OOP USING JAVA IMPORTANT TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by Object Oriented Programming?
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of
"objects", which are instances of classes. Java is a pure object-oriented language.
• Object oriented programming is a programming approach in which there is collection of
objects.
• Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like Object, Class, Data
Abstraction, Data Encapsulation, Inheritance & Polymorphism
2. What is a class and object?
Object:
• An instance of a class. Objects have states and behaviors.
• Objects are basic run-time entities..
• Using objects we can access the member variable and member function of a class.
Syntax:
• ClassName objectName = new ClassName();
Class:
• A blueprint/template for creating objects. It defines properties (variables) and behaviors
(methods).
• A class is a collection of similar objects, class can be defined as an entity in which data and
functions are put together.
Syntax:
class ClassName
{
// attributes / properties (variables)
// methods (functions)
}
• Attributes / Properties / Fields = variables that hold data related to the object (like name, age,
etc.)
• Methods = functions/behaviors that define what the object can do or how it can act.
3. Define abstraction.
• Data abstraction means representing only essential features by hiding all the implementation
details.
• Hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features.
Ways to achieve Abstraction:
There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java
1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)
2. Interface (100%)
4. Define Encapsulation.
• Wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) together as a single unit and restricting access
using access modifiers (like private).
5. Outline the concept of method overloading in Java and explain how it works with an example.
• Method Overloading is a feature in Java that allows a class to have more than one method with
the same name, but different parameter lists (type, number, or order of parameters).
• It is a form of compile-time polymorphism.
Example:
class Calculator
{
int add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
double add(double a, double b)
{
return a + b;
}
int add(int a, int b, int c)
{
return a + b + c;
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Calculator c = new Calculator();
[Link]([Link](5, 10));
[Link]([Link](3.5, 4.5));
[Link]([Link](1, 2, 3));
}
}
Output:
15
8.0
6
6. Outline method overriding.
• Method Overriding is a feature in Java where a subclass provides a specific implementation /
redefine of a method that is already defined in its superclass.
• It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
Example:
class Vehicle
{
void run()
{
[Link]("Vehicle is running");
}
}
class Bike extends Vehicle
{
void run()
{
[Link]("Bike is running");
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Vehicle v = new Bike();
[Link]();
}
}
Output:
Bike is running
7. In Java, how to make an object completely encapsulated?
To make an object completely encapsulated in Java:
Declare all variables as private. Provide public getter and setter methods to access and update them.
8. How do you make an abstract class?
• A class that is declared as abstract is known as abstract class. Abstract classes cannot be
instantiated, but they can be subclassed.
Syntax:
abstract class <class_name>
{
Member variables;
Concrete methods
{
}
Abstract methods();
}
9. What is the difference between constructor and method?
Feature Constructor Method
Used to perform operations or
Purpose Used to initialize objects.
behaviors of objects.
Can have any valid identifier name
Name Must have the same name as the class.
(not necessarily class name).
Must have a return type (int, String,
Return Type No return type (not even void).
void, etc.).
Called automatically when an object is Called explicitly using object
Invocation
created using new. reference or class name (if static).
Methods are inherited and can be
Inheritance Constructors are not inherited.
overridden (if not final or private).
Can be overloaded (multiple Can also be overloaded and
Overloading
constructors with different parameters). overridden.
Default If no constructor is defined, Java If no method is defined, Java does not
Availability provides a default constructor. provide a default method.
10. What is Static member?
• Static Members are data members (variables) or methods that belong class rather than to the
objects of the class. Hence it is not necessary to create object of that class to invoke static
members.
•
11. What are different types of access modifiers (Access specifiers)?
1. Private - Accessible only inside the class where it is defined. Used to enforce encapsulation.
2. default (no modifier specified) - Accessible only within the same package.
3. Protected - Accessible in the same package and also in subclasses of other packages.
4. Public - Accessible from anywhere in the program
12. List the operators in java.
Operator Operators /
No. Example with Variables Output Explanation
Type Symbols
int a = 10, b = 3; c = 13 — Adds a and
1 Arithmetic +, -, *, /, %
int c = a + b; b
a = 10, b = 3; true — 10 is greater
2 Relational ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
[Link](a > b); than 3
&&, ||,
a = true; b = false;
3 Logical ! ( Reverses the false
[Link] (a && b);
boolean value)
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, a = 8 — Same as a =
4 Assignment int a = 5; a += 3;
%= a+3
b = ++a => b = 6
Unary /
b = a++ => b = 5
5 Increment / +, -, ++, --, ! int a = 5;
b = a-- => b = 5
Decrement
b = --a => b = 4
int a = 6, b = 3;
[Link](a
& b);
6 Bitwise &, ` , ^, ~, <<, >>` Binary of a = 6 →
0110
Binary of b = 3 →
0011
Ternary / int a = 5, b = 10;
7 ?: max = 10
Conditional int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
int a = 4; 8 — 4 shifted left by
8 Shift <<, >>, >>>
[Link](a << 1); 1 (4×2 = 8)
13. Define string in Java. Write the syntax for string literal.
• A String in Java is an immutable sequence of characters. Once created, the value of a String
object cannot be changed
Creating string
There are two common ways to create a String:
Using String Literal
String str1 = "Hello World";
14. Demonstrate how do you call a static member in Java?
• In Java, a static member (variable or method) belongs to the class itself, not to any specific
object. That means you can access it without creating an object of the class.
15. How do you make an array in Java?
• An array is a collection of similar-type variables grouped under one name, accessed using an
index.
Step Description Example
Declaration Declares an array variable of a specific data type. int[] arr;
Instantiation Allocates memory for the array using the new keyword. arr = new int[5];
Assigns values to the array elements using index arr[0] = 10;
positions or
Initialization
or int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40,
directly. 50};
16. How does one import a single package?
• A package in Java is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces.
. Syntax to Declare a Package
package packageName;
This must be the first line in the Java file.
Syntax to Import a Class or Package
Syntax Purpose Example
import [Link]; Imports a specific class import [Link];
import packageName.*; Imports all classes in the package import [Link].*;
• we can use import to bring built-in or user-defined packages.
17. What is meant by Inheritance? List its advantages?
• Inheritance is the process of deriving a new class (child/subclass) from an existing class
(parent/superclass).
Advantages of Inheritance
• Reusability → Parent class code can be reused.
• Extensibility → Base logic can be extended.
• Data Hiding → Parent can keep sensitive data private.
• Method Overriding → Child can redefine parent methods.
18. Define super class and subclass.
Superclass
• Superclass / Base class / Parent class → The class whose properties are inherited.
• A superclass is the class whose properties and behaviors (fields & methods) are inherited by
another class (subclass).
• Also called base class or parent class.
Subclass
• Subclass / Derived class / Child class → The class that inherits properties from another class.
• A subclass is a class that inherits properties and methods from another class (superclass).
• Also called derived class or child class.
19. Define inheritance. List the types of inheritance.
• The child class inherits the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of the parent class
and can also define its own features.
20. What is the difference between super class and subclass?
Feature Superclass Subclass
The parent class from which other classes The child class that inherits from a
Definition
derive properties and behavior. superclass.
Inherits members (fields & methods)
Inheritance Does not inherit from the subclass.
of the superclass.
Can contain public, protected, private, or Can access superclass members
Accessibility
default members. (except private).
Represents specific characteristics
Purpose Represents general characteristics.
(extends functionality).
Keyword Declared normally. Declared using the extends keyword.
Example class Animal { ... } class Dog extends Animal { ... }