1.

The property relations of the means of production:

It is the relationship established between social classes regarding who is the

owner of the means of production and capital. Among these relationships, there
they find:

Private relationship:

Relationship characteristic of capitalism, where the capitalist or bourgeois class is

the owner of the means of production and capital, expressing relationships
of domination and subordination, as the owners of the media have the
possibility of exploiting propertyless men.
Commercial relationships:

Established relationship between social classes by who appropriates the

profit generated by the sale of merchandise.

Social division of labor:

Since the first production relations were created, the origin of the
social division of labor, thus in the slave model, were found the
slave owners or owners of the means of production and the slaves to whom
they exploited, in the feudal model the landowner and the peasants who
they had under their order and in the capitalist model the owners or proprietors of
the means of production and the workers. In the capitalist model, labor
intellectual separates from the physical in the production process. In the
antagonistic economic-social formations, the separation
indicada adquiere la forma de antagonismo social de clase, unos se ocupan
of intellectual work, while others handle physical work.
2. Historical, social, and cultural context of endogenous development
sustainable
Venezuela has gone through different development models:
Primary export model, outward growth
Import substitution model
Neoliberal model.
These models, apart from the peculiarities that define them and
they differ from each other, share a character that we call exogenous, in
so much that they went to ustaxesfrom outside and for the exclusive benefit of
the successive dominant powersSpain, England, FranceyStates
United), and their sepoy captains, always belonging to the oligarchy
creole.
The exogenous nature of the three models has persisted in Venezuela.
from the very moment of its formation as a nation-state and it
starts to attempt the suppression of that exogenous character, in February of
2003, when theresistanceheroic history of the Venezuelan people and
onstrengthfleet, they defeated thestrikecynical coup plotter of the creole oligarchy
and they recovered for Venezuela the usufruct of itsoil.

Nowadays, endogenous development is managed even in the most sectors.

popular in the country,productsof the economic policies of the president
Hugo Chávez, who seeks to eradicate the unworkable economic model
capitalist, who in 40 years of implementation left nothing positive for the nation
because of the consumerism marketbrandsforeigners and thephilosophyof
"lo de afuera es lo mejor" podrían considerarse tendencias prosperas para el
progress.
The policy of Socialist Endogenous Development is based on the process of
changes that the country has been experiencing since 1999, driven by the Executive
National, which seeks the participation of the majorities in the destiny of the
nation, the democratization of oil resources, the construction of
a fairer society and the improvement of living conditions of
historically forgotten and underserved populations.
Socialist Endogenous Development is a socioeconomic model in the
that communities develop their own proposals is based on
the diversification of productiongoodsy servicios ya que es visto
as a productive system to achieve distribution mechanisms of the
economic benefits, which provide access to employment, education, health,
well-being, among others.
It assumes the development from a systemic perspective of the components.
cultural, social, political, environmental, territorial, etc., which
constitutes a radical change in the relations of production and the system
productive. The DES lies in the ability to articulate the different
existing economic forms in aaddresscollectively decided
among the various actors that make up the productive apparatus, question
which allows to enhance the scale of production, create linkages
networks among the various economic forms, in addition to cultivating the
path towards thesocialism.

[Link] rights and development models:

Sustainable development has been included among the so-called 'rights

"third generation humans". This is how the "right to development" is referred to.
sustainable" as one of the fundamental human rights of the century
XXI. This right implies the right of every human being and of all
towns to a dignified existence in a healthy environment, which
summary on the right to quality of life and well-being.
Article 62 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela states: "All citizens have the right to
freely participate in public affairs...the people's participation in
the training, execution and control of public management is the means
necessary to achieve the prominence that guarantees its full development,
both individual and collective...
In such a way that endogenous development responds to the policy of
defense and development of people, which guarantee their dignity through
of fundamental processes, such as education and work in harmony
with what is expressed in Article 3 of the referred Constitution.

In the same way, through endogenous development, power is granted to the

organized communities so that they can develop their potential
agricultural, industrial, and tourism activities of each of the regions. It is achieved
putting at the service of all people the state's infrastructure that existed
has been abandoned (industrial fields, machinery, idle lands, among others)
others) to generate goods and services.
For its part, the Venezuelan state considers it important to raise
the need to articulate all plans, programs, and projects
governmental to such conception. In this case, it is also being
concretizing a constitutional mandate, specifically relating to the scope
from planning. In Article 299, the CRBV establishes:
The State, together with the private initiative, will promote the
harmonious development of the national economy in order to generate sources
work, high national added value, elevate the standard of living of the
population and strengthening the economic sovereignty of the country, guaranteeing the
legal security, solidity, dynamism, sustainability, permanence and
equity of economic growth, to achieve a fair distribution
of wealth through strategic and democratic planning,
participatory and of open consultation.

