RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION PROCEDURE FOR JOINTS

Steel pipe welds of different diameters

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Engineer Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
 INDEX

1. OBJECTIVE
2. SCOPE
3. DOCUMENTATION AND REFERENCE STANDARDS
4. RATING OF INSPECTORS
5. MATERIAL TO BE TESTED
6. GENERALITIES
7. REQUISITOS GENERALES
8. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
9. RADIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
10. EVALUATION
11. DOCUMENTATION
12. RADIOGRAPHIC EXAM REPORT FORMAT

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
1.- OBJECTIVE
The objective of creating this Industrial Radiography procedure is aimed at
standardization of the execution parameters of this method adapting them to our
requirements and needs based on ASME CODE SECTION V, in radiographic inspection
for the evaluation of butt welds during the manufacturing, construction, and assembly stages of
pipes of different diameters.

2.- SCOPE
This procedure has been developed to cover the requirements set forth by the ASME Code sec.
V.–2007 Art. 2 and Art. 22 which describe the methods of radiographic examination of
butt welds in the manufacturing, construction, and assembly of carbon steel or steel pipes
stainless steel of different diameters.

3.- DOCUMENTATION AND REFERENCE STANDARDS

. ASME Code Sec. V.–2007 Art. 2 and Art. 22
. Project specifications.
. Acceptance Criteria according to manufacturing specifications (Project)

4.- RATING OF THE INSPECTORS

The Inspectors will be trained and certified as Level I or II according to the requirements of the
ASNT, Procedure SNT-TC-1A.
Each qualified operator must perform activities that are compatible with
your level of qualification.

5.- MATERIAL TO BE TESTED

Welded joints at the end in Carbon Steel or Stainless Steel pipes of different diameters.

6.- GENERALITIES
6.1.- Background of the Inspection to be Conducted
The general information of the welds to be radiographed will be provided.
by the company in charge of the project development and will have number of
proyecto, nombre del fabricante, procedimientos de soldadura, marca de la
welding, welder identification, isometric drawings, etc.
6.2.- Radiological Safety
The trial must be conducted with complete safety for the public and operating personnel.
for which, the current regulations provided by IPEN must be complied with.

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDIMIENTO
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
7.- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1.- Required Conditions for the Surface to be Tested and Preparation Methods.
The welded surfaces to be tested must present adequate conditions in order
that do not interfere with the final result of the assay, that is, the contact surface between the film
and the piece must be clean and free of excessive roughness, waves, oxides, splashes.
of welds, etc.
If necessary, the surfaces may be ground, brushed, scraped, or prepared.
some way to carry out the trial.
Previously, the areas to be inspected must have passed the visual inspection carried out by
the quality control manager of the contracting company.

7.2.- Identification in the X-ray

For the identification and traceability of the welded joint in the radiographic plate, they must be employed
lead numbers and letters.
Each x-ray plate must include minimum information, which will appear as
radiographic image. This information must contain at least the following data and under no circumstances
case must interfere with the area of interest:
Project name
Radiographic Image Date
Location of the plate or Board Code
Image quality indicator
Optionally:
Name or the initials of the operator
Plan number

7.3.- Control of Radiographic Density Limit

To control the film density, a densitometer or a standard film will be used.
comparison of densities.

8.- EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

The application of this essay requires the use of:
A radiation-producing source (Gamma Rays). For this case we will use a source of
gamma ray emission Ir-192.
Radiographic plates, which reveal a photographic image by transparency.
This radiographic image is the record of the internal structure of the object in a flat projection.
that correctly interpreted will allow us to give information about the presence of
discontinuities, changes in section, variations in densities or composition, which may or may not
constitute a defect.
Prepared by: Eng.
Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
8.1.- Movies
Industrial X-ray film will be used, utilizing the following brands and types of films:

BRAND(1) QUALITY
TYPE
MANUFACTURER
AGFA D4, D5 I
AGFA D7 II
KODAK INDUSTREX MX125 (D4), INDUSTREX T200 (D5) I
KODAK INDUSTREX AA400 (D7) II
Another brand must be approved in advance
8.2.- Film Processing
For the quality control of the processing of radiographic plates, the standard guide will be used.
SE–999 or paragraphs 23 to 26 of the standard guide for radiographic examination given in the
standard SE-94 of article 22 of the ASME Code Section V.

