the
induced sets the maximum kVA that the machine allows, while the heating
the maximum that the field windings accept establishes the maximum size of EA. The size
maximum EA plus the maximum size of IA determine the nominal power factor of
generator.
4-13. How can the concepts from section 4.9 be expanded to calculate the frequency?
and power distribution of the system among three or more generators that operate in parallel?
There are different types of diesel engines, turbines, etc. They behave similarly while the
power increases the speed decreases this is not linear but almost always has a
regulatory mechanism that makes it linear even by decreasing it and increasing power. Any
the regulating mechanism will always be adjusted to descend slightly as it
increase the load. And the drop of a primary motor is defined by equation.
Most engines have a speed drop of 2-4%, and most have a device
to adjust so that the no-load speed can be modified

4-14. Why is overheating such a serious problem in a generator?

Overheating in the windings of a generator can shorten its lifespan.
machine due to the deterioration of the materials that compose it

PROBLEMS
4-1. In a location in Europe, it is required to supply 1,000 kW at 60 Hz of power. The
The only available power sources operate at 50 Hz. It is decided to generate power by
through a motor-generator consisting of a synchronous motor driving a generator
synchronous. How many poles should each of the machines have to convert the
power of 50 Hz in power of 60 Hz?

120fe
nm =
P

150(60 Hz) 150(50 Hz)

nsync = =
P1 P2
 P 2 6 12
= =
P15 10

4-2. A synchronous generator of 13.8 kV, 50 MVA, power factor of 0.9 lagging, of
four poles, 60 Hz, connected in Y, has a synchronous reactance of 2.5 Ω and a
armature resistance of 0.2 Ω. At 60 Hz; its losses due to friction and rubbing with
The air is 1 MW, and its core losses are 1.5 MW. The field circuit has
I F maximum is 10 A. The field circuit current is
a DC voltage of 120V, and the the
ajustable en el rango de 0 a 10 A. El OCC de este generador se muestra en la fi gura P4-1.

V T (or the
a) How much field current is needed to make the voltage at the terminals

line voltage Is it Vequal

L to 13.8 kV when the generator operates without load?

If the generator operates without load, according to the characteristic curve of the circuit, the current of
field is 3.5 A

E A of this machine under nominal conditions?

b) What is the internal voltage generated

P 50000000VA
I A =I L = = =2091.84 A
√3 (V)L √3 (13800 V)
 13800 V
V ϕ= =7967 V
√3

E A =V ϕ +R AIA + X SI A

E A =7967+ ( 0.2Ω ) ( 2091.84 A ) +( 2.5Ω)(2091.84 A)

E A =13614.968 V

V ϕ of this generator under nominal conditions?

c) What is the phase voltage

V ϕ co n .n o m = √3* E=A3*13614.968V
√

V ϕco n .n o m =23581.81 V

d) How much field current is needed to create the voltage at theV T terminals
equal to

13.8 kV when the generator operates under nominal conditions?

P 50000000VA
I A.C .n = = =2120.27 A
√3( E)A √ 3(13614.968 V)

e) Suppose this generator operates under nominal conditions and then the load is removed without
Change the field current. What would be the voltage at the generator terminals?

P 50000000 VA
V= = =23581.9 V = 23.5 KV
I A.C.n 2120.27 A

f) How much power and how much steady-state torque must the motor be able to supply?
primary of the generator to handle the nominal conditions?

PO U T=( 50000 KVA)(0.9)=45000 KW

2 2
( )
PCU =3IAR A=3 ( 2091.84 A) 0.2Ω=2625476.75 W = 2625.47 KW

PF ∧R =1000 KW
 PCo r e =1500 KW

PS try=0

PIN=P O U T+ PSee you+ PF ∧R + PCo re+ P S try=50125.47 KW

g) Build a capacity curve for this generator.

−3V 2ϕ 3 (7967 V)2

Q= = =76167706.8 VAR = 76167.7 KVAR
XS 2.5Ω

3V ϕ E A 3(7967 V)(13614.968 V)
DE = = =130164540VA=130164.5 KVA
XS 2.5Ω

S=3 V ϕ IA=3(7967 V)(2091.84 A)=48302677 VA=48302.6 KVA

4-3. Assume that the field current of the generator from problem 4-2 is fixed at a value
from 5 A.
a) What will the voltage be at the terminals of the generator if it is connected to a load connected to
∆ with an impedance of 24∠ 25° Ω?

