PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

PERSONALITY

- is the embodiment of feelings and behavior which make man the

unique person that he is.
- define personality as the way an individual is interrelated through his
ideas, actions, and attitudes with the many nonhuman aspects of his
environment and biological heritage. Sewey & Humber
- refers to the total person in his overt and covert behavior SOCIAL,
MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL & CULTURAL ASPECTS
- YOUR PERSONALITY IS THE REFLECTION OF YOUR INNER SELF!
- Who you are when you were born is not your fault but who you are
when you die is yours!

PSYCHODYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY by SIGMUND FREUD

According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a
single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that
personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the
superego. These elements work together to create complex human behaviors.

Each component adds its own unique contribution to personality and the three
interact in ways that have a powerful influence on an individual. Each element of
personality emerges at different points in life.

1. ID - the most basic part of the personality, and wants instant gratification for
our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are not met, a person becomes
tense or anxious. THE ID IS STUBBORN. IF IT FEELS GOOD. DO IT AND
NOTHING ELSE. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle,
we might find ourselves grabbing the things that we want out of
other people's hands to satisfy our cravings.
Example: Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her
glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from Mr. Smith’s
water glass, much to his surprise.
Imagine trying to convince a baby to wait until lunchtime to eat their
meal. The id requires immediate satisfaction, and because the other
components of personality are not yet present, the infant will cry
until these needs are fulfilled.

2. EGO - The ego deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way
that is socially acceptable in the world. The ego develops from the id and
ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner
acceptable in the real world. Having a strong ego means having a
strong sense of self-awareness.
 Example: Katie’s mom had given her $25 to purchase groceries for dinner
that night. At the mall, Katie saw shoes that she really wanted, and was
tempted to use the money from her mom to make the purchase. However, if
she spent the money on shoes, she wouldn’t have enough to buy the
groceries, so she decided she better not buy the shoes.

Imagine that you are stuck in a long meeting at work. You find yourself
growing increasingly hungry as the meeting drags on. While the id might
compel you to jump up from your seat and rush to the break room for a
snack, the ego guides you to sit quietly and wait for the meeting to end.

Instead of acting upon the primal urges of the id, you spend the rest of
the meeting imagining yourself eating a cheeseburger. Once the meeting
is finally over, you can seek out the object you were imagining and satisfy
the demands of the id realistically and appropriately.

3. SUPEREGO - develops last, and is based on morals and judgments about

right and wrong. The superego tries to perfect and civilize our
behavior. It suppresses all id's unacceptable urges and struggles to
make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather than on realistic
principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious.
Example: While away on business, Tom had many opportunities to be
unfaithful to his wife. However, he knew the damage such behavior would
have on his family, so made the decision to avoid the women who had
expressed interest in him.

A student forgot to study for a history test and feels an urge to

cheat off of a student sitting nearby. Even though he feels like the
chances of getting caught are low, he knows that cheating is wrong, so he
suppresses the urge.

What Happens If There Is an Imbalance?

According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the
ego, and the superego.7

If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id,
and the superego, a healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud believed
that an imbalance between these elements would lead to a maladaptive
personality.

For example, an individual with an overly dominant id might become impulsive,

uncontrollable, or even criminal. Such an individual acts upon their most basic urges
with no concern for whether their behavior is appropriate, acceptable, or legal.
On the other hand, an overly dominant superego might lead to a personality that is
extremely moralistic and judgmental. A person ruled by the superego might not be
able to accept anything or anyone that they perceive to be "bad" or "immoral."

Components of Personality

 Habits - this is an action so often repeated at regular intervals until they

become fixed characteristics.
Ex. Going to church, brushing you teeth
 Attitudes - are certain ways of viewing things as ingrained (firmly
established), acquired and developed through the years of exposure to man’s
family school and community.
 Interests - is that natural inclination to focus one’s concern towards a specific
area or work
Ex. Exposure at an early age are carried through the years in a family setting,
school, community etc.
 Principles - are guides to a person in making judgment.
The child during his growing years is not passive reactors to
events. He always has fresh and new looking at things
The changes of behavior occur when the child interacts and
learn from people who are important to him.
 Values - are ways of upholding certain priorities in accordance with the
hierarchy of needs by Maslow Abraham.

How Pliant/flexible Is Personality

 Individuals do change.
 Every stage of growth and development from infancy to old age has its own
distinct characteristics different from the other stages of the same individual.
 The inner self and the physical self submit to the influence of the
environment.