8.3.- Image Quality Indicator (I.Q.I)

Image quality indicators of the following type can be used:
Of wires, which have been manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements
data in the SE-747 standard of Article 22 of the ASME Code Section V.
The designations for these types of image quality indicators are given in the following table:

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
9.- RADIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
9.1.- Exposure Technique
According to the relative exposure of the film and the radiation source based on shape, dimension
and the accessibility of the welded joint will use one of the following exposure techniques:

9.1. 1.- Double Wall Technique in Pipes with an Outside Diameter Less Than 3.5" (89mm)
Through this technique, the radiation passes through both walls of the tube's diameter and the
Radiographic image of the weld of the two walls will be the one observed for evaluation.
(Double Wall View).
In this technique, only one penetrometer should be used located on the side of the film. When using this
Care must be taken to ensure that the geometric twilight is not exceeded.
1) The welding can be projected onto the plane of the film as an elliptical shape, impacting the
radiation beam with an angle sufficient to separate the image from the welding portion of the side
from the source and the portion of the side of the film, so that they do not overlap and interfere with their
respective evaluation. When it is necessary to evaluate the complete development of the welding, it must be
Make a minimum of two exposures every 90º for each joint.
2) To make the elliptical capture, it should be considered that the Source-Distance-
The film should be seven times the diameter of the pipe and the angle of inclination for exposure.
Regarding the welding plan, it should be approximately 15°.
3) As an alternative, the weld can be X-rayed by directing the beam directly.
about the plane of the film in such a way that the portion of the weld on the side of the source is
it will be superimposed on the portion of the film side. When a total evaluation of the weld is required
It is necessary to make at least three exposures every 60° or 120° for each joint.
4) If a complete evaluation of the weld is required and radiographic testing cannot be done with the
minimum number of exposures according to (1) or (2), additional shots must be taken.

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
 Figure 1 - Double Wall Technique / Double View

Arrangement Position of
Diameter Technique of Vista Radio- I.Q.I
source/movie/welding the
External exhibition graph
Front view Side view Selection Position markers

Double Wall:
Wall Ellipse
3 ½ inches Double formed by
Table Side
(89mm) or (no less than 2 images) Side Movie
T276 Movie
minors exhibitions on the side of the
90º) source and the
side of the film

Double Wall:
Wall
Image
3 ½” Double
overlaid Table Side
(89mm) or (at least 3) Side Movie
on the side of the T276 Movie
minors exhibitions
source and the
at 60º or 120º
side of the film

9.1.2.- Simple Wall Technique in Pipes with Outer Diameter Greater than 3.5” (89mm)
a) Panoramic Exhibition. This technique will be used whenever access is possible by a
end of the pipe close to the welded joint. The source will be located at the center of the joint
circumferentially of the tube and 100% of the joint will be irradiated, it must be verified that the source-distance-

the movie is within the parameters defined by the Ug (Geometrical Unsharpness) of

in such a way that no excessive geometric shadow is generated.

b) Individual Exhibition. This technique will be used whenever the technique of

panoramic exhibition. The fountain will be located in the center of the area of interest either indoors.
the exterior of the pipe in the welding section to be inspected at a source-film distance that
is within the parameters defined by the Ug (Geometrical Unsharpness) so that
that an excessive geometric shadow is not generated.