If the field current is 5 A, then what the graph of the curve indicates.
A characteristic of the circuit is that the voltage at the terminals in an open circuit is
approximately 16.5 KV and the phase voltage would be 16.5 KV/ =√ 39.53 KV

The load is connected with 3∆ impedances of 24.∠ 25° Ω. The charge is transformed

∆ Y and the equivalent is a load connected in Y with three impedances of 8.∠ 25° Ohm

The magnitude of the phase current in the generator is

 EA 9530 V 9530 V
IA= = = =917.22 A
( RA+ X ) s10.39Ω
j S + ( Z ) ) ( 0.2Ω+2.5Ω+ ( 8 ∠ 2 5 ° o h)m

The magnitude of the phase voltage is

ϕ A ( )

And the voltage at the terminals is

T 3√
V= * V = ϕ3 √7337.76
( )
V=12709.37 V

b) Draw the phasor diagram of the generator.

The armature current is

and the phase voltage is so

the internally generated voltage is

E A =V ϕ +R AIA + X SI A

E A =7337.76∠0°V+( 0.2Ω)(917.22∠− 25°A)+(2.5Ω)(917.22∠− 25°A)

The result represented in the phasor diagram

 ϕ

c) What is the efficiency of the generator under these conditions?

EA 9530 V 9530 V
IA= = = =1677.82 A
( j S + ( Z ) ) ( 0.2Ω+2.5Ω+ ( 4 ∠ 2 5 ° O h) )m 5.68Ω
RA+ X

The magnitude of the phase voltage is

ϕ A ( )

And the voltage at the terminals is

T 3√
V= * V = ϕ3 √6711.28
( )
V=11624.28 V

d) Now suppose that another charge connected∆ in the same way as the previous one is connected in parallel.

with the first. What happens in the phasor diagram of the generator?

ϕ
What is the new voltage at the terminals after connecting the load?
EA 9530 V 9530 V
IA= = = =1677.82 A
( j S + ( Z ) ) ( 0.2Ω+2.5Ω+ ( 4 ∠ 2 5 ° O h) )m
RA+ X 5.68Ω

The magnitude of the phase voltage is

ϕ A ( )

And the voltage at the terminals is

T 3√
V= * V = ϕ3 √6711.28
( )
V=11624.28 V

4-4. Suppose that the field current of the generator from problem 4-2 is adjusted to
achieve the nominal voltage (13.8 V) under full load conditions for each of the
questions posed below.
a) What is the efficiency of the generator at nominal load?

The generator is connected in and then I L =I A

P 50000000VA
I A =I L = = =2091.84 A
√3 (V)L √3 (13800 V)

The phase voltage of the machine is . The internal voltage generated by the machine is

E A =V ϕ +R AIA + X SI A

E A =7967+ ( 0.2Ω ) ( 2091.84 A ) +( 2.5Ω)(2091.84 A)

E A =13614.968 V

The nominal output power is

PO U T=( 50000 KVA)(0.9)=45000 KW

2 2
( )
PCU =3IAR A=3 ( 2091.84 A) 0.2=2625476.75 W = 2625.47 KW

PF ∧R =1000 KW

PCo r e =1500 KW

PS try=0
 PIN=P O U T + PSee you+ PF ∧R + PCo re+ P S tray=50125.47 KW

P 45000 KW
η= OU T
×100= ×100= 89.77
PI N 50125.47 KW

b) What is the voltage regulation of the generator if it is loaded with nominal kVA loads?
with a FP of 0.9 in delay?

If the generator is loaded with nominal kVA with lagging loads. The phase voltage is
ϕ=¿ 7967
¿
and the generated internal voltage is E=13614.968
V
A V So the voltage of

phase without load would beϕ=¿ 13614.968 V

therefore the voltage regulation would be
¿

13614.968V−7967 V
RV = ×100=70.8
7967 V

What is the voltage regulation of the generator if it is loaded with nominal kVA with loads?
with a FP of 0.9 in advance?

E A =V ϕ +R AIA + X SI A

E A =7967+ ( 0.2Ω ) ( 2091.84 A ) +( 2.5Ω)(2091.84 A)

E A =13614.968 V

the voltage regulation would be

13614.968V−7967 V
RV = ×100=70.8
7967 V

What is the voltage regulation of the generator if it is loaded with nominal kVA loads?
with a single FP?

