EN317, RAJEEV KUMAR MISHRA

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

9 Aug 2023

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

● It supports the characteristics of sustainable development.
● It deals with the world affected by humans.
● It demands an interdisciplinary approach.
SIGNIFICANCE
● Problem DOESN’T deal with one department; multi-disciplinary.
● It seeks to integrate science, social science, policy making, &
planning.
● Time scale involved extends beyond the short term and concerns range
from local to global.
● It should show opportunities as well as address threats & problems.
● It stresses —------------ INCOMPLETE

Q. Why need EMS?

A. Due to following reasons:
● To minimise Environmental(ENV) liabilities.
● Maximise the efficient use of resources.
● Demonstrate a good corporate image for ENV awareness amongst
employees.
● To gain a better understanding of ENV of business activities &
increase profit.

10 Aug 2023
Goals of EMS
● Resolving ENV issues.
● Establishing unity
● Establishing and nurturing institutional efficiency which supports
environmental research; monitoring & management.
● Identifying threats of opportunities.
● Improving existing resources.
● Improving quality of life.
● Focus on the existing ENV issues.

Approaches of Environmental Management

● Ad Hoc: developed in in RXN to situation
● Problem solving: generating SOPs to resolve issues
● Systematic: specific systems - Agri/Eco systems
● Regional: collaboration country/Biogeographical region
● Specialist Discipline:
● Voluntary Sector: NGOs - fruitful contribution from society
● Commercial Sector: Petroleum/Plastic/Pharma sector

Effects of EMS on Organization

These stages are in consequent manner and every other stage is
affected by the previous one in the perception of EMS; showing how EMS
affects the brand value of organisation.

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EMS
● ENV performance
● Policy
● Resource
● Performance result
● Periodic remain & report

ENV Signalling
● Regulatory compliance
● Reporting
● Media coverage
● Industry Code of Conduct
● Press Release
● Advertisement

Firm Risk
● Business Risk
● Financial Risk
● ENV Risk

Firm Value
● Cost of Equity Capital
● Market Value Equity
● Credit Risk

Q. Can EMS bring about Positive change?

A. Yes, EMS has the potential to bring about significant +ve changes
across various sectors & industries> An EMS is a structured approach that
enables organisations to manage their environmental responsibilities
effectively. Here’s how EMS can lead to positive change:
1. Improved ENV performance: EMS encourages organisations to identify
and mitigate their environmental impacts. By implementing measures
to reduce resource consumption, waste generation, & pollution,
companies can contribute to a healthier environment & reduce carbon
footprint.
2. Compliance & Risk Management: EMS ensures organizations comply with
ENV regulations & standards. This proactive approach minimises the
risk of legal issues, fines, & reputational damage associated with
non-compliance.
3. Enhanced Resource Efficiency: Through EMS, organizations assess
their resource usage and adopt strategies to optimize efficiency.
This can result in cost savings, as reduced energy and resource
consumption lead to lower operational expenses.
4. Innovation & technological Advancements: Organizations using EMS are
incentivized to seek innovative solutions to reduce their
environmental impact. This can drive the development and adoption of
new technologies, leading to more sustainable practices.
5. Stakeholder Engagement & Trust: EMS involves engagement with
stakeholders such as employees communities, regulators & investors.
By addressing concerns & communicating ENV efforts transparently,
organizations build trust & +ve relationships.

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 6. Employee Awareness & Engagement: EMS raises awareness about ENV
issues and encourages their active involvement in sustainable
practices. Engaged employees can drive +ve change within and outside
the organizations.
7. Market Reputation & Competitive Advantage: Companies with robust EMS
often have better market reputation. Consumers and investors
increasingly favour environmentally responsible businesses, offering
a competitive edge.
8. Long term Planning & adaptability: EMS encourages organizations to
consider long-term sustainability in their planning. This
adaptability ensures businesses can navigate changes in regulations,
tech, & market demands.
9. Collaboration & Industry leadership: EMS can lead to partnerships
and collaborations for shared ENV goals. Organizations that exhibit
leadership in ENV management inspire others in their industry to
follow suit.
In summary, EMS provides a structured framework for organisations to
holistically manage their ENV impact. Through improved resource
efficiency, compliance, innovation, stakeholder engagement, and more. EMS
drives +ve changes that benefit the ENV, the organisation and society as a
whole.