Developing One’s Personality

Our personality is by NATURE or by NURTURE?

 Although heredity sets the limit of one’s development in personality, the

environment provides the greater influence.
 One can maximize the development of his personality through the
opportunities available to him.

Self-Awareness - Indicates what kind of person you are?

 o Are you active?
o Are you conservative?
o Are you dynamic and full of optimism?

Assessment of personal assets and liabilities - Based on factors such as the

following:
o Intelligence
o Talents
o Industriousness
o Resourcefulness
o Flexibilities
o Physical attractiveness

Personal Growth
o Growing and learning continuously and consistently means total
development.
o Opportunities to learn and grow are available to each one as he gets in touch
with environmental stimulations that we meet in the home, school, church
and community.

Personal Effectiveness
o Means how useful you are, not only to yourself but also to others.
o No man is an island

Reason for developing personality

 Development of our personality is our great responsibility.
 Reasons why there is a need for developing are……
 For social acceptance, for self-satisfaction, for self-confidence and to keep our
selves on the job.
 Filipino reacts strongly to social acceptance.
 It is the desire to be treated in accordance with one’s status.
 It is the one of an individual’s most important values.
 Another important reason for developing personality is self-satisfaction.
 A happy person meets the bad temper and unkind dispositions of others with
understanding and humors.
 When people reject us, we become dysphoric and it hinders our growth.
 An important consequence of a well-developed personality is self-confidence.
 When we are aware that we have pleasant personality, we have the
confidence to face anybody.
 We develop negative feelings when we are aware that our personality is not
good as that of others.
 Of much significance as to why we have to develop our personality is to keep
ourselves on the job.
  Personality has a great deal to do with holding a job.

Foundations of Personality

THE MENTAL ASPECT

- This refers to his intellectual capacity

- How a person talks, the range of his ideas he expresses and the things he
talks about , as well as his values and mental alertness give evidence of his
mental capacity.

THE EMOTIONAL ASPECT

- A person’s emotional makeup is shown in his likes and dislikes whether he is

aggressive or docile, how he responds when things become difficult, how
quickly he is given to anger or whether he can take a job or not.
- His emotions are bounded to his HOPES and ASPIRATIONS.
- Emotional blocks may hamper a child’s intellectual development.
- Fear or lack of self-confidence may cause the child to recoil in one corner and
refuse the new situation as a whole.

THE SOCIAL ASPECT

- This is seen in how well a person conducts himself with other people and how
well he observes the rules of etiquette that govern society.
- Social attitudes and behavior are affected by physiological conditions and
changes, mental alertness and the extent of emotional maturity.

Factors Affecting Social Development

 The higher the socio-economic status, the higher is the cultural background
of family members.
 Level of maturity of the child will determine the extent of assimilation he can
do, a given social situation.
 The family as the basic unit of society provides the laboratory for the
socialization of the child.

THE PHYSICAL ASPECT

- Heredity and environment determine the entire physiological system of an

individual. Posture, body build and size, complexion and facial expressions as
well as the appropriateness and condition of clothes, comprise the physical
appearance of a person.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS

What is communication?
- In simple words we can say that ““just to convey the message”
- If we go in more detail we can say that “communication is the process of
transmitting (A - B) & receiving (B - A) Messages.

Effective Communication
- If someone achieves the desired level of objective through communication,
we can say that it is “effective communication”.
- If your communication gets the proper response from the receiver it means
that you effectively conveyed the message.

How to achieve effective Communication

Encourage creative and Critical Thinking

 Consider audience’s information needs

 Consider Audience's Technical Background
 Consider Audience's Cultural Background and Gender
 Consider Audience's Knowledge of the Subject

Consider the possibility of Communication Failure

 Expect audience resistance

 Recognize communication constraints

Using gender-neutral terms for occupations, positions, roles,

Terms that specify a particular gender can unnecessarily affect certain
stereotypes when used generically.

Avoid This Use Use This Instead

Businessman businessperson, executive, manager, business
owner, chair, chairperson
Fireman firefighter
 Housewife homemaker
Layman layperson, no specialist, nonprofessional
Postman mail or letter carrier
Policeman police officer or law enforcement officer
Salesman, saleswoman, salesperson, sales representative,
sales associate,
Salesgirl
Spokesman spokesperson,
Workman worker

Components of Communication

1. Context
– Internal Means
– External Means
2. Sender (Encoder)
3. Message
4. Medium
5. Receiver (Decoder)
6. Feed Back

Context
- Context tells us reason for communication and reasons may be
- Internal & External
o Internal means a company wants to Discuss an idea/Issue to its
employees – the message should be either in writing or verbal
o In external context –some query from stakeholders or from outside the
organization-
 You may response to query
 Email
 Fax
 Telephone
 Letter
 Verbal etc.

