FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES

ALTERNATING CURRENT PROJECT

Teacher: Sergio Miguel García

Group:04 L

Presented by:

Samuel Alexander Hernández Tech. Engineering HG182167

mechanics
 INDEX

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................... 4
JUSTIFICATION .................................................................................................................................... 5
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................. 6
ADJUSTED CIRCUIT TO THE ESTABLISHED......................................................................................... 10
LOGICAL OUTLINE OF LAWS AND THEOREMS OF ELECTRICITY USED.
SOLUTION.......................................................................................................................................... 13
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS................................................................................................... 15
POWER TRIANGLE............................................................................................................... 16
POWER FACTOR....................................................................................................................... 19
SCREENSHOTS .................................................................................................................. 20
CONCLUSIONN.21
BIBLIOGRAPHYS .22
 INTRODUCTION

The present alternating current project aims to put into practice what
learned in classes, the project contains the mathematical procedure laws and
equations and also simulated in the program seen in the laboratory and has the objective
mainly achieve the same results both mathematically and in the simulator.
OBJECTIVES

General objective:

Obtain the same results in both the simulator and the mathematical process.

Specific objectives:

To know in depth the process of alternating current widely used in the industry.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS

Alternating current circuits are those that have arranged in series a

resistor, a coil, and capacitor all connected to an alternating current source
as represented in figure 1.

FIG.1

An AC series circuit is powered by a sinusoidal voltage source of frequency

the variable vE (t)=VEcos (2πft). The current i (t) is the same throughout the circuit. It is sinusoidal,
just like the voltage, but its amplitude and phase depend on the frequency: i (t)=Icos
(2πft+φ).

The voltage vR(t) observed on the oscilloscope reflects the current (vR(t) = Ri(t)).
amplitude reaches its maximum at a certain frequency, called the frequency of
resonance f0. It depends only on L and C.

For f = f0, the voltage vR(t) = vE(t) of the RLS circuit acts as a simple resistance of value
R. (Z = R).

The resonance in the current is more or less pronounced according to the value of R.
The lower R is, the narrower (more selective) the resonance curve is, and the sharper it is.
the resonance. The larger the value of R, the wider (non-selective) and more diffuse it is
resonance curve.
CAPACITORS

A capacitor is a devicepassiveused inelectricityand electronics,capable of storing

energysustaining aelectric field. It is made up of a pair of [Link],
generally in the form of sheets or plates, in situation dthe total influence(that is, that all the
field lineselectric that part from one van to stop at the other) separated by a material
dielectricor for the electrical permissiveness of dthe void.

COILS

Coils are a two-terminal passive element capable of generating a flow.

magnetic when an electric current is made to flow.

The coils are made of enameled copper wire or thread wound in a.

core, these cores can have different compositions whether in air or in a material
ferrous such as magnetic steel to intensify its magnetism capacity.
CAPACITANCE

Capacitance is the property of a capacitor to oppose any variation in voltage.

electric circuit. You will remember that resistance is the opposition to the flow of current
electric. Capacitance is also defined as a property of storing electric charge
between two conductors

INDUCTANCE

Inductance is the property of an electric circuit to resist changes in current.

Current flowing through a wire has a magnetic field around it. The magnetic flux
It depends on the current, and when the current varies, the magnetic flux also varies with it.

ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
Electrical resistance is any opposition that the current encounters as it passes through a circuit.
closed electric, attenuating or slowing the free flow of charge circulation
electrical or electronic. Any device or consumer connected to a circuit
electric represents in itself a charge, resistance or obstacle to the flow of the
electric current
IMPEDANCE

Impedance (Z) is a measure of opposition that a circuit presents to a current when it

apply athe [Link] extends the concept ofand resistanceto the circuits dthe current
alternates(CA), and has both magnitude andphaseunlike resistance, which only has
magnitude. When a circuit is powered withdirect current(CC), its impedance is equal to
the resistance, which can be interpreted as the impedance with zero phase angle.

PHASORS

A phasor is a graphical representation of acomplex numberwhat is used for

to represent aoscillationin such a way that the phasor sum of several phasors can
represent themagnitud y phasefrom the oscillation resulting from the superposition of several
oscillations in a process ofinterference.

