DESIGN EXAMPLE

Three Spans Bridge

across river
 Contents

1. DESIGN SPECIFICATION
2. ACTIONS
3. DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED BEAM
4. DESIGN OF DECK SLAB
5. DESIGN OF PIER
6. DESIGN OF ABUTMENT
7. DESIGN OF BEARING
 Example| 45
1 : DESIGN SPECIFICATION page 1/5

Ref. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :
msy
Checked by:
Location msy
Date: Sep-17
A. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT

msy '09
46 | Bridge Design
page 1a/5

Ref. Calculations Output

msy '09
 Example| 47
page 2/5

Ref. Calculations Output

B DESIGN STANDARDS
Design requirements for the structures shall be in accordance
with the following standards and code of practice :

1. MS EN 1990 Eurocode - Basis of structural design

2. MS EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1 : Action on structures
Part 1-1 General actions-densities, selfweight, imposed
loads for buildings
3. EN 1991-2 Eurocode 1 : Action on structures
Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges
4. MS EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures
Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
5. EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures
Part 2 Concrete bridges - design and detailing rules
6. BD 52/93 : Design of highway parapets
7. BD 33/94 : Expansion joints for use in highway bridges decks
8. EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1: Action on structures
Part 1-4 General actions - Wind actions
9. EN 1991-1-5 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-5
Part 1-5 : General actions-Thermalactions
10. EN 1998-2 : Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Part 2: Bridges
11. EN 206-1 : Concrete
Part 1: Specification, performance, production
and conformity

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48 | Bridge Design
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Ref. Calculations Output

C DESIGN BASIS
The bridge is to be design in accordance with the Eurocodes,
as modified by Malaysia National Annexes
The basis of design set out in EN 1990 is verification by the
partial factor method

The ultimate limit state STR/GEO is verified for persistent/

transient design situations, using the combination of action
given by Eq. 6.10 MS EN 1990
E [ S g G,jG k,j + gpP + g Q,1Q k,1 + S g Q,1y 0,1Qk,i] Eq. 6.10

Stress in the structural concrete and steel reinforcement are

verified at the serviceability limit state for the characteristic
combination of action given by Eq. 6.14b MS EN 1990
E [ S G k,j + P + S g Q,1y 0,1Qk,i] Eq. 6.14b

Crack width in the deck slab are verified at the serviceability

limit state for the quasi-permanent combination of action given
by Eq. 6.16b MS EN 1990
E [ S G k,j + P + S g Q,1y 2,1Qk,i] Eq. 6.16b

D PARTIAL FACTOR ON ACTIONS

For persistent design situations, partial factors on action at
ULS are given by the Normative Annex (NA):

Permanent actions Unfavourable MS EN 1990

Concrete selfweight gG 1.35 Annex A2
Steel selfweight gG 1.35 Table A2.4(B)
Superimposed dead gG 1.35
Road surfacing gG 1.35
Weight of soil gG 1.35
Selfweight of other materials gG 1.35

Variable actions
Road traffic actions gQ 1.35
Pedestrian actions gQ 1.35
Wind actions gQ 1.50
Thermal actions gQ 1.50
Shrinkage g Sh 1.00

msy '09
 Example| 49
page 4/5

Ref. Calculations Output

E FACTORS FOR COMBINATION VALUES

Factor for combination values of action are given by NA to MS EN 1990
MS EN 1990 Annex A2
y0 y1 y2 Table A2.1
LM1 - TS 0.75 0.75 0
LM1 -UDL 0.4 0.4 0
Footway loads with LM1 0.4 0.4 0
LM2 Single axle 0 0.75 0
Horizontal force 0 0 0
LM3 - SV vehicle 0 0 0
Wind - persistent situation 0.6 0.2 0
Wind during execution 0.8 - 0
Thermal action 0.6 0.6 0.5

F FACTORS ON STRENGTH
The values of partial factors for strength of materials are given
in the NA to MS EN 1992-1-1

Concrete gc 1.5 MS EN 1992-1-1

Steel reinforcement gs 1.15 Table 2.1N
Prestressing steel gs 1.15

G DESIGN LIFE
The design life of bridge structure are given by NA to
MS EN 1990
Years
Replaceable part, MS EN 1990
eg. Bearing, expansion joints, railing 30 Table NA 1
Permanent parts
eg. Deck, abutments, pier and foundation 120

H EXPOSURE CLASS
The exposure class related to environmental conditions are
given by MS EN 1992-1-1 MS EN 1992-1-1
Table 4.1
Bridge superstructure exposed
to spray containing chlorides XD3

Bridge substructure subjected to

water contact (cyclic wet and dry) XC4

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50 | Bridge Design
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Ref. Calculations Output

I MATERIALS STRENGTH & PROPERTIES

1: Concrete
Nom. Crack EN 206
Elements Grade Cover width MS EN 1992-1-1
(mm) (mm) Sec. 4.4.1
Piles C30/37 60 0.2 Table 7.1N
Pile caps C30/37 50 0.3
Columns /Piers/Abutments C30/37 50 0.3
Prestressed Concrete C35/45 70 0.2
RC Superstructure C35/45 65 0.3
Bridge Parapets C30/37 65 0.3
Wing Wall C30/37 50 0.3
Approach Slab C30/37 50 0.3
Blinding Concrete C20/25 50 0.3

2: Steel Reinforcement
Hot rolled reinforcement conforming to EN10080 and BS 4449 MS EN 1992-1-1
2
Characteristic yield strength, f yk : 500 N/mm Table C.1
Elastic modulus : 200 kN/mm2

3: Prestressing Tendons
Prestressing tendon shall be 7-wire super strand conforming to
EN 10138 Part 2 and BS 5896: 1980
Nominal diameter : 15.7 mm
Nominal steel area : 150 mm2
Min. breaking load, P n : 265 kN
2
Elastic Modulus ; 195 N/mm
Load @1% elongation : 233 kN
Tensile strength : 1770 N/mm2
Friction coefficient / radian : 0.2
Wooble coefficient / radian : 3.0 x 10-3
Average relaxation losses : 2.5 % at 0.7P n

4: Material density
Weight of materials are given by MS EN 1991-1-1 MS EN 1991-1-1
3
Reinforced concrete : 25 kN/m Annex A
Prestressed concrete : 25 kN/m3
Asphaltic concrete : 23 kN/m3
Hardcore : 20 kN/m3
Steel : 77 kN/m3

msy '09
 Example| 51

ACTIONS
52 | Bridge Design
2 : ACTIONS page 1/8

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :
msy
Checked by:
Location msy
Date: Sep-17
GEOMETRY OF THE DECK

(A). PERMANENT ACTIONS

Structural De ad Loads (DL)
(i). De ck Slab
t1 = 200 mm Width = 13.9 m
t2 = 200 mm Length = 30.0 m
t3 = 200 mm
Average thickness, t = (t 1 + t 2 + t 3)/3 = 200 mm
2
Self-weight of slab = (t /1000) x 25 = 5 kN/m
Total weight = 5 x 13.9 x 30.0 = 2085 kN

(ii). Parape t wall t1

t1 = 295 mm h1 = 450 mm
t2 = 350 mm h2 = 260 mm
t3 = 290 mm h3 = 160 mm
h1
t4 = 450 mm h4 = 640 mm t2

t5 = 80 mm h2

Cross sectional area, h3

A = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 h4
t3
= 0.15 + 0.10 + 0.07 + 0.08
2 t5
= 0.40 m t4
Self-weight of parapet = A x 25 = 9.95 kN/m
Total weight = 9.95 x 30.0 x 2 = 597 kN

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 Example| 53
page 2/8

Re f. Calculations Output

(iii). Railing
100 OD x 4 mm Thk x 9.83kg/m CHS = 0.10 kN/m
Galvanised cast MS post @ 2m spacing = 0.05 kN/m
Total weight = 0.15 x 30.0 x 2 = 9 kN

(iv). Main Be ams t3

No. of beam = 8
t1 t2 t1
t1 = 470 mm h1
t2 = 660 mm h2
t3 = 1600 mm h3

t4 = 220 mm
t5 = 660 mm
t4
h4
h1 = 75 mm
h2 = 65 mm
h3 = 106 mm
h4 = 894 mm
h5
h5 = 160 mm
h6 = 300 mm h6

h = 1600 mm t5
Cross sectional area
A = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + a7
6
= (0.12 + 0.03 + 0.04 + 0.02 + 0.26 + 0.04 + 0.20 ) x 10
= 0.71 x 106 mm2
Self-weight of beam = 0.71 x 25 = 17.63 kN/m
Total weight = 17.63 x 30.0 x 8 = 4231 kN

(v). Diaphragm Be am
No. of beam = 8 1650
Spacing = 7
Spacing of Main Beam L t = 1650 mm
Thickness of, No 1600
End diaphragm = 500 mm 2
Int. diaphragm = 450 mm 0
Cross sectional area,
A= (1.65 x 1.60) - 0.705 = 1.9 m2
Self-weight of end diaphragm,
= (1.93 x 0.50 x 25) x 14 = 338.6 kN
Self-weight of Int. diaphragm,
= (1.93 x 0.45 x 25) x 0 = 0.0 kN
Total weight = 338.6 + 0.0 = 339 kN

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54 | Bridge Design
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Re f. Calculations Output

Supe rimpose d De ad Loads (SDL)

(i). Pre mix

Thickness = 100 mm
Density = 22.6 kN/mm3
Weight of premix = 0.10 x 22.6 = 2.26 kN/m2
Total weight = 2.26 x 13.9 x 30.0 = 942 kN

(ii). TNB Cable (2 No. of 250 mm dia)

Weight per meter run = 0.74 kN/m
Assume selfweight of cable bracket = 0.2 kN/m
0.94 kN/m
Total weight = 0.94 x 30.0 = 28 kN

(iii). Asphaltic concre te she e t

Approximate weight per m per beam = 0.037 kN/m
Total weight = 0.037 x 40 x 7 = 10 kN

SUMMARY OF PERMANENT ACTIONS

DL
Deck Slab = 2085 kN
Parapet wall = 597 kN
Railing = 9 kN
Main Beams = 4231 kN
Diaphragm = 339 kN
S = 7260 kN
SDL
Premix = 942 kN
TNB Cables = 28 kN
Asphaltic Concrete = 10 kN
S = 981 kN

S = 8241 kN

Permanent action per abutment or pier

DL = 7260 /2 = 3630
SDL = 981 /2 = 490
4121 kN

msy '14
 Example| 55
page 4/8

Re f. Calculations Output

(B). VARIABLE ACTIONS

EN 1991-2 (i) Traffic Load

4.3.2 Loaded length, L = 30 m
Carriageway width, w = 13 m
No. of notional lane = 4

Load Mode l 1
Lane Tandem system UDL system
Lane
width Q ik Q ik q ik Total
no. a Qi a qi
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN/m2 ) (kN)
1 3 1.0 300 300 0.61 9 494.1 Use: NA
2 3 1.0 200 200 2.2 2.5 495 Note:
3 3 1.0 100 100 2.2 2.5 495 NA = National Annex
4 3 1.0 0 0 2.2 2.5 495 EC = EC
5 1 1.0 0 0 2.2 2.5 165
6 0 1.0 0 0 2.2 0 0
7 0 1.0 0 0 2.2 0 0
Total 600 600 Total 2144.1

Total load on bridge = 3344.1 kN

Load per abutment or pier,

= (1200 + 2144) / 2 = 1672.1 kN

Max. load per abutment or pier

= 1200 + (2144 / 2) = 2272.1 kN

Load mode l 2

b QQ ak = 1.0 x 400
= 400 kN

Load mode l 4
Crowd loading = 5.00 kN/m2
Total load on bridge = 5.00 x 30.0 x 13.0
= 1950 kN

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56 | Bridge Design
page 5/8

Re f. Calculations Output

Load Mode l 3 + Load Mode l 1

Lane Tandem system UDL system Special Vehicle
Lane
width Q ik Q ik q ik Total SV 80
no. a Qi.y 1 a qi.y 1
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN/m2 ) (kN) One notional lane
1 3 0.7 300 300 0.43 9 330.07 Length 1.2 m
2 3 0.7 200 200 1.5 2.5 346.5 Load 130 kN
3 3 0.7 0 0 1.5 2.5 346.5 No. 6
4 3 0.7 0 0 1.5 2.5 346.5 DAF 1.16
5 1 0.7 0 0 1.5 2.5 115.5
6 0 0.7 0 0 1.5 0 0
7 0 0.7 0 0 1.5 0 0
Total 350 350 Total 1485.1 Total 904.8

Total load on bridge = 3089.9 kN

Load per abutment or pier,

= (700 + 1485 + 905) / 2 = 1544.9 kN

Max. load per abutment or pier

= 700 + (1485 / 2) = 1442.5 kN
+ 130( 24.0/ 30) = 104 kN
+ 130( 22.8/ 30) = 98.8 kN
+ 130( 21.6/ 30) = 93.6 kN
+ 130( 20.4/ 30) = 88.4 kN
+ 130( 19.2/ 30) = 83.2 kN
+ 130( 18.0/ 30) = 78 kN
Total = 1988.5 kN

(ii) Bracking and Acce le ration

EN 1991-2 Q lk = 0.6a Q1 (2Q 1k) + 0.1a q1q 1kw 1L
4.4.1 = (0.6 x 1.0 x 2 x 300)
+ (0.1 x 0.6 x 9.0 x 3.0 x 30.0)
= 360 + 49.41
= 409 kN ≤ 900 kN
Q lk = 409 kN

Support reactions:
H = Q lk = 409.41 kN
R = 409.4 x 1.6 / 30
= 21.8 kN

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 Example| 57
` page 6/8

Re f. Calculations Output

(iii) Force due to shrinkage , te mpe rature and cre e p

Beam movement
EN 1991-1-5 (i). Temperature
-6 o
a temp = 12.0 x 10 / C / unit length
Assume temperature different of 25 oC
-6
d temp = 12.0 x 10 x 25 x 30000
= 9.00 mm

(ii). Creep
-6
a creep = 555 x 10 / unit length
-6
d creep = 555 x 10 x 30000
= 16.65 mm

(ii). Shrinkage
-6
a shrinkage = 200 x 10 / unit length
-6
d shrinkage = 200 x 10 x 30000
= 6.00 mm

Assuming 2/3 shrinkage and 1/2 creep have taken place at

the time of placing of beams,
Therefore, effective shortening,
= 1/3 x 6.0 + 1/2 x 16.7 = 10.32 mm

Total movement, d t = 10.32 + 9.0 = 19.3 mm

(v). STC FORCE

L b
L = 510 mm
b = 400 mm
t= 75 mm
t

Shear modulus, G = 0.77 N/mm2

(a). Shear force due to temperature only

Shear strain of bearing, e b = d temp / t
= 25 / 75 = 0.33

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58 | Bridge Design
` page 7/8

Re f. Calculations Output

Shear force per beam, s t = e b A o G

= 0.33 x 400 x 510 x 0.77
= 52.36 kN
Total shear force / abutment
S t = 52.36 x 8 = 418.9 kN

(b). Shear force due to temperature, shrinkage and creep

Shear strain of bearing, e b = d stc / t
= 19.3 / 75 = 0.258

Shear force per beam, s t = e stc A o G

= 0.26 x 400 x 510 x 0.77
= 40.47 kN
Total shear force / abutment
S stc = 40.47 x 8 = 323.79 kN

(vi) Wind Loads (WL)

