Pelton Turbine

Solved Examples
E.S.l A Pelton wheel develops 67.5 kw under a head of 60 m of water. It rotates at 400
rev/min. The diameter of penstock is 200 mm. The ratio of bucket speed of jet
velocity is 0.46 and overall efficiency of the installation is 83%. Calculate.
(a) Volumetic flow rate
(b) Diameter of the jet
(c) Wheel diameter

Solution
P P
- Overall efficiency llo = -- ; Q= ---
yQH llo xyH
_ 67.5x 1000 _ 3
Q- 0.83x9800x60 -0.138m /s

- Velocity of the jet V I = ~2gH

= ,J2 x 9.8 x 60 = 34.2 mls

- Flow rate Q = area of nozzle x velocity of jet

2
n
Q = -d
4 x V
I

0.138x 4
d2 = = 5.14 x 10-3
n x 34.2
d = 0.0716 m = 71.7 mm
u
V = 0.46, u = 0.46 x 34.2 = 15.7 mls
I

nON
u=--
60
60 x u 60 x 15.7
0= - - = =0.75 m
nxN nx 400
Specific speed of turbine

wT =

2Nn 2 x 400x n
where 00= 60 = 60 = 41.8 rad/s
116 Basic Fluids Mechanics and HydraUlic Machines

P = 67.5 x 103 watt

p = I 000 kg/m 3
H=60m
Substituting,

(OT = 0.11
E.5.2 A Pelton wheel works on a head of 400 m. The diameter of the jet is 80 mm. The
head loss in penstock and nozzle is 23.6 m. The bucket speed is 40 m/s. The
buckets deflect the jet through 165°. The bucket friction reduces relative velocity
at exit by 15% of relative velocity at inlet. The mechanical efficiency ofturbine is
90%. Find the flow rate and shaft power developed by the turbine.

Solution

Velocityofthejet VI = ~2g(H-hf)

VI = ~2x9.8(400-23.6) = 85.8 m/s

u
Euler's head E= - (V -u)(l-kcos9)
g I

40
= 9.8 (85.8-40) (1-0.85 x cos 165°)

40
= - (85.8-40) (1+0.82)
9.8
E =340.2 m

1t
Flow rate Q = area x velocity = 4" d2 x V I

1t
Q = -4 x 802 x 10-6 x 85 .8 = 0 .43 m3/s
 Pelton Turbine 117

Power developed by the runner = y QE

yQE 9800 x 0.43 x 340.2
PE = toOO = toOO = 1432 kw

P P
11m = P ; 0.9 = 1432 :. P = 1288 kw
E

E.5.3 A Pelton wheel is driven by two similar jets transmits 3750 kW to the shaft running
at 375 rev/min. The total head available is 200 m and losses is 0.1 % of the total
head. The diameter of the wheel is 1.45 m, the relative velocity coefficient ofthe
bucket is 0.9, the deflection ofthe jet is 165°. Find the hydraulic efficiency, overall
efficiency and the diameter of each jet, if the mechanical efficiency is 90%.
Solution
1tON 1tx1.45x375
Peripherial velocity u = 60 = 60 = 28.4 m/s

Total head = 200 m, hf = 200 x 0.1 = 20 m

Effective head H = total head - losses
= 200 - 20 = 180 m
Velocity of the jet VI = ~2gH = .J2x9.8xI80 =59.4m/s

u 28.4
Speed ratio = VI = 59.4 = 0.478

Hydraulic efficiency 11h = 2 ~I (1- ~I) (I - kcos8)

= 2 x 0.478 (1- 0.478) (I - 0.9 x cos 165°) = 0.932
11h = 93.2%

u
Euler's head E = g (VI-u) (I - k cos 8)
28.4
E= - (59.4-28.4)(1-0.9 x cosI65°) = 167.93 m
9.8
Relation between 110' 11h ' 11m is
110 = 11m X 11h :. 110 = 0.9 X 0.932 = 0.838
 Propeller and Kaplan Turbines 169

Solved Examples
E. 7.1 An axial flow turbine operates under a head of 21.8 m and develops 21 MW when
running at 140 rpm. The tip diameter is 4.5 m and hub diameter is 2.0 m . The
hydraulic efficiency is 94%. Determine inlet and exit angles of blades mean diameter
if the overall efficiency is 88%.
Solution
Given H = 21.8 m, P = 21 MW; N = 140 rpm; D t = 4.5 m, Dh = 2.0m,
llh = 94%, ll n = 88%
4.5 + 2.0
Mean diameter = 2 = 3.25 m
2Nrc 2 x 140x rc
(0 =-6-0-; (0 = 60 = 14.65 rad/s
14.65x 3.25
u = (Or; u = = 23.8 m/s
2
'11-~ .
uV
'Ih - ,
gH

Fig. 7.10
170 Basic Fluids Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

0.94 x 9.8 x 21.8 I

V Iw = = 8043 m s
23.8
P 21xl000 x l000
llo = yQH ; Q = 0.88 x 9800 x 2 1.8 = 111.7 m:l/s

Q =.::4 (0 I2 _ 0 2h ) x V I.