Phasors are used directly in electrical engineeringopticsengineering of

[Link] length of the phasor gives theamplitudeand theanglebetween the
same and the x-axis angular [Link] to the properties of mathematics
oscillations, in electronics, phasors are commonly used in analysis
rudimentary AC circuits. Finally, phasors can be used for
describe the motion of an oscillator. The projections of the phasor on the x and y axes have
different physical meanings.
CIRCUIT ADJUSTED TO THE ESTABLISHED
 Logical Framework of Laws and Theorems of Electricity
USED.

KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
Kirchhoff's laws (or rules) were formulated by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1845.
while I was still a student. They are widely used in electrical engineering to obtain the
values of the current and the potential at each point of an electrical circuit. Arise from the
application of the law of conservation of energy. These laws allow us to solve the
circuits using the set of equations to which they respond.
The first law of Kirchhoff states that:
The incoming current to a node is equal to the sum of the outgoing currents. Of the same
One can generalize Kirchhoff's first law by saying that the sums of the
Incoming currents to a node are equal to the sum of the outgoing currents.
The reason why this law is fulfilled is perfectly understood intuitively if
one considers that electric current is due to the circulation of electrons from a
point to another in the circuit. Think of a modification to our circuit where the
resistors have a value much larger than indicated, so that a current flows
very small electric current, consisting of only 10 electrons that come out of
positive terminal of the battery. The electrons are guided by the copper conductor
that takes them to node 1. Upon reaching that point, the electrons realize that the
resistencia eléctrica hacia ambos resistores es la misma y entonces se dividen circulando 5
through one resistor and others through the other. This is totally logical because the node cannot
generate electrons nor remove them from the circuit, can only distribute them and does so based on
the resistance of each branch. In our case, the resistances are equal and then
send the same amount of electrons to each side. If the resistances were different,
perhaps 1 electron could circulate one way and nine the other according to the
application of Ohm's law.
PHASORS: Angular velocity:
W= 2π
Rectangular shape:
Z=R+ jX
Polar form:
V = Vm / θ

Impedances:
Capacitive:
Z = R - jxc

Inductive:
Z=R+jxl
Reactance:
Capacitive:
Xc = 1/jwc
Inductive:
Xl = jwL
SOLUTION
 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS.

To solve our AC circuit, first of all we convert the resistances,

inductances and capacitances in impedances, then we find each of them
impedances and we solved using LVK to obtain the equations that we then entered
in an Excel table to find the currents.
 POWER TRIANGLE.

Power triangle:

The so-called triangle of powers is the best way to see and understand graphically.
What is the power factor or cosine of 'phi' (Cos φ) and its close relationship with the
remaining types of power present in an alternating current electrical circuit.

Active power: It is the power actually consumed.

Reactive power: This power does not have the character of being truly consumed and only
it will appear when there are coils and/or capacitors in a circuit. It will be negative in the
in case the circuit has or predominates the inductive character, and positive when it has or
the capacitive character predominates. The dimension of Q is that of a power, but for
taking into account the aforementioned nuance, watts are not used, but their units
they are VAR (volt-ampere reactive)

Apparent power: This power does not have the character of being truly consumed and
comes to point out the mission that the power supply network of a circuit has, not only
satisfy the energy consumed by the resistive elements, but to put into play the
that they will entertain coils and capacitors. Hence their apparent name since except
since cosϕ = 1, it will not be the one actually consumed. Its units are VA (volt-amperes).
Calculation of the power triangle in our circuit.
 POWER FACTOR.

Power factor, p.f., is defined as acircuitofalternating currentlike the relationship

betweenthe active power,P, ythe apparent power,It gives a measure of the capacity of
a load that absorbs active power. For this reason, f.d.p = 1 in purely
resistive; and in ideal inductive and capacitive elements without resistance, f.d.p = 0
The power factor is found with the inverse cosine of the active power and
apparent power:
SCREENSHOTS
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude by saying that in order to solve RLC circuits, it is necessary to have
knowledge of various formulas, laws, and theorems such as: Ohm's laws, law of
Faraday, LVK Law, rectangular and polar form phasors, and also laws such as that of
impedance, capacitance, inductance and angular velocity. On the other hand also
we work with RMS values, peak values, and peak-to-peak values, and we also made use of
of the power triangle.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

[Link]
[Link]
natural-and-forced-response/a/ee-rlc-natural-response-intuition
[Link]