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
 9.1.3 - Double Wall Technique in Pipes with External Diameter Greater than 3.5" (89mm)
Cuando no se puede realizar la técnica de Pared Simple, es necesario utilizar la técnica de Doble
Wall - Simple View, in which radiation passes through two walls of the pipe and only
the welding of the wall that is on the side of the film is what will be observed in the
X-ray. When the evaluation of 100% of the welded joint of the pipe is required, it must be
carry out at least three presentations every 120º.
Figure 2 - Simple Wall Technique / Simple View
Arrangement
View HERE Position of
source/movie/welding
Diameter Technique of Radio the
External exhibition graph Front view Side view Selection Position markers

Side
Greater than Wall View Source
Table 2 Anyone
3.5” (89mm) Simple Simple Side
Movie
Side
Greater than Wall View Source
Table 2 Movie
3.5” (89mm) Simple Simple Side
Movie

Side
Source
higher than Wall View
Table 2 Source
3.5” (89mm) Simple Simple
Side
Movie

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
 View Arrangement Position of
HERE
Diameter Technique of source/movie/welding
Radio- the
External exhibition
graphic Front view Side view Selection Position markers

Side
Wall
Source
Double
Greater than View Table Side
no less than 3
3.5 inches (89mm) Simple T-276 Movie
exhibitions
Side
a 120º)
Movie

Side
Wall
Source
Double
Greater than View Table Side
no less than 3
3.5" (89mm) Simple T-276 Movie
exhibitions Side
a 120º) Movie

9.2.- Geometric Penumbra

9.2.1.- Determination of the Geometric Penumbra
The geometric penumbra will be calculated according to:
Ug = F*d / D
Where:
Ug = Geometric penumbra
F = Font Size (maximum projected dimension of the font)
Radiation over the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the
Welding or the object to be radiographed
D = Distance from the radiation source to the weld or object
d = Distance from the weld on the source side to the film

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Engineer.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
9.2.2 - Limitations of Geometric Penumbra
The recommended maximum values for geometric penumbra are as follows:

Material Ug
Thickness, In. (mm) Máximo, Pulg. (mm)
Less than 2 (50) 0.020 (0.51)
From 2 to 3 (50–75) 0.030 (0.76)
Greater than 3 to 4 (75–100) 0.040 (1.02)
Greater than 4 (100) 0.070 (1.78)
Note: the thickness of the material is the thickness on which the selection of the IQI is based.

9.3.- Selection of the Image Quality Indicator (I. Q. I)

9.3.1.- Material
The I.Q.I must be made of the same material as the one to be radiographed or, failing that, of some other material.

that has lower absorption as indicated in SE-747 of Article 22 of the ASME Code Section V.

9.3.2.-Size
The diameters of the wire designated as essential in the I.Q.I will be as specified in the table.
T-276.

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
Welding with Reinforcement
The selection of the indicator is based on the nominal thickness of the single wall plus the reinforcement.
estimated welding, which must not exceed the maximum allowed by the reference code. The
Backing rings or reinforcement plates will not be considered for the selection of the I.Q.I.
b) Welding without Reinforcement

The selection of the indicator is based on the nominal thickness of the simple wall. The backing rings or
Reinforcement plates will not be considered for the selection of the penetrometer.

9.4.- Use of I.Q.I for Controlling Radiographic Testing

9.4.1.- Placement of the I.Q.I
a) I.Q.I on the Source Side. The I.Q.I will be placed on the source side of the welded joint
examined, except for the condition described in 10.7.1(b).
b) I.Q.I del Lado de la Pelí[Link] no sea practicable colocar el I.Q.I en el lado de la fuente, el
I.Q.I will be placed on the side of the film in contact with the base material of the weld to be
examined. A lead letter 'F' will be placed next to the I.Q.I.
c) Localization of the I.Q.I for Welding (Wire Penetrometer).
The indicator will be placed over the weld and its identification code will be on the metal.
Likewise, the wires must be placed perpendicular to the weld.
The identification number should not interfere with the area of interest except when the
the geometric configuration of the welding makes it impracticable.

