Report

The Sensors

Made By:

MOHAMMED EL MONADY
No. 21

Framed By:
Mr. N. Sefiani

GEII2 : 2016/2017
What is a sensor?
A sensor is an electronic circuit or a simple electronic component.
(possibly a simple resistor). It allows for the connection between a quantity
physical quantity we want to measure (temperature, light, humidity, intensity...) and a
electric tension.

MANIPULATIONS :

I) Study of temperature measurement.

II) Study bench for pressure measurement methods.
III) Study bench for flow measurement methods.
Manipulation No. 1: Study of temperature measurement:
I- Characteristics of the circuit temperature sensor
integrated LM335:
But: Learn how to build a digital temperature display from the
devices provided in the DIGIAC 1750 unit.

The LM335 is an analog temperature sensor with an output.

linear with an output of 100 mV/°K, directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.
Equipment:
1 temperature sensor LM335.
1 digital voltmeter 20V.
Connecting cable.

Montage:
Measuring table:
Duration (min) Units 0 1 2 3 4 5
V 2,984 3,009 3,064 3,121 3,173 3,216
Tension

K 298.4 300.9 306,4 312,1 317.3 321.6

Temperature °C 25.25 27.75 33.25 38.95 44.15 48.45
Duration (min) Units 6 7 8 9 10
V 3,251 3.28 3.3 3.38 3.44
Tension

°K 325.1 328 330 338 344

Temperature °C 51.95 54.85 56.85 64.85 70,85
Interpretation: According to the measurement table, we observe that when we
Heating the sensor with the heater, the output voltage value increases.
which demonstrates the linearity of this LM335 sensor.

The representation of the tension as a function of the

température :
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3
2.9
0 20 40 60 80
Temperature in °C

Conclusion: From the obtained curve, we observe that: The tension

provided by the LM335 sensor is proportional to the temperature
that is; good linearity and also good sensitivity, with a range of
Limited measure.
 II- Construction of a digital thermometer in
using the capabilities of the DIGIAC 1750:
But: To know the construction and main characteristics of a
platinum resistance temperature sensor RTD.

The RTD is a platinum resistance temperature sensor, the value of

Resistance varies with temperature. These probes allow for measurement.
of temperature over a range of -200°C to 600°C and are distinguished by a
high measurement precision and good long-term stability.

Equipment:
Platinum resistance temperature sensor.
Wound resistance 10kΩ.
Digital voltmeter 2 / 20V.
Integrated circuit temperature sensor LM335.
Connecting cable.

Montage:
 Measuring table:
Duration (min) Units 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5,00
Ω 108.00 111.00 114,00 116.00 119.00 120.00
Resistance

°K 293.93 301.72 309.51 314.71 322,50 325.10

Temperature °C 20.78 28.57 36.36 41.56 49.35 51.95
Duration (min) Units 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Ω 122.00 123.00 124,00 124.00 125.00
Resistance

°K 330.29 332.89 335.49 335.49 338.09

Temperature °C 57.14 59.74 62.34 62.34 64.94

Interpretation: According to the measurement table, we observe that when we

heating the sensor with the Heater, the resistance value increases which
shows the linearity of this RTD sensor.

The representation of the RTD resistance as a function of the

temperature:
126,00
124.00
122.00
120,00
118.00
116.00
114.00
112.00
110,00
108.00
106.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60,00 70.00

Température en °C

Conclusion: Based on the obtained curve, it is observed that: The variation of the
the output resistance provided by the RTD sensor is proportional to the
variation of temperature; that is to say; the relationship between resistance and the
temperature is almost linear, but with low sensitivity.
 III- The thermistor with temperature coefficient
negative NTC
But: To know the construction and main characteristics of a
thermistor with a negative temperature coefficient NTC.

The NTC is a thermistor, that is to say a passive temperature sensor. Its

resistance varies with temperature: it decreases uniformly
when the temperature increases and vice versa.

Equipment:
Thermistors A and B
Resistance 10 kΩ 10 turns (from the Wheatstone bridge circuit)
Digital voltmeter 20 volts
LM335 integrated circuit temperature sensor (to indicate the
temperature).
Connecting cable.