Sender (Encoder)

• When you sending the message, you are the “Encoder”.

• Here the word you mean writer/Speaker decides whether the message should
be in written or oral. He/She may choose Words, Symbols, Pictures or
Graphics that express the objective in the real sense.
Message

• Message is basically the basic idea that you want to communicate.

• The message may be
– Verbal, means (Written or Spoken)
– Non-Verbal, means (Symbols, Pictures or unspoken).
• This is very much important component of communication “ Your message
should be or MUST be clear and easy to understand”
• The most important element in message is your receiver. You must be well
aware about your receiver.
• While preparing a message you should keep in mind how your receiver
will interpret the message.
• You (Sender) should also keep in mind your relationship with the receiver
while preparing message.
• Some times wrong message may create a loss to your organization, to
yourself.
• Or it can create a bad impression for you/your company.

Medium

• Medium is basically channel through which your message reaches to receiver

& channel vary from situation to situation.
o T.V
o Radio
o Papers
o Or all of the above “keeping in view the Importance of the message.”
o When we talk at Micro /Organizational Level the medium may be
writing or non-Verbal

Receiver (Decoder)

- To whom the message is being sent.

- In simple words we can say that receiver is your reader (in case of press ,
letters etc.) or Listener (In case of TV, radio, Speaker Etc.)
- Receiver is also known as decoder.

Feedback
• Feedback is basically the response/reaction of Receiver after receiving the
message.
• Sender always needs feedback to check weather the message effectively
reached or not…? Or in other words….
• Sender needs feedback to examine the success or failure of the message.
Tips to help us communicate effectively in the workplace

Listen
- When you listen to others attentively it makes them feel good. It also makes
for a deeper and more positive connection with others. In turn, you form an
understanding and they will listen to you when it’s your turn to speak. Poor
listening happens often and results in misunderstandings and
miscommunications.

WHAT IS YOUR PURPOSE?

Have Intention
- Ask yourself what your intention is before starting a project, going to a
meeting, or speaking to [Link] can also ask others what their
intentions are in similar situations. Knowing your intention will help you be
more conscious of what you’re doing or [Link] means you’ll be able to
be more effective and skillful.

SPEAK CLEARLY
- Take a deep breath and remain positive when talking to [Link] to cut out
the “ums,” “uh-hmms” and “ahhs;” these make it difficult for people to
understand what you’re trying to [Link] to keep your voice steady
and don’t talk too quickly or too [Link] confident in what you’re saying
and others will feel your confidence too.

BE GENUINE
- Being genuine can include speaking honestly, expressing excitement or
sadness when you feel like it, and being [Link] is nothing wrong with
saying, “no, I don’t really agree with that,” or “you know, I think you’ve
changed my mind!” However, don’t be rude. “I was just being honest” is not
a good excuse for being [Link] genuine builds your confidence.

Be Receptive
- Be open to what others are saying or offering.
Often, people restrict the flow of ideas or communication because they’re
making too many assumptions or are being too quick to judge and criticize.

Communication Flow

1. Downward communication - downward, or enabling, communication that

moves instructions and other directive information down or through a
hierarchy
 2. Upward communication - upward, or compliance, communication that
provides feedback to the people who originate downward communication
3. Lateral communication - lateral, or coordinating, communication that
moves between peers to maintain or improve operational efficiency
4. Grapevine which fills in gaps in official communication and provides answers
to unaddressed questions.

Downward Workplace Communication: Enabling

Consider these common, downward forms of workplace communication:
• A manager explains a task to an employee
• A customer gives an order to a supplier
• Shareholders instruct management

And, as information moves downward in the workplace, it grows

increasingly detailed.
• Make a Budget report
• Make a Budget report for the month to include the following
• Make sure the report includes the exact amount and the qty.

All organizations of more than one person must use workplace

communication in one way or another. One person must give other instructions
before any activity can occur. At each stage in the downward flow of
communication, people in the organization receive information to help them do
their jobs. And, at each stage the information become less abstract, more specific,
and more detailed.