E A =V ϕ +R AIA + X SI A

E A =7967+ ( 0.2Ω ) ( 2091.84 A ) +( 2.5Ω)(2091.84 A)

E A =13614.968 V

the voltage regulation would be

 13614.968V−7967 V
RV = ×100=70.8
7967 V

4-5. Suppose that the field current of the generator in problem 4-2 is adjusted to
supply its rated voltage when loaded with rated current with a factor of
unit power.
a) What is the angle ofδ the generator pair when supplying nominal current with a factor
unit power?
δ of the generator can be calculated by
The pair angle EA

E A =V ϕ +R AIA + X SI A

E A =7967∠0°V+ ( 0.2Ω ) ( 2091.84∠0°A )+(2.5Ω)(2091.84∠0°A)

The angle of the generator pair is

b) What is the maximum power that this generator can provide to a load with a factor?
of unit power when the field current is adjusted to the value of the current?
P=E A ×I =9882.45 V ×2091.84 A

P=20672504 W=20672.5 KW

c) If the generator operates at full load with a unity power factor, how close is it to the
static stability limit of the machine?
The limit of static stability occurs at a = ° 90 δ. This generator is very far from that.
limit. If we ignore the internal resistance of the generator, the output power will be given by
and the output power is proportional to the sine. As sin 11.4° = 0.198, and sin 90° = 1.00,
the static stability limit is approximately 5 times the current output power of the
generator.

4.6 The internal voltage produced EA by a synchronous three-phase generator connected in Y is

of 14.4 kV, and the voltage at the VT terminals is 12.8 kV. The synchronous resistance of this
the machine is 4 Ω, and the armature resistance can be disregarded.
a) If the generator angle δ = 18, how much power does this generator supply?
Current moment?
3 V ∅ E a 3( 12.8K views)( 14.4k V)
p= = sin18
Xs 4Ω

P=42.7MW

b). What is the power factor of the generator at this moment?

Ea= V∅+jXsIa

And the−V∅ ( 14.4<18 ) −( 12.8<0 )

Ia= =
jXs j4Ω

Ia=1135<-11.4 A
The impedance angle is: θ = 11.4
The power factor is: Fp=cos 11.4=0.98
c) Draw the phasor diagram under these circumstances.

d) If the losses in the generator are ignored, what torque should the motor apply to its shaft?
primary under these conditions?
Pout 42.7M W
find= =
W m (2 π )(60hz)

ℸind=113.300 N m

4-7. A synchronous generator of 10 MVA, 14.4 kV, a power factor of 0.8 lagging, 50Hz, with two
poles, connected in Y, has a synchronous reactance per unit of 1.1 and a resistance
in the unit induced by 0.011.
data
S=100MVA
VT Lbase=14.4kV
FP=0.8?
f=50Hz
P=2
jXs=1.1p .u
RA=0.011p .u
connection inY

a) What is the synchronous reactance and the resistance in the armature in ohms?
 14.4kV
In T∅bas e= =8313.84V
square root of 3

you?eW
raho
I love you= =4009.38A
√3 V * 1 4 . 4 k V

IAl base=Ia ∅ bas e

14.4kV
In T∅bas= =8313.84V
Square root of 3

In T∅base 8313.84V
Z∅bas e= = =2,07Ω
I a∅ba is 4009.38A

RA=(Z ∅) This is a phrase in a specific context.=2.07Ω * 0.011 p.u=0.0228Ω

jXs=
( Z ∅ b a s e )¿ j X s p.u=2.07Ω * 1.1 p.u=2.277Ω

b) What is the magnitude of the internal voltage generated EA under nominal conditions? What
What is the angle δ of the pair in these circumstances?

|Aand|,δ

−1
θ= cos ( )
0.8=36.87

Vt = EA - IA(RA + jXs)
Ea = Vt + Ia(Ra + jXs)
EA=8313.84V∠ 0+4009.38A∠ -36.87(0.028Ω+j2.277Ω)

E a =15645.1< 27.6V

E a =15645.1< 27.6V

δ=27.6

c) Ignore the losses in the generator. What torque should the primary motor apply to the shaft of the
generator at full load?
Penetrate
In m