EN1991-1-4 Dimension of structure

Sec. 8
2 d1
d

b= 13.9

Girder, d = 1.50 Span, L = 30.0

Parapet, d 1 = 1.00
Total height,
Table 8.1 Without traffic , d tot = d + 2d 1 = 3.50 m
With traffic , d tot = d +2 = 3.50 m
Height above ground, z = 5.3
Table 4.1 Terrain categories = II

8.3.2 Force in x-dire ction (Late ral wind force )

F wx = 0.5r v b2 C A ref.x
4.5 r = air density
= 1.25 kg/m3
4.2 v b = basic wind velocity
= C dir. C season . v b.0
= 1.0 x 1.0 x 33.0 = 33.0 m/s

msy '14
 Example| 59
` page 8/8

Re f. Calculations Output

C = wind load factor

= c e . c f.x
Fig. 4.2 c e = exposure factor = 2.0
8.3.1(1) c f.x = 1.3 [b /d tot= 3.97 ]
= 2.0 x 1.3 = 2.6
8.3.1 A ref.x = reference area
= d tot . L
= 3.5 x 30 = 105.0 m2
2
= 0.5 x 1.25 x 33.0 x 2.60 x 105.0
= 185811 N
= 186 kN

8.3.4 Force in y dire ction (Longitudinal wind force )

F wy = 0.25 F wx
= 0.25 x 186
= 46.5 kN

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60 | Bridge Design

DESIGN OF BEAM
 Example| 61
2a : SECTION PROPERTIES AND SUMMARY OF ACTIONS page 1/2

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
SECTION PROPERTIES
(a). Main Beams
h1 = 75 mm t1 = 470 mm t3
h2 = 65 mm t2 = 660 mm t1 t2 t1
h1
h3 = 106 mm t3 = 1600 mm h2
h4 = 894 mm t4 = 220 mm h3
h5 = 160 mm t5 = 660 mm
y1
h6 = 300 mm
t4
h = 1600 mm h4
Cross sectional area
A = a1 + a2 + a3
+ a4 + a5 + a6 + a7 y2
h5
= (0.120 + 0.031 + 0.043 + 0.023 h6
6
+ 0.255 + 0.035 + 0.198 ) x 10
t5
= 0.705 x 106 mm2
A y = a 1 y + a 2 y+ a 3 y + a 4 y + a 5 y + a 6 y + a 7 y
6
= (4.50 + 2.95 + 4.61 + 4.09 + 183.7 + 43.9 + 287.1 ) x 10
= 530.9 x 106 mm3
Centroid,
y 1 = SAy /A = 753 mm Moment of Inertia,
y2 = h - y1 = 847 mm I = 235.54 x 109 mm4
Section Modulii,
Z1 = 313 x 106 mm3 Z2 = 278 x 106 mm3
First moment of area.
S = 85.8 + 19.4 + 27.7 + 12.6 + 47.4 = 192.9 x 106 mm3
Composite :
Slab thickness, ho = 200 mm
Flange width, b = 1456 mm
6 6 2
A = 0.705 x 106 + 0.291 x 10 = 0.996 x 10 mm
6
Ay = (28.5 + 9.06 + 13.19 + 8.75 + 234.8 + 50.9 + 326.7 + 29.1 ) x 10
6 3
= 701.0 x 10 mm
y 1 = SAy /A = 704 mm I = 386 x 109 mm4
y2 = h - y2 = 1096 mm
6 3
Z1 = 549 x 10 mm
6 3
Z2 = 352 x 10 mm
S = 55.9 + 11.8 + 17.0 + 6.8 + 23.2 + 176 = 290.5 x 106 mm3

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62 | Bridge Design
page 2/2

Re f. Calculations Output

ACTION
Span, L = 30 m No. of beam = 8

Pe rmane nt action
(a). Dead load
Weight of deck slab = 2085 / (30 x 8) = 8.69 kN/m
Parapet = 597 / (30 x 8) = 2.49 kN/m
Handrail = 9/ (30 x 8) = 0.04 kN/m
Diaphragm = 0.00 x 339 / (30 x 8) = 0.00 kN/m *Notes:
Total = 11.21 kN/m diap hragm beam is on the
abutment so not p roduce
(b). Superimposed dead load momen in beam
Weight of premix,
= 1.00 x 942 / (30 x 8) = 3.93 kN/m
TNB cable = 1.00 x 28 / (30 x 8) = 0.12 kN/m
Asphaltic concrete sheet
= 1.00 x 10 / (30 x 8) = 0.04 kN/m
Total = 4.09 kN/m

Total permanent action, G k = 15.30 kN/m

Variable action
(a) Traffic load
Load Model 1 (LM1)
= 1.00 x 3344 / (30 x 8) = 13.93 kN/m
Total variable action, Q k = 13.93 kN/m

Load Model 4 (LM4)

= 1.00 x 1950 / (30 x 8) = 8.13 kN/m
Total variable action, Q k = 8.13 kN/m

Load Model 3 (LM3)

= 1.00 x 3090 / (30 x 8) = 12.87 kN/m
Total variable action, Q k = 12.87 kN/m

msy '14
 Example| 63
3a : DETERMINATION OF PRESTRESSING FORCE page 1/5

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
SPECIFICATION
g k = 15.30 kN/m
q k = 13.93 kN/m

L = 29.5 m

Prestressing method = Post-tensioned

2
Concrete characteristic strength, f ck = 50 N/mm
Transfer of prestressed at day 10
2
Concrete strength at transfer, f ck(t) = 42 N/mm

Servis load, w = 29.2 kN/m

Short term losses = 10 % so, a = 0.9
Long term losses = 20 % so, b = 0.8

Stre ss Limit
EN 1992-1-1 At Transfer :
2
[Link](5) Compression, f ct = 0.6f ck(t) = 0.6( 42) = 25.4 N/mm
2/3 2
Tension, f tt = f ctm(t) = 0.3( 42) = 3.6 N/mm

At Service :
2
[Link](5) Compression, f cs = 0.6f ck = 0.6( 50) = 30.0 N/mm
2
f ts = 0.3f ck(2/3) = 0.0( 50) =
2/3
Tension, 0.0 N/mm

Se ction Prope rtie s

Area, A = 705170 mm2

Section Moduli: y1 753
Top Z1 = 313 x 106 mm3 1600= h
Bottom Z 2 = 278 x 106 mm3 y2 847 e
Self-weight, wi = 17.63 kN/m
Eccentricity, e max = 847 - 108 = 739 mm

Try : 739 mm
64 | Bridge Design
page 2/5

Re f. Calculations Output

Be nding mome nt
Self-weight, w i = 17.63 kN/m
2
Initial moment, M i = w iL 2/8 = 17.63( 29.5) / 8
= 1918 kNm
Total service load, W s = 17.63 + 29.2 = 46.86 kN/m
2
Service moment, M s = W sL 2/8 = 46.86( 29.5) / 8
= 5098 kNm

Re quire d se ction modulus

Top Fibre :
Z 1 = (a M s - b M i ) / (a f cs + b f tt)

6
= {(0.9 x 5098)- (0.8 x 1918)} x 10
(0.9 x 30.0) + (0.8 x 3.6)
6
= 102.08 x 10 mm3 < Z 1 actual Ok !
6
313 x 10
Bottom Fibre :
Z 2 = (a M s - b M i ) / (a f ts + b f ct)

6
= {(0.9 x 5098)- (0.8 x 1918)} x 10
(0.9 x 0.0) + (0.8 x 25.4)
6
= 150.57 x 10 mm3 < Z 2 actual Ok !
6
278 x 10

Minimum Pre stre ssing force

Inequalities (11) - (14)

(11) P < A (f tt + M i/Z 1) / a (eA /Z 1 - 1)

5
P < 7.05 x 10 [ 3.64 + (1918 / 313 )]
5 6
0.90{( 739 x 7.05 x 10 / 313 x 10 ) - 1}
P < 11505 kN

(12) P < A (f ct + M i/Z 2) / a (eA /Z 2 + 1)

5
P < 7.05 x 10 [ 25.4 + (1918 / 278 )]
5 6
0.90{( 739 x 7.05 x 10 / 278 x 10 ) - 1}
P < 8791 kN

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 Example| 65
page 3/5

Re f. Calculations Output

(13) Check, f cs > M s/Z 1

==> P < A (f cs - M s/Z 1) / (1 - eA /Z 1) :if f cs > M s/Z 1
P > A (M s/Z 1 - f cs) / b (eA /Z 1 - 1) if: f cs < M s/Z 1

5
P < 7.05 x 10 [ (5098 / 313 ) - 30.0 ]
6
1.00{( 739 x 7.1 x105/ 312.9 x 10 ) - 1}
P < -14521 kN

(14) P > A (M s/Z 2 - f ts) / b (1 + eA /Z 2)

5
P > 7.05 x 10 [ (5098 / 278 ) - 0.00]
6
0.80 [1 + ( 739 x 7.1 x105/ 278.0 x 10 )]
P > 5623 kN

The minimum value of P prestressing force which lies within

the limits is 5623 kN

(c) Magne l Diagram

Inequalities (15) - (18)

 eA   eA 
(15) (16) a   1 
a 
 1 1  Z2 
1  Z1  
 P 
A  f ct 
M i 

P  Mi   Z2 
A  f tt  
 Z1 

(17a)  eA  (17b)  eA 
 1  
Z 1 
b   1

1  1  Z1 
 
P  M s 
A  f cs   P Ms 
 Z1  A
 Z  f cs 

 1 

(18) eA 
b 1 
1  Z 2 

P M 
A  s  f ts 
Z 
 2 

6 6 2
M i /Z 1 = 1918 x 10 / 312.9 x 10 = 6.13 N/mm
6 6 2
M i /Z 2 = 1918 x 10 / 278.0 x 10 = 6.90 N/mm
6 6 2
Ms /Z 1 = 5098 x 10 / 312.9 x 10 = 16.29 N/mm
6 6 2
M s/Z 2 = 5098 x 10 / 278.0 x 10 = 18.33 N/mm
5 6
A /Z 1 = 7.05 x 10 / 312.9 x 10 = 0.0023 = 1/ 443.68
5 6
A /Z 2 = 7.05 x 10 / 278.0 x 10 = 0.0025 = 1/ 394.28

msy '14
66 | Bridge Design
page 4/5

Re f. Calculations Output

Eq. 15 :
1/P > 0.90 (0.0023 e - 1) / 705170 (3.64 + 6.13)
e = 0 1/P = -1.31 x 10-7 N-1
-7
e = 444 1/P = 0.00 x 10 N-1

Eq. 16 :
1/P > 0.90 (0.0025 e + 1) / 705170 (25.4 + 6.90)
e = 0 1/P = 0.40 x 10-7 N-1
-7
e = -394 1/P = 0.00 x 10 N-1

f cs > Ms/Z1
Eq. 17a :
1/P > (1 - 0.0023 e) / 705170 (30.0 - 16.29) Eq.17a
0.80 (0.0023 e - 1) / 705170 (16.3 - 30.00) Eq.17b
e = 0 1/P = 1.03 x 10-7 N-1
e = 444 1/P = 0.00 x 10-7 N-1

Eq. 18 :
1/P < 0.80 (0.0025 e + 1) / 705170 (18.3 - 0.00)
-7
e = 0 1/P = 0.62 x 10 N-1
-7
e = -394.3 1/P = 0.00 x 10 N-1

e = 0 1/P = -1.31 x 10-7 N-1 Eq. 15

e = 443.68 1/P = 0.00 x 10-7 N-1
e = 1500 1/P = 3.11 x 10-7 N-1
e = 2200 1/P = 5.17 x 10-7 N-1
e = 0 1/P = 0.40 x 10-7 N-1 Eq.16
e = -394.3 1/P = 0.00 x 10-7 N-1
e = 1500 1/P = 1.90 x 10-7 N-1
e = 2200 1/P = 2.60 x 10-7 N-1
e = 0 1/P = 1.03 x 10-7 N-1 1 1 Eq. 17
e = 443.68 1/P = 0.00 x 10-7 N-1 0 0
e = 1500 1/P = -2 x 10-7 N-1 -2 -2
e = 2200 1/P = -4 x 10-7 N-1 -4 -3
e = 0 1/P = 0.62 x 10-7 N-1 Eq. 18
e = -394.3 1/P = 0.00 x 10-7 N-1
e = 1500 1/P = 2.97 x 10-7 N-1
e = 2200 1/P = 4.07 x 10-7 N-1

msy '14
 Example| 67
page 5/5

Re f. Calculations Output

Magnel Diagram
Eq.15 Eq.16 Eq. 17b Eq.18 Use e

4.00

1/P x 10-7 (N -1)

3.00

2.00

1.00
e(mm)

0.00
-500 0 500 100 0 150 0 200 0

-1.00

-2.00

For eccentricity, e = 739 mm

Use : Max. eccentricity : 800 mm
e 1/P (N-1) P (kN)
800 1.05 x 10-7 P < 9535 Eq. 15
800 1.20 x 10-7 P < 8342 Eq. 16 Prestressing force,
800 -0.83 x 10-7 P < -12035 Eq. 17 P = 7000 kN
800 1.87 x 10-7 P > 5336 Eq. 18 < 8342 Ok !
800 0 > 5336 Ok !
Use : 7-wire super strand 12.9 mm dia.
Charac. Breaking load = 186 kN
No. of strand required =P /(0.75 x Tensile strength)
= 7000 /( 0.75 x 186 ) Use :
= 50.2 51 no. of strand

f 1t : aP /A - aPe /Z 1 + M i/Z 1
8.93 - 16.11 + 6.13 = 1.05 N/mm2 (T) < 3.6 N/mm
2
OK
f 2t : aP /A + aPe /Z 2 - M i/Z 2
8.93 + 18.1 - 6.90 = 20.2 N/mm2 (C) < 25.4 N/mm
2
OK
f 1s : bP /A - bPe /Z 1 + M s/Z 1
7.94 - 14.32 + 16.3 = 9.9 N/mm2 (C) < 30.0 N/mm
2
OK
f 2s : bP /A + bPe /Z 2 - M s/Z 2
7.94 + 16.1 - 18.33 = 5.7 N/mm2 (C) < 30.0 N/mm
2
OK

msy '14
68 | Bridge Design
3b : DETERMINATION OF TENDON PROFILE page 1/3

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
Te ndon profile
The limits for the cable zone given by inequalities (19) - (22)
(19) :
Z f Z1  Mi
e   1 tt   
 aP A  aP
6 6
e ≤ 312.9 x 10 x 3.64 313 x 10 Mi
3 + 5 +
0.90 x7000 x 10 7.05 x 10 0.90 x 7.0E+06

-7
e ≤ 624.6 + 1.59 x 10 Mi

(20) :
Z f Z  Mi
e   2 ct  2  
 aP A  aP
6 6
e ≤ 278.0 x 10 x 25.35 278 x 10 Mi
3 - 5 +
0.90 x7000 x 10 7.05 x 10 0.90 x 7.0E+06

