Dr. Saeed A.

Dobbah Alghamdi

Department of Statistics
Faculty of Sciences
Building 90, Office 26F41
King Abdulaziz University
[Link]

Main Reference

Elementary Statistics
A Step by Step Approach
By
Allan Bluman

1
 Chapter 2

Frequency Distributions
and
Graphs

Objectives
2-1

 Organize data using frequency distributions.

 Represent data using pie chart and bar chart.

 Represent data using histogram, frequency polygon and ogive.

 Other types of graphs such as time series graph and stem and leaf
plot are presented.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

2
 Introduction
2-2

 In order to conduct any statistical study about any phenomenon,

you must gather data for variables that describe that phenomenon.
 After gathering the data, you must organize them in a meaningful
way to describe the situation, draw conclusions or make inferences.
 The common way for organizing the data is by constructing a
frequency distribution.
 After organizing the data, you can present them using different
types of charts or graphs.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Organizing Data
2-3

 When data are collected in their original form, they are called raw
data.
 Example: Blood Type Data
A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O
 Then, the raw data can be organized into a table form that is called
frequency distribution using classes and frequencies.
 Types of frequency distributions are categorical frequency
distribution, ungrouped frequency distribution and grouped
frequency distribution
© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

3
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-4

 When the sample size (n) is large, the data must be

grouped into categories.
 Categorical Frequency Distributions are used for data that
can be placed in specific categories, such as nominal or
ordinal level data.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-5

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Open Excel
• Enter the data in
column A
• Enter the values
of 1’s in column
B

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

4
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-6

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select INSERT
• Select PivotTable

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-7

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select OK

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

5
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-8

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Drag the variable
BLOOD TYPE
into the ROWS
area
• Drag the constant
FREQ into the
VALUES area

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-9

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Rename the table
columns as
Blood Type
Frequency

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

6
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-10

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select the table
• Press Ctrl+C to
copy the table
• Press Ctrl+V to
paste the table
into your
document
• Edit the table

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-11

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Blood Type Frequency

A 6
AB 3
B 8
O 11
Grand Total 28 Sample Size (n)

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

7
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-12

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution (Adding Percentages)

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select ANALYZE

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-13

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution (Adding Percentages)

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select Fields,
Items & Sets
• Select Calculated
Field

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

8
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-14

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution (Adding Percentages)

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Enter the name of
the variable as
Percent
• Enter the Formula
for calculating the
percent as
FREQ/28
• Select OK

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-15

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution (Adding Percentages)

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select column C
• Select HOME
• Select % to change
the format of the
column to %.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

9
 Categorical Frequency Distributions
2-16

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution (Adding Percentages)

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O

Instructions:
• Select the table
• Copy and paste it
into your document
• Edit the table

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Categorical Frequency Distributions

2-17

 Example: Blood Type Frequency Distribution

A B B AB O O A O O B A B O AB
O AB B B A A O B B O O O A O
Blood Type Frequency Percent
A 6 21%
frequency f
AB 3 11% 100  100
B 8 29% Total f
O 11 39% f
Grand Total 28 100%  100 %
n

Sample Size

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

10
The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data
2-18

 The pie chart is a circle that is divided into sections according to

the frequencies in each category of the distribution, Degree  f  360 .
n
It is the best graph for displaying the nominal level of qualitative
data.
Class Frequency Percentage Degree
A 6 21.43% 77.14
B 8 28.57% 102.86
O 11 39.29% 141.43
AB 3 10.71% 38.57
Total 28 100% 360

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data

2-19

 Pie chart using Excel.

Instructions:
• Select the table
• Select INSERT
• Select Pie chart

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

11
The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data
2-20

 Pie chart using Excel.

Instructions:
• Click on the Chart
• Select DESGIN
• Format the chart
• Copy and paste it
into your document

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data

2-21

 Pie chart using Excel.

Edit the graph

Blood Type

A
21%
O
39%

AB
11%

B
29%

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

12
The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data
2-22

 The bar charts display the data using vertical bars of various heights
to reflect the frequencies of the categories. It is the best graph for
displaying the ordinal level or discrete type of data.
 Example: Education levels
Education Level Frequency
Level 1 47
Level 2 15
Level 3 12
Level 4 7
Level 5 19
Total 100

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data

2-23

 Bar chart using Excel.

Instructions:
• Copy the table to
Excel
• Select the table
without the total
• Select INSERT
• Select Bar chart

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

13
The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data
2-24

 Bar chart using Excel.

Instructions:
• Edit the chart Eduction Levels
• Copy and paste it 50
45
into your document 40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Motor Vehicle Drowning House Fire Homicide Other

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Ungrouped Frequency Distributions

2-25

 Ungrouped frequency distributions are used for data that can be

enumerated and when the range of values in the data set is small
(discrete data) and the sample size (n) is large.
 Examples:
 Number of children per family
 Number of cars in a parking lot
 Number of houses
 Number of students

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

14
 Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
2-26

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4
Instructions:
• Open Excel
• Enter the data in
column A
• Enter the values
of 1’s in column
B

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Ungrouped Frequency Distributions

2-27

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4
Instructions:
• Select INSERT
• Select PivotTable

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

15
 Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
2-28

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4
Instructions:
• Select OK

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Ungrouped Frequency Distributions

2-29

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4
Instructions:
• Drag the variable
No. of Patients
into the ROWS
area
• Drag the constant
FREQ into the
VALUES area

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

16
 Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
2-30

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4
Instructions:
• Rename the table
columns as
No. of Patients
Frequency

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Ungrouped Frequency Distributions

2-31

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4
Instructions:
• Select the table
• Press Ctrl+C to
copy the table
• Press Ctrl+V to
paste the table
into your
document
• Edit the table

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

17
 Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
2-32

 Example: Number of patients in the waiting rooms of 16 clinics

within a hospital at a specific time.
5 4 4 8 8 5 8 4 4 4 8 4 5 8 4 4

No. of Patients Frequency

4 8
5 3
8 5
Grand Total 16 Sample Size (n)

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graph for Discrete Data

2-33

 The bar charts display the data by using vertical bars of various
heights to reflect the frequencies of the categories. It is the best graph
for displaying the discrete type of data or ordinal level of qualitative
data.
 Example: Number of patients
9
8
No. of Patients Frequency 7
4 8 6
5
5 3 4
3
8 5 2
Grand Total 16 1
0
4 5 8

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

18
The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data
2-34

 Bar chart using Excel.