4. Models of development and legal protection of the environment

environment

In Latin America, the expansion of mercantile logic has generated

deep socio-economic, cultural, political, ecological disturbances
among others, the model neoliberal that assumes the market as the
ideal social scenario, in its eagerness for deregulation and ignorance of the ends
collectives have promoted environmental management based on to
privatization of natural resources.
This environmental management, by privatizing goods and natural resources
commons, reduces nature to natural capital and turns the
conservation in a financial investment whose purpose is profitability and
economic gains. The dominance and social dismemberment are reinforced.
ecological forests, savannas, agricultural lands, rivers, lakes among others,
these resources are isolated the tissues or fragments that still endure in
they and turned into substrates for productivism and commerce
international without any limitations. In the same way, they fragment and
they impoverish the social universes associated with these natural systems,
from which millions of human beings derive sustenance, knowledge
traditional and significations of identity.
In demanding sustainable development that implies a reorganization
of economic and technological activities to make them compatible with
the ecological harmony and facilitate its universal emulation, the model of
Endogenous Development is the most suitable, as it seeks to
satisfaction of basic needs, community participation in
the change of the country's productive system to achieve new mechanisms
of the distribution of economic benefits but taking into account the
environmental protection and the community's location in a space
determined, ensuring quality of life and the preservation and
conservation of nature.
In addition to the fact that the state includes its citizens as protagonists.
to achieve sustainable development that meets the needs of the
population, on the other hand, guarantees that in the process of achieving it
development does not cause harm to the environment, which could put in
danger to future generations. In Venezuela, it is relatively recent the
insertion of the environmental variable in industrial processes and
commercials. "Venezuela has been a pioneer in Latin America of
multiple laws to protect the environment, Since it began the
Bolivarian process.
The legal protection of the environment, the rational use of
natural resources and generally environmental policy appear
repeatedly throughout the constitutional text, when addressing issues such as the
Border Spaces, Environmental Education, Economic Freedom,
Latin American integration, the Competencies of National Powers and
Municipal, Decentralization, the Socioeconomic Regime, the Waters of
Public Domain, Sustainable Land Management, Security of the
Nation and the Principle of Co-responsibility.
It is said then that the environment is a "cross-cutting" issue in the
Constitution, insofar as it also recognizes in Articles 127 and,
siguientes los Derechos Ambientales, incluye al ambiente en normas que
they must necessarily have connectivity with him when it is assumed
Constitutionally, sustainable development is worth highlighting a
paragraph of the cited Article 127, which states verbatim 'It is a
fundamental obligation of the State, with the active participation of the
society, ensuring that the population thrives in a free environment
of pollution, where the air, water, soils, coasts, climate,
the ozone layer, living species, shall be especially protected, from
compliance with the law.
The legal response to the increasingly frequent attacks that
The efforts for the environment focused primarily on providing protection.
to its constitutive elements (water, air, and soil), the development of the
environmental legislation has favored that this generic definition has been
refined and enriched in recent times. Alongside the elements
environmental constituents appear today as objects of protection
legal, other essential factors for natural balance, and especially the
biologicals, which are the subject of preferential attention in the regulations on
protection of nature. These new regulatory instruments,
approved both in the supra-national framework (through Treaties and
community provisions) as well as at the state level (through certain laws
central or autonomous administrative bodies), seeks to ensure the
citizens a suitable environment in which to develop.
Un ejemplo de ello es la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, esta Ley tiene por
object to establish the provisions and guiding principles for management
of the environment, within the framework of sustainable development as a right and duty
fundamental of the State and of society, to contribute to security and to the
achievement of the maximum well-being of the population and the sustainability of the planet,
in the interest of humanity. Similarly, it establishes the rules that
they develop the guarantees and constitutional rights to a safe environment,
healthy and environmentally balanced.

[Link] endogenous development and its relation to the forms of

economic organization
Endogenous development proposes a new development structure.
horizontal, from small communities and small producers for
it supports and promotes the following forms of organization:

• Cooperatives as an economic organization:

It is a way to group ourselves, share, and unite efforts to develop.

an economic activity. Thecooperativeit has some particular features
that make it the ideal form of organization for production:
It provides us with a space to come together around ideas.
yprojectsof common life.
b) It allows us to voluntarily participate in the collective satisfaction of
economic, social, and cultural needs.
c) It also allows us to build and consolidate a new way of
to relate to each other in a supportive, inclusive, equitable, horizontal, and fair manner
worthy.

• The Communal Councils as Economic Organization:

While well-organized communal councils are now well-known,

belonging to the Battle Rooms are a primary point for the
economic development of the community, since with the use
of theBankCommunity gives the opportunity to people living in the area of
produce its products throughcreditsthe microcredits and this in turn
producea Networksocio-productive among communities. In short, it is not about
punitive organized neighbors, but rather a community that can
develop a culture of peace and security within, where everyone
important and one's well-being is the well-being of all, it is the bet on the
construction of a new socialist model.