-7
e ≤ 724.6 + 1.59 x 10 M i

(21) :
 Z1 fcs Z1  Ms
e  
 bP  A    bP
 
e ≥ - 312.9 x 106 x 30.00 313 x 10
6
MS
3 - 5 +
0.80 x7000 x 10 7.05 x 10 0.80 x 7.0E+06

e ≥ --1232.4 + 1.79 x 10-7 M i

(22) :
 Z 2 f ts Z2  Ms
e  
 bP  A 
  bP
 
e ≥ - 278.0 x 106 x 0.00 278 x 10
6
MS
3 - 5 +
0.80 x7000 x 10 7.05 x 10 0.80 x 7.0E+06

e ≥ --394.3 + 1.79 x 10-7 M s

msy'17
 Example| 69
page 2/3

Re f. Calculations Output

The values of M i, M s and e along the length of the beam are

as follows,
2 2
Mi = 260.03 x - 8.8 x M s = 691.21 x - 23.4 x
Parabolic cable profile
e = 4e max [x/L - (x/L )2]
2956[(x / 30) - (x / 30) ]
2
=
2
= 100.2 x - 3.40 x
[Link] Mi e < (mm) Ms e > (mm)
support (m) (kNm) (19) (20) (kNm) (21) (22)
0.00 0 625 725 0 -1232 -394
1.00 251 665 764 668 -1113 -275
2.00 485 702 802 1289 -1002 -164
3.00 701 736 836 1863 -900 -62
4.00 899 767 867 2390 -806 32
5.00 1080 796 896 2870 -720 118
6.00 1243 822 922 3304 -642 196
7.00 1388 845 945 3690 -573 265
8.00 1516 865 965 4030 -513 325
9.00 1626 883 983 4323 -460 378
10.00 1719 897 997 4569 -417 422
11.00 1794 909 1009 4768 -381 457
12.00 1851 918 1018 4921 -354 484
13.00 1891 925 1025 5026 -335 503
14.00 1913 928 1028 5085 -324 514
15.00 1917 929 1029 5096 -322 516

D
A1&A2 B C D E
C 17 17 0 0 0
Total = 51
x5
B
x4

x A1 A2 x3 No. of cable = 3
x2

x1

msy'17
70 | Bridge Design
page 3/3

Re f. Calculations Output

x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x e
0.00 400 1200 0 0 0 667 180
1.00 359 1065 0 0 0 594 253
2.00 322 939 0 0 0 528 319
3.00 287 823 0 0 0 466 381
4.00 245 716 0 0 0 402 445
5.00 225 618 0 0 0 356 491
6.00 198 530 0 0 0 309 538
7.00 175 451 0 0 0 267 580
8.00 154 382 0 0 0 230 617
9.00 135 322 0 0 0 197 650
10.00 120 271 0 0 0 170 677
11.00 107 229 0 0 0 148 699
12.00 98 197 0 0 0 131 716
13.00 91 173 0 0 0 118 729
14.00 86 160 0 0 0 111 736
15.00 85 155 0 0 0 108 739
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Eq.20 Eq.21 Eq.22 Eq.19 use

-1500

-1000

-500

500

1000

1500

msy'17
 Example| 71
3c : CALCULATION OF LOSSES page 1/3

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
Spe cification
gk = 15.3 kN/m
qk = 13.9 kN/m

L = 29.5 m
Data;
Prestressing method = Post-tensioned
Prestress or jacking force, P = 7000 kN
Type of tendons = 7-wire super strand 12.9 mm dia. Nos = 51
Characteristic strength of tendon, f pk = 1860 N/mm2
Nominal area of tendon, = 100 mm2
Total area of prestressing tendon, A p = 5100 mm2
2
Elastic modulus, E p = 195 kN/mm
Eccentricity, e = 739 mm
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 50 N/mm2
Strength of concrete at transfer, f ck, (t) = 42 N/mm2
2
Elastic modulus, E cm = 37 kN/mm
2
Elastic modulus at transfer, E cm(t) = 36 kN/mm
Area of concrete section, A c = 0.705 x 106 mm 2

Moment of inertia, I = 235.54 x 109 mm4

[Link] (a). Elastic shorte ning of concre te

Loss of prestress, DP = A p. E p . [f c(t) / E cm(t)]
Stress at centroid of the prestressing steel
f c(t) = P /A c + Pey /I
3
= (7000 x 10 / 705170) +
3
(7000 x 10 x 739 x 739 / (235.5 x 1012))
= 9.93 + 16.2 = 26.16 N/mm 2

Loss of prestress, DP = A p. E p . [f c(t) / E cm(t)]

3 3 3
= 5100 x 195 x 10 x [ 26.16 / 36 x 10 ] / 10
= 728 kN
For post-tensioned beam ==0.5 x 728 = 328 kN

Percentage loss = 100 x(DP / P ) =

= 100 (328 / 7000) = 4.68 %

msy'17
72 | Bridge Design
page 2/3

Re f. Calculations Output

[Link] (b). Friction

Loss of prestress, DP (x) = P max [1 - e -m (q + kx )]
Table 5.1 m = Coefficient of friction = 0.19
(3) k = unintentional angular displacement = 0.01 per m
q = angular displacement = d y/d x
Parabolic tendon : y = Cx 2
Mid-span, x = 14750 mm y = 739 mm
so, C = y /x 2 = 739 / 14750
2
= 3.40 x 10
-6

-6
dy /dx = 2Cx = 3.40 x 2x 10 x 14750
= 0.1002 radians
m (q + kx ) = 0.19 ( 0.1002 + 0.01 x 15)
= 0.0471
Loss of prestress, DP (x) = P max [1 - e -m (q + kx )]
-
= 7000 (1 - e 0.0471 )
= 322 kN
Percentage loss = 100 x(DP / P ) =
= 100 (322 / 7000) = 4.60 %

[Link] (c). Anchorage draw-in

Loss of prestress, DP =(d L /L ) E p x A p

Draw-in for the whole length of beam during anchorage

dL = 2.0 mm
Loss of prestress, DP =(d L /L ) E p x A p
3
= (2.0 / 29500) x 195 x 10 x 5100
= 67 kN
Percentage loss = 100 x(DP / P ) =
= 100 (67 / 7000) = 0.96 %

5.10.6 (d). Time de pe nde nt losse s

Loss of prestress, DP c+s+r = A p Df p,c+s+r
Df p,c+s+r = variation of stress due to creep, shrinkage, `
and relaxation
= e cs E p + 0.8Df pr + (E p/E cm). j (t,to). f c,QP
1 + (E p/E cm)(A p/A c) [1 + (A cz2/I c)][1 + 0.8j (t,to)]

3.1.4 (6) e cs = total shrinkage strain = 243 x 10-6

3.1.4 (3) j (t,to) = creep coeficient = 1.7
3.3.2(7) Df pr = f pi6.6r 1000e 9.1m (t /1000)0.75(1-m) x 10-6
2
f pi = P /A p = 7000 x 103 / 5100 = 1373 N/mm
m = f pi/f pk = = 1373 / 1860 = 0.738

msy'17
 Example| 73
page 3/3

Re f. Calculations Output

r 1000 = relaxation loss 1000 hours after tensioning

= 2.5 (Table 11.8, Designers' guide)
(t /1000) = 500000/1000 = 500 Quasi-permanent load
Df pr = 1373 x 6.6 x 2.5 x e 9.1 x 0.738 x 500 0.75(1- 0.738) w qp = 1.0 g k
2
= 63.3 N/mm + 0.5 q k
(E p/E cm) = (195 / 36) = 5.46 = 22.3 kN/m
f c,QP = f c(t) - (M qpe /I ) Quasi-permanent moment
6
= 26.16 - (2422 x 10 x 739 / 235.5 x 109) M qp = w qpL 2/8
2
= 26.15 N/mm = 2422 kNm
(A p/A c) = (5100 /705170) = 0.007
[1 + (A cz2/I c)] = 1 + ( 705170 x 739 2 / 235.5 x109 )
= 2.63

e cs E p + 0.8Df pr + (E p/E cm). j (t,to). f c,QP

3
= 243 x 10-6 x 195 x 10 ) + 63.32222356
(5.46 x 1.7 x 26.15) = 340.8
1 + (E p/E cm)(A p/A c) [1 + (A cz2/I c)][1 + 0.8j (t,to)]
= 1 + [ 5.46 x 0.007 x 2.63 x (1+ 0.8 1.7
= 1.25

Df p,c+s+r = 340.8 1.2456 = 273.6 N/mm2

Loss of prestress, DP c+s+r = A p Df p,c+s+r

-3
= 5100 x 274 x 10 = 1395 kN

Percentage loss = 100 x(DP / P ) =

= 100 (1395 / 7000) = 19.9 %

Short-te rm loss of pre stre ss

= (a) + (b) + (c)
= 4.68 + 4.60 + 0.96
= 10.24 %

Total loss of pre stre ss

= (a) + (b) + (c) + (d)
= 4.68 + 4.60 + 0.96 + 19.9
= 30.18 %

msy'17
74 | Bridge Design
3d : CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY page 1/4

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
Spe cification
w kN/m

29.5 m y1
Concre te : h
Characteristic strength, f ck = 50 N/mm2 e
Elastic modulus, E cm = 36 kN/mm2 y2
y 1 = 703.6 mm y2 = 1096.4 mm
h = 1800 mm d = 1692 mm Cross Se ction
c = 108 mm e = 988 mm Composite ? 1
b = 1456 mm bw = 220 mm [Yes = 1, No = 2]
4
hf = 200 mm I = 386.4 x 109 mm
6 2
A = 0.996 x10 mm
Ste e l te ndon:
Prestressing method = Post-tensioned
Prestress or jacking force, P = 7000 kN Losses = 30 % b = 0.7
Type of tendons = 7-wire super strand 12.9 mm dia.
Characteristic strength, f pk = 1860 N/mm2
Elastic modulus, E ps = 195 kN/mm2
Area of prestressing steel, A ps = 5100 mm2

(a) Bonde d te ndon

Section, stress and strain distributions
b e cu f cd f cd = a cc f ck/gc
hf a cc = 0.85 MS
x 0.8x F cc
gc = 1.5
d d- f cd = 0.567 f ck
e ept
ece F pt
bw
Strain Strain at Stress &
Section due to P ultimate force
Initial strain due to effective prestress,
e pe = b P /E pA ps
3 3
= (0.7 x 7000 x 10 ) / ( 195 x 10 x 5100)
= 0.00491

msy'17
 Example| 75
page 2/4

Re f Calculations Output

Strain in concrete at the steel level cause by effective prestress

e ce = (b P /E cm )(1/A + e 2/I )
= (0.7 x 7000 x 103 / 36 x 10 )
3

2
x [(1 / 996370 + 988.4 / 386.4 x 109 )]
= 137.08 x 0.000004
= 0.0005

Strain in concrete at steel level at ultimate load,

e pt = e cu [(d - x ) / x ]
= 0.0035 (1692 - x ) / x

The final strain in the prestressing steel is

e pd = e pe + e ce + e pt
= 0.00540 + 0.0035 (1692 - x ) / x [1]

The resultant compressive force,

F cc = 0.453 f ck b x Neutral axis in flange
= 0.453 x 50 x (1456) x
= 33003 x

F cc = 0.453 f ck b w x + 0.567 f ck (b - b w ) h f Neutral axis in web

= 0.453 x 50 (220) x
+ 0.567 x 50 x (1456 - 220) x 200
= 4987 x + 7004000

The resultant tensile force,

F pt = f pd A ps
= 5100 f pd

Horizontal equilibrium ,
F cc = F pt
33003 x = 5100 f pd
f pd = 6.4711 x [2]

4987 x + 7004000 = 5100 f pd

f pd = 1373.3 + 0.978 x [3]

msy '17
76 | Bridge Design
page 3/4

Re f. Calculations Output

N. A in flange N.A in web

Trial x e pd f pd Trial x e pd f pd
Strain Stress [1] [2] [1] [3] Use Eq. [3]
0 0 280 0.0230 1812 300 0.0216 1667
0.0071 1391 0.86f pk/gs 240 0.0266 1553 210 0.0301 1579 x /d = 0.12
0.035 1617 f pk/gs 200 0.0315 1294 200 0.0315 1569

Stress-strain curve for prestressing tendons

Design curve NA in flange NA in web

Stress
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600 1617
1400 1391
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 0
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 0.0250 0.0300 0.0350
Strain

Ne utral axis in flange :

The ultimate moment of resistance,
M Rd = f pdA ps(d - 0.4x )
= (1553) (5100) {1692- (0.40 x 240.0)}
= 12641 kNm

==> Ne utral axis in we b ;

The ultimate moment of resistance,
M u = 0.454f ckb wx (d -0.4x ) + 0.567f ck(b -b w)h f (d -0.5h f)
= 0.453 (50) (220) (210) (1692 - 0.4 x 210)
+ 0.567 (50) (1456 220 200 (1692 - 100)
1683.9 + 11150
= 12834 kNm

msy '17
 Example| 77
page 4/4

Re f. Calculations Output

Ultimate Load
(a).Dead laod
Deck slab = 8.69 x 1.2 = 10.43 kN/m
Parapet = 2.49 x 1.2 = 2.98 kN/m
Handrail = 0.04 x 1.2 = 0.04 kN/m
Diaphragm = 0.00 x 1.2 = 0.00 kN/m
Beam = 17.63 x 1.2 = 21.16 kN/m
Total = 34.61 kN/m
(b). Superimposed dead load
Weight of premix = 3.93 x 1.75 = 6.87 kN/m
TNB cable = 0.12 x 1.75 = 0.21 kN/m
Asphaltic conc. Sheet = 0.04 x 1.75 = 0.08 kN/m
Total = 7.15 kN/m

Total Dead Load, DL = 41.76 kN/m

(c). Live load

LM1 13.93 x 1.50 = 20.90 kN/m
Total live load, LL = 20.90 kN/m

Total ultimate load,

W u = 1.4G + k
41.76k + 1.6Q 20.90 = 62.66 kN/m

Applied Moment,
M = W u L 2/8
2
= 62.66 x 29.5 /8
= 6817 kNm < M u = 12834 kNm Ok !

Grillage analysis using LUSAS

Maximum moment,
= 8000 kNm < M u = 12834 kNm Ok !