11: 2 2
111.7 = "4 (4.5 - 2 )V f

V f = 8.75 m/s

Vr 8.75 8.75
tan ~I = U_ V = 23.8 - 8043 = 15.37 = 0.56
lw

~I = 30°
Vr 8.75
tan ~ = -- = - - = 0.36
2 u 23.8

~2 = 20°
E.7.2 An axial flow turbine with tip and hub diameters of2.0 m and 0.8 m, respectively,
rotates at 250 rpm . The runner blades are fixed and guide vanes are set at 42° to
direction of rotation of blade at mean diameter. Also, the blade in let angle is 148u
from the direction of velocity of blade. Calculate,
- axial velocity
- flow rate
- exit blade angle
- Euler's power
Solutioll
Given 0t = 2.0 m; 0h = 0.8 m; N = 250 rpm
a 1 = 42°',I-'I
A = 148°

2+0.8
o = = --2- = 104 m
11: 0 N 11: x 1.4 x 250
u = - 6-0 - = 60 = 18.3 m/s
172 Basic Fluids Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

E. 7.3 A propeller turbine runner has a tip diameter of 4.5 m and hub diameter of2 m. It
is required to develop 20 MW when running at 150 rpm. Assuming hydraulic
efficiency of94% and overall efficiency of88%, determine blade angles at hub,
mean and tip diamete rs. Assume that runner blades are designed according to the
law rvw = constant, where r is radius and V w is whirl velocity. The head available
is21 m.
SO/Iltioll

Given 0t = 4.5 Ill, 0h = 2 m; P = 20 MW; N = 150 rpm ;

11h = 94% ; 110 = 88% ; rvw = const
p
110 = yQH

20 x 10 3 X 10 3
0 .88 = 9800 x 21 x Q

Q = 110.4 m 3/s

Q= ~ 2 2
4 (0 t - 0 h ) V j .

7t 2 2
110.4 = 4"(4 .5 -2)V f

V r = 8.65 m/s
uV w 2 x 150 x 7t
11 = - ; 0.94 ;= - ---
h gH· 60

I rV w = 19
4.5 + 2
= 3.25; rm = 1.625
2
12.32
rm = 1.625 (V \\,)m = -62. = 7.58 m/s
1. S.
12.32
rt = 2 .25 (V)t = 2.25 = 5.47 m/s

12.32
(V w)R = - 1- = 12.32 m/s

1t x 2 x 150
- -- - = 15 .7m/s
60
 Propeller and Kaplan Turbines 173

TIDm N TI x3.25x 150

U m= - - - = = 25.5 m/s
60 60

TID, x N TI x 4.5 x 150

lit = = 35.3 I11/s
60 60

Fig. 7.12 Velocity diagrams at the hub of the blade.

Huh:
Vr 8.65
tan(TI - Plh )= V - - - - =2.54
uh - wh 15.7 - 12.3

TI - Plh = 68.5; Plh = 111.5°

Vr 865
tanp = - = - ' - =0.55'
2h uh 15.7 '

Mean:
8.65
U m - Vwm
25.5 - 7.58 = 0.48
174 Basic Fluids Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

1t - f3 lm = 25.6; f3 lm = 154.4°;

VI' 8.65
= -u = 25.5 = 0.33
m

Tip:

Vf 8.65
tan(n - f3 11)= -u-l----'-v- = 35.3-5.47 =0.289
wt

VI' 8.65
tanf3 = - = - = 0.243
21 ut 35.5

f3 21 = 13.7 0

Thus the inlet angle f3 1 must increase from hub to tip

f3 lh < f3 lm ~ f3 1t
E. 7.4 A Kaplan produces 60 MW, water avai lable head of 40 m with an overall efficiency
of 85%. The speed ratio is 1.6 and flow ratio 0.5 and hub diameter is 0.35 times
the tip diameter. Determine the mean speed turbine.
Solution
Given P = 60 MW; H = 40 m; 110 = 0.85, X = 0.5; ku = 1.6
P
Overall efficiency 110 = yQH

