DESIGN OF FORMWORK

INTRODUCTION

The formwork should be calculated using the same criteria as the others.
structures. The choice of dimensions or separations between the various
elements by estimates or assumptions can be extremely
dangerous. The formwork of concrete structures is subject to
bending efforts, shear stress, and compression; which must be
to stay within certain limits for safety reasons.

WOODEN FORMWORK
CONCEPT AND FUNCTION OF FORMWORK

A Formwork is the system ofmoldstemporary or permanent ones that are used to give
shape to theconcretethe concrete, during its fresh state.
To shape the concrete pieces and elements, a mold must be prepared. To
set of necessary elements for
constituting this mold is what is referred to
FORMWORK.

Formwork Systems

Traditional system, is built on-site using pieces of woodrolliza or

aserrada, es fácil de producir pero demora más cuando las estructuras son mayores.
It is mainly used in works of medium importance where labor costs
of the work are lower than those of modular formwork rental. Given its
 flexibility to produce almost any shape, they are often used in combination
with other formwork systems.

Standardized system, this system is made of prefabricated modules.

mainly fromwood, metaloplasticHis employment allows for speed in the
construction.

Sliding formwork, this system is used for the construction of structures.

verticals of constant section or similar sections, allowing reuse of the
same formwork as the building grows in height. This found also
provide space for scaffolding, machinery, etc.

The formwork consists of:

Mold (Reproduce the desired shape for the element).

Cimbre (Set of supports that hold the formwork, achieving its stability)
resistance to the demands to which it is subjected during its execution.

ELEMENTS OF FORMWORK

TABLES OR BOARDS: Generally, they are in direct contact with the concrete and the
The most common dimensions are 1''x 8'', ½''x 8'', etc.

BARS: They are elements whose function is to join the planks and they also fulfill the
structural function of supporting the pressures of concrete.

The spacing between the bars is a design matter, and its measure is 2'' x 4'' (they are beams).
of wood)

Bars

6.00m in

6.00m columns
 PILLARS RIGHTS: They are the columns of the formwork, they are the ones that support.
Actually, the weight of concrete can be predominantly vertical as in the case of the
lightened slabs, solid slabs, and beams. The vertical support may have an inclination as it is the
case of columns and in this case they will rest on the stakes and the bars.

SOLERAS: It serves as the beam in the case of solid and lightweight slabs. The soleras.
they are also used in the formwork of beams being a bracing element between the
rights feet.

The footings also exist and are very important in the formwork of foundations.
and foundation beams. The slab in the footing is in the same direction as the
tables.

The soles, structurally speaking, are a containment element against loads.

transmitted by the sharpener.
 TORN POINT: It is a structural element responsible for transmitting loads.
of concrete in the slabs. It exists in the foundations and in the beam, they do not exist in the
tiles nor in columns.

These can be horizontal or inclined.

Wedge Tornapuntas

BRACES: They are structural elements in formwork whose function

it is fundamental to solve the problems of slenderness of the right feet. They are used
In the beams and slabs, their dimensions are generally 1'' x 4''.

Bracing

HEADERS: It is a horizontal structural element that serves as support.

strapping of the beam. The head together with the right foot and the struts
they constitute the monolithic support piece of the beam.

This unit will be repeated as many times as necessary according to the length of the beam.

WEDGES: Wedges are accessories that allow us to achieve the required levels.
Generally, their dimensions are 2'' x 3''.
 STAKES: They are containment elements used in the sills and the feet.
rights.

BENDING EFFORTS

The effort in the extreme fibers in bending is:

In beams of rectangular section:

In calculations, the bending moment and stresses are generally known.

admissible so the problem consists of determining the dimensions of the
beam

SHEAR EFFORTS

The maximum shear stress in a rectangular beam is given by the

expression:

Arrow of the beams

Most concrete structure standards limit the values

maximums of the arrows of the formwork to avoid that the surface
it appears excessively curved. This limit is usually around 1/8" (0.32
cm) or l/270, where 'l' is the distance between support axes.
WALL FORMLWORK

This type of formwork is distinguished from the rest studied so far.

because large boards are used in them, in accordance
with the also considerable dimensions that this type of work acquires, when
contrary to what happened in the case of columns and beams, characterized by their
narrowness and length. Here, on the other hand, in the formwork of walls and partitions,
There will need to be large boards in accordance with the work to be carried out.

