MODULE-3

Analog Communication Scheme and Digital Modulation Scheme

COMMUNICATION
Transfer of information from one point to other (or) Exchange of Information between two
points.
Electronic Communication: Sending data or Information using electronic devices.
NEED FOR COMMUNICATION
1. Speedy transmission: Requires only few seconds to communicate through electronic
media due the technology available for quick transmission
2. Wide Coverage: The whole world has become a global village and communication
around the globe requires just a second
3. Low Cost: Cost of an SMS is cheaper than sending a letter by post
4. Exchange of feedback: Instant exchange of feedback
5. 24/7 accessibility: Can be accessed anytime
Message signal: The signal that consists information is called modulating signal. The
modulating signal is usually of low-frequency signal. (20 Hz – 20 KHz)
Carrier signal: The signal which carries the information is called carrier signal. Carrier
signal is a high frequency signal which does not contains any information.
The purpose of this signal is just to carry the message signal. The range is in terms of
Mega Hertz.
MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• A communication system transmits information from an information source
(message) to a destination.
• Examples: Voice, Live scenes (video), music, written text, and e-mail.
The figure below shows the block diagram of modern communication system

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It consists of
1. Information source and transducer
2. Transmitter
3. Channel or medium
4. Noise
5. Receiver
6. Output transducer and final destination
1. Information source and transducer
• Message or information originates in the information source may be in the form of sound
(human speech), picture (image source), words (text). However, out of these messages, only
the desired message is selected and communicated
• There are 2 types of signal analog and digital signal
• A transducer is a device that converts a physical signal into its corresponding electrical
signal and vice versa.
• Examples of input transducers: Sound – Microphone, Picture – Camera,
Text - Keyboard , Temperature/Pressure - Sensor with transducer
2. Transmitter
• The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts
the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given medium
• Transmitter are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits, filters and other circuits

• s(t) applied to the modulated stage, the baseband signal is translated from low to high

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frequency spectrum.
• This stage also receives another input called the carrier signal, c(t), which is generated
by a high frequency carrier oscillator.
• Modulation takes place at this stage with the baseband and the carrier signals .
• The baseband signal is translated to a high frequency spectrum and the carrier signal is
said to be modulated by the baseband signal.
• The output of the modulated stage is called the modulated signal, and is designated as x(t).

3. Channel or Medium
• The transmission medium between the transmitter and the receiver is called a channel.
• The transmitted signal should have adequate power to withstand the channel noise.
• The channel characteristics also impose constraints on the bandwidth
• Depending on the physical implementations, one can classify the channels in the
following two groups: Hardwired channels and Softwired channels.
a) Hardwired channels: are manmade structures which can be used as transmission
medium. Eg: Transmission lines, Waveguides, Optical Fiber Cables (OFC)
b) Softwired channels: Natural resources which can be used as the transmissionmedium
for signals. Eg. Air or Open space and Sea water.

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4. NOISE:
• Noise is defined as unwanted electrical energy of random and unpredictable nature.
• Noise is a highly undesirable part of a communication system, and has to be
minimized.
• When noise is mixed with the transmitted signal, it rides over it and deteriorates its
waveform
• SNR and Noise figure (F)

5. RECEIVER
• A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form understandable
by humans
• Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters and a
demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated
carrier
• The task of the receiver is to provide the original information to the user.
• Figure below shows the block diagram of receiver

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• The signal received by the receiver is r(t).

• The received signal r(t), is first sampled by the front-end voltage amplifier, this is done
to strengthen the received signal
• The signal is then given to the demodulator which in turn demodulates the received
signal to recover the original baseband signal
• After recovering the original baseband signal, its voltage and power is amplified before
giving to final destination block
6. Output transducer and final destination
• Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into
its original form.
• For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a loudspeaker which works as a
transducer that converts the electrical signal to original sound signal