Upward Communication: Compliance

A second major flow of communication is upward, from employee to
supervisor, supervisor to department head, department head to vice president, and
so on.

Lateral communication: Coordination

Now, think of the information that flows back and forth between you and your
peers, whether you're a front-line worker, a manager, or a member of the
board of directors. This is lateral communication

Characteristics
• First, no superior/subordinate relationship exists here; it's strictly a
case of two people with roughly equal amounts of power and prestige
which makes this form of communication voluntary and discretionary.
• Yes, the boss may tell us to communicate with each other, but unless
we both want to do it, we're not going to exchange much information
of value.
 The Grapevine: Filling the Gaps
It’s Tuesday morning, and John down the hall just emptied out his desk and
left the building. Apparently for [Link] wants an answer to the same
question: "Why?" If there's no official answer, and sometimes even if there is one,
the people around him begin speculating about possible [Link] is a
communication channel that no one owns and no one controls. And while we might
complain about gossips and busybodies, we all use it sooner or later.
Despite its many faults, though, the grapevine does have a place, a function,
in all organizations. It fills in gaps left behind by conventional and official
communication.

Why is effective communication essential in the workplace?

We are constantly bombarded by it. It may be in the form of spoken or
written words, pictures, gestures, symbols and (for an interesting few) telepathic
messages from a variety of intriguing sources. But in the workplace, effective
communication is essential to our progress and well being.

What is your communicating style?

Good communication skills require a high level of self-awareness. Understanding
your personal style of communicating will go a long way toward helping you to
create good and lasting impressions on others.
\

Self-Esteem

Having healthy self-esteem can influence your motivation, your mental well-
being, and your overall quality of life. However, having self-esteem that is either too
high or too low can be problematic. Better understanding what your unique level of
self-esteem is can help you strike a balance that is just right for you.

What Is Self-Esteem?

In psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall

subjective sense of personal worth or value. In other words, self-esteem may be
defined as how much you appreciate and like yourself regardless of the
circumstances. Your self-esteem is defined by many factors including:

 Self-confidence
 Feeling of security
 Identity
 Sense of belonging
 Feeling of competence

Other terms that are often used interchangeably with self-esteem include
self-worth, self-regard, and self-respect.

Why Self-Esteem Is Important

Self-esteem impacts your decision-making process, your relationships, your

emotional health, and your overall well-being. It also influences motivation, as
people with a healthy, positive view of themselves understand their potential and
may feel inspired to take on new challenges. People with healthy self-esteem:

 Have a firm understanding of their skills

 Are able to maintain healthy relationships with others because they have a
healthy relationship with themselves
 Have realistic and appropriate expectations of themselves and their abilities
 Understand their needs and are able to express them
 People with low self-esteem tend to feel less sure of their abilities and may
doubt their decision-making process. They may not feel motivated to try novel
things because they don’t believe they're capable of reaching their goals. Those
with low self-esteem may have issues with relationships and expressing their needs.
They may also experience low levels of confidence and feel unlovable and
unworthy.

People with overly high self-esteem may overestimate their skills and may
feel entitled to succeed, even without the abilities to back up their belief in
themselves. They may struggle with relationship issues and block themselves from
self-improvement because they are so fixated on seeing themselves as perfect.

Many theorists have written about the dynamics involved in the development
of self-esteem. The concept of self-esteem plays an important role in psychologist
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which depicts esteem as one of the basic
human motivations.
Maslow suggested that individuals need both appreciation from other people
and inner self-respect to build esteem. Both of these needs must be fulfilled in order
for an individual to grow as a person and reach self-actualization.

Factors That Affect Self-Esteem

There are many factors that can influence self-esteem. Your self-esteem may
be impacted by:

 Age
 Disability
 Genetics
 Illness
 Physical abilities
 Socioeconomic status
 Thought patterns

Racism and discrimination have also been shown to have negative effects on
self-esteem. Additionally, genetic factors that help shape a person's personality can
play a role, but life experiences are thought to be the most important factor.

Healthy Self-Esteem

There are some simple ways to tell if you have healthy self-esteem. You
probably have healthy self-esteem if you:

 Avoid dwelling on past negative experiences

 Believe you are equal to everyone else, no better and no worse
  Express your needs
 Feel confident
 Have a positive outlook on life
 Say no when you want to
 See your overall strengths and weaknesses and accept them

Having healthy self-esteem can help motivate you to reach your goals,
because you are able to navigate life knowing that you are capable of
accomplishing what you set your mind to. Additionally, when you have healthy self-
esteem, you are able to set appropriate boundaries in relationships and maintain
a healthy relationship with yourself and others.

