Notes- Chapter 3 – Hardware
3.2 to 4 – FDE cycle
3.5 Factors that affect performance
Factors that affect performance:
1. Clock speed
-How many cycles the CPU can do in a second
-Counted in base unit Hz.
-1Hz
-1GHz - 1 billion instructions (cycles) per sec.
-good amt is 2.5 GHz
-creative/gaming 4 GHz
-What happens when you have a lot of GHz speed?
heat dissipation. Cooling systems can only do so much...
2. Cores
-1 core can do all the parts of the (clock speed) instructions every second
-2 cores
-3 cores 5 GHz
-Heat is a problem
3. Cache space
-space that all registers in the CPU have
-more space, more ability to process
-also the ability to store recurring instructions without having to fetch every time
3.7 Data storage
Data storage
-primary storage - direct connection to CPU
-secondary storage - not connected directly to CPU - passes thru RAM .
Primary:
-RAM (Random access memory) is a volatile storage location containing temporarily
imported data from a secondary storage device to be used in a process in the near future.
-ROM (Read-only Memory) is not your hard disk space; it is the storage that is occupied by
important system files, like bootstrap, firmware all that is in ROM.
Secondary storage: non volatile storage, hard disk, or CD, or SSD, or flash drive.
-magnetic
-HDD
-bunch of platters, split into ‘cabinets’, that is, tracks and sectors.
-there are tiny dots btw these platters, and they can either be on the top platter (1) or a
bottom platter (0). The instrument that does all that and checks what state the dots are in is
called the read/write header.
-optical
-CD, DVD, Blu-Ray
-a laser
-the laser burns pits into the CD and the sides on either side of the pit is called a land. (0 and
1 respectively)
-solid-state
-SSD
-semiconductor chips - has transistors wired with semiconductor silicon.
-SSD USB drive - flash stick/drive
--data is flashed on it.
--Table of transistors, with the spots in between called cells.
--transistors have 2 states
they are wired series / parallel.
in that one is called control gate. it is on top of floating gate. (parts in a transistor)
---starting-everything is 1, and later-when stored- it becomes 0
3.8 Virtual memory
Virtual memory
-extension of RAM made in HDD or sec. storage
-low priority data stored here.
-when it becomes hi-priority/space is available in RAM (as Virtual Mem is usually only used
when RAM is full) then it all moves to RAM
-not as fast.
3.9 Cloud storage
Cloud storage
-not in cloud!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-servers maintained 24x7 by companies (third-party)
--other businesses can rent out this storage for use in peak timing/archiving (like schools
can do with old data to free up their available physical space)
-advantage being you don’t need 2 maintain and that you don’t need to pay thousands of
dollars for maintenance. not only that, but also you don’t need to waste money on disks for
one-time use during business peak hours. you can just rent, use, then forget.
-disadvantage being: payment, [usually not a prob] and privacy, and mainly security (will
Google maintain the data servers well enough? or else ill lose all my data.) you need
internet!!!
3.10 Network Hardware
Network hardware:
-a NIC network interface card
|--this has a MAC address (for unique ID)
--Given by the manufacturer
--fixed
--hexadecimal
--has manu. ID and serial ID
--wire port and/or wireless component to connect
-router
--multiple nics and mac addresses
--Controls pathways for sending data.
--it usually uses the IP address to do this (as most of its actions involve the internet, which
uses internet protocol (IP) )
--MAC is usually only used in local networks.
--2 kinds:
---IPv4: 32 bits and structure max capacity: [Link]
---decimal (denary) values
---thing is, soo the IP addresses ran out so
---IPv6 came. It has 128 bits usage, also uses hexadecimal from time to time.
---uses :(colon) to separate
---eg: 2001 :0db8 :0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:7879
also, IP can be static or dynamic.
-static: given by ISP, when asked. no device can use static IP ever again
-dynamic: held for one or more sessions before changing
Thanks for
reading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!