• Integration Organizations:

In the last ten years, Latin American integration and with others
societies of the planet have been shaped around their own perspectives and
sovereign. Venezuela has recovered its independence in multiple spheres
of national life and especially in the conduct of its politics
international, previously mediated by the dictates and impositions of the
American imperialism.
The subregional integration organizations were vegetating without connection.
with their towns and only engaged in very specific businesses among the
subregional oligarchies. They did not evolve towards diversification of the
economy and were rather instruments to impose and consolidate the
international division of labor. The National Project Simón Bolívar,
after a long battle of the President Chávez in the Forums
international and the creation of subregional integration organizations
innovative and dynamic, defines a new stage:
It is the multipolar driving strategy of global politics, which is
applies through the diversification of political, economic, and
cultural, for the creation of new power blocks addressing the
particularities, according to the establishment of areas of interest
geostrategic.
In the process of Latin American integration, President Chávez
drives an unprecedented structural change. First of all, in the
Summit of the Presidents of the Americas in 2005 promotes a new
integration organism referred to by itself as ALBA, where the
the integration of Venezuela is based on the virtuous values of cooperation,
solidarity and collaboration. Secondly, he took the initiative to
incorporate Venezuela into MERCOSUR. and finally President Chávez
has created or promoted other integration bodies such as for example
Petrocaribe in 2005, to provide oil and energy assistance to the countries
poor people of the Caribbean area; CELAC founded in 2010 with the purpose of
to weaken the OAS strongly controlled by the United States.

• Social Production Companies:

They represent the fundamental production unit of the Productive Model.

Socialist. The National Project Simón Bolívar First Socialist Plan
Economic and Social Development of the Nation 2007-2013, it defines them in the
following terms:
 ...They are Social Production Enterprises (EPS), the economic entities
dedicated to the production of goods and services in which labor
it has its own meaning, not alienated and authentic, there is no discrimination
social at work and of no type of work, there are no privileges in it
jobs associated with the hierarchical position, with substantive equality between
its members, based on participatory and leading planning.

• Commercial Companies:

This point is addressed in Title VII under the name: Of Companies of

Trade and Participation Accounts. It is a very extensive Title that
It deals with Articles 200 to 311. According to the Commercial Code, companies

Trading companies are those that have as their purpose one or

more commercial acts and are governed by the agreements of the parties and by the
provisions of the same Commercial Code and by the Civil Code. (Art. 200)

• Small Business:

The small business is an independent entity, created to be

profitable, that does not dominate in the industry to which it belongs, whose sale
annual values do not exceed a certain limit and the number of people
that the makeup does not exceed a certain limit, and like any company,
he has aspirations, achievements, material goods, and technical skills
and financial matters, all of which allows him to focus on production,
transformation and/or provision of services to meet needs and
existing desires in society.

• Medium Enterprise:

According to the OCEI (Central Office of Statistics and Informatics), the median
A company is one that employs more than 20 and up to 100 workers. The
medium-sized companies are divided into two "strata": the lower strata that
comprende las empresas que tienen entre 20 y 500 trabajadores; y el
higher strata than those that have between 50 and 100.

[Link] of endogenous development and theirjoints:

The Socialist Endogenous Development Centers (NUDES) are spaces
territorial for the construction of a new socioeconomic model,
where the vocation of its inhabitants and the agricultural potential,
industrial and tourism sectors come together to generate a set of activities
economic activities that in turn deploy networks or production chains
promoting the sustainable and sustainable development of the regions with the
participation of organized communities and the support of the
State institutions.
An Endogenous Development nucleus is activated when the community gets involved.
organize and discover potentialities that can be leveraged in
benefit of the community. An abandoned sugar mill, an industrial field
dismantled, alandunstained, a silo that has gone years without storing
a grain, a beautiful beach that cannot be enjoyed due to lack of
access routes, for example that connection of organized community and
the possibility of local development makes an area of an NDE, it is also
necessary for the community to haveconsciousnessfor the common good,
working together for the benefit of all through a framework
cooperative.
In addition, the area's resources allow for the generation of a set of
productive activities where the entire community participates, without
no one is left out, ending social, cultural, and economic exclusion.
This is understood as the formation of Productive Chains.
Forms of organization that make up the NUDES and their relationship with
el estado
To activate this new model, the national government has implemented
an interrelation between the endogenous development nuclei and the missions
social media as a tool to achieve massively and accelerated the
social inclusion. Endogenous Development, seen as an economic system
alternative, requires each citizen to embrace cultural transformation and this
goes through an individual consciousness shift that leads to stop thinking
inthe Stateas the only guarantor of their well-being.
Recently, the 'Vuelvan Caras' Mission was incorporated into the Ministry
for the Popular Economy in an attempt to accelerate its expansion and
depth. This mission is realized through Development Hubs
Endogenous.
The cores articulate a set of production cooperatives and
services and at the same time, each core is related to other defined spaces
to generate networks of productive cooperation based on the work of
cooperatives organized according to the potential of each nucleus and
the vocation of the lancers and lanceras, according to five battle fronts:
• 1. Agrícola, 2. Industrial, 3. Turístico, 4. Infraestructura y 5. Servicios.

BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA.

MINISTRY OF THE POPULAR POWER FOR
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION.
BOLIVARIAN UNIVERSITY OF VENEZUELA.
UNIVERSITY VILLAGE 'ANDRÉS ELOY BLANCO'.
LEGAL STUDIES.
CABIMAS STATE ZULIA.
II DEVELOPMENT MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT MODELS
Venezuelans

Made by

Herrera Yutzy

C.I 18633634

CABIMAS, NOVEMBER 2012