Pentr=Exit No losses
Psalida=3*8313.84V*4009.38*0.8
Output=8*−710
W

120* f 120*50H Z
N m= = =3000 RPM
P 2

ℸ=254.648k N

A steam turbine generator, connected in Y, with 20 poles, 12 kV, 200 MVA, a

FP of 0.85 in lagging and 50 Hz has a synchronous reactance of 0.9 per unit and a
resistance in the armature of 0.1 per unit. This generator operates in parallel with a
very large power system (infinite bus).
a). What is the rotational speed of the generator shaft?
b). What is the magnitude of the internal generated voltage of EA under nominal conditions?
c). What is the generator pair angle under nominal conditions?
d). What is the value of the synchronous reactance of the generator and the rotor in ohms?
e) If the field current is constant, what is the maximum possible power that can be output?
About this generator? How much reserve power or torque does this generator have at full load?
f) At the maximum possible power, how much reactive power will this supply or consume?
Generator? Draw the corresponding phasor diagram. (Assume that IF is constant.)

12000k V
In T∅bas e= =6928.20V
√3

Sbas e 200,000,000 VA
Ia= = =9622.50A
√3 V * V T √3V*12000V

Ea=Vt ∅+RaIa+jXsIa

Ea=6928.20< o +(0.1Ω)(9622.50<)+j(0.9 Ω)(9622.50A<)

4.9 The primary motor of a three-phase synchronous generator of 480V, 250 kVA, lagging power factor.
of 0.8, with two poles and 60 Hz, has a no-load speed of 3,650 r/min and a speed
at full load of 3,570 rpm. This generator operates in parallel with a generator
synchronous motor of 480V, 250 kVA, 0.85 lagging power factor, with four poles and 60 Hz, whose motor
The primary has a no-load speed of 1,800 RPM and a full-load speed of 1
780 r/min. The loads supplied by these generators are 300 kW with a power factor of 0.8
delayed.
a) Calculate the speed drops of generator 1 and generator 2.
N m p 3650( 2)
fn1= = =60.83h z
120 120
 N m p 3570( 2)
fn1= = =59.5h z
120 120

N m p 1800( 4 )
fn2= = =60h z
120 120

N m p 1780( 4 )
fn2= = =59.33h z
120 120

b) Find the operating frequency of the power system.

N1− N n 3650−3570
S D1= 100= 100=1.12
Nn 3570

N1−N n 1800−1780
SD2= 100= *100=2.24
Nn 1780

c) Find the power supplied by each of the generators in the system.

P1=Sp1 (fn1-fsys)
P2= Sp2 (fn2-fsys)
P
Sp1= =
fn1−f n

P
Sp2= =
fn2−f n

Pcarga=P1+P2
Pcarga=Sp1 (fn1-fsys) +Sp2 (fn2-fsys)
300KW=0.18MW (60.83Hz-fsys) +0.37MW (60Hz-fsys)
300KW=(10949.4KW)-(0.18MW)fsys+22200-(0.37MW/Hz)fsys
(0.55MW/Hz)fsys=109.49kw+22200kw-300kw

d) What must the generator operators do to adjust the frequency operation to 60?
Hz?
P1=Sp1 (fn1-fsys)
P1=0.18MW(60.83Hz-59.5Hz)=239.4kw
P2=Sp2 (fn2-fsys)
P2=0.37MW(60Hz-59.33Hz)=247.9kw
e) If VT is 460V, what should be done to correct the voltage being so low at the terminals?
If the terminal voltage is 460v, the operators of the generators must increase the
field currents in both generators at the same time. That action will increase the voltages.
terminals of the system without changing the shared power between the generators.

4-10. Three identical synchronous generators operate in parallel. The three are
sized for a nominal full load of 100 MW with a power factor of 0.8 lagging. The
The no-load frequency of generator A is 61 Hz and the speed drop is 3.4%.
The no-load frequency of generator B is 61.5 Hz and the speed drop is 3.4%. The
The no-load frequency of generator C is 60.5 Hz and the speed drop is 2.6%.
a) If this power system feeds a total load of 230 MW, what is the frequency?
of the system and how the power will be distributed among the three generators?

b) Draw a graph that shows the power supplied by each generator in

total power function supplied to all loads (you can use MATLAB)
to create this graph). .With what load do we exceed the nominal values of
Generator? Which generator exceeds its nominal values first?
c) Is the power distribution from part a) acceptable? Explain your answer.
What actions can an operator take to improve the distribution of real power?
among these generators?