Grillage analysis using OPBriDA

Maximum moment,
= 9536 kNm < M u = 12834 kNm Ok !

msy '17
78 | Bridge Design
3e : DESIGN FOR SHEAR page 1/4

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
Spe cification

Ultimate load, w = 62.7 kN/m

y1
h

e
L = 29.5 m y2
Longitudinal-se ction
Cross Se ction
Prestress or jacking force, P = 7000 kN
Losses = 30 % b = 0.70
Eccentricity at mid-span, e max = 739 mm Reinforcement
Eccentricity at support, e min = 180.5 mm 5H 20
Mate rial Prope rtie s As = 1571 mm2
2
Characteristic strength of link, f yv = 500 N/mm
2
Characteristic strength, f ck = 50 N/mm
2
Design strength of concrete, f cd = 0.567f ck = 28.4 N/mm
2
Charac. tensile strength of concrete, f ctk = 2.9 N/mm
2
Table 3.1 Design tensile strength of concrete, f ctd = f ctk/gc= 1.90 N/mm
Se ction Prope rtie s
bw x h = 220 x 1600 mm Moment of inertia,
Area, A = 705170 mm2 I = 235.5 x 109 mm4
Sentroid, y 1 = 752.8 mm Section Modulus,
6
y2 = 847.3 mm Z1 = 312.9 x 10 mm3
6
First moment area, Z 2 = 278.0 x 10 mm3
S = 192.9 x 106 mm3
The shape of parabolic cable,
e = 4e max [x /L - (x /L )2]
4 x 739 [(x / 30) - (x / 30) ]
2
=
= 100 x - 3.40 x 2

The slope of cable,

de /dx = 4e max/L (1 - 2x/L ) =
= 0.10 [1- (2x / 30)]
Effective depth,
d = y1 + e = 752.8 + e

msy'17
 Example| 79
page 2/4

Re f. Calculations Output

De sign she ar force and mome nt,

At x from support,
V Ed = wL /2 - wx = 924 - 62.7 x
2
M Ed = (wL /2)x - wx /2 = 924 x - 31.331 x 2

De sign she ar re sistance

Uncracke d se ction
6.2.2(2) V Rd,c = (I .b w/S ) (f ctd)2 + a l f cp f ctd
I = 235.5 x 109 mm4
bw = 220 mm
S = 192.9 x 106 mm3
f ctd = 1.90 N/mm2
a1= 1.0
f cp = b P /A
= 0.7 x 7000 x 103 / 705170
= 6.93 N/mm2
= (235.5 x 109 x 220 / 192.9 x 106)
x (1.90 2 + 1.0 x 6.93 x 1.90) 1/2
= 1100.0 kN

Cracke d se ction
V Rd,c =[0.12k (100r lf ck)1/3 + 0.15 f cp] b wd
k = 1 + (200/d )
= 1 +  (200 / 1492)
= 1.37
r 1 =A s/bd = 1571 /(220 x 1492)
= 0.0048
= 0.12 x 1.37 x (100 x 0.005 x 50) 1/3
+ (0.15 x 6.93) ] (220 x 1492)
= (0.47 + 1.04 ) x 220 x 1492
= 496 kN
≥ V min = [0.035k 2/3f ck1/2 + 0.15f cp] b wd
= [0.035 x 1.37 2/3 x 50 1/2
+ (0.15 x 6.93) ] x 220 x 1492
= 441 kN
V Rd,c = 496 kN

msy '14
80 | Bridge Design
page 3/4

Re f. Calculations Output

Concre te strut capacity

6.2.3(3) V Rd,max = [a cw 0.36b wd (1 - f ck/250)f ck] / (cot q + tan q )

f cp = b P /A = 6.93 N/mm2
a cw = 1 + f cp/f cd = 1.24 f cp < 0.25f cd = 7.09 N/mm2
a cw = 1.25 f cp < 0.50f cd = 14.2 N/mm2
a cw = 2.5(1-s cp/f cd) = 1.89 f cp < 1.0f cd = 28.4 N/mm2

= 1.25 x 0.36 x 220 x 1492 (1 - 50/ 250)50

(cot q + tan q )
q = 22o : V Rd,max = 2037 kN
q = 45o : V Rd,max = 2954 kN

f cp = bP /A + bPe /Z 2 - M Ed/Z 2

x e b V Ed M Ed f cp V Rd,c V Ed - V Ed
2 Link
(m) (mm) (degree) (kN) (kNm) (N/mm ) (kN) P sinb Analysis
0.00 0 5.7 924 0 -6.93 1100 437 924 No Type 2
1.00 97 5.3 862 893 -3.72 1100 407 862 No Type 2
2.00 187 5.0 799 1723 -0.74 1100 377 799 No Type 2
3.00 270 4.6 736 2491 2.02 496 347 736 Link Type 2
4.00 346 4.2 674 3196 4.56 496 318 674 Link Type 2
5.00 416 3.8 611 3838 6.87 496 288 611 Link Type 2
6.00 479 3.4 548 4418 8.95 496 258 548 Link Type 2
7.00 535 3.0 486 4935 10.81 496 229 486 No Type 1
8.00 584 2.6 423 5389 12.44 496 199 423 No Type 1
9.00 627 2.2 360 5781 13.85 496 170 360 No Type 1
10.00 662 1.8 298 6110 15.03 496 140 298 No Type 1
11.00 691 1.5 235 6376 15.99 496 110 235 No Type 1
12.00 713 1.1 172 6580 16.72 496 81 172 No Type 1
13.00 729 0.7 110 6721 17.23 496 52 110 No Type 1
14.00 737 0.3 47 6799 17.51 496 22 47 No Type 1
15.00 739 -0.1 -16 6815 17.57 496 -7 -16 No Type 1

msy '14
 Example| 81
page 4/4

Re f. Calculations Output

De sign of Link
V Ed < V Rdc Use Use Minimum Links
A sw/s = 0.08f ck1/2b w / f yk
= 0.08 x 50 1/2 x 220 ) / 500 = 0.25
Link: H12 A sw = 226 mm2
s = 226 /0.25 = 909 mm Type 1
≤ 0.75d = 0.75 x 1492 = 1119 mm H12 - 500

V Ed < V rdmax q = 22
o
Use She ar Links
V Ed = 1962 kN
A sw/s = 0.513 V Ed / f ykd
3
= 0.513 x 1962 x 10 / (500 x 1492 ) = 1.35
Link: H12 A sw = 226 mm2
s = 226 /1.35 = 168 mm Type 2
≤ 0.75d = 0.75 x 1492 = 1119 mm H12 - 150

V Ed > V rdmax q = 22
o
Use She ar Links
V Ed = 2033 kN
q = 0.5 sin-1[V Ed / (0.18b w d f ck(1 - f ck/250))]
-1 3
= 0.5sin (2033 x 10 / (0.18 x 220 x 1492
-1 o
x 50 ##### 250))] = 0.5sin (0.86) = 29.7
A sw/s = V Ed / 0.78f ykdcot q
= 2033 x 103 / (0.78 x 500 x 1492 x 1.75) = 1.99
Link: H12 A sw = 226 mm 2

s = 226 /1.99 = 114 mm Type 3

≤ 0.75d = 0.75 x 1492 = 1119 mm H12 - 100

Link arrange me nt

"VEd (Lusas)" VEd VRdc VR,dmax 22o

1200
Force (kN)

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-200
Distance f rom support

H12 - 100 H12 - 150 H12 - 500

0.0 m 11.0 m 4.0 m

msy '17
82 | Bridge Design
3f : CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION page 1/2

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
Spe cification
Selfweight, w i = 17.63 kN/m
Dead load, g k = 15.30 kN/m
Variable load, q k = 13.93 kN/m

L= 29.5 m

Prestress or jacking force, P = 7000 kN

Eccentricity at mid-span, e c = 739 mm
Eccentricity at support, e a = 180 mm
Loss of prestress = 30 % b = 0.70
4
Moment of inertia, I = 235.5 x 109 mm
2
Modulus of elasticity, E cm = 37 kN/mm
Creep coeficient j (t,to) = 2.0
Effective Modulus of Elasticity. E c,eff = E cm/(1 + j (t,to))
= 37 / (1 + 2) = 12.4 kN/mm2
Quasi-permanent load, w qp = g k + 0.67 q k
= 32.9 + 9.34 = 42.26 kN/m
Calculation of De fle ction
1. Deflection due to selfweight
d 1 = 5w 1L 4 / 384EI
4
= 5 17.63 x 29500 / (384 x 37278 x 235.5 x 109)]
= 19.8 mm (downwards)

2. Deflection due to prestressing force

d 2 = - Pe cL 2 / 8EI [1 - (1 - e a/e c)/6]
9
= 7000000 x 739 x 29500 2 / (8 x 37278 x 236 x 10 ) x
-
180.49
[1 - (1 / 739) / 6]]
= -56.0 mm (upwards)

3. Deflection due to dead load

d 3 = 5w 2L 4 / 384EI
4
= 5 x 15.30 x 29500 / (384 x 37278 x 235.5 x 109)]
= 17.2 mm (downwards)

msy'17
 Example| 83
page 2/2

Re f. Calculations Output

4. Deflection due to quasi-permanent load

d 4 = 5 w qpL 4/384E I
= 5 x 42.26 x 29500 4 / (384 x 37278 x 235.5 x 109)]
= 47.5 mm (downwards)

5. Deflection due to quasi-permanent load

(Considering creep and long term losses)
d 5 = 5 w qpL 4/384E c, eff I
= 5 x 42.26 x 29500 4 / (384 x 12426 x 235.5 x 109)]
= 142.4 mm (downwards)

6. Deflection due to prestressing force after long term loss

(Considering creep and long term losses)
d 6 = - P o e cL 2 / 8E [Link] [1-(1 - e a/e c)/6]
9
= 4887616 x 739 x 29500 2 / (8x 12426 x 236 x 10 ) x
[1 - (1 - 180 / 739) / 6]]
= -117.4 mm (upwards)

Short te rm de fle ction

a. Deflection at transfer
= d1 + d2
= 19.8 + -56.0
= -36.2 mm (upwards)

b. Deflection after construction

= d1 + d2  d3
= 19.8 + -56.0 + 17.2
= -19.0 mm (upwards)

c. Deflection at service
= d1 + d2  d4
= 19.8 + -56.0 + 47.5
= 11.3 mm (downwards)

Long te rm de fle ction De fle ction limits

= d5 + d6 = L /250
= -117.4 + 142.4 = 29500 / 250
= 25.1 mm (downwards) = 118.0 mm

OPBriDA 89.1 mm

msy'17
84 | Bridge Design
3g : DESIGN OF END BLOCK page 1/2

Re f. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
8.10.3 De sign of End Block
6.6 (a) Be aring Stre ss be hind anchorage
b2
b b 2b

d 2a
d2 Cable B
d2

b1
d2
d2 d1 Cable A
d2

b b 2b
b
Cable A
Jacking force at each anchorage, P = 2333 kN
Concrete strength at transfer, f ck (t) = 42 N/mm2
Duct diameter, f = 92 mm
Bearing plate , b 1 x d 1 = 240 x 240 mm
b 2a = 165 mm d 2a = 400 mm 300
b 2b = 165 mm d 2b = 400 mm
b2= 330 mm d2= 800 mm
≤ 3b 1 720 mm ≤ 3d 1 720 mm
Bearing resistance force,
6.6(2) F Rdu = A cof cd ( A ct/A co) ≤ 3.0f cd A co 0.6667
A co = b 1d1 - p f 2/4
= (240 x 240) - 92 2 p / 4
2
= 50952 mm
f cd = f ck/1.5 = 42 / 1.5 = 28.00 N/mm2
A ct = b 1 x d 1
= 330 x 720 = 237600 mm2
= 50952 x 28.0 (237600 / 50952 )
= 3081 kN ≤ (3 x 28.0 x 50952) = 4280 kN
= 3081 kN > g p P = 1.2 x 2333 = 2799.6 kN Ok

msy'17
 Example| 85
page 2/2

Re f. Calculations Output

Cable B
Jacking force at each anchorage, P = 2333 kN
2
Concrete strength at transfer, f ck (t) = 42 N/mm
Duct diameter, f = 92 mm
Bearing plate , b 1 x d 1 = 265 x 265 mm
b 2a = 330 mm d 2a = 400 mm
b 2b = 330 mm d 2b = 400 mm
b2= 660 mm d2= 800 mm
≤ 3b 1 795 mm ≤ 3d 1 795 mm

Bearing resistance force,

F Rdu = A cof cd ( A c1/A co) ≤ 3.0f cd A co
A co = b 1d1 - p f 2/4
2
= (265 x 265) - 92 p / 4
2
= 63577 mm
2
f cd = f ck/1.5 = 42 / 1.5 = 28.00 N/mm
A c1 = b 1 x d 1
2
= 660 x 795 = 524700 mm
= 63577 x 28.0 (524700 / 63577 )
= 5114 kN ≤ (3 x 28.0 x 63577) = 5340 kN
= 5114 kN > g p P = 1.2 x 2333 = 2800 kN Ok

(a) Re inforce me nt de sign

Transverse reinforcement for bursting
A sb = F bt / f sb
F bt = Bursting force
8.10.3(4) = g p x 0.33P
= 1.2 x 0.33 x 2333
= 923.87 kN
8.10.3(4) f sb = permissible steel stress
2
= 300 N/mm
= 924 x 103 / 300
= 3079.6 mm2
Use : Close link 14 H12 2 leg
A sb = 3167 mm2

msy'17
86 | Bridge Design

DESIGN OF
DECK SLAB
 Example| 87
2. DESIGN OF DECK SLAB page 1/8

Ref. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:
STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT

Data ;
Premix thickness = 100 mm
Slab thickness = 200 mm
2
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 40 N/mm
2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm
3
Unit weight of concrete, gc = 25 kN/m
3
Unit weight of premix, g p = 23 kN/m
Nominal concrete cover, c = 30 mm
Assume bar size, f bar = 16 mm
Design crack width = 0.1 mm

msy '14
88 | Bridge Design
page 2/8

Ref. Calculations Output

Loading:
2
Slab self weight = 0.2 x 25 = 5.00 kN/m
2
Premix = 0.10 x 23 = 2.30 kN/m
2
Live load, LM1 (UDL) = 9.00 kN/m
Live load, LM2 = 200.00 kN

Design of Interior slab panels

Case 1 : DL + LM1 (UDL)
Design load = (1.35 x 2.30) + (1.35 x 5.00) + (1.50 x 9.00)
2
n = 23.4 kN/m

ly = 30.00 m l y/l x = 16.22

one-way slab

lx = 1.85 m

2
Moments = b sx n l x
Table 3.12 Short span ;
2
BS 8110 Mid-span : M x = 0.075x 23.4 x 1.85 = 5.99 kNm/m
2
Support : Mx = 0.086x 23.4 x 1.85 = 6.87 kNm/m
Long span :
2
Mid-span : M y = 0.000x 23.4 x 1.85 = 0.00 kNm/m
2
Support : My = 0.000x 23.4 x 1.85 = 0.00 kNm/m

Table 3.12 Shear Force = b vx n l x

BS 8110 Short span : V x = 0.50 x 23.4 x 1.85 = 21.60 kN/m

Case 2 : DL + LM2
2
Dead load = (1.35 x 2.30) + (1.35 x 5.00) = 9.86 kN/m
2
Moments = b sx n l x
Table 3.12 Short span ;
2
BS 8110 Mid-span : M x = 0.075x 9.86 x 1.85 = 2.53 kNm/m
2
Support : Mx = 0.086x 9.86 x 1.85 = 2.90 kNm/m
Long span :
2
Mid-span : M y = 0.000x 9.86 x 1.85 = 0.00 kNm/m
2
Support : My = 0.000x 9.86 x 1.85 = 0.00 kNm/m
Table 3.12 Shear Force = b vx n l x
BS 8110 Short span : V x = 0.500x 9.86 x 1.85 = 9.12 kN/m

msy '14
 Example| 89
page 3/8

Ref. Calculations Output

LM2 load : One wheel placed at the centre of the panel

Analysis using Pigeaud's method
ly

ay
u = 600 mm
v v = 350 mm
u ax lx

F = 200.0 kN
Surfacing,

t = 100 mm
RC slab
d = 162 mm

a x = u + 2(d + t )= 0.60 + 2(0.26) = 1.12 m

a y = v + 2(d + t ) = 0.35 + 2(0.26) = 0.87 m
l y/l x = 30.00 1.85 = 16.2
a x/l x = 1.12 1.85 = 0.61
a y/l x = 0.87 1.85 = 0.47

Data Sheet Moment = k axF kNm/m

45, Reynold Short span ;
Mid-span : M x = 0.75 x 0.112x 200 = 16.80 kNm/m
Support : Mx = 1.05 x 0.112x 200 = 23.52 kNm/m
Long span :
Mid-span : M y = 0.00 x 0.000x 200 = 0.00 kNm/m
Support : My = 0.00 x 0.000x 200 = 0.00 kNm/m
Shear Force = F /(2ax + ay) kN/m
Vx = 200 / (2.25 + 0.87) = 64.06 kN/m
Total moment,
Short span ;
Mid-span : M x = 2.53 + 16.80 = 19.33 kNm/m
Support : Mx = 2.90 + 23.52 = 26.42 kNm/m
Long span :
Mid-span : M y = 0.00 + 0.00 = 0.00 kNm/m
Support : My = 0.00 + 0.00 = 0.00 kNm/m
Total Shear Force
Short span : V x = 9.12 + 64.06 = 73.18 kN/m

msy '14
90 | Bridge Design
page 4/8

Ref. Calculations Output

Cantilever Slab Panel

Slab thickness = 200 mm

Premix = 100 mm

1.175

Moment at support FOS

Railing = 0.37 x 0.98 x 1.20 = 0.44 kNm/m
Kerb = 0.45 x 0.40 x 24 x 0.98 x 1.20 = 5.05 kNm/m
Slab = 0.2 x 1.18 x 24 x 0.59 x 1.15 = 3.81 kNm/m
Premix = 0.10 x 0.78 x 23 x 0.39 x 1.75 = 1.19 kNm/m
LM1 -UDL = 9.00 x 0.78 x 0.39 x 1.20 = 3.24 kNm/m
S = 13.73 kNm/m