Instructions:
• Select the table
without the total
• Select INSERT
• Select Bar chart

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graphs for Categorical Data

2-35

 Bar chart using Excel.

Instructions:
• Edit the chart
No. of Patients
• Copy and paste it 9
into your document 8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4 5 8

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

19
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-36

 When the range of values in a data set is large (continuous data),

the data must be grouped into classes that are more than one unit in
width, e.g., 24 – 30.
 The lower class limit represents the smallest data value that can be
included in a class, e.g., 24 for the class limit 24 – 30.
 The upper class limit represents the largest value that can’t be
included in the class, e.g., 30 for the class limit 24 – 30.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-37

 The class width for a class in a frequency distribution is found by

subtracting the lower (or upper) class limit of one class from the
lower (or upper) class limit of the next class.
 The class midpoint is found by adding the lower and upper
boundaries (or limits) and dividing by 2.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

20
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-38

Class Rules
 There should be between 5 and 20 classes.

As a guide line, the number of classes can be found using

Number of Classes  1  3.3 log(n )
 The first class lower limit usually is the lowest value in the data set
 The class width should be an odd number.
 The classes must be mutually exclusive.
 The classes must be continuous.
 The classes must be exhaustive.
 The classes must be equal in width.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-39

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Open Excel
• Enter the data in
column A

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

21
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-40

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Select DATA
• Select MegaStat

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-41

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Select Frequency
Distribution
• Select Quantitative

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

22
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-42

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Click on Input range
• Select your data
“column A”

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-43

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Enter Interval width
• Enter Lower boundary
of the first interval
• Select the desired
graphs
• Histogram
• Polygon
• Ogive
• Click OK

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

23
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-44

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-45

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Select the frequency
distribution table and
copy it into your
document.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

24
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-46

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Edit your table
Birthweight cumulative
lower upper Midpoint width frequency percent frequency percent

32 < 51 42 19 1 2.5 1 2.5

51 < 70 61 19 2 5.0 3 7.5
70 < 89 80 19 3 7.5 6 15.0
89 < 108 99 19 10 25.0 16 40.0
108 < 127 118 19 12 30.0 28 70.0
127 < 146 137 19 9 22.5 37 92.5
146 < 165 155 19 3 7.5 40 100.0

40 100.0

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graphs for Continuous Data

2-47

 The histogram displays the continuous data that are organized in a

grouped frequency distribution by using vertical bars of various
heights to represent the frequencies.
 Example: Sample of birthweight
Instructions:
Histogram
• Copy the histogram 35
graph from MegaStat 30
output and paste it 25
into your document
Percent

20

15

10

Birthweight

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

25
The Most Common Graphs for Continuous Data
2-48

 The frequency polygon displays the continuous data that are

organized in a grouped frequency distribution by using lines that
connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the
classes.
 Example: Sample of birthweight Frequency Polygon
Instructions: 35.0

• Copy the Frequency 30.0

polygon graph from 25.0

MegaStat output and

Percent
20.0
paste it into your 15.0
document 10.0

5.0

0.0
32 51 70 89 108 127 146
Birthweight

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

The Most Common Graphs for Continuous Data

2-49

 The cumulative frequency graph or ogive represents the cumulative

frequencies for the classes in a grouped frequency distribution.
 Example: Sample of birthweight
Instructions:
• Copy the Ogive graph Ogive

from MegaStat output 100.0

and paste it into your

75.0
document
Cumulative Percent

50.0

25.0

0.0
32 51 70 89 108 127 146
Birthweight

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

26
 Other Types of Graphs
2-50

 The time series graph represents data that occur over a specific
period of time.
 Example: Yearly cargo and mail traffic of an airline
Instructions:
• Copy the data table Cargo and Mail
Year
Traffic
into Excel sheet 1998 199368
1999 203402
2000 209102
2001 192702
2002 214587
2003 203480
2004 222418
2005 221344
2006 198063
2007 209119

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Other Types of Graphs

2-51

 The time series graph represents data that occur over a specific
period of time.
 Example: Yearly cargo and mail traffic of an airline
Instructions:
• Edit the table
• Select Cargo and
Mail Traffic,
column B
• Select INSERT
• Select Line Chart

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

27
 Other Types of Graphs
2-52

 The time series graph represents data that occur over a specific
period of time.
 Example: Yearly cargo and mail traffic of an airline
Instructions:
• Edit the graph by
selecting the
horizontal axis
• Click right on the
mouse
• Select Select Data

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Other Types of Graphs

2-53

 The time series graph represents data that occur over a specific
period of time.
 Example: Yearly cargo and mail traffic of an airline
Instructions:
• Select Edit on the
right box

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

28
 Other Types of Graphs
2-54

 The time series graph represents data that occur over a specific
period of time.
 Example: Yearly cargo and mail traffic of an airline