Montage:

Measuring table:
Duration (min) Units 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Resistance
thermistance KΩ 5.50 5.24 4.60 4.04 3.48 3,12

K 293,15 294.11 296.72 299,37 302.48 304,79

Temperature
°C 20 20.96 23,57 26.22 29.33 31.64
Duration (min) Units 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Resistance
thermistance KΩ 2.84 2.64 2.48 2.33 1.94

K 306,82 308.40 309.78 311.16 315.29

Temperature
°C 33.67 35.25 36.63 38.01 48.13

Interpretation: According to the measurement table, it can be observed that when we

heat the sensor with the Heater, the resistance value decreases when the
temperature rises.

The representation of the NTC resistance as a function of the

température :
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 35,00 40,00 45,00

Temperature in °C

Conclusion: Based on the obtained curve, we observe that: the relationship between
the NTC resistance and temperature is not linear that is to say; it is under
an exponential form with an average sensitivity.
Manipulation No. 2: Study bench for measurement methods
depression
But: Identification of industrial sensors works on output signals
wiring of a sensor.

The BMP 100 bench allows the study of the different

pressure sensor technologies.
The sensors are placed in series.

I- Identification of sensors and study of their signals:

SCAIME ATM YOKOGAWA EJA 110A

Passive absolute pressure sensor Passive differential pressure sensor
Measurement principle: Piezo-resistive Hastelloy C-276 membrane
4-20 mA current loop output Measuring principle: Measuring cell at
Measurement range: 0-6 bar digital resonators in H
Accuracy +/- 0.5% of full scale Measuring range: 0-6 bar
Current loop output 4-20 mA
Accuracy +/- 0.075% of the measurement
VEGA BAR 40
Passive relative pressure sensor.
Measurement cell with membrane indeed
ceramics
Measuring principle: Variation of capacity.
4-20 mA current loop output Digital indicator
Precision +/-0.2% of the measuring range. Microprocessor programmable
Bourdon type manometer Precision class: 0.25%
Active pressure sensor Display 5 digit
DN100 all stainless steel

Measurement range: 0-6 bar

Measurement principle: Deformation of a tube
Bourdon in C (Material: Bronze)
Precision class: 1
No analog output
 Electrical diagrams:

Measuring table:

SIKA Sensor VEGA Sensor VEGA Sensor corrected

Ecart en bars Ecart en %
in relative bars in absolute bars in relative bars

0.02 1.02 -0.98 1.00 5000,00

0.50 1.51 -0.51 1.01 202.00
1.00 2.03 -0.03 1,03 103,00
1.50 2.49 0.51 0.99 66.00
2.00 2.97 1.03 0.97 48.50
2.50 3.50 1.50 1.00 40,00
3.00 4.04 1.96 1.04 34.67
Sensor Pressure Sensor
SIKA Sensor
Manometer in corrected in bars Ecart en bars Ecart en %
in relative terms
absolute bars relatives
0.02 0.00 0.04 -0.02 -100.00
0.50 0.48 0.52 -0.02 -4.00
1.00 0.94 1.06 -0.06 -6.00
1.50 1.50 1.50 0.00 0.00
2.00 2.09 1.91 0.09 4.50
2,50 2.49 2.51 -0,01 -0,40
3.00 3.05 2.95 0.05 1.67
 They represent errors as a % of measurement:
Percentagedifference

5050.00
4650,00
4250.00
3850,00
Percentage deviation of sensor
3450.00
3050,00 VEGA
2650.00 Percentage deviation of the sensor
2250,00
Pressure gauge
1850.00
1450,00
1050,00
650.00
250.00
-150.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
The measured pressure bar

Interpretation: According to the representation of the deviation curves (in %)

function of the measured pressure value (in bar) it is observed for the sensor
VEGA, the percentage of measurement deviation decreases uniformly when
the pressure increases, and for the pressure sensor this percentage
increases when the pressure increases.

Conclusion :
This difference is due to the measurement accuracy for each sensor, which
allowed us to determine the sensor best suited for measuring large
and small pressure values.
 Manipulation No. 3: Study bench of measurement methods
of flow.

The BMD 100 bench allows the study of

different sensor technologies
flow. The sensors are placed in series.

