Threaded fasteners
A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on a cylindrical surface.
A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i.e. a bolt and nut.
The screwed joints are widely used where the machine parts are required to be readily
connected or disconnected without damage to the machine or the fastening.
Threaded Joints: Types
Screw thread terminology
✓Major diameter: The major diameter is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder
that bounds the crest of an external thread (d)or the root of an internal thread
(D) (Also called as nominal diameter) – M8, M10 , M12 ………….
✓Minor(core or root) diameter: The minor diameter is the diameter of an
imaginary cylinder that bounds the roots of an external thread (dc) or the crest
of an internal thread (Dc)
✓Pitch diameter: The pitch diameter is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the
surface of which would pass through the threads at such points as to make the
width of the threads equal to the width of spaces cut by the surface of the
cylinder
✓Pitch, p: It is the distance between two similar points on adjacent threads
measured parallel to the axis of the thread
✓Lead: It is the distance that the
nut moves parallel to the axis
of the screw, when the nut is
given one turn
Screw Threads: Standards
❑B.S.W thread: Symmetrical V thread with thread angle 55 deg. Used in bolts
and screwed fastenings
B.A thread: B.S.W threads with fine pitches. Instruments and other precision works
American national standard thread: Flat crest and roots. General
purpose threads in bolts, nuts and tapped holes
Unified standard thread: Included angle of 60 deg.
Square thread : High efficiency and are used for power transmission. Not strong as V threads
but offers lesser frictional resistance
Turn buckle : device for adjusting the tension or length of
ropes, cables
Stresses due to combined loads
Shank Diameter Equal to or Larger Than Threaded
Shank Diameter Less Than Threaded Portion
Portion
Benefit:
•Benefit:
Acts as a flexible, energy-absorbing section, effectively
increasing bolt strength and shock absorption. Provides full-width support, allowing for a more even
distribution of load across the shank.
Application:
•Application:
Ideal for dynamic or shock-loaded applications where the
bolt needs to flex and absorb energy, such as in high- Can increase fatigue resistance and extend the life of the
strength structural applications. joint in bending situations by reducing stress
concentrations.
Mechanism: The smaller diameter of the shank
concentrates stress, allowing it to deform and absorb Mechanism: The thicker shank provides a robust bearing
energy more readily than the threaded portion. surface, enhancing its ability to withstand bending forces
without fatiguing or failing.
Bolts in pressure vessels
❑Bolts are used in pressure vessels to securely clamp and seal the components
together, preventing leaks under high internal pressure
❑They provide the necessary clamping force to compress the gasket
❑Their strength ensures the joint can withstand the extreme stresses from
internal pressure, thermal expansion, and cyclic loading
Impact load
❑Sometimes machine members are subjected to load with a sudden impact due
to falling or hitting one object on another.
❑The load produced due to these actions is known as the Impact load.
❑ The stress produced in the machine members due to the Impact load is known
as the Impact stress.