Shear at support
Railing = 0.37 x 1.20 = 0.45 kN/m
Kerb = 0.45 x 0.40 x 24 x 1.20 = 5.18 kN/m
Slab = 0.2 x 1.18 x 24 x 1.15 = 6.49 kN/m
Premix = 0.10 x 0.78 x 23 x 1.75 = 3.07 kN/m
HA-UDL = 9.00 x 0.80 x 1.20 = 8.64 kN/m
S = 23.82 kN/m

Summary of Moment and Shear force

Short span ; Max. moment at support, M x = 23.52 kNm/m

Max. moment at mid-span, M x = 19.33 kNm/m

Long span ; Max. moment at support, M y = 0.00 kNm/m

Max. moment at mid-span, M y = 0.00 kNm/m

Max. shear force at support, V = 73.18 kN/m

msy '14
 Example| 91
page 5/8

Ref. Calculations Output

Main Reinforcement
b = 1000 mm f ck = 40 N/mm2
h = 200 mm f yk = 500 N/mm2
c = 30 mm f bar = 12 mm

6.1 Short span : M = 23.52 kNm/m

d = h - c - f bar/2 = 164 mm
K = M /bd 2f ck = 0.022
z = d {0.5 + / 0.25 - K/1.134 } = 0.98 d , z = 0.95 d Use : H12- 200
2
As = M /0.87f ykz = 347 mm2/m 566 mm /m

6.1 Long span : M = 0.00 kNm/m

d = h - c - f bar - fbar/2 = 152 mm
K = M /bd 2fck = 0.000
z = d {0.5 + / 0.25 - K/1.134 } = 1.00 d , z = 0.95 d Use : H12- 425
2
As = M /0.87f yk z = 0 mm2/m 266 mm /m

[Link] Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,

A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (3.51 / 500) x bd Secondary bar :
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x 164 = 213 mm2/m H12 - 425
2 2
A s,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 x1000 x 200 = 8000 mm /m (266 mm /m)

SHEAR

Design shear force, V Ed = 73.2 kN

6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
1/3
V Rd,c = [ 0.12 k (100r 1 f ck) ] bd

k = 1 + (200/d )1/2 ≤< 2.0

= 2.0
1/2
= 1+(200 / 164) = 2.10 ≤ 2.0
r 1 = A sl/bd ≤ 0.02
= 566 / (1000 x 164) = 0.0034 ≤ 0.02
V Rd,c = 0.12 x 2.0 x (100 x 0.0034 x 40) 1/3 x 1000 x 164
= 94396 N = 94.4 kN
V min = [ 0.035k 3/2f ck1/2 ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 2.0 x 40 x 1000 x 164
= 102680 N = 102.7 kN

So, V Rd,c = 102.7 kN > V Ed Ok !

msy '14
92 | Bridge Design
page 6/8

Ref. Calculations Output

7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
r = A s,req / bd
= 347 / 1000 x 164 = 0.0021
Reference reinforcement ratio,
r o = (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (40) 1/2
x10
-3
= 0.0063

Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 0.4

r < ro Use equation (1)

l  ro  ro 
3/ 2

= K 11  1.5 f ck  3 .2  r  1
f ck    (1)
d 
 r   


= 0.4 (11 + 28.4 + 56.76) = 38.4

span less than 7 m
Modification factor for span,
= 1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 566 / 347 = 1.63 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 38.4 x 1.00 x 1.50 = 57.67
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 1175 / 164 = 7.2 < (l /d )allowble Ok !

CRACKING
7.3.4 w k = s r,max (esm - ecm)
Eq. 7.8
- Flexural tension in mature concrete
b
ecc f cc
x Fcc
d
h z
M
est
As ect Fst
Section Strain Stress/Force

Reinforcement H16 - 150

2
Area of reinforcement, As = 1341 mm /m
2
Concrete Young Modulus, E cm = 35 kN/mm
2
Steel Young Modulus, E s = 200 kN/mm
Effective depth, d = h - c - f /2
= 200 - 30 - 16/2 = 162 mm

msy '14
 Example| 93
page 7/8

Ref. Calculations Output

Modular ratio, a e = E s /E cm = 200 / 35 = 5.7 Note:

Steel ratio, r = A s/bd Allow for creep ? yes
= 1341 / (1000 x 162) = 0.008 E cm = 0.5 x 35
2
Depth of neutral axis, = 18 kN/mm
x = { - ae . r + [ae . r (2 + ae . r )] 1/2 } d ae = 200 / 18
= { (11.4 x 0.008) + = 11.4
[ 11.357 0.008) x (2 + 11.357 0.008) ] 1/2}d
= 0.35 d = 0.35 x 162 = 56.6 mm
Lever arm, z = d - (x /3)= 162 - (56.6 / 3) = 143 mm

Steel tensile stress, M qp = M Ed/g

s s = M / (A s . z )
= 17.4 x 106 / (1341 x 143) = 91 N/mm2

Eq. 7.11 Maximum crack spacing,

s r,max = 3.4c + 0.2125k 1f / r p,eff
c = 30 mm Cover to reinforcement
k1= 0.8 Bond coefficient
f = 16 mm Bar diameter
r p,eff = Effective reinforcement ratio
= A s / A c,eff = A s / bh eff
Depth of effective tension area = The lesser of,
2.5(h - d ) = 2.5 200 - 162) = 95.0 mm
(h - x ) / 3 = (200 - 56.6) / 3 = 47.8 mm
h /2 = 200 / 2 = 100.0 mm
r p,eff = 1341 / 1000 x 47.8 = 0.0281

s r,max = (3.4 x 30 0.2125 x 0.8 16 0.0281 )

= 199 mm
Bar spacing = 150 mm
< 5(c + f/2) = 30 16 190 mm
Upper limit of s r,max = 1.3(h - x ) = 1.3 (200 - 56.6)
= 186 mm does not apply
Eq. 7.9 Surface strain
(e sm - e cm) = [ s s - k t(f ct,eff / r p,eff)(1 + ae r p,eff)] / E s
≥ 0.6s s / E s
ss = 91 N/mm2 Steel stress
kt = 0.4 Duration of load factor
f ct,eff = f ctm3.51 N/mm2 Tensile strength of concrete
r p,eff = 0.0281 Effective reinforcement ratio
ae = 5.7 Modular ratio

msy '14
94 | Bridge Design
page 8/8

Ref. Calculations Output

(e sm - e cm)
= 91 0.4 (3.51 / 0.028) (1 + 5.6785 0.0281
200 x 103
3
= (91 58 200 10 = 0.00016
≥ 0.6s s/E s
= 0.6 x 91 / 200 x 103 = 0.00027
Crack width,
w k = s r,max (e sm - e cm)
= 199 x 0.00027 0.05 mm < 0.10 mm Ok !
Use : H16 - 150
- Direct tension in immature concrete
Reinforcement H16 - 150
Eq. 7.11 Maximum crack spacing,
s r,max = 3.4c + 0.425k 1f / r p,eff
c = 30 mm Cover to reinforcement
k1= 0.8 Bond coefficient
f = 16 mm Bar diameter
2
As = 1341 mm
Effective tension zone, h c,ef = the lesser of
2.5(c + f /2) = 30 16 2) = 95 mm
h /2 = 200 / 2 = 100 mm
r p,eff = A s/bh eff Effective reinforcement ratio
= 1341 1000 x 95) = 0.0141
s r,max = (3.4 x 30 0.425 x 0.8 16 0.0141 )
= 488 mm
Eq. 7.9 Surface strain
(e sm - e cm) = R [ e cd + (T 1 + T 2) aT,c ]
Table L.1 R = 0.5 Restraint factor
o
EN 1992-3 e cd = 150.0 me / C Drying shrinkage strain
o
Table A.2 T1 = 16 C Fall in temperature from the
BS 8007 hydration peak
o
T2 = 5 C Seasonal temperature fall
o
a T,c = 12 me / C Coeff. of thermal expansion
-6
(e sm - e cm) = 0.5 150 + (16 + 5 12 x 10
= 0.000201

Crack width,
w k = s r,max (e sm - e cm)
= 488 x 0.000201 0.10 mm < 0.10 mm Ok !
Use : H16 - 150

msy '14
 Example| 95

DESIGN OF
PIER
96 | Bridge Design
DESIGN OF PIER page 1/8

Ref. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:

STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT

L1 t1

h1
h3
h2

L2
h5
t2

h4

L3 t3

No. of beam = 8

Cross head Column Pile Cap

L1 = 13.90 m No. = 1 L3 = 8.40 m
L2 = 4.00 m t2 = 1.40 m t3 = 4.80 m
t1 = 1.60 m h5 = 6.20 m h4 = 1.50 m
t2 = 1.40 m L2 = 4.00 m
h1 = 1.20 m
h2 = 0.60 m
h3 = 1.80 m

msy 17
 Example| 97
page 2

References Calculations Output

SUMMARY OF LOAD & FORCES ON PIER

Service Load Ultimate Load

Safety
VERTICAL LOAD (kN) (kN)
factor
Span 1 Span 2 Span 1 Span 2
1 Cross head
(L 1 - L 2)(h 1+ h 3)x t 1 x 0.5 x 25 594 1.35 802
(L 2 x t 1 x h 3) x 25 288 1.35 389
2 Column
L 2 x t 2 x h 5 x 25 868 1.35 1172
3 Pile cap
L 3 x t 3 x h 4 x 25 = 1512 1.35 2041
4 Dead load DL 3630 2477 1.35 4901 3344
5 SDL 490 329 1.35 662 444.15
6 Live Load LM1 : UDL + TS 1672 1315 1.5 2508 1972.5
7 LM4 975 650 1.5 1463 975
8 Maximum LM1 : UDL + TS 2272 1915 1.5 3408 2872.5
9 Live Load LM4 488 650 1.5 732 975

Service Load Ultimate Load

Safety
HORIZONTAL LOAD (kN) (kN)
factor
Span 1 Span 2 Span 1 Span 2
10 Traction 409 393 1.35 552.15 530.55
11 Wind - 47 31 1.35 63.45 41.85
12 Shear - Temp. 151 101 1.35 203.85 136.35
13 Shrinkage, Temperature, Creep 324 216 1.35 437.4 291.6

msy 17
 page 3

References Calculations Output

1 - Design of Cross-Head
(a) Analysis
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7
From column centre
w L1 = 6.95 m
L2 = 5.78 m
L4 L5
L3 = 4.13 m
L3 L6
L4 = 2.48 m
L2 7.1 m L5 = 2.48 m
L7
L6 = 4.13 m
L1 L8
L7 = 5.78 m
Distributed load, L8 = 6.95 m
w = (802 + 389) / 13.90 = 86 kN/m

Point load From column face

P = (4901 1.5Q k+ 662
1.35G k++3344 + 444 L1 = 4.95 m
+ 2508 + 1973 ) / 8 = 1729 kN L2 = 3.78 m
L3 = 2.13 m
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 L4 = 0.48 m
1729 1729 1729 3458 1729 1729 1729 L5 = 0.48 m
L6 = 2.13 m
L7 = 3.78 m
Size : L8 = 4.95 m
Beam : b x h = 1600 x1800 mm
Column: b x h = 1400 x4000 mm

Maximum moment at column face

M = wL 12/2 + P 1L 2 + P 2L 3 + P 3L 4
= 1049 + 6526 + 3674 + 821
= 11286 kNm

V = wL 1 + P 1 + P 2 + P 3
= 424 + 1729 + 1729 + 1729
= 5611 kN

LUSAS Analysis:
M= 7068 kNm
V= 6399 kN
T= 3599 kNm

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References Calculations Output

6.1 (b) Design for Moment

b xh = 1800 x 1600 mm f ck = 40 N/mm2

f bar = 32 mm f yk = 500 N/mm2
c = 50 mm f yk,link = 500 N/mm2
d = h - c - 2f bar = 1686 mm

Design bending moment, M Ed = 11286 kNm

2
K = M / bd f ck
6 2
= 11286 x 10 / (1800x 1686 x 40)
= 0.055
Redistribution = 0 % Redistribution ratio, d = 1.0 Using : EC2
2
K bal = 0.454(d - k 1)/k 2 - 0.182[(d - k 1)/k2] k1= 0.44
2
= 0.363 (d - k 1) - 0.116 (d - k 1) k2= 1.25
= 0.167
K < K bal
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K bal/1.134) ]
= 0.82 d ≤ 0.95 d
= 0.82 x 1686 = 1384 mm
Area of tension steel
As = M / 0.87f yk z
6
= 11286 x 10 / 0.87 x 500 x 1384 Use : 12H 32
2
= 18749 mm 12H 32
12H 16
2
[Link] Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, ( 21718 mm )
A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd
= 0.26 (3.51 / 500) bd
= 0.0018 bd ≥ 0.0013 bd
2
= 0.0018 x 1800 x 1686 = 5537 mm
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 bh Use : 12H 32
2 2
= 0.04 x 1800 x 1600 = 115200 mm ( 9652 mm )

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References Calculations Output

6.2 (b) Design for Shear

Design shear force, V Ed = 5611 kN

6.2.3 Concrete strut capacity

V Rd, max = 0.36b wdf ck(1 - f ck/250) / (cot q + tan q )
= (0.36 x 1800 x 1686 x 40 (1- 40/250 )
(cot q + tan q )
= 12750 kN q = 22 o cot q = 2.5
= 18354 kN q = 45 o cot q = 1.0
o
V Ed < V Rd, max q = 22
o
V Ed < V Rd, max q = 45

o
Therefore angle q < 22
-1
θ = 0.5sin [V Ed / 0.18b wdf ck(1- f ck/250)]
= 0.5sin -1 5610.5 x 10
3

0.18 x 1800 x 1686 x 40(1 - 40/250 )

-1 o
= 0.5sin {0.31} = 8.9
Use : θ = 22.0
o
tan q = 0.40 cot q = 2.5

Shear links
A sw / s =V Ed / 0.78f ykd cot q
3
= 5611 x 10 / (0.78 x 500 x 1686 x 2.48)
= 3.45
Try link : 4 x H12 A sw = 905 mm2
Spacing, s = 905 / 3.45 = 262 mm
Use :
9.2.2 (6) Max. spacing, s max = 0.75d = 0.75 x 1686 = 1265 mm 4x H12 - 225

9.2.2(5) Minimum links

1/2
A sw / s = 0.08f ck b w / f yk
1/2
= 0.08 x (40) x 1800 / 500
= 1.821
2
Try link : 4 x H12 A sw = 905 mm
Spacing, s = 905 / 1.82 Use :
= 497 mm ≤ 0.75d = 1265 mm 4x H12 - 300

Shear resistance of minimum links

Vmin = (A sw/s )(0.78df yk cot q )
= (905 / 300) x (0.78 x 1686 x 500 x 2.5)
= 4909 kN

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References Calculations Output

7.4 (d) Check Deflection

Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
r = A s,req / bd
= 18749 / 1800 x 1686 = 0.0062
Reference reinforcement ratio,
r o = (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (40) 1/2
x10
-3
= 0.0063

Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0

r < ro Use equation (1)

l  ro  ro 
3/ 2

= K 11  1.5 f ck  3 .2  r  1
f ck    (1)
d 
 r   


= 1.0 (11 + 9.7 + 0.07) = 20.8

span less than 7 m
Modification factor for span,
= 1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 21718 / 18749 = 1.16 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 20.8 x 1.00 x 1.16 = 24.08
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 4950 / 1686 = 2.9 < (l /d )allowble Ok !