I- Identification of sensors and study of their signals:

Variable area flow meter Electromagnetic flowmeter
The diameter of the glass tube being more (DEM) is a type offlow meterusing the
higher up than down below, the float remains in principle ofelectromagnetic induction.
suspension at the point where the difference of Precision: +/- 0.5% of the measured value
pressure between the upper and lower surfaces Signal converter: output 4-20 mA
lower in balance the weight.
Linear scale 0-10 L/min over 100 mm
Direct lecture
No analog output

Axial turbine flow meter

This sensor is suitable for measuring in
continuing the flow rate of liquids
neutral or weakly aggressive, which
contain little solid matter. Digital indicator
PNP output signal 12-24 VDC–1 KW Two programmable indicators at
Scale: 2 - 40 L/min microprocessor via a PC
Precision: +/- 0.5% of full scale 4-20 mA measurement input
Signal converter: output 4-20 mA One of the two indicators is equipped with a
Venturi effect flow meter Sortierelais pour signal d’alarme
In this sensor: we measure the flow at
with the help of a depressogenic organ, we use
a differential pressure transmitter
Upstream-downstream pressure readings connected
on this transmitter.
4-20 mA output
Electrical diagrams:

1- Electromagnetic flow meters:

Measuring table:

Flow Reference flow Qv

approximatif Qa (L/min) = Measured flow Qc
(L/min) (L/min)
2 1.83
3 2.9
4 4.05
5 4.94
6 5.93
7 7.15
8 7.98
9 9.01
10 10.1
Interpretation:
According to the table, we can take the values of flow meters.
electromagnetic as reference flow.

2- Venturi Sensor:
Measuring table:

Approximate flow rate Reference flow Pressure difference

Qa (L/min) Qv (L/min) measured (mbar)

2 1.8 0.21
3 2.87 0.26
4 4.15 0.3
 Débit approximatif Débit de référence Pressure difference
Qa (L/min) Qv (L/min) measured (mbar)
5 4.9 0.35
6 5.83 0.41
7 7.14 0.53
8 7.9 0.69
9 9.11 0.87
10 10.15 1.15
Representation of the flow as a function of the difference in
pressure
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1,2 1.4
The pressure difference in mbar

= √∆ :

Measuring table:

Reference flow rate Qv Pressure difference

k
(L/min) measured (mbar)

1.833 0.21 4
2.855 0.26 5.6
4.053 0.3 7.4
4.94 0.35 8.35
5.93 0.41 9.26
7.15 0.53 9.82
7.974 0.69 9.6
9.01 0.87 9.66
10.1 1.15 9.42
 Representation of flow rate as a function of pressure difference:
12

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1,2 1.4
the pressure difference mbar

Measuring table:

Approximate flow rate Débit de référence Débit de mesuré Ecart=((Qv-

Qa (L/min) Qv (L/min) Qc (L/min) Qc)/Qc)*100

2 1.83 1.8 1.667

3 2.9 2.87 1.045
4 4.05 4.15 -2.41
5 4.94 4.9 0.816
6 5.93 5.83 1.715
7 7.15 7.14 0.14
8 7.98 7.9 1.012
9 9.01 9.11 -1.097
10 10.1 10.15 -0.492
3- Turbine flow meter
Measuring table:

Flow
Débit de référence Débit de mesuré Ecart=((Qv-
approximate
Qv (L/min) Qc (L/min) Qc)/Qc)*100
Qa (L/min)

2 1.83 2.1 -12.857

3 2.9 3.11 -6.752
4 4.05 4.25 -4.706
5 4.94 5.167 -4.393
6 5.93 6.185 -4.123
7 7.15 7.36 -2.853
8 7.98 8.213 -2.836
9 9.01 9.22 -2.277
10 10.1 10.3 -1.941
Measuring table:

Debit
Reference flow rate Measured flow Ecart=((Qv-
approximate Qa
Qv (L/min) Qc (L/min) Qc)/Qc)*100
(L/min)

2 1.83 1.9 -3.68

3 2.9 2.89 0.346
4 4.05 4.1 -1.212
5 4.94 5.05 -2.178
6 5.93 5.9 0.508
7 7.15 7.1 0.704
8 7.98 7.9 1.0126
9 9.01 9.06 -0.552
10 10.1 10.14 -0.394

Representation of the deviation (in %) as a function of measured flow rate

(in L/min)
Turbine flow meter Venturi sensor Rotameter sensor
4

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

-14
the flow rate measured in L/min