Earth and Life Science
Introduction to Earth Science a. Atmospheric Layers
➔ Earth Science is the study of our planet, Meteorology studies air and its layers. Each layer
its structures, processes, and systems. It has distinct characteristics Influencing weather.
explores interactions between the a. Climate Change
atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, Meteorology also investigates long-term climate
and geosphere. shifts. This is crucial for environmental
sustainability and preparedness.
GEOLOGY b. Weather Patterns
➢ Geology is the study of the substances Understanding weather systems helps predict
that make up the Earth, the processes conditions. Meteorologists use data for accurate
that shape it, and of how these materials forecasts.
and processes have changed the Earth
over time. Broadcast Meteorologists
- Person who interpret and report weather
PHIVOLCS philippine institute of volcanology data on television or radio to inform the
and seismology public and protect us when severe
a. Study of Rocks weather threatens.
Geology examines Earth's solid materials and
processes. It Investigates formations, Forensic Meteorologists
movements, and histories of rocks. - Their job is to determine how weather
b. Fossils and History conditions may have contributed to
Fossil analysis reveals Earth's biological past. It accidents or caused damage to
uncovers evolution and past climates, aiding in property.
geology.
Climatologists
c. Tectonic Activities
- This study the large-scale weather
Tectonic plates shape continents and oceans. patterns for a given region over long
Their movement causes earthquakes and periods of time.
volcanic activity.
Sub-unit OCEANOGRAPHY
1. Hydrology ➢ The study of the physical, chemical, and
Hydrology is the study of the distribution and biological features of the ocean,
movement of water both on and below the including the ocean's ancient history, its
Earth's surface. current condition, and its future.
2. Physical Geography a. Ocean Currents
It study of the Earth's landforms. Currents influence climate and marine
3. Paleontology ecosystems. They transport heat across oceans,
The study of the history of life on Earth as based affecting weather globally.
on fossils. b. Marine Life
Oceanography explores biodiversity. It studies
METEOROLOGY species adaptations to various marine
environments.
➢ The study of Earth's atmosphere and
c. Ocean Habitats
how changes in temperature, air
pressure, humidity and winds affect the Different habitats like coral reefs support unique
weather. Meteorology is concerned with ecosystems. Researchers examine their health
using data to make predictions of future and conservation.
events.
ASTRONOMY
Earth and Life Science
➢ The study of everything in the universe
• Venus is the third brightest object
beyond Earth's atmosphere. in the sky after the Sun and Moon.
● Sun
● Planets EARTH The third planet from the Sun and
● Stars the only astronomical object known
● Galaxies to harbor life.
The magnetic field is very important
a. Celestial Bodies for life on Earth as it protects us
Astronomy studies planets, stars, and galaxies. from the solar wind, a stream of
Each has unique characteristics and significance charged particles that flow off the
surface of the Sun and pour out into
in the universe.
space.
b. Cosmic Events
Events like eclipses and supernovae offer MARS Mars is known as the "Red Planet"
insights. Astronomy reveals the universe's because it appears faintly
dynamic nature. reddish/orange when viewed in the
c. Exploration night sky.
Space missions expand our understanding. This reddish color comes from the
Telescopes and probes gather essential data abundance of iron minerals
about the cosmos.
JUPITER known as the Giant Among Giants
for its massive size, is the fourth
1. Optical Astronomy
outermost planet in our Solar
Direct observation of the visible universe using a System.
variety of telescopes and visual probes such as
the Hubble Space Telescope. • winter planet as its average
temperature is very low. Jupiter's
atmosphere is mostly made up of
2. Radio Astronomy hydrogen (H2) and helium (He)
Detect and amplify radio waves from space,
turning them into signals that astronomers use to SATURN Jewel of the Solar System
enhance our understanding of the Universe.
• Due to its extensive ring system it
is more easy to see Saturn than
SOLAR SYSTEM those of any other planet,
★ The solar system consists of planets,
moons, comets, asteroids, and other huge 124 moons circling it.
objects that orbit around the sun. Our
URANUS very cold and windy world
solar system is located in the Milky Way.
Most (80% or more) of the planet's
★ The planet we live on, called Earth, is in mass is made up of a hot dense fluid
the solar system. There are 7 other major of "icy" materials water, methane,
planets that orbit around the Sun. and ammonia.