7.3 (e) Check Cracking

Table 7.1N Limiting crack width, w max = 0.3 mm
Steel stress,
f yk G k  0.3Qk As req 1
fs = x
1.15 (1.35G k  1.5Qk ) As p rov d

= (500 / 1.15) x [(6989 + (0.3x 2987)) /13916 ]

x ( 18749 / 21718) x 1.0
2
= 213 N/mm s s
Table 7.3N Max. allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
Bar spacing,
s = [ 1800 - 2(50) - 2(12) - (32) ] / 11
= 149 mm < 200 mm

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References Calculations Output

2 - Design of Column
(a) Analysis
Load Case 1 : Group 1a
One span loaded with LM1: UDL and TS place to cause worst reaction.
DL + SDL + LM1:UDL+TS DL + SDL

Force L. arm Moment

VERTICAL LOAD
(kN) (m) (kNm)
1 Cross head 1,191 0 0
2 Column 1,172 0 0
4 Dead load DL 4,901 3,344 0.45 700
5 SDL 662 444 0.45 98
8 Max. Live load: LM1 3,408 0 0.45 1,534
SV 15,121 SM 2,332

Load Case 2 : Group 1a

Both span loaded with LM1: UDL and TS

DL + SDL + LM1:UDL+TS DL + SDL + LM1:UDL+TS

Force L. arm Moment

VERTICAL LOAD
(kN) (m) (kNm)
1 Cross head 1,191 0 0
2 Column 1,172 0 0
4 Dead load DL 4,901 3,344 0.45 700
5 SDL 662 444 0.45 98
8 Live load: LM1 2,508 1,973 0.45 241
SV 16,193 SM 1,039

msy
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References Calculations Output

Load Case 3 : Group 2

One span loaded with LM1: UDL and TS and consider bracking/acceleration force

DL + SDL + LM1:UDL+TS DL + SDL

Bracking /Acceleration

Force L. arm Moment

VERTICAL LOAD
(kN) (m) (kNm)
1 Cross head 1,191 0 0
2 Column 1,172 0 0
4 Dead load DL 4,901 3,344 0.45 700
5 SDL 662 444 0.45 98
8 Max. Live load: LM1 2,508 0 0.45 1,129
SV 14,221 SM 1,927

Force L. arm Moment

HORIZONTAL LOAD
(kN) (m) (kNm)
10 Bracking / Acceleration 409 8.00 3,272
11 Wind 47 8.00 376 * Not considerd
12 Shear - Temp. 151 8.00 1,208 * Not considerd
13 Shrinkage, Temperature, Creep 324 8.00 2,592 * Not considerd
SH 409 SM 3,272

SV = 14,221 kN SM = 5199 kNm SH = 409 kN

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References Calculations Output

(b) Check Slenderness

- Using simplified method
Effective length l o = factor x clear height
h z b= 1400 mm
b
y y h= 4000 mm
+ Unbraced column
z L= 6200 mm

Top : Cantilever beams

Table 3.20 z-axis: End condition Top = 4 Factor both sides
BS 8110 Bot. = 1 = 2.2 Bot: Fixed to foundation
l oz = 2.2 x 6200 = 13640 mm

y-axis: End condition Top = 3 Factor Top: Beam at both sides

Bot. = 1 = 1.6 but provide only
l oy = 1.6 x 6200 = 9920 mm nominal restraint
Bot: Fixed to foundation
1/2
Radius of gyration, i = (I /A )
3
i z = [(1400 x 4000 /12) / (1400 x4000) ] 1/2
= 1154.7 mm
3
i y = [(4000 x 1400 /12) / (4000 x1400) ] 1/2
= 404 mm

Slenderness Ratio, l = l o/i

l z = 13640 /1155 = 11.813
ly = 9920 / 404 = 24.546

[Link] Slenderness Limit, l lim = 20.A.B.C /n

A = 0.7 B = 1.1 C = 0.7
n = N E d/(A cf cd)
= 16,193 x 103 / (1400x 4000 x 0.567 x 35)
= 0.1457

l lim = (20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 0.7) / 0.1457 1/2

= 28.2

lz < l lim Non- slender

ly < l lim Non- slender

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References Calculations Output

(c) Design of Reinforcement

Column size, b x h = 1400 x 4000 mm
2
Cover, c = 50 mm f ck = 40 N/mm
2
Assume f bar = 25 mm f yk = 500 N/mm
f link = 10 mm
b ' = b - c - f link - 0.5f bar = 1328 mm
h ' = h - c - flink - 0.5f bar = 3928 mm
M Ed, z Load Case
Forces
BS 8110 M Ed, y 1 2 3
[Link] N Ed 15,121 16,193 14,221
M oEdz 0 0 0
M oEdy 2,421 1,039 5,199
Load case 1
Imperfection moment,
M imp = N Ed.e i = N Ed. (l o/400)
M impz = N15121
Ed.e i = N
(13.6
Ed. (l/400)
o/400) = 516 kNm
M impy = N15121
Ed.e i = N(9.9
Ed. (l
/400)
o/400) = 375 kNm
Design moment, M Edz = M oEd + M imp
M Edz = 0 + 516 = 516 kNm
M Edy = 2421 + 375 = 2796 kNm
M Edz/h ' = 516 x 106 / 3928 = 131 kN
M Edy/b ' = 2796 x 106 / 1328 = 2106 kN
M Edz/h ' =< M Edy/b ' =
M Edz' = M Edz + b (h '/b ')M Edy = 8229.4 kNm
==> M Edy' = M Edy + b (b '/h ')M Edz = 2958.5 kNm
N Ed/bh fck = 15121 x 103 / (1400x 4000 x 40) = 0.07
b = 0.93 d 2/h = 73 / 1400 = 0.05

Forces per column

Design Load N Mz My M N M Asf yk As Asmin (mm2)
2 2
Chart case (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) bhf ck bh f ck bhf ck (mm ) 0.1N /f yd 0.002A c
1 15121 516 2796 2959 0.07 0.01 0 0 3,476 11,200
2 16193 516 1414 1714 0.07 0.01 0 0 3,723 11,200
3 14221 516 5574 5809 0.06 0.02 0 0 3,269 11,200
A smax = 0.06A c = 336,000 mm2
Use : 10 H25
6 H25
10 H25
12764 mm2

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References Calculations Output

9.5.3 Links, f min = the larger of

= 0.25 x (25) = 6.3 mm
or 6 mm
S v max = the lesser of
= 20 x (25) = 500 mm
or 1400 mm
or 400 mm Use : H10 - 400
At section 4000 mm below and above beam and
at lapped joints, S v max = 0.6 x 400 = 240 mm
Use : H10 - 225

3 - Design of Foundation
Summary of forces
Load SV SM SH
Case (kN) (kNm) (kN)
1 15121 2796 0
2 16193 1414 0
3 14221 5574 409
Consider load case 3
Vertical load S V = 14221 + 2041 = 16262 kN
Moment about center-line of pile cap, SM = 5574 kNm
Horizontal load, SH = 409 kN
Try : 600 mm f Spun pile with capacity of 2100 kN
No. of pile = 3 x 5 = 15
5 nos. h = 1.50 m

B/2
3 nos. s 2 = 1800
600
600 s1 s 1 = 1800 y1 y3

(a). Vertical load : Pile load, F V

Vertical pile y1 = 1.80 m
FV = SV /No. of pile y2 = 0.00 m
= 16262 / 15 = 1084 kN y3 = 1.80 m
Raked pile Racked pile
FV = 2 1/2
(SV /No. of pile ) x (R + 1) / R 1: R = 1: 5
= (16262 / 15) x (5.10 / 5)
= 1105.6 kN

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References Calculations Output

(b). Moments : Pile load, F M

2 2 2
The moment of inertia, I y = 5 x [y 1 + y 2 + y 3 ]
2 2
= 5x {1.8 + 0.00 + 1.8 2 }
4
= 32.40 m
The moment at the pile top is
M = 5574 + (409 x 1.5) = 6188 kNm
F Mi = My i / I y
F M1 = 6188 x 1.8 / 32.40 = 344 kN
F M2 = 6188 x 0.0 / 32.40 = 0 kN
F M3 = 6188 -x 1.8 / 32.40 = -344 kN
The pile loads are, F = FV + FM
F1 = 1106 + 344 = 1449 kN
F2 = 1084 +0 = 1084 kN
F3 = 1106 -+ 344 = 762 kN
The maximum load per pile = 1449 kN
< 2100 kN Ok !

4- Design of Pile Cap

Size : b x l x h av
= 8400 x 4800 x 1500 mm

Momen at column face,

M xx = 1449 x (1.8 - 0 .7) x 5
= 7972 kNm / 8.4 y1 y3
= 949 kNm/m F1
(a) Design for flexure F1 = 1449 kN
Design for 1 m width y1 = 1.80 m
f bar = 25 mm y2 = 0.00 m
c = 50 mm y3 = 1.80 m
2
d = h - c - f bar/2 f ck = 40 N/mm
2
= 1437.5 mm f yk = 500 N/mm
Bending Moment, M = 949 kNm/m
2
K = M / bd f ck
2
= 949 x 106 / (1000 x 1438 x 40)
= 0.011 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.99 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use: Main bar
6
= 949 x 10 (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 1438 ) H25 - 150
2 2
= 1598 mm /m (3273 mm /m)

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References Calculations Output

[Link] Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Use: Sec. bar

A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (3.51 / 500) x bd H25 - 150
2 2
= 0.0018 bd = 0.0018 x1000 x 1438 =2623 mm (3273 mm /m)
2
A s,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 x 1000 x 1500 = 60000 mm

(b) Design for Shear

(i). Vertical shear - at f /5 section inside pile
[Link] 5 pile outside the critical section.
Shear force, V Ed = 1449 x 5 = 7247 kN
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
3/2 1/2
V Rd,c = V min = [ 0.035k f ck ] bd
1/2
k = 1 + (200/d ) ≤ < = 2.0
2.0
1/2
= 1+(200 / 1438) = 1.37 ≤ 2.0
3/2
= [0.035 x 1.37 x 40 1/2 ] x ( 8400 x 1438)
3
= 4300 x 10 N = 4300 kN

Pile spacing = 1800 < 3f pile

Consider shear enhancement over the whole width of pile cap
Shear span, a v= (1800 - 700 - 300) + 120 = 920 mm
Enhanced Shear resistance,
V Rd,c' = V Rd,c x 2d /a v
= 4300 x 2 x 1438 / 920
= 13,438 kN > V Ed Ok !

6.4 (ii). Punching Shear : Critical at perimeter 2.0d

from column face.
Pile spacing < 3fpile
No punching shear check is necessary Ok !

(iii). Maximum Punching Shear at pile perimeter.

Maximum shear resistance,
V Rd,max = 0.5ud [ 0.6(1 - f ck/250)] f ck/1.5
= 0.5(p x 600) x 1438 [ 0.6 (1 - 40 / 250)] ( 40/1.5)
= 23,184 kN
> V Ed,max == 1449 kN Ok !

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References Calculations Output

(d) Check Cracking

7.3.4 w k = s r,max (esm - ecm)
Eq. 7.8 - Flexural tension in mature concrete
b
ecc f cc
x Fcc
d
h z
M
est
As ect Fst
Section Strain Stress/Force
Reinforcement H25 - 150
2
Area of reinforcement, As = 3273 mm /m Note:
2
Concrete Young Modulus, E cm = 35 kN/mm Allow for creep ? yes
2
Steel Young Modulus, E s = 200 kN/mm E cm = 0.5 x 35
Effective depth, d = h - c - f /2 = 18 kN/mm
2

= 1500 - 50 - 25/2 = 1438 mm ae = 200 / 18

Modular ratio, a e = E s /E cm = 200 / 35 = 5.7 = 11.4
Steel ratio, r = A s/bd
= 3273 / (1000 x 1438 ) = 0.002
Depth of neutral axis,
x = { - ae . r + [ae . r (2 + ae . r )] 1/2 } d
= { (11.4 x 0.002) +
1/2
[(11.4x 0.002) x (2 + 11.4 x 0.002) ] }d
= 0.20 d = 0.20 x 1438 = 291.8 mm
Lever arm, z = d -(x /3)= 1438 - (291.8/ 3) = 1340 mm
Steel tensile stress, M qp = M Ed/g
s s = M / (A s . z ) = 949 / 1.5
6 2
= 633 x 10 / (3273 x 1340 ) = 144 N/mm = 633 kNm/m
Eq. 7.11 Maximum crack spacing,
s r,max = 3.4c + 0.2125k 1f / r p,eff
c = 50 mm Cover to reinforcement
k1= 0.8 Bond coefficient
f = 25 mm Bar diameter
r p,eff = Effective reinforcement ratio
= A s / A c,eff = A s / bh eff
Depth of effective tension area = The lesser of,
2.5(h - d ) = 2.5 ( 1500 - 1438) = 156 mm
(h - x ) / 3 = (1500 - 291.8) / 3 = 403 mm
h /2 = 1500 / 2 = 750 mm
r p,eff = 3273 / 1000 x 156 = 0.0209

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Ref. Calculations Output

s r,max = (3.4 x 50) + ( 0.2125 x 0.8 x 25 / 0.0209 )

= 373 mm
Bar spacing = 150 mm
< 5(c + f/2) = 5(50 + 25 312.5 mm
Upper limit of s r,max = 1.3(h - x ) = 1.3 (1500 - 291.8)
= 1571 mm does not apply
Eq. 7.9 Surface strain
(e sm - e cm) = [ s s - k t(f ct,eff / r p,eff)(1 + ae r p,eff)] / E s
≥ 0.6s s / E s
ss = 144 N/mm2 Steel stress
kt = 0.4 Duration of load factor
38.21 N/mm2 Tensile strength of concrete
f ct,eff = f ctm
r p,eff = 0.0209 Effective reinforcement ratio
ae = 5.7 Modular ratio
(e sm - e cm)
= 144 - 0.4 (38.21 / 0.021) (1 + 5.7 x 0.0209
200 x 103
3
= (144 816.48 200 10 = -0.00336
≥ 0.6s s/E s
3
0.6 144 / 200 x 10 = 0.00043
Crack width,
w k = s r,max (e sm - e cm)
= 373 x 0.000432694
= 0.16 mm < 0.20 mm Ok !
Vertical bars
Use : H25 - 150

msy '17
112 | Bridge Design

DESIGN OF
ABUTMENT
DESIGN OF PIER page 1

Ref. Calculations Output

Project Designed by :

Checked by:
Location
Date:

STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT

Surchage, w = 9.0 kN/m2

b 2.44
h3 Data :
t2 h4 L = 13900 mm
h5
t1 h6 h1 = 550 mm
h7 h8 h2 = 4450 mm
H = 5000 mm
h = 1500 mm
H h2 b = 1200 mm
t3 b1 = 1800 mm
h9 b2 = 1800 mm
B = 4800 mm
ao = 600 mm
h1 a =
25.8 1800 mm
t1 = 450 mm
h
33.5 t2 = 300 mm
A P h3 = 1925 mm
ao a a h4 = 900 mm
b1 b b2 h5 = 450 mm
h6 = 900 mm
B h7 = 450 mm
Approach slab
3
Concrete density, g c = 25 kN/m h8 = 300 mm
3
Soil density, g s = 19 kN/m b4 = 3000 mm
Friction angle, f = 35
o
Wing wall
Active soil pressure t3 = 1500 mm
P = (g H + w ) K a h8 = 2250 mm
2
where K a = tan (45 - f /2) = (1 - sin f)/(1+ sin f ) h9 = 1500 mm
= 0.271 L2 = 300 mm
2
H = 0.00 P = 2.4 kN/m
H = 5.00 m P = 28.2 kN/m2
H = 6.50 m P = 35.9 kN/m2