N1−N n fn1−f n
S D1= 100= 100
Nn fn

fn1 61H z
S D1= = =59H z
SD 3.4
+1 +1
100 100

fn2 61H z
S D2= = =59.71H z
SD2 3.0
+1 +1
100 100

fn1 60.5H z
S D1= = =58.97Hz
SD 2.6
+1 +1
100 100

A)

Pcarga = SPA(fn1-fsys) + SPB(fn2-fsys) + SPC(fn3-fsys)

230KW=1.5MW/HZ(61Hz-fsys)+1.676ME/Hz(61.5-fsys)+1.961mw/Hz(60.5-fsys)
230kw=91.5-1.5fsys+103.07-fsys+118.64-1961fsys
5137fsys=313.21-230
5137fsys=83.21

5.137 Hz

Pa = SPA(fn1 - fsys)

Pb = SPB (fn2 - fsys)

Pc= SPC (fn3-fsys)

Pa=1.5MW/HZ(61Hz+16.19Hz)=67.21MW
Pb=1.676MW/HZ(61.5Hz+16.19Hz)=75.93MW
Pc=1.961MW/HZ(60.5Hz+1.619Hz)=86.89MW
b)
Pcarga=1.5MW/HZ(61Hz-fsys)+1.676ME/Hz(61.5-fsys)+1.961mw/Hz(60.5-fsys)
Pcarga=91.5-1.5fsys+103.07-1.676-fsys+118.64-1961fsys
5137fsys=313.2Pcharge
Fsys=313.2-Pcarga/5.137
Fsys=60.96Hz

This graph reveals that there are issues of power sharing for both high loads and
low loads. Generator b is the first to exceed its ratings as it increases the
load. Its nominal power is reached with a total load of 6.45 MW. On the other hand, the
Generator C gets into trouble as the total load decreases. When the total load
falls to
2.4 MW, the direction of power flow is reversed at generator C.
The shared power in (a) is unacceptable because Generator 2 has exceeded its limits.
power.
Improve the energy distribution among the three generators in (a) without affecting the operation.
system frequency, the operator must decrease the reference points of the governor in the
Generator B while simultaneously increasing them in generators A and C.

A paper mill consists of three generators (boilers) to supply steam to the

process and also to use some of its waste products as a source of
energy. Because it has extra capacity, the mill consists of three generators of
10MW turbine to take advantage of this situation.
Each synchronous generator is 4,160V, 12.5 MVA, 60Hz, with a power factor of 0.8
delayed, with two poles, connected in Y, with a synchronous reactance of 1.10Ω and a
resistance in the armature of 0.03Ω. generators 1 and 2 have an FP characteristic with
a slope s P of 5 MW/Hz and the generator has a slope of 60 MW/Hz.

a) If the empty frequency of each of the three generators is set at 61 Hz, how much
What power will be supplied by the three machines if the current system frequency is 60 Hz?

1 ( n l l5
P 1= s p f−f= sys ) ( Mw
Hz )
( 61H z− 60Hz ) =5
Mw
Hz

P=s
2 2 ( n l l5
p f−f= sys ) ( Mw
Hz )
( 61H z−60 Hz )=5
Mw
Hz

P=s
3 3( n
p f−f =l l 60 sys ) ( Mw
Hz )
( 61H z−60Hz ) =60
Mw
Hz

b) What is the maximum power that the three generators can supply in this
conditions without exceeding the nominal values of any of them? what to
How often does this limit occur? How much power does each generator supply?
every moment?
12.5MVA * 0.8 = 100 MVA

100M V A=(60 million watts)(61H z−f

) sys

100M vs A
f s y s= −61H z=59.33 Hz
60M w

P=s
3 3 ( n l 2.5
p f−f= l s y s ) ( Mw
Hz )
( 61Hz−59.33Hz ) =8.35M W

c) What is the internal voltage generated by the three generators under these conditions?
 E A¿ v ∅ + R AIA + jXsIA

4160
=2401.77
√3

s 12.5M VA
I AI l = = =1734.82A
√ 3V T √3 (4160)

E A¿ v ∅ + R AIA + jXsIA

E A =2402+( 0.03Ω)(1734.82−2.100 )+ j ( 1.10)(1734.82−2.100 )

4-12. Suppose you are an engineer who has to plan a new station.
Electric cogeneration for a plant with excess steam for processing. It has the option
to choose between two 10MW turbine generators or a single turbine generator and
20MW. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of each option?
10MW
4160V 10MVA f:0.7
1.10 Ω
0.04 Ω
6MW/Hz
80MW/Hz

P=s
3 3( nl6
p f−f= l s y s ) ( Mw
Hz )
(61H z−60 Hz ) =6M W

10*0.7=7

7MW=(60MW)(61Hz- f s y s )

