Forging Techniques: Types and Applications
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ScribdTranslationsForging Techniques: Types and Applications
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsForging
Leforgeageest is the set of techniques used to obtain a mechanical part in
applying a significant force on a metal bar, either cold or hot, in order to constrain it
to marry the desired form.
Tooling matrices for secateurs [Link].
A piece forged by the press of 50,000short tonsfrom Wyman-Gordon carried out as part of theHeavy Press Program.
Forging involves a striking device (hammer, mallet,martinetorhammer mill) and a
support (anvil or die).
Theforgedoes not allow to achieve the same tolerance margins as the'machining, what awaits her
for parts requiring high strength but low precision (bolting, tooling). The
forging proves unusable for directly obtaining the mechanical parts needed
of high dimensional precision.
On the other hand, the obtained parts are more resistant to mechanical stresses because the
deformation of metals generates a large number of metallurgical phenomena, both at
microscopic and macroscopic levels. Among these phenomena are notably found
thecorrosion, who himself is the origin of metal plating.
The term 'fibrage' is used by analogy with materials that actually exhibit this.
characteristics such as wood or certain composites.
In the case of metals, the existence of fiber structure is the result of a strain hardening undergone by a
piece obtained by plastic deformation (Stamping, die forging, extrusion,…).
Types
Free forging
Cold forging
Half-hot forge
Lamination
Stamping
Stamping
Merging
Wire drawing
Spinning
Cold pressing
Free forging
Free forging (or free forge) is the manual deformation of a metal ingot using
of apestleor of ahammer. The result obtained depends on the skill of the worker.
Theforgefreedom is an ancestral activity. It does not require very precise tools and allows
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to obtain fromdraftsor raw pieces. Forging is called 'free' because, during forging,
the metal is free to move in several directions, unlike stamping or
matrix forging where the metal is enclosed in a predefined shape and is not free.
The bars ofironare worked with the help of ahammerand of aanvil. The forge (the hearth) is
fed withcoalmineral, and activated by a 'cow', a kind of bigbellowsof the home. The
The temperature of the bar can reach 1100 °C with this type of hearth.
The different forging operations are:
theshaping, to shape the piece
thewelding
thestew
The temperature of the steel bars is estimated based on thecolormetal. Shaping
takes place at a relatively low temperature, at a color ranging from cherry red (quite dark)
to orange-yellow. From the bright yellow, the piece 'burns', we see sparks crackling at the surface
from steel, it is necessary to cut this part and start the shaping again. The welding is done at
high temperature, to a red-white color.
Today, industrial free forging is carried out using hammers or presses.
high-power hydraulics. For hydraulic presses, the force can reach several
tens of thousands of tons (here 1000 tons equivalent to 10 MN). It allows for the production
large-sized rough draft (up to several meters) that can have various applications in
aerospace and nuclear. Many materials are thus transformed like the'steel, the
alloys of'aluminum, [Link] carry out these operations, the drafts are
handled using manipulators.
A blacksmith making a horse ridingperform free forging. This means of production tends to
disappear due to standardization and mass production, and is only used
for small series or single pieces.
Cold forging
Cold forging is the process by which we obtain thedeformationof a room without
preheating.
Cold forging is also calledcold forging.
Thecold extrusionalso calledprecision forgeis a cold forging process.
Principle of forging a valve lifter
Areas of application[modifier| modify the code]
The cost of tooling(matrix, punch) and the very robust machines require use
oriented towards very large-scale production, in the field of automotive, fasteners, and
hardware in general.
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Types of parts[modifier| modify the code]
Some parts in cold forging
Hollow parts: relates to the’stamping, but instead of sheet metal, we use pieces of land
which are metal disks, generally cut from a cylindrical profile by
cutting or shearing. For example: the pushersd’camshaftengines to
explosion (valve spring cup)
Mixed parts: drawn from a plot, drawn from a profile, a part is forged that can be
let it be:
pieces composed solely of raised cylindrical parts: screws, rivets, shafts, rods,
inserts, wheel spokes
parts made of solid and hollow components: screws with a socket head (cross-shaped,
6 hollow pans), special nuts,
Types of installations[
Cold forging machines are extremely robust, due to the fact that the blank does not have the
malleability that heating would have given it. A high manufacturing pace (several
hundreds to several thousands of pieces per hour). The necessity to work under an oil jet for
avoid the jamming of die-punch components. A very delicate adjustment. Very expensive tooling,
at several stations to go from the raw piece to the finished piece.
The machine can be fed either by pre-cut blocks in advance, or by blocks,
cut into a bar or a spool of metal wire, directly at the stamping station.
Advantages
Very high manufacturing cadence,
Obtain parts without spoil.
Shapes with geometrically complex interiors: polygonal, cylindrical, conical,
bulbous, spherical, truncated, etc.)
Metal characteristics improved bystrain hardeningand fiber reinforcement,
Material economy compared to hot forging or machining,
Precise tolerances (of a few hundredths of a mm
Semi-hot forge
Laforge at half-hot forging is the process by which we obtain
thedeformationfrom a room with prior heating.
This process is related to thecold forging.
Areas of application]
As for thecold forging, the cost of tools(matrix, punch) and the machines very
robust ones impose a usage oriented towards mass production, mainly in
the field of automobiles.
Types of parts[
Laforge at mid-hot is used for obtaining more complex shapes and/or when the
carbon and alloy element contents in steel reach high levels. Due to
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the influence of temperature on the plasticity of matter, it becomes more
deformable.
Types of installations|
Although related to thecold forming, the forge at mid-hot requires more resources
complexes (preparation of the plot,induction heating of the plot, cooling of
tools,…).
Advantages[
Very close to thecold forging, the advantages are identical (accuracy, surface finish,
hardening).
Wire drawing
The letrefilage is the reduction of thesectionof ametal wirebytractionmechanics on
adrawing machine.
Factories specialized in drawing are called wire drawing mills.
Thework hardeningand is important and requires aheat treatmentcalledpatentage(type
ofrecuitfor the weak sections) preventing the thread from being too brittle and improving itsplasticity.
The machine thread, in the form of a spool, is placed on a dispenser. It is wound on one or more
cabinets, which, through friction, exert a pull on the wire. The wire passes through a wire drawing die, in
the capstan's amount, which imposes on the wire a deformation by reduction of section. The die is
abundantly lubricated, to ensure the maintenance of a good surface condition of the metal wire and to
ensure cooling and counteract the heating caused by the work hardening of the metal.
Wire drawing is also used in the manufacturing ofpastaindustrials 1