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References Calculations Output

FORCES ON ABUTMENT

Lever Moment @ A
Load
VERTICAL LOAD arm (kNm)
(kN)
(m)
1 Wall
(H - h 2)x b x L x gc 1282 1.80 2308
(h 3 x t 1 x L ) x g c 301 2.63 790
(h 4 x t 2 x L ) x g c 94 3.00 281
(h 5 x t 2 x L x 0.5) x g c 23 2.95 69
(h 6 x t 1 x L ) x g c 141 2.63 369
(h 7 x t 1 x L x 0.5) x g c 35 2.55 90
2 Base slab B x h x L x gc 2502 1.80 4504
3 Wing wall
(b 2 x H x L 2) x g c x 2 135 3.30 446
(h 8 x t 4 x L 2) x g c x 2 25.313 4.95 125
(h 9 x t 4 x L 2)x 0.5 x g c x 2 56.25 4.70 264
4 Soil b2 xH xL xgs 2377 3.3 7844
5 Approach slab
h 8 x b 3 x L x g c x 0.5 156 3.00 469
6 Surchage w x b2x L 225 3.3 743
7 Dead load DL 2477 1.8 4459
SDL 329 1.8 592
8 Live Load LM1 : UDL + TS 1315 1.8 2367
9 LM4 650 1.8 1170
10 Maximum LM1 : UDL + TS 1915 1.8 3447
11 Live Load LM4 650 1.8 1170

Lever Moment @ A
Load
HORIZONTAL LOAD arm (kNm)
(kN)
(m)
12 Active Soil Pressure
= (33.5 x 6.5 / 2 ) x L 1512 2.17 3277
13 Surcharge
= 2.44 x 6.5 x L 220 3.25 716
14 Traction 393 4.575 1798
15 Wind - 31 4.575 142
16 Shear - Temp. 101 4.575 462
17 Shrinkage, Temperature, Creep 216 4.575 988

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References Calculations Output

Load Case 1: Construction

Vertical : Abutment + Soil + Approach slab + surchage
Horizontal : Active soil pressure + surchage
Lever Moment @ A
Load
VERTICAL LOAD arm (kNm)
(kN)
(m)
1 Wall
(H - h 2)x b x L x gc 1282 1.80 2308
(h 3 x t 1 x L ) x g c 301 2.63 790
(h 4 x t 2 x L ) x g c 94 3.00 281
(h 5 x t 2 x L x 0.5) xgc 23 2.95 69
(h 6 x t 1 x L ) x g c 141 2.63 369
(h 7 x t 1 x L x 0.5) xgc 35 2.55 90
2 Base slab B xh xL x gc 2502 1.80 4504
3 Wing wall
(b 2 x H x L 2) x g c x 2 135 3.30 446
(h 8 x t 4 x L 2) x g c x 2 25 4.95 125
(h 9 x t 4 x L 2)x 0.5 x g c x 2 56 4.70 264
4 Soil b2 xH xL xgs 2377 3.30 7844
5 Approach slab
h 8 x b 3 x L x g c x 0.5 156 3.00 469
6 Surchage w x b2x L 225 3.30 743

Lever Moment @ A
Load
HORIZONTAL LOAD arm (kNm)
(kN)
(m)
12 Active Soil Pressure
= (33.5 x 6.5 / 2 ) x L 1512 2.17 3277
13 Surcharge
= 2.44 x 6.5 x L 220 3.25 716

Permanent = 17560 3277

Moment, M
Variable = 743 716
Vertical Permanent = 7128
Total
Load, V k Variable = 225
Horizontal Permanent = 1512
Load, H k Variable = 220
(i). Stability against overturning (@ point A)
Overturning moment = (1.10 x 3277) + (1.50 x 716) = 4679 kNm
Restraining moment = (0.90 x 17560) + (0.0 x 743) = 15804 kNm
==> Overturning moment < Restraining moment Ok !

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References Calculations Output

DM = 17560 + 743 - 3277 - 716 = 14310 kNm

S V = 7128 + 225 = 7354 kN
x = DM /SV = 1.95 m
e = B /2 - a o - x = 2 .4 - 0 .6 - 1.9 = -0.15 mm
Moment about center-line of pile cap,
M = 7354 -x 0.15 = -1073 kNm
Horizontal load, H = 1512 + 220 = 1733 kN SV
Try : 600 mm Spun pile Pile capacity = 1800 kN
Assume that the total horizontal force will taken by the horizontal
component of raked pile. Raked pile at 1 : R = 1 : 5 y1 y2
2 1/2
Horizontal component / pile = 1/(R +1) x pile capacity x e
1/2
= 1 / (26) x 1800 = 353 kN
No. of raked pile required = 1733 / 353 = 5 nos. y1= 1.8 mm
No. of pile = 3 x 5 = 15 y2= 0 mm
Pile 1 5 nos. raked 5 nos. y3= -1.8 mm
Pile 2 5 nos. raked 5 nos.
Pile 3 5 nos. raked 0 nos.
Total raked pile = 10 nos.
(a). Vertical load : Pile load, F V
Raked pile
F V = (SV /No. of pile ) x (R 2 + 1)1/2 / R
= (7354 / 15) (26) 1/2 / 5 = 500 kN
Vertical pile,
F V = SV / No. of pile
= (7354 / 15) = 490 kN

(b). Moments : Pile load, F M

2 2+ 2
The moment of inertia, I y = 5 x [y1 + y2 y 3 ]
4
= 5 x {(3.24) + 0.00 + 3.24 } = 32.4 m
2 1/2
Raked pile FM= [M yi / I y] [(R + 1) /R ]
F M1 = -(1073 x 1.8) / 32.4 (26) 1/2 / 5 -60.8 kN
F M2 = -(1073 x 0.0) / 32.4 (26) 1/2 / 5 0.0 kN
Vertical pile, FM= [M yi / I y] Use:
F M3 = -(1073 -x 1.8) / 32.4 59.6 kN 600 mm Spun pile
Working load
Load per pile, F = FV + FM = 1800 kN
F1 = 500 + -60.8 = 439 kN Ok
F2 = 500 + 0.0 = 500 kN Ok
F3 = 490 + 59.6 = 550 kN Ok

msy 17
 page 5

References Calculations Output

Load Case 2: Service

Vertical : Abutment + Soil + Approach slab +Surchage + DL + SDL + LM1
Horizontal : Active soil pressure + surcharge + STC
Lever Moment @ A
Load
VERTICAL LOAD arm (kNm)
(kN)
(m)
1 Wall (H - h 2)x b x L x gc 1282 1.80 2308
(h 3 x t 1 x L ) x g c 301 2.63 790
(h 4 x t 2 x L ) x g c 94 3.00 281
(h 5 x t 2 x L x 0.5) x g c 23 2.95 69
(h 6 x t 1 x L ) x g c 141 2.63 369
(h 7 x t 1 x L x 0.5) x g c 35 2.55 90
2 Base slab B x h x L x gc 2502 1.80 4504
3 Wing wall (b 2 x H x L 2) x g c x 2 135 3.30 446
(h 8 x t 4 x L 2) x g c x 2 25 4.95 125
(h 9 x t 4 x L 2)x 0.5 x g c x 2 56 4.70 264
4 Soil b2 xH xL xgs 2377 3.30 7844
5 Approach slab h 8 x b 3 x L x g c x 0.5 156 3.00 469
6 Surchage w x b2x L 225 3.30 743
7 Dead load DL 2477 1.8 4459
SDL 329 1.8 592
10 Max. Live load LM1 : UDL + TS 1915 1.8 3447
Lever Moment @ A
Load
HORIZONTAL LOAD arm (kNm)
(kN)
(m)
12 Active Soil Pressure
= (33.5 x 6.5 / 2 ) x L 1512 2.17 3277
13 Surcharge
= 2.44 x 6.5 x L 220 3.25 716
17 Shear - Shrinkage, Temperature, Creep 216 4.575 988

Permanent = 22611 3277

Moment, M
Variable = 4190 1705
Vertical Permanent = 10160
Total
Load, V k Variable = 2140
Horizontal Permanent = 1512
Load, H k Variable = 436
(i). Stability against overturning (@ point A)
Overturning moment = (1.10 x 3277) + (1.50 x1705) = 6161 kNm
Restraining moment = (0.90 x 22611) + (0.0 x4190) = 20350 kNm
==> Overturning moment < Restraining moment Ok !

msy 17
 page 6

References Calculations Output

DM = 22611 + 4190 - 3277 - 1705 = 21819 kNm

S V = 10160 + 2140 = 12300 kN
x = DM /SV = 1.77 m
e = B /2 - a o - x = 2 .4 - 0 .6 - 1.77 = 0.03 m
Moment about center-line of pile cap,
M = 12300 x 0.03 = 320 kNm
Horizontal load, H = 1512 + 436 = 1949 kN SV
Try : 600 mm Spun pile Pile capacity = 1800 kN
Assume that the total horizontal force will taken by the horizontal
component of raked pile. Raked pile at 1 : R = 1 : 5 y1 y2
2 1/2
Horizontal component / pile = 1/(R +1) x pile capacity x e
1/2
= 1 / (26) x 1800 = 353 kN
No. of raked pile required = 1949 / 353 = 6 nos. y1= 1.80 mm
No. of pile = 3 x 5 = 15 y2= 0 mm
Pile 1 5 nos. raked 5 nos. y3= -1.8 mm
Pile 2 5 nos. raked 5 nos.
Pile 3 5 nos. raked 0 nos.
Total raked pile = 10 nos.

(a). Vertical load : Pile load, F V

Raked pile
F V = (SV /No. of pile ) x (R 2 + 1)1/2 / R
1/2
= (12300 / 15) (26) /5 = 836 kN
Vertical pile,
F V = SV / No. of pile
= (12300 / 15) = 820 kN

(b). Moments : Pile load, F M

2 2+ 2
The moment of inertia, I y = 5 x [y1 + y2 y3 ]
4
= 5 x {(3.24) + 0.00 + 3.24 } = 32.4 m
2 1/2
Raked pile FM= [M yi / I y] [(R + 1) /R ]
1/2
F M1 = (320 x 1.8) / 32.4 (26) /5 = 18.1 kN
F M2 = (320 x 0.0) / 32.4 (26) 1/2 / 5 = 0.0 kN
Vertical pile, FM= [M yi / I y] Use:
F M3 = (320 -x 1.8) / 32.4 = -17.8 kN 600 mm Spun pile
Working load
Load per pile, F = FV + FM = 1800 kN
F1 = 836 + 18.1 = 854 kN Ok
F2 = 836 + 0.0 = 836 kN Ok
F3 = 820 + -17.8 = 802 kN Ok

msy 17
 page 7

Ref. Calculations Output

DESIGN OF WALL
Main reinforcement
h = 1200 mm b = 1000 mm
2
f ck = 30 N/mm f yk = 500 N/mm2
f bar = 16 mm c = 50 mm
d = h - c - f bar/2 = 1142 mm
Design moment,
M Ed = 1.50 (2.44 x 5.00 x 5.00 / 2 )
+ (393 / 13.90) x 3.08) ]
+ 1.35 (25.8 x 5.0 / 2) x (5.00 / 3)]
= 176 + 145
= 321 kNm/m
2
K = M /bd f ck
6 2
= 321 x 10 / (1000 x 1142 x 30)
= 0.008 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.99 d
As = M / 0.87fyk z
6
= 321 x 10 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 1142) Use : H16 - 125
2 2
= 680 mm /m (1609 mm /m)
[Link]
Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Secondary bar :
A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (2.90 / 500) x bd H16 - 125
2 2
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x 1142 = 1485 mm /m (1609 mm /m)
2
A s,max = 0.04A c = 0.04 x 1000 x 1200 = 48000 mm /m

Shear
Design shear force,
V Ed = 1.50 (2.44 x 5.00) (393 / 13.90) ]
+ 1.35 (25.8 x 5.0 / 2)] = 148 kN/m
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
1/3
V Rd,c = [ 0.12 k (100r 1 f ck) ] bd
1/2
k = 1 + (200/d ) 2.0
≤ < = 2.0
1/2
= 1+(200/ 1142) = 1.42
r 1 = A sl/bd ≤ 0.02
= 1609 / (1000 x 1142) = 0.0014
1/3
V Rd,c = 0.12 x 1.4 x (100 x 0.0014 x 30) x 1000 x 1142
= 314280 N/m = 314.3 kN/m
3/2 1/2
V min = [ 0.035k f ck ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 1.4 x 30 x 1000 x 1142
= 369856 N/m = 369.9 kN/m
So, V Rd,c = 369.9 kN > V Ed Ok !

msy 17
 page 8

Ref. Calculations Output

Cracking
7.3.3 Steel stress under the action of quasi-permanent loading
f s = (f yk / 1.15)(N quasi-permanent / N ultimate)(A s,req/A s,prov)
= (500 / 1.15) x 0.7 x (680 / 1609)
2
= 435 x 0.7 x 0.4 = 129 N/mm
For design crack width = 0.3 mm
Table 7.3N Max. allowable bar spacing = 150 mm
Spacing = 125 mm < 150 mm Ok !

DESIGN OF BASE SLAB / PILE CAP

Load per pile

F1 = 854 kN x1 x3
F2 = 836 kN
F3 = 802 kN a b
x1 = 1.20 m
x2 = -0.60 m
x3 = 1.20 m
Moment at wall face,
Ma = 5 x (854 x 1.2) / 13.9
= 369 kNm/m
Mb = 5 x (802 x 1.2) / 13.9
+ 5 x (836 x 0.0) / 13.9
= 346 kNm/m

(a) Design for flexure

Design for 1 m width
2
h = 1500 mm f ck = 30 N/mm
2
f bar = 25 mm f yk = 500 N/mm
c = 50 mm
d = h - c - f bar/2 = 1438 mm
Bending Moment, M Ed = 369 kNm/m
2
K = M / bd f ck
2
= 369 x 106 / (1000 x 1438 x 30)
= 0.006 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.99 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use: Main bar
6
= 369 x 10 (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 1438 ) H25 - 200
2 2
= 621 mm /m (2455 mm /m)

msy 17
 page 9

References Calculations Output

[Link] Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Use: Sec. bar

A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (2.90 / 500) x bd H25 - 200
2
= 0.0015 bd = 0.0015 x1000 x 1438 =2165 mm /m (2455 mm2/m)
2
A s,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 x 1000 x 1500 = 60000 mm /m

(b) Design for Shear

(i). Vertical shear - at f /5 section inside pile
[Link] 5 pile outside the critical section.
Shear force, V Ed = 5 x 854 / 13.9 = 307 kN/m
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
3/2 1/2
V Rd,c = V min = [ 0.035k f ck ] bd
1/2
k = 1 + (200/d ) ≤ < = 2.0
2.0
1/2
= 1+(200 / 1438) = 1.37 ≤ 2.0
3/2
= [0.035 x 1.37 x 30 1/2 ] x ( 1000 x 1438)
3
= 443 x 10 N = 443 kN

Pile spacing = 1800 < 3f pile

Consider shear enhancement over the whole width of pile cap
Shear span, a v= 1200 + 600 / 5 = 1320 mm
Enhanced Shear resistance,
V Rd,c' = V Rd,c x 2d /a v
= 443 x 2 x 1438 / 1320
= 966 kN > V Ed Ok !