7M w
60 -61Hz
fs y s =

fsys=59.88

20MW
4160V 10MVA f:0.7
1.10 Ω
0.04 Ω
6MW/Hz
 80MW/Hz

P=s
3 3( nl6
p f−f= l )
s y s ( Mw
Hz )
(61H z−60Hz ) =6M W

10 * 0.7 = 7

7MW=(60MW)(61Hz- f s y s )

14M w
60 -61Hz
f sys=

fsys=59.76

4-13. A synchronous generator of 25 MVA, three-phase, 12.2 kV, with two poles, with a power factor of
power with a lagging factor of 0.9, at 60Hz, connected in Y, the circuit test was performed
open and the voltage from the air gap was extrapolated and the following results were obtained.

The armature resistance is 0.6Ω per phase.

a) Calculate the unsaturated synchronous resistance of the generator in ohms per phase and per unit.

18.3K V
v f= =10.566V
√3

I A =1240A

V f 10.566V
x s= = =8.52Ω
IA 1240A

3V f2 3 (7044v)2
z n= = =5.95Ω
sn 25000000V A

8.52
x n= =1.43
5.95

x s with a field current of

b) Calculate the approximate saturated synchronous reactance

380 A. express your answer in ohms per phase as well as by unit.

 14.1K V
v f= =8141V V
√3

I A =1240A

V f 8141V
x s= = =6.57Ω
IA1240A

6.57
x n= =1.10
5.95

c) Calculate the approximate saturated synchronous reactance with a field current of 475
A. express the answer both in ohms per phase and per unit.
14.1K V
v f= =8141V V
√3

I A =1240A

V f 8776V
x s= = =5.66Ω
IA1550A

5.66
x n= =0.951
5.95

d) Find the short-circuit relationship of the generator to the nominal load

5 25M V A
Il = = =1183A
vL √3(12.2KV)
275A
S C R= =0.75
365A

What is the internal generated voltage of this generator under nominal conditions?
I A =1183← 25.8 0A

12.2k v
v f= =7044< 00V
√3
E A¿ v ∅ + R AIA + jXsIA
 E=7044<
A
0
)
0+0.66Ω( 1183<−25.8+ j ( 6.57Ω)
0
(1183 ← 25.8)0

E A =12930<31.20)

What field current is needed to obtain the nominal voltage at the load?
nominal?
E A =12930

4-14. During a short circuit test, a synchronous generator connected in Y produces

100 A of armature short-circuit current per phase with a field current of
2.5 A. at the same field current, the open circuit line voltage is measured as
440V.
a) Calculate the saturated synchronous reactance under these conditions.
440V
EA= =¿
√3 254.03V
¿

254.03V
√R + X 2
A
2
s =
100A

√ R + X =2.54Ω
2
A
2
s

X 2s=1.593Ω

x s=0.832Ω

b) If the armature resistance is 0.3 Ω per phase and the generator supplies 60 A to a
purely resistive load connected in Y of 3 Ω per phase with this value of current of
field, determine the voltage regulation under these load conditions.
v s c −v P c
VR= 100
v pc

440−254.03
InR= 100
254.03

VR=73.20%
4-15. A three-phase synchronous generator, connected in Y, of 120 MVA, 13.8 kV, a power factor of 0.8
delayed and 60 Hz, whose synchronous reactance is 1.2Ω per phase and its resistance in the
inductance is 0.1Ω per phase.
a) What is your voltage regulation?
v s c −v P c
VR=
v pc

120M VA−13.8
InR=
13.8

VR=7.695 KV

b) What would be the nominal value of the voltage and of the apparent power if it operates at 50 Hz with
the same losses in the armature and the field as if operating at 60 Hz?
P=s
3 3( nll
p f−f sys )= ( 13.8K V ) ( 61H z−50 Hz )=778K V

13.8 * 0.8 = 11.04 KV

11.01KV = (13.8MVA)(50-f s y s )

11.04K V
f sys= −50 Hz
13.8K V

fsys=49.2H z

4.16. a) What is the saturated synchronous reactance of this generator under conditions
nominal?
From point A0the synchronous reactance starts to change and has a different value each time
point of the CCA curve. The saturated synchronous reactance XS(S).

B0 −B 2V t −( n )
XS(S) = =
B1 −B2B1− B2

b) What is the unsaturated synchronous reactance of the generator?