9.4.2.- Number of [Link]

When one or more films are used to evaluate a welded joint, at least one image of the
I.Q.I will appear in each X-ray except for what is indicated in (b) lines below.
In the case of elliptical tomographs, each radiographic plate of the ellipse must show at least the
image of an I.Q.I. taking into account the considerations given earlier.

a) I.Q.I Multiple. If the requirements of 11.2 are covered using more than one I.Q.I, one of them will be
representative of the clearest field of interest and the other of the darkest field of interest; the
Densities obtained in the X-ray will be considered as acceptable densities.
b) Special Cases
1) For circumferential welded joints where the source is placed on the axis of the circumference for
In a single exhibition, at least three [Link] must be placed, spaced approximately 120 apart.
degrees, and the following conditions will be required:
a) When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more films, or;
b) When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the
The length to be radiographed extends to 240° or more, using one or more films. It may be required.
additional movie locations to obtain the necessary spacing of the I.Q.I.
Prepared by: Eng.
Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
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2) For circumferential welded joints where the source is placed on the axis of the circumference to
a single exhibition, at least three [Link] must be placed, with one placed in each
extreme of the circumference that was X-rayed and one approximately in the center of the
extension, and the following conditions will be required:
a) When a section of the circumference, where the length is greater than 120 degrees and less than
240 degrees and it is X-rayed using only one film, or;
b) When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the
The radiographed section is less than 240°, using more than one film.
In (1) and (2) above, where there are longitudinal welds that adjoin the joint.
circumferential, an additional I.Q.I will be placed for each longitudinal joint at the end of the section
further away from the intersection with the circumferential joint that is X-rayed.
4) For longitudinal joints where the source is placed in the central part of section a
an X-ray will be taken and more than three films will be used in a single exposure, at least they should be placed

three I.Q.S, one placed at each end of the radiographed section and one in the approximate center
from the section.
Figure 2. Number and Location of [Link]
Circumferential joint radiographed to the Circumferential joint section
100% radiographed greater than 240° or more

Section or sections of the Board Section or sections of the board

circumferential radiographed less than circumferential radiographed equal to
240° o más greater than 120° and less than 240°

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Revisado por: Ing.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDIMIENTO
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
10.- EVALUATION
10.1.- Quality of the X-ray
The areas of interest in all X-rays must be free of marks or mechanical stains.
chemical or other stains, so as not to be confused with the image of any discontinuity of the
welding to be radiographed.

10.2.- Radiographic Density

10.2.1.- Density Limits
The transmitted density of the film through the radiographic image of the penetrator's body.
appropriate and the area of interest will be a minimum of 2.0 and a maximum of 4.0 using rays
gamma. A tolerance of ±0.05 is allowed for the variations between the readings provided by the
densitometer.

10.3.- Sensitivity of the Penetrometer

The X-ray must be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to show the wire.
essential of the I.Q.I of wires, which are essential indicators of image quality of the
X-ray. The X-rays must show letters and numbers identifying the used I.Q.I.

11.- DOCUMENTATION
11.1.- Detail of Radiographic Exam Information
In aid of the radiographic interpretation itself, a document will be included with the details of the
technique used in the radiographic examination, including minimal information. Attached to this
The procedure attaches the report sheet with the necessary information for this purpose.

11.2.- Interpretation
The X-rays will be examined and interpreted by the END inspector in compliance with the
section of the reference code. The inspector will have to certify the interpretation of each
X-ray and have the examined material available for the interpretation review.
radiographic.
The inspector who performs the industrial gammagraphy work must have at least a
certification at Level II according to the current SNT-TC-1A.

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP RPG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319
12.- RADIOGRAPHIC EXAM REPORT FORMAT
12.1 FORMAT 1A

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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12.2 FORMAT 1B

Prepared by: Eng.

Eddis Manchay
Reviewed by: Eng.
Carlos Zegarra.
Approved by: Eng. Héctor
J. Silverman
PROCEDURE
IB END RX -08 / 09
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Sánchez Rojas Level III ASNT ACCP PAG
Level II RX SNT-TC-1A Level II RX SNT-TC-1A 17319