Low Self-Esteem

Low self-esteem may manifest in a variety of ways. If you have low self-esteem:

 You may believe that others are better than you.

 You may find expressing your needs difficult.
 You may focus on your weaknesses.
 You may frequently experience fear, self-doubt, and worry.
 You may have a negative outlook on life and feel a lack of control. 4
 You may have an intense fear of failure.
 You may have trouble accepting positive feedback.
 You may have trouble saying no and setting boundaries.
 You may put other people's needs before your own.
 You may struggle with confidence.

Low self-esteem has the potential to lead to a variety of mental health

disorders, including anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. You may also find it
difficult to pursue your goals and maintain healthy relationships. Having low self-
esteem can seriously impact your quality of life and increases your risk for
experiencing suicidal thoughts.

Excessive Self-Esteem

Overly high self-esteem is often mislabeled as narcissism, however there are

some distinct traits that differentiate these terms. Individuals with narcissistic traits
may appear to have high self-esteem, but their self-esteem may be high or low and
is unstable, constantly shifting depending on the given situation. Those with
excessive self-esteem:

 May be preoccupied with being perfect

 May focus on always being right
 May believe they cannot fail
  May believe they are more skilled or better than others
 May express grandiose ideas
 May grossly overestimate their skills and abilities

How to Improve Self-Esteem

Fortunately, there are steps that you can take to address problems with self-
esteem. Some actions that you can take to help improve your self-esteem include:

 Become more aware of negative thoughts. Learn to identify the

distorted thoughts that are impacting your self-worth.
 Challenge negative thinking patterns. When you find yourself engaging
in negative thinking, try countering those thoughts with more realistic and/or
positive ones.
 Use positive self-talk. Practice reciting positive affirmations to yourself.
 Practice self-compassion. Practice forgiving yourself for past mistakes and
move forward by accepting all parts of yourself.

Low self-esteem can contribute to or be a symptom of mental health

disorders, including anxiety and depression. Consider speaking with a doctor or
therapist about available treatment options, which may include psychotherapy (in-
person or online), medications, or a combination of both.

How self-concept is built & destroyed

Building Destroyed
Find a good role model Comparing yourself to others
Praise & compliments Putting yourself down
Focus on the positive Drug abuse
Keep criticism to a minimum
Set & achieve goals

Tips for building Self Esteem

1. Identify with people, books, videos, television shows, etc., that build your
self-esteem
2. Build others – give sincere compliments often
3. Think positively
4. Set and achieve goals
5. Do something challenging each day
6. Look your best
7. Eat correctly
8. Do something for someone else
 9. Learn a new skill
10.“Act as if” you possess traits you would like to have
[Link] self-concept people
[Link] things one at a time
[Link] criticism constructively
[Link] for help – take advantage of learning opportunities
[Link] your personal living space
[Link] personal growth time each day
[Link] self-improvement reminders in obvious places
[Link] not say negative things about yourself
[Link] yourself often
[Link] your accomplishments each evening
[Link] to share your skills with others

How do values and morals fit into feeling good about your self?

Knowing yourself is a prerequisite to a good self esteem

Discover your values – a value is something you strongly believe in
Live by what you value – the closer your values come to your actions the
happier you will be.

Leader

Advantage of Good Self-Esteem to

others

Change Accept
the bad failure

Good Doesn’t submit

Appreciate
life
Self to
peer pressure
Esteem

Willing Is not
to try a threat
Self-Concept Circle new things to others

Believes
in

1. The person I think I am. self

2. The person others think I am.

3. The person others think I think I am.

Accept yourself: Stop worrying about the things you can’t change. Be
more accepting of others and the things they can’t change.
 Try not to compare with others. It’s unfair. You may compare their
strengths with your weaknesses. Judge yourself in terms of your own growth
Have Realistic Expectations – We expect too much from ourselves.
Perfection is not possible but bettering our-self should be a lifetime goal. We
grow with models that appear to be perfect at everything. Hero’s are good to
look at but they have their problems too.
Emphasize your strengths.
Change what can be changed. Some things fast, others gradual, and
others never. There are things we inherit but we can change our attitude
about it. Try new experiences.

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TM 3A

HM 3B