The reactance XS(NS) this reveals the operation of the machine in non-regime
saturated
 A 0− A2B0−B2
XS(NS) = =
A 1 − A 2B 1 − B 2

c) Draw the graph of the saturated synchronous reactance of the generator as a function of the load.

4.17.
a)

What is the nominal current and the internal voltage?

generated by the generator?

√ N c∅f
E A=2π

EA= K∅w

b) What is the field current required by the generator to operate with the values
nominal voltage, current and power factor?
nm
p
fe=
120

S =3V∅I A

4.18. What is the voltage regulation of the generator with current and power factor?
nominal?

In Tsc−In T p c 881−480
VR= ×10= ×100=83.5
In Tpc 480

4.19. If the generator operates under nominal conditions and the load is suddenly removed,
What will be the nominal voltage?
This is the solution to the previous calculations.

VT= 881 V
4.20. What are the electrical losses of the generator under nominal conditions?
The electrical losses are:
P = 3IA2RA=3 (5651)2(0.016)=15.3KW

4-26. Suppose that the generator is connected to an infinite bus of 3,200 V and that its
The field current is set to supply the infinite bus with power and factor of
rated power.
You can neglect the resistance in the armature RA to answer the following questions.
a) What would happen to the real and reactive power supplied by this generator if it were reduced
by 5% the field flow (and therefore EA)?
b) Draw a graph of the real power supplied by the generator as a function of the flow. ᶲa
as it varies from 80 to 100% of the flow under nominal conditions.
c) Plot the graph of the reactive power supplied by the generator as a function of the flow ᶲ
as it varies from 80 to 100% of the flow under nominal conditions.
d) Dibuje la corriente de línea suministrada por el generador en función del flujo ᶲ to measure
that this varies from 80 to 100% of the flow under nominal conditions.
4-27. Two identical three-phase synchronous generators of 2.5 MVA, 1200V, power factor of 0.8 in
delay, 60 Hz, are connected in parallel to supply a load. The primary motors
of the two generators have a different speed drop characteristic. If the
The field currents of both generators are the same, one supplies 1,200 A with a power factor.
of 0.9 in lag and the other 900 A with a power factor of 0.75 in lag.
a) What are the real and reactive powers that each generator supplies to the load?
b) What is the total power factor of the load?
c) In which direction should the field current of each generator be set for them to operate with
the same power factor?

A generating station of a power system consists of four generators

synchronous generators of 300 MVA, 15 kV and a power factor of 0.85 lagging that operate in parallel with
identical speed drop characteristics. The regular mechanisms of the engines
The primary of the generators is adjusted to produce a drop of 3 Hz when going from no load.
at full load. Three of these generators constantly supply 200 MW to a
frequency of 60 Hz, while the fourth generator (called the oscillating generator)
supports all changes due to increased system load and maintains frequency
of this at 60 Hz.
a) At a given moment, the total charges of the system are 650 MW at a frequency of 60
What are the vacuum frequencies of each of the generators in the system?
b) If the system load increases to 725 MW and the adjustment points of the mechanism
regulators do not change, what will be the new frequency of the system?

c) At what frequency should the open-circuit frequency of the oscillating generator be adjusted so that the
Is the system frequency again 60 Hz?
d) If the system operates under the conditions described in section c), what would happen if the
Will the oscillating generator be disconnected from the power line?
4-29. A synchronous generator of 100 MVA, 14.4 kV, with a lagging power factor of 0.8, connected
It has negligible resistance in the armature and a synchronous reactance of 1.0.
unit. The generator is connected in parallel with an infinite bus of 60 Hz and 14.4 kV
that can supply or consume any amount of real or reactive power without
changes in frequency or voltage at the terminals.
a) What is the synchronous reactance of the generator in ohms?

Vᶲ total al
The fence=
I need
8313.84V
It seems=
4009.38A

Z ᶲ ba se=2.07Ω

b) What is the internal voltage generated EA of the generator under nominal conditions?

And A= V T+ AI(RA+j Xs)

EA=8313.84V∠0+4009.38A∠−36.87(0.028Ω+ j2.277Ω)
E A=15645.1 ∠27.6 V

|E A |=15645.1 V

c) What is the current in the armature IA in the machine under nominal conditions?

14.4K v
Total Vᶲ al= =8313.84V
√3
Sbas e
I did not do=
√ 3* V total
100M V A
I have done=
√ 3*8313.84V
I am going= 4009.38A