6.4 (ii). Punching Shear : Critical at perimeter 2.0d

from column face.
Pile spacing < 3fpile
No punching shear check is necessary

(iii). Maximum Punching Shear at pile perimeter.

Maximum shear resistance,
V Rd,max = 0.5ud [ 0.6(1 - f ck/250)] f ck/1.5
= 0.5(p x 600) x 1438 [ 0.6 (1 - 30 / 250)] ( 30/1.5)
= 14,309 kN
> V Ed,max = = 854 kN Ok !

msy 17
 page 10

References Calculations Output

(c) Check Cracking

7.3.4 w k = s r,max (esm - ecm)
Eq. 7.8 - Flexural tension in mature concrete
b
ecc f cc
x Fcc
d
h z
M
est
As ect Fst
Section Strain Stress/Force
Reinforcement H25 - 200
2
Area of reinforcement, As = 2455 mm /m Note:
2
Concrete Young Modulus, E cm = 33 kN/mm Allow for creep ? yes
2
Steel Young Modulus, E s = 200 kN/mm E cm = 0.5 x 33
Effective depth, d = h - c - f /2 = 16 kN/mm
2

= 1500 - 50 - 25/2 = 1438 mm ae = 200 / 16

Modular ratio, a e = E s /E cm = 200 / 33 = 6.1 = 12.2
Steel ratio, r = A s/bd
= 2455 / (1000 x 1438 ) = 0.002
Depth of neutral axis,
x = { - ae . r + [ae . r (2 + ae . r )] 1/2 } d
= { (12.2 x 0.002) +
1/2
[(12.2x 0.002) x (2 + 12.2 x 0.002) ] }d
= 0.18 d = 0.18 x 1438 = 264.8 mm
Lever arm, z = d -(x /3)= 1438 - (264.8/ 3) = 1349 mm
Steel tensile stress, M qp = M Ed/g
s s = M / (A s . z ) = 369 / 1.5
6 2
= 245.8 x 10 / (2455 x 1349 ) = 74 N/mm = 246 kNm/m
Eq. 7.11 Maximum crack spacing,
s r,max = 3.4c + 0.2125k 1f / r p,eff
c = 50 mm Cover to reinforcement
k1= 0.8 Bond coefficient
f = 25 mm Bar diameter
r p,eff = Effective reinforcement ratio
= A s / A c,eff = A s / bh eff
Depth of effective tension area = The lesser of,
2.5(h - d ) = 2.5 ( 1500 - 1438) = 156 mm
(h - x ) / 3 = (1500 - 264.8) / 3 = 412 mm
h / 2 = 1500 / 2 = 750 mm
r p,eff = 2455 / 1000 x 156 = 0.0157

msy 17
 page 11

Ref. Calculations Output

s r,max = (3.4 x 50) + ( 0.2125 x 0.8 x 25 / 0.0157 )

= 441 mm
Bar spacing = 200 mm
< 5(c + f/2) = 5(50 + 25 312.5 mm
Upper limit of s r,max = 1.3(h - x ) = 1.3 (1500 - 264.8)
= 1606 mm does not apply
Eq. 7.9 Surface strain
(e sm - e cm) = [ s s - k t(f ct,eff / r p,eff)(1 + ae r p,eff)] / E s
≥ 0.6s s / E s
ss = 74 N/mm2 Steel stress
kt = 0.4 Duration of load factor
38.21 N/mm2 Tensile strength of concrete
f ct,eff = f ctm
r p,eff = 0.0157 Effective reinforcement ratio
ae = 6.1 Modular ratio
(e sm - e cm)
= 74 - 0.4 (38.21 / 0.016) (1 + 6.1 x 0.0157
200 x 103
3
= (74 1066 200 10 = -0.00496
≥ 0.6s s/E s
3
0.6 74 / 200 x 10 = 0.00022
Crack width,
w k = s r,max (e sm - e cm)
= 441 x 0.0002
= 0.10 mm < 0.20 mm Ok !
Vertical bars
Use : H25 - 200

msy 17
 Example| 125

DESIGN OF
BEARING &
DOWEL BAR
DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING page 1

References Calculations Output

BRIDGE NAME : SG. TELAGA BATA

SPAN : 30.0 m
WIDTH : 13.9 m
NO. OF BEAM : 8

Max. load per abutment :

Dead load, DL = 4060 kN
LM 1 load = 1945 kN
LM 4 load = 2360 kN

Max load for each bearing pad

Dead load, DL = 4060 / 8 = 508 kN
LM 1 load = 1945 / 8 = 243 kN
LM4 load = 2360 / 8 = 295 kN

Max. horizontal movement

Longitudinal , d L STC = 19.3 mm
Transverse , d T = 0 mm

Rotation
q HA = 0.001 rad
q HB = 0.003 rad

Elastomer Details
Name : MIN ELASTOMERIC BEARING
Type 5HPL / 4/ 12
Dimension : 350 x 400 x 75 mm
Top and bottom rubber thickness = 6 mm
Side cover rubber thickness = 10 mm
Steel plate thickness = 3 mm
Dowel hole diameter = 40 mm
Calculated compressive stiffness = 499 kN/mm
Calculated rotational capacity = 0.0018 rad/100kN
Fixed bearing:
Max. load zero rotation = 1447 kN
Max. load full rotation = 1372 kN
Free bearing
Max. load zero rotation = 1263
Max. load full rotation = 1110 kN
Unlocated
Max. shear = 42.00 mm
Shear stiffness = 2.10 kN/mm

msy
 page 2

References Calculations Output

Elastomer properties
Hardness, IRHD = 60
Young modulus, E = 3.1 N/mm2
Shear modulus, G = 0.9 N/mm2
Constant, k = 0.65
Bulk modulus, E e = 2000 N/mm2
Elongation at break, Xe = 600 %

Elastomer dimension

B L

Outer slab, 2 @ 6.0 mm = 12 mm

Inner slab 4 @ 12.0 mm = 48 mm
Steel plate 3 @ 3.0 mm = 9 mm
S = 69 mm
Side cover = 10 mm
Effective breadth, B = 400 - (2 x 10) = 380 mm
Effective length, L = 350 - (2 x 10) = 330 mm

(1) COMPRESSIVE STRAIN

Shape factor, S = B x L / 2t n(B + L )

Inner slab : tn = t = 12.0 mm
S = (380 x 330) / 2 x 12 (380 + 330)
= 7.36
Outer slab : tn = 1.4t = 8.4 mm
S = (380 x 330) / 2 x 8 (380 + 330)
= 10.51

(a). Due to DL + LM 1 :
V = 507.5 + 243 = 750.6 kN
Strain due to bulk compression
e c1 = V / AE c
= 750.6 x 103 / (380 x 330 x 2000)
= 0.003

msy
 page 3

References Calculations Output

Inner slab
e c2 = (t n/t ) . V / AE (1 + 2kS 2)
= (12.0 / 12.0)x 750.6 x 103
(380 x 330 x 3.10) x(1 + 2 x 0.65 x 7.36 2)
= 0.027
Total e c = 0.003 + 0.027 = 0.0300 < 0.1 Ok !
Outer slab
e c2 = (t n/t ) . V / AE c(1 + 2kS 2)
= (8.4 / 6.0) x 750.6 x 103
(380 x 330 x 3.10) x(1 + 2 x 0.65 x 10.51 2)
= 0.0187
Total e c = 0.003 + 0.0187 = 0.0217 < 0.1 Ok !

(b). Due to DL + LM 4 :
V = 507.5 + 295.0 = 802.5 kN
Strain due to bulk compression
3
AEc = 802.5 x 10 / (380 x 330 x 2000)
= 0.0032
Inner slab
e c2 = (t n/t ) . V / AE (1 + 2kS 2)
= (12.0 / 12.0) x 802.5 x 103
(380 x 330 x 3.10) x(1 + 2 x 0.65 x 7.36 2)
= 0.0289
Total e c = 0.003 + 0.029 = 0.0321 < 0.1 Ok !
Outer slab
e c2 = (t n/t ) . V / AE c(1 + 2kS 2)
= (8.4 / 6.0) x 802.5 x 103
(380 x 330 x 3.10) x(1 + 2 x 0.65 x 10.51 2)
= 0.02
Total e c = 0.003 + 0.0200 = 0.0232 < 0.1 Ok !

(2) SHEAR STRAIN - Due to compression of slab

A '/A = (1 - dL /L ) = (1 -19.3 / 330) = 0.942

(a). Due to HA :
Permitted eqLL = 1/4 x Xe = 1.5

Inner slab
e c = e c (without bulk) x A /A'
= 0.027 /0.942 = 0.0287
e q = 6 S ec
= 6.0 x 7.36 x 0.029 = 1.268
e qLL = e q x LM 1 / (DL + LM1 )
= 1.268 x 243.1 / (507.5+ 243.1) = 0.41 < 1.5 Ok !

msy
 page 4

References Calculations Output

Outer slab
e c = e c (without bulk) x A /A'
= 0.0187 /0.942 = 0.0198
eq = 6 S ec
= 6.0 x 10.51 x 0.0198 = 1.252
e qLL = e q x LM 1 / (DL + LM1 )
= 1.252 x 243.1 / (507.5+ 243.1) = 0.41 < 1.5 Ok !

(b). Due to LM 4 :
Permitted e qLL = 1/3 x Xe = 2.0

Inner slab
e c = e c (without bulk) x A /A'
= 0.0289 /0.942 = 0.0307
eq = 6 S ec
= 6.0 x 7.36 x 0.0307 = 1.356
e qLL = e q x LM 4 / (DL + LM4 )
= 1.356 x 295.0 / (507.5+ 295.0) = 0.50 < 2.0 Ok !

Outer slab
e c = e c (without bulk) x A /A'
= 0.02 /0.942 = 0.0212
e q = 6 S ec
= 6.0 x 10.51 x 0.0212 = 1.338
e qLL = e q x LM 4 / (DL + LM4 )
= 1.338 x 295.0 / (507.5+ 295.0) = 0.49 < 2.0 Ok !

(3) SHEAR STRAIN - Due to horizontal movement

eb = dL / t ' = 19.30 / (12 + 48)

= 0.322 < 0.5 Ok !

Total shear strain, e tmax = eq + eb

(a). Due to LM 1 :
Permitted e tmax = 1/3 x Xe = 2.0

Inner slab
e tmax = e qmax + e b
= 1.268 + 0.322 = 1.590 < 2.0 Ok !

Outer slab
e tmax = e qmax + e b
= 1.252 + 0.322 = 1.573 < 2.0 Ok !

msy
 page 5

References Calculations Output

(b). Due to LM 4 :
Permitted e tmax = 1/2 x Xe = 3.0

Inner slab
e tmax = e qmax + e b
= 1.356 + 0.322 = 1.678 < 3.0 Ok !

Outer slab
e tmax = e qmax + e b
= 1.338 + 0.322 = 1.660 < 3.0 Ok !

(4) OVERALL COMPRESSIVE STIFFNESS, K C

1/K cn = (t /A n ) x [ tn/tE c(1 + 2kS 2) + 1/E e ]

Inner slab
tn = t = 12 mm
S = B x L / 2(B + L ) t n
= 380 x 330 / 2 (380 + 330) x 12
= 7.36

t /A n = 12.0 / (380 x 330.0) = 0.0001

t n/tE c(1 + 2kS 2) = 1.0 / (3.1 x 1 + 2 x 0.65 x 7.36 2)
= 0.0045
1/E e = 1 / 2000 = 0.0005

1/K cn = 0.0001 (0.0045 + 0.0005) = 4.80 x 10-7

Outer slab
tn = 1.4 t = 1.4 x 6 = 8.4 mm
S = B x L / 2(B + L ) t n
= 380 x 330 / 2 (380 + 330) x 8
= 10.51

t /A n = 6.0 / (380 x 330.0) = 0.0000

t n/tE c(1 + 2kS 2) = 1.4 / (3.1 x 1 + 2 x 0.65 x 10.51 2)
= 0.0031
1/E e = 1 / 2000 = 0.0005

1/K cn = 0.0000 (0.0031 + 0.0005) = 1.73 x 10-7

Therefore,
Kc = 1 / (S 1/K cn)
= 1 x 10-7 / (2 x 4.80) + (4 x 1.73) ]/103
= 604.81 kN/mm

msy
 page 6

References Calculations Output

(5) ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF ROTATION

Assume max. rotation = 0.0018 rad

Allowance for seating = 0.0020 rad
S = 0.0038 rad

(a). For DL + LM1 : V = 750.6 kN

Total vertical deflection,

D = V / Kc = 751 / 604.8
= 1.241 mm
Allowable angle of rotation,
q max = 2D / L = 2 x 1.241 / 330.0
= 0.0075 > 0.0038 Ok !

(b). For DL + LM 4 : V = 802.5 kN

Total vertical deflection,

D = V / Kc = 803 / 604.8
= 1.327 mm
Allowable angle of rotation,
q max = 2D / L = 2 x 1.327 / 330.0
= 0.0080 > 0.0038 Ok !

(6) HORIZONTAL SHEAR STIFFNESS, K q

Kq = Ao x G / t '
= (400 x 350 x 0.90 ) / 60
= 2.10 kN/mm

(7) FRICTION LOCATION

For elastomer on concrete,

Min compressive force (V min)
> 3
Max Horizontal force (H max)

V min = Dead load only = 507.5 kN

H max = Ao G e b
= (400 x 350) x 0.90 x 0.322
= 40.53 kN

V min / H max = 507.5 / 40.53

= 12.52 > 3 Ok !

Hence,
The proposed bearing is adequate

msy
DESIGN OF DOWEL BAR page 1

References Calculations Output

Data :
Horizontal force acting on abutment,
Traction = 750 kN
STC = 324 kN
Wind = 41 kN
Total , P = 1115 kN

No, of dowel bar, N = 14

L1 L1 = 350 mm
L2 = 600 mm
D1 Bearing thickness,
= 75 mm

D2
L2

2L
L Shear area of concrete
L due to the horizontal
Dowel loading on dowel bar,
L
A c = 2 (2)1/2 L 1D 1

(a) Embedded length, D 1

2
Allowable shear stress of beam, V d = 0.9 N/mm
Shear force per dowel = P /N
= 1115 / 14 = 80 kN

P /N = Ac x V d
= 2 (2)1/2 L 1D 1 x V d

Embedded length,
D1 = (P /N ) / 2(2)1/2 .L 1 V d
= 79.64 x 103 / 2 x 21/2 x350 x 0.9
= 89 mm

msy
 page 2

References Calculations Output

(b) Embedded length, D 2

2
Allowable shear stress of abutment, V d = 0.8 N/mm
Shear force per dowel = P /N
= 1115 / 14 = 80 kN

P /N = Ac x V d
= 2 (2)1/2 L 2D 2 x V d

Embedded length,
D2 = (P /N ) / 2(2)1/2 .L 1 V d
= 79.64 x 103 / 2 x 21/2 x600 x 0.8
= 59 mm

The total length of dowel bar,

= 89 + 75 + 59
= 223 mm

(c). Size of dowel bar

Try : High strength dowel bar

Allwable shear stress, P q = 257 N/mm2

Cross sectional area of dowel,

As = Force per dowel / P q
= 80 x 103 / 257
= 310 mm2

Use : 2 H 16
As = 402 mm2

msy
134 | Bridge Design