WALLS OF CERTAIN LENGTH

If the walls are of short length, there will be no difficulty in the problem of
the races. But when this length exceeds the dimensions of those,
then we are presented, as it happened with the ribs, the problem of
junction of the races. These junctions can be in any part of the
encoded, there is no special prescription for it. However, there is one for the
the way to carry out this splice. The most effective way to do it is by joining
both pieces end to end, not overlapping, as we did in the case of the ribs.
And to prevent these joints from flexing due to the push of the concrete,
break that splice, precautions need to be taken by giving certain
rigidity at the joint. This is achieved by placing two boards in it, as indicated
In figure 76, they will prevent, properly nailed, the flexion at the joint.
Even better is the splice shown in figure 77.

Regarding the splicing of the boards that make up the mold, there is no difficulty.
some, since they are joining Testa. One must only be cautious here to
reinforce with a master rib the place where the joint is made, to avoid
that the formwork opens under the push of the concrete. In figure 78,
show a complete wall formwork, indicating each of its
most fundamental parts that we have already described up to this point.

PRECAUTIONS BEFORE CONCRETING

During all the formwork operations, debris will have fallen to the bottom.
of the mold that needs to be cleaned before pouring the first layer of
concrete. As we have already seen in the pillars, some tests are usually conducted here as well.
cleaning windows, to extract from them as many small things as there are
fallen to the ground. Once this cleaning is done, the opening is securely closed,
so that the poured concrete cannot exit to the outside, not even
the mortar.

If the walls were higher than three meters, it is advisable

Also make concrete windows. It is not advisable to pour the concrete.
from a considerable height, as this causes the materials to disintegrate. The
coarse materials (gravel), being heavier, fall first, and the fine materials (mortar) fall
then, forming uneven layers of poor mixtures. If the wall is what
sufficiently wide to allow a worker to shovel the concrete again
until it is given the appropriate homogeneity, there is no danger. But if this does not happen, the
concrete will not be of good quality. That's why we say it is very convenient.
leave windows for concreting at a height of about three meters, with the
in order to prevent that disintegration we were talking about.
Exercise

For the formwork of a wall, the following data is available:

Altura: 2.25 metros, Longitud: ………Velocidad de llenado(R): 0.01917

m/min, T°: 22.5°C. Vibrated concrete. Allowable deflection δ =L/360 .

Steel Tension Capacity: 1300 kg. Wood: Screw with E =

84500 kg/cm2. σ =70kg/cm2

Tables: b = 10'' d = 1''

Montantes:b = 2.5’’ d = 3''

Longitudinals: b = 4’’ d = 5''

It is requested:
 a. Complete design of your formwork
b. Measurement in square feet of wood

SOLUTION

1. We need to change the units for some data (tables,

amounts and beams are worked in cm, while R is worked in
m/hour

m60min m
R : 0.01917
x equals 1.15
in1hour hour

m
R: 1.15 hour

2.5cm
Tables:b=10''
x = 25 cm
1'

2.5cm
d = 1''
x = 2.5 cm
1' '

2.5 cm
Montantes : b = 2.5’’
x = 6.25 cm
1' '

2.5cm
d = 3''
x 7.5 cm
1'

2.5 cm
Largueros : b = 4’’
x
1 ' ' } = 10 cm

2.5 cm
d = 5''
x = 12.5 cm
1' '

2. We calculate the maximum pressure of the concrete

 720000R
Pmax ( ° C ) =732+
9 ( T ° ) +160
Replacing data

720000(1.15)
Pmax ( ° C ) =732+
9 ( 22.5°+160
)

Pmax ( ° C ) =3016 Kg/m2

Pmax ( ° C ) =0.3016 kg/cm2

3. Maximum separation between verticals:

3.1. Calculo de W1:
W 1= Pmax ( ° C ) x btable
W1(0.3016 kg/cm2(25 cm)
W17.54 kg/cm

3.2. Maximum separation by bending:

W1x Lf2 σbd2
M°F= 10 M°R= 6 by equating the equations:

lf=
√ 5σbd2
3W1
Replacing data

√ ( )
kg
5 70 (25cm)(2.5cm)2
cm2
lf=
7.54kg
3( )
cm

lf=¿ 49.17 cm

3.3. Maximum separation by Cut:

 5(W1) Lc 3V
V= τ=
8 2 b d , equalizing equations:

16 ( τ ) ( b ) (d )
Lc= , replacing data
15W1

16 ( 10 ) ( 25 cm) (2.5cm)
Lc=
kg
15(7.54 )
cm
Lc=88.42cm

3.4. Maximum separation by arrow:

W1L4 L
δ= = clearing out:
185EI360

Lδ=
√
3EI
1.94W1 , being I = Center of mass, which we calculate I=
bd 3
12

( 25cm ) ( 2.5cm3)
I=
12

I =32.55 cm4 replacing in the formula:

√ ( 84500kg
cm2 )
4
(32.55cm )
3
Lδ=
kg
1.94(7.54 )
cm2

Lδ=¿ 57.29 cm

We adopt 45 cm = L1(adopted)

4. Maximum separation between Girders

4.1. Calculation of W2:

 W 2= Pmax ( ° C ) x L1(adopted)
W2(0.3016 kg/cm2(45 cm)
W213.57 kg/cm

4.2. Maximum separation due to bending:

W1x Lf2 σbd2
M°F= 10 M°R= 6 equaling the equations:

lf=
√ 5 sigma bd2
3W1
Replacing data

√ ( )
kg
5 70 (6.25 cm)(7.5cm)2
cm2
lf=
13.57kg
3( )
cm

lf=¿ 54.97 cm

4.3. Maximum separation by cutting:

5(W2)Lc 3V
V= τ=
8 2 b d , equalizing equations:

16 ( τ ) ( b ) (d )
Lc= replacing data
15W1

16 ( 10 ) ( 6.25 cm) (7.5cm)

Lc=
kg
15(13.57 )
cm
Lc=36.84 cm

4.4. Maximum separation by Arrow:

 W1L4 L
δ= = , clearing up :
185EI360

Lδ= 3
√ EI
1.94W2 I = Center of mass, which we calculated I=
bd 3
12

( 6.25cm ) ( 7.5 cm)3

I=
12

I =219.73 cm4 , replacing in the formula:

√ ( 84500kg
cm2 )
4
(219.73 cm )
3
Lδ=
kg
1.94(13.57 )
cm2

Lδ=¿ 80.01 cm

The least is the separation by cutting, therefore you must add b to [Link] :beam
36.84 + 10 cm = 46.84 cm, we adopt 44 cm = L2(adopted)

Maximum separation between braces

5.1. Calculation of W3
W 3= Pmax ( ° C ) x L2(adopted)

kg
W 3=
0.3016 x44cm
cm2
W313.27 cm
5.2. Maximum distance between Straps:
Pmax( maximum capacity of the tension)
XT= W3
1300kg
XT= 13.27cm
XT97.96 cm
Separation adopted between straps 95 cm = L3 (adopted)

6. Verification of the Slope of the Beams:

6.1. Actual load supported by the strap:
 Pt = L1(adopted) x L2(adopted) x Pmax ( ° C )

Pt = 45cm x 44 cm x 0.3016 kg/cm2

Pt = 597.17 kg

6.2. Bending Verification:

3PL σb(df)2
M°F = 16 M°R= 6 , equalizing the

equations:

d f=
√ 9 ( Pt ) (L 3 )
8 ( σ ) ( b)

√
9 ( 597.17kg )( 95cm)
d f=
(
8 70
kg
cm2 )
(10)

df=9.80cm

6.3. Verification by Court:

5(W3) Lc 3V
V= τ=
8 2 b d equaling equations:

15 ( W3 )( L 3 )
dc= , replacing data
16tb
 15 ( 13.27cm ) ( 95cm)
dc=
16 ( 10 ) (10)

dc=11.8 cm

6.4. Arrow Verification:

d δ=
√
3 5 ( Pt ) ( L3 ) ( 360 ) (12)
384 ( E ) (b) , replacing data

√
5 ( 597.17kg ) ( 95cm ) ( 360 ) (12)
δ= 3
( )
d kg
384 84500 (10cm)
cm2

d δ=7.35cm