21 Aug 2023
Elements of EMS - Commission for Environmental Cooperation(CEC) 2000
1. Communicate ENV policy – Well documented
2. Voluntary undertaking & communicate all ENV requirement
3. Establish specific objectives and targets & the time frame to meet
those targets.
4. Establish the structure, responsibility & resource(competency).
5. Identify & provide for the planning & management of all the
organisation operations.
6. Establish & maintain record for corrective & preventive action.
a. Database management to authorise
b. Hazard management
c. Prevents health risk
7. Ensure adequate training & competence of employees – Professional
exposure
8. Establish & maintain document control & create awareness among the
employees of the organisation.
9. Require continuous evaluation & improvement.
[Link] of how EMS is interlined to their specific domains. –
Accountability

Benefits of EMS - increases Accountability

1. Cost saving
2. Reduced liabilities
3. Reduction in resource use, waste & emissions - Optimising resources
4. Regulatory compliance
5. Employee involvement
6. Improved relations with customers

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Barriers to EMS adoption

The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation(NEETF) –
Standardising excellence, working with smaller business to implement EMS
(2001)
1. Motivation barrier
1.1. Lack of customer requirement/demand to have an EMS
1.2. Misconception (keeping it at least concern)
1.3. Belief that EMS is NOT relevant to the business
1.4. Lack of public or NGO pressure on the EMS system
1.5. Belief that EMS is a kind of gimmick by the higher management
1.6. Belief that EMS is not widely accepted or used in
industrial/geographical areas
2. Resource barrier (concern)
2.1. Cost & time (Planning, assessment, infrastructure, training)
2.2. Operation management (technical expertise)
2.3. Complication & unattainable (overambitious objectives & goals)
3. Implementation concern
3.1. Year of discovering non-compliance with regulations/permits
3.2. Discovering/uncovering internal problems within the
organisation
Read & discuss
Condition essential for successful implementation of EMS
1. Designed & planned with a strong business case in mind.
2. Supported by management & commitment of resources.
3. Engaged employee.
4. Integrated into business.
5. Clearly defined objectives & targets.
6. Continued monitoring & measurement.

28 Aug 2023
EMS
● ISO 14001 For certification
● ISO 14004 General guidelines
Environmental Audit
● ISO 14010 Guidelines and principles
● ISO 14011 Guidelines and auditing procedures
● ISO 14012 ENV auditors
ISO 14022-14024 ENV labelling
ISO 14031 ENV performance and Evaluation
ISO 14040-14043 Life Cycle Assistant
ISO 14050 Terms & definition
ISO 14062 Discussion making / improvements to ENV impact goals
ISO 14063 ENV communication & guidelines

The standards can be classified in two category:-

1. Organization/process oriented standard - EMS, EA, EPE
2. Product oriented standard - LCA, EL, EAPs

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Normative Standard: these indicate the requirements must be met and can be
audited for certification
Informative Standard:These provide guidance and requirements need NOT be
audited for certification

ISO Title of ISO

ISO 14001 EMS specification and guidelines for use

ISO 14004 EMS, general guidelines for system, principles & supporting techniques

ISO 14010 Guidelines for ENV auditing

ISO 14011 ENV auditing but includes audit procedures for EMS

ISO 14012 ENV auditing but includes qualification criteria for ENV auditors

ISO 14015 EMS but deals with ENV assessment of site & organisation

ISO 14021 Includes audit & auditing of EMS

ISO 14024 Levels & declarations type/ENV & include principle and procedure

ISO 14031 EPE guidelines

ISO 14040 LCA, Principles & framework

ISO 14041 LCA, with goal and scope definition

ISO 14042 LCA with life cycle interpretation

ISO 14043 Includes LCA with life cycle interpretation

ISO 14050 Deals with vocabulary of ENV management

Principle ISO follows to set up voluntary nature:

1. Consensus
2. Industry wise applicability
3. Voluntary nature - willingness

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4 Sep 2023
PDCA(plan do act check) model

[the basis on which you are planning your objective - best known by
the organisation who is planning to move in direction of a goal;
free to establish your objectives/goals]
[DO - do the necessary]
[Act - act accordingly to the need of the situation
[Check - continuous monitoring and measuring, only then you will be
able to increase accountability

Components of ISO 14000

1. Environmental Policy [
2. Planning [
3. Implementation & operation [
4. Checking & corrective action [internal committee formation &
identification of problems]
5. Review [

Relevance of ISO 14000 to businesses

● Internal benefits - reduce accidents and liabilities
● Efficiency - proper utilization of the resources [wastewater
into flowing stream; long term benefits]
● Performance
● Improved corporate culture

External benefits
● Third party assurance & recognition – blind faith on a
recognized third party
● Market Access –
● Regulatory relief – research funding, in-house R&D,
first-mover advantage - scope
● Expression of due diligence – forthcomingness, awareness
● Public image & community relations
● Financial marketing –

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6 Sep 2023
Sustainable manufacturing, eco-friendly manufacturing, is an
approach to industrial production that focuses on minimizing its
environmental impact and maximising its social and economic
benefits. Sustainable manufacturing aims to produce goods in a way
that conserves resources, reduces waste, and minimizes harm to the
environment while also ensuring the long-term viability of the
manufacturing process. Here are some key principles:
● Resource Efficiency: Sustainable manufacturing seeks to optimize
the use of raw materials & energy throughout the production
process.
● Clean Energy: Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as
solar, wind, or hydroelectric power can significantly reduce the
carbon footprint of manufacturing facilities.
● Reduced Emissions: Minimizing air and water pollution is a
critical aspect of sustainability. Implementing cleaner
production methods and technologies, as well as strict emissions
controls, can help achieve this.
● Supply Chain Sustainability: Companies work with suppliers to
ensure that the materials they source are produced and
transported in an environmentally responsible manner.
● Waste Reduction: Minimising waste generation and promoting
recycling and reuse are key goals. Waste reduction also leads to
cost savings.
● Lean Manufacturing: Lean principles help eliminate waste, improve
efficiency, and reduce production costs, all of which align with
sustainability goals.
● Employee Well-being: Sustainable manufacturing takes into account
the well-being and safety of employees. Ethical labour practices
and a healthy work environment are essential components.
● Life Cycle Assessment(LCA): to evaluate the environmental impact
of their products. This helps identify areas for improvement.
● Certifications and Standards: Many organizations adopt
sustainability certifications and standards, such as ISO 14001
(environmental management) and ISO 50001 (energy management), to
demonstrate their commitment to sustainability.
● Continuous Improvement: Sustainable manufacturing is an ongoing
process of improvement. Companies regularly assess their
practices and seek innovative ways to reduce their environmental
footprint.

Sustainable manufacturing is not only beneficial for the

environment but also for businesses. It can lead to cost savings,
enhance brand reputation, and appeal to environmentally conscious
consumers. As global awareness of environmental issues grows,
sustainable manufacturing practices are becoming increasingly
important in the modern industrial landscape.