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
One may categorize communication systems based on their physical infrastructure and
the specifications of the signals they transmit.
1. Communication Systems based on Physical Infrastructure
a. Line/Radio Communication Systems
• There is a physical link, called the hardware channel between the transmitter
and the receiver in line communication system Eg: Landline telephony
• In radio communication system there is no such link but natural resources, such
as space and water are used as softwire channels Eg: Radio broadcast
b. Simplex/Duplex communication
• The transmission of signal takes place in one-way is called Simplex
• The 2 way transmission is called Duplex and its derivative is called Half Duplex
and Full duplex
• Half- Duplex- two-way transmission is carried out but not simultaneously, i.e
signal can either be sent or received at time
• Full- Duplex- two-way transmission is carried out simultaneously, [Link] can
either be sent or received at same time

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2. Communication systems based on Signal specifications
a. Analog/ Digital Communication systems-
• Exchange of information between two points through analog signals. Ex: Audio,
video and pictures between two points using the analog signals.
• Exchange of information between two points through digital signals.
Eg:Audio,HDTV
b. Baseband/ Carrier Communication systems-
• Baseband signals are transmitted without translating (or amplified) to higher
frequencies. Ex: Land line, fax, etc
• Carrier communication system: The baseband signal (low frequency) is mixed
with high frequency carrier signal. Ex: Radio, voice messages and calls

MODULATION
• Modulation – process of translating the low frequency baseband signal to higher
frequency spectrum
• Modulation is a process of changing the characteristics(Amplitude, Frequency, Phase)
of the carrier signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating
signal, keeping other parameters constant
NEED FOR MODULATION
1. Improves Quality of reception
2. Reduces Height of antenna
3. Options for Multiplexing
4. Bandwidth Extension
5. Increased Range of Communication
6. Reduced noise and interference

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TYPES OF MODULATION

• Analog modulation is typically used for AM, FM radio, and short-wave broadcasting.
• Digital modulation involves transmission of binary signals (0 and 1).

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

• It is a process in which the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signal keeping frequency and
phase constant
• Modulation Index = Am/Ac
• In AM, most of the transmitted power is wasted in carrier, but used for longer distance
communication.

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FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
• It is a process in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signal keeping the amplitudeand
phase constant.
• Frequency deviation (∆f) -The amount by which the frequency of the carrier wave
changes or shifts above or below the resting frequency.
• Figure shows the waveform of Frequency Modulation

• In FM, all the transmitted power is useful, but used for short distance communication.

PHASE MODULATION (PM)

• It is a Process in which the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal keeping amplitude and
frequency constant
• Figure below shows the waveform of PM

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RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

• Radio waves exhibit the properties of light with the velocity 3x108 m/s. These are
electromagnetic (EM) waves that consist of electric and magnetic field components.
Since these are EM waves, they exhibit properties (like light waves) such as reflection,
refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization and scattering.
• Radio propagation is the way of transmitting radio signals in different ways
On the basis of the mode of propagation, radio waves can be broadly classified as:
1. Ground Or Surface Wave
2. Space Or Tropospheric Wave, And
3. Sky Way

The figure above shows the mode of propogation

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1. GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION
• Ground waves can be used for radio communication.
• Ground wave transmission is very reliable irrespective of the atmospheric conditions.

Frequency range: 30 kHz to 3 MHz Transmission distance: 100 to 1000 km

• Example: AM radio broadcast in the medium frequency band cover local areas.
2. SPACE OR TROPOSPHERIC WAVE PROPAGATION
• In space wave (or line of sight propagation), radio waves move in the earth’s troposphere
within about 12 KM over the surface of the earth.
• Frequency range: 3MHz to 30 MHz.
• Example: TV Transmission.
The space wave is made up of two components:
(a) Direct or line-of- sight wave from the transmitting to the receiving antenna and
(b) Indirect or ground-reflected wave traversing form the transmitting antenna to ground
and reflected to the receiving antenna.

3. SKY WAVE PROPAGATION

• Radio waves transmitted from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving antenna after
reflection from the ionosphere (the earth’s upper atmosphere).
• Sky wave is responsible for short wave transmission around the globe via successive
reflections at the ionosphere and the earth’s surface.

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Advantages of sky wave propagation

1. It supports large distance propagation.
2. The frequency range of operation is considerably high.
3. Attenuation due to atmospheric conditions is less.
Disadvantages of sky wave propagation
1. Long-distance propagation requires large-sized antennas.
2. There exist variation in signal transmission in day and night.
Applications: Sky wave propagation is widely used in mobile and satellite communication

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