NEPTUNE known as the Blue Giant for its large
MERCURY • The closest and the fastest planet size and vivid color.
in the solar system.
Outer most planet in solar system
. Mercury, like the Moon, has virtually and the coldest one.
no atmosphere.
Asteroid Belt
VENUS The hottest planet.
- Flat disc of rocky object.
Earth and Life Science
- Separates the inner and the outer D. Thermosphere
planets. E. Exosphere
Kuiper Belt 3. The Hydrosphere (water)
- disc of space debris. The hydrosphere is made up of all the water
- the location of dwarf planets found on, under and above the earth's surface.
Oort Cloud
- Collection of icy debris Gravitational and This water can be found as liquid, vapor or ice
physical influence of the sun ends here and makes up the water cycle on Earth.
EARTH‘sINTERTIOR 4. The Biosphere (life)
The Crust of the Earth is the name given to its composed of all the ecosystems on earth where
cold, fragile, and rock-based outer layer there is life.
There are two types of crust, each with unique MINERAL&ROCKS
physical and chemical property Minerals and rocks are fundamental building
blocks of our planet. Understanding these
a. continental crust, and components is crucial for comprehending Earth's
b. oceanic crust history and processes.
The mantle is the largest layer of Earth's interior
Minerals
thaking up approximately 84% of Earth's volume
- Minerals are naturally occurring, solid
The mantle is mostly solid rock, but behaves like
substances with a defined chemical
a viscous fluid over long periods of time, ang
composition and crystalline structure.
forms convection currents due to the heat
Each mineral has a unique arrangement
coming from the core
of atoms, resulting in distinctive physical
properties. They are formed through
Earth's core is the very hot, very dense center of
geological processes and play a vital
our planet.
role in the Earth's crust.
WHAT IS SUBSYSTEM?
Solid
Subsystem are the four spheres that Earth has.
➔ Minerals are solid at room temperature
They are called spheres because they are round.
and pressure.
Inorganic
1. THE LITHOSPHERE (STONE)
➔ Minerals are not derived from living
It is the portion of the farth that Includes rocks
organisms.
and minerals. These layers provides plant with
Naturally Occurring
the nutrients needed to grow and cointain the
➔ They are found in nature and not created
different rocks from the rocks cycle
by humans.
Definite Chemical Composition
2. THE ATMOSPHERE (AIR)
The atmosphere is made up of layers of gases ➔ They have a specific chemical formula,
that surround the earth. These layers provide which can be expressed as a ratio of
living things with air to breathe, trap heat to elements.
warm earth and create a protective layer from
the Sun MINERAL PROPERTIES
Minerals can be identified and classified based
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE on their physical properties, such as hardness,
A. Troposphere color, luster, streak, cleavage, and fracture. They
B. Stratosphere form under specific geological conditions,
C. Mesosphere
Earth and Life Science
involving processes like crystallization from B. Sedimentary are formed by the
magma or hydrothermal fluids. accumulation and cementation of
sediments.
1. Crystallization C. Metamorphic are formed when existing
Minerals form when molten rock cools and rocks are transformed by heat and
solidifies. pressure.
2. Precipitation
Minerals precipitate out of a solution, like when The Rock Cycle
water evaporates. The rock cycle is a continuous process of
3. Biogenic Processes formation, alteration, and destruction of rocks.
Minerals are formed by living organisms, such as Rocks are constantly being transformed from
shells and bones. one type to another through various geological
processes, such as weathering, erosion,
deposition, heat, and pressure.
Types of Minerals
There are thousands of different minerals, each
with its own unique composition and properties.
Minerals are classified based on their chemical
composition, such as silicates, carbonates,
oxides, sulfides, and halides.
A. Silicates
These minerals are composed of silicon and
oxygen, making up the majority of the Earth's
crust
B. Carbonates
Carbonates are composed of carbon and
oxygen, found in limestone and marble.
C. Oxides
Oxides consist of oxygen and another element,
such as iron in hematite.
ROCKS
- Rocks are solid aggregates of minerals
or mineraloids. They form through
various geological processes, such as
cooling and solidification of magma,
accumulation and cementation of
sediments, or transformation of existing
rocks by heat and pressure.
KIND OF ROCKS
A. Igneous These rocks form from the
cooling and solidification of magma or
lava.