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11 Sep 2023

ENV Risk Analysis(EIA ENV risk assessment)

● To study the ENV impact of any project - short/ mid/ long term
● Bound to big big industry
● Requirement by any institute to continue
● You might have seen one of the plant which is their(DTU) -
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
● SUSTAINABILITY ...
● Government act- pre legislation
● Regulate and manage this types of projects and monitor to
minimise their ENV impact
● We study EIA to as

1. Source of adverse impact

1.1. Hazard identification => source of adverse impacts
1.2. Hazard Accounting => scoping, setting boundary of ERA
1.3. Scenarios of Exposure => how the hazard might be encountered
1.4. Risk categorization => likelihood and severity of impact damage
1.5. Risk management => mitigation or reduction of unacceptable risk

Difference between ERA & EIA

Framework for ERA Framework for EIA

1. Screening: To determine the range of 1. Screening: a kind of preliminary

risk and the factors that control weather assessment of the existing ENV to decide
they are likely to result in damage to the the
ENV

2. i)Hazard Analysis: estimate the 2. i)Baseline Studies: collection of the

probability and chances of occurrence of existing information (reference)
hazard, and the root cause of it.
ii)Impact prediction: determining the
ii)Consequence Analysis: Hazard risk magnitude to a spatial extent & probability
determination of impact either directly or indirectly effects.

3. Risk Evaluation: risk management 3. Assessment of the relative

option include tolerating or ,it may help to importance of the predictive effects
take decisions in response to pressure taking into account the present
generated by risk perceptions – basically conditions: it decides the evaluation of the
means to help in the risk managing overall acceptability of the proposal which
process for subject matter expert to will come from the
overcome

4. Monitoring and audit leading to 4. Monitoring and audit leading to

confirmation or rejection for predicted confirmation or rejection for predicted
effects: d effects: b

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13 Sept 2023
Precautionary principle – caution practised in the context of
uncertainty
● Mortality
● Large scale
● Birth defects
● Cancer
(to avoid the irreversible damage)
Precautionary measure in response to uncertainty in the face of
risk or the health of the environment

Morally unacceptable hazards

1. Threat to human lives or health
2. Serious and effectively irreversible damage
3. Inequitable for present or future generations
4. Imposed without adequate consideration of the human rights of
those affected.

Types of uncertainty
1. Pragmatic uncertainty - uncertainties only seen in practice
and not in theory
a. Lack of data
b. Veracity of data(doubt on data)
c. Relevance of the data
d. Political will & interpretation
2. Theoretical uncertainty- uncertainty that is developed in the
methodology and not necessarily in practical work.
a. Disagreements over interpretation of data
b. Over scientific methodology
c. Lack of knowledge about caused connections
d. Doubts over knowledge framework
3. Complexity in an open system – Uncertainty arises from sheer
complexity of large scale phenomena taking place in an open
system.
4. Availability of ecological process indeterminacy
5. Intangible assets - ozone layer

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14 Sept 2023
Application of Precautionary principle

- Non preclusion PP - the scientific uncertainty should not

automatically preclude regulation of activities that pose a
potential risk of harm.
- Margin of safety PP - don’t go beyond permissible limits to
not break the regulation. Try to follow some kind of marginal
safety. Even if there is risk we can try to mitigate the risk
by following certain rules.
- Best available technology PP - use of best technology.
- Prohibitory PP - if there are certain situation where the
predetermined SOPs aren’t followed don’t continue the
following for the later period to stop the ongoing actions
taken by the contractor during the process of enabling the
procedure

1. Lack of political will

2. Interpretation placed on it

Levels of uncertainty (related to each other)

● Indeterminacy: you cannot know what you need to know (any
natural disasters)
● Uncertainty: you think you know what you don’t know(deaths)
● Ignorance: you don’t know what you don’t know()

Burden of Proof
● Shifting burden of proof: EVEN the government could not put a
BAN on any article within the area of jurisdiction.
● Before PP: people exposed to the risk bear the responsibility
for demonstrating that actions cause harm.
● IF PP: risk creator bears the responsibility of showing that
actions are safe or acceptably risky.
● Any kind of scientific evidence but no such proof USCPA
● If no PP: company would ask for the burden of PROOF from the
public for prosecution within the court
● IF YES PP: investigation and scrutiny around the organisation
to know what PP you took

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