P
Q=--
11o·YY·

60x 103 X 10 3
Q= = 180 m3/s
0.85 x 9800 x 40

V f = X~2gH = 0.5 .I2x9.8x40

= 14 mls
 Propeller and Kaplan Turbines 175

Flow in Kaplan turbine Q = n(O~ - O~) VI

4

180 = n(O~ - 0.350~) x I4

4
D\ = 4.3 m
Dh = 0.35 D\ = 0.35 x 4.3 = 1.5 m
0 1 + 0h 4.3+ 1.5
Mean diameter D= =2.9 m
2 2
nDN u
u= -_· k = - -
60 ' u J2gJ-l

nDN
k u J2gH = 60
n x 2.9x N
1.6·hx9.8 x 40 = - - -
60
N = 295 rev/min
E.7.S Water is supplied to an axial flow turbine under a head of35 m. The mean diameter
of runner is 2 m and rotates at 145 rev/min. Water leaves the guide vanes at
30° to the direction ofrotation and blade angle at exit is 28°, losses is guide vanes
is 7% of the head and the flow of exit is axial. Determine blade inlet angle and
Euler's head.
Solution
Given H = 35 m, D = 2 m, N = 145 rev/min; a l = 30°, O2 = 28'\ hg = 7% of H,
- Head available J-I = 0.93 x 35 = 32.6 m

- inlet velocity V I = J2gH = .J2 x 9.8 x 32.6 = 25.3 m/s

nDN nx2 x l45

- u= 60 = 60 = 15.2 m/s

- From inlettriangle of velocities

Vr~ = VI2 + u2 - 2 U v I casal in Fig. 7.13

= 25.3 2 + 15.2 2 - (2 x 15.2 x 25.3 cos 30)

V rl = 14.3 m/s
178 Basic Fluids Mechanics and HydrauliC Machines

E. 7.6 Bersia power station

P=24.7 MW
H = 26.5 m
N = 187.5 rev/min
Q = 104 1113/S
Solution
2N1t 2 x 187.5x 1t
(0=--= = 19.6 rad/s
60 60

WT =

24.7x106
19.6 ~-~~--
10 3 19.6x 157.2
WT = 5' - - - - =295
(9.8>.< 26.5)"4 1042.5 .

NJP I 87.5J24.7 x 103 187.5xI57.1

Ns = H5/4 = (26.5f~ 60.1
=490.1

P 24.7 X 10 6
Overall efficiency 110 = yQH = 9800 x 104 x 26.5 = 91.4%

Based on specific speed values obtained Kaplan turbine is selected with an overall
efficiency of91.5%
E. 7.7 Termengor power station
- Flow rate Q = 125.4 m3/s
- Head H = 101m
- Speed N = 214.3 rev/min
- Power p = 90MW
Solution
Specific speed

2x 214.3
60 x 1t = 22.4 rad/s
 Turbo Pumps 197

Solved Examples
E.8.1 Select a pump to deliver 1890 l/min with a pressure head of 448 kpa. Assume
rotational speed of the pump is 3600 rev/min.
Solution
Given Q = 1890 IImin, P = 448 kPa, N = 3600 rev/min
2N1t 2 x 3600 x 1t
speed in rad/s w = 60 = 60 = 376.8 rad/s

Flow rate

P 448xl0 3
head in metersH = y= 9800 = 45.7 m

Specific speed of the pump given by

wfQ 376.8.J0.0315
w = 3' = = 0.68
P (gH)/4 (9.8x 45.7)X

wp =0.68
wp < I therefore radial pump selected

E.8.2 Determine the elevation that the 240 mm diameter pump can be situated above
the water surface of suction reservoir without experiencing cavitation. Water at
15 °C is being pumped at 250 m3/hr. Neglect losses in the system. The NPSH
value for discharge of250 m3/hr can be taken as 7.4 m. Use atmospheric pressure
= 101kPa.
Solution
Given Q = 250 m3/hr, Pa = 101 kPa, NPSH = 7.4 m
Eq.8.17 ofNPSH is used as
Patm P
NPSH = -1- - z\ - Lh[-yv
For water at temperature of IS °C, partial pressure of vapour is 1666 Pa absolute
and also Lh[ = 0

z\ = Pann - Pv - NPSH - 0
1
198 Basic Fluids Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

z = 101000-1666 -7.4-0=2.74m
I 9800

The pump must be placed at approximately 2.7 m above the suction reservoir of
water surface.

E.I.3 Water is pumped in between two reservoirs in a pipeline. The radial flow pump
characteristic is given by
H=22.9+ 10.7Q-IIIQ2
The system demand curve is given by
H = 15 + 85 Q2
Determine the operating point ofthe pump and determine flow rate and head.

The operating point is the point of intersection of pump characteristic and system
demand curve and hence equating both these equations
15 + 85 Q2 = 22.9 + 10.7 Q - 111 Q2
solving for Q
196Q2-10.7Q-7.9=0
The equation in the form ofax2 + bx + c = 0 and its solution is

thus

Q=_1_[+10.7±J1O.72 +4X196X7.. 9]
2x 196

= 0.23 m3/s
H = 15 + 85 x Q2 = 15 + 85 x 0.23 2
= 19.49m
At operating point Q = 0.23 m3/s and H = 19.49 m

E.8.4 A radial flow pump has the following dimensions:

inlet blade angle = 44°, inlet radius 21 mm, width 11 mm, exit blade angle = 33°,
exit radius 66 mm, width 5 mm. The speed of the pump is 2500 rev/min. Assume
 Turbo Pumps 201

E.8.S Water is pumped between two reservoirs in a pipeline with the following
characteristics. L = 70 m, D = 300 mm, f= 0.025, I k = 2.5. The radial flow pump
characteristic curve is approximatcd by the formula
HI =22.9+ 10.7Q-III Q2
where HI is in meters, Q in n1"ls
Determine discharge and head when z2 - zl = IS m with two identical pumps
operated in parallel.

Solution
The system demand curve equation is given by

L
H=z -z + ( f-+Ik ) -Q"
-)
2 I 0 2gA-
Substituting proper values z2 - zl = IS m, f= 0.025, L = 70 m, 0 = 0.3 m, k = 2.5

HI ~ 15 + (O.O~3X70 +2.5) (~' ,)"

2x9.8 4 x 0.3-

HI = 15 + 85 Q2
For the two pumps in parallel the characteristic curve is

H I =22.9+10.7(;)-111 (;r
HI = 22.9 + 5.35 Q - 27.75 Q2
Equating this to system demand curve
HI = 15 + 85 Q2
IS + 85 Q2 = 22.9 + 5.35 Q - 27.75 Q2
112.8 Q2 - 5.35 Q - 7.9 = 0

Q= I [5.35±~5.352+4XI12.8X7.9J
2x 112.8

Q = 0.29 m3 /s
202 Basic Fluids Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

The design calculated head

HI = 15 + 85Q2 = 15 + 85 x 0.29 2 = 22.2 m
Q = 0.29 m3/s; HI = 22.2 m
E.8.6 An axial flow pump has guide blade angle of 75° as the fluid enters the impeller
region. The impeller has a speed of 500 rpm with the blade exit angle of700. The
inner diameter of the blade is 150 mm and outer diameter of300 mm. The discharge
of the pump is 150 I/s. Determine the velocity of flow, theoretical head and power
required to drive the pump.
Solution
= 75°
Given a I r~ = 70°
' N = 500 rpm , 1-'2

Dh = 150 mm, Dt = 300 mm, Q = 150 lis

Q 150x 10-3
Velocity offlow V f = A = = 2.83 m/s
2
1t (0.3 _ 0.15 2 )
4
The peripherial velocity is calculated on the mean diameter
D(+Dh 0.3+0.15
0 =
2 = 2 = 0 225 m
.

2 x 500x 1t 0.225
Peripherial velocity u = mR = 60 x - 2 - = 5.88 m/s

Theoretical head HI = g - guV

U
f
(cota l + cotf32 )

5.88 2 2.83 x 5.88

- - - - - - - - (cot 75 + cot 70)
9.8 9.8
= 2.44 m

9800 x 0.15 x 2.44

Required power P = yQH I = 10 3

= 3.58 kw

E.8.7 A centrifugal pump is to be placed over a large open water tank and is to pump
water at a rate of 3.5 x 10-3 m 3/s. At this flow rate, the value ofNPSH given by
the manufacturer is 4.5 m. If the water temperature is 15°C and atmospheric
 Turbo Pumps 203

pressure .of 10 kPa, determine the maximum height that the pump can be located
above the water surface without cavitation. Assume the major head loss between
tank and the pump is due to filter at the pipe inlet having a minor loss coefficient of
20. Other losses being neglected, the pipe on the suction side of the pump has a
diameter of 10 cm.
Solutio"
Given Q = 3.5 x 10-3 m 3/s ; NPSH = 4.5 m
t = 15°C , PaIm = 101 kPa ' k = 20
NPSH is given by the equation

NPSH = Palm - z - Lh - ~
Y I I Y

z = Pahn - L h - ~ - NPSH
I Y I Y
3
· . h .. Q 3.5xI0- =.
Ve IOClty 111 t e suctIOn pipe V = - =
045 I
ms
A ~ xO.12
4

Vapour pressure Pv at 15°C = 1666 Pa

:. substituting proper values,

101 X 10 3 0.2 _ 1666 - 4.5

zI =
9800 9800
= 10.3 - 0.2 - 0.17 - 4.5 = 5.43m
The pump should be located higher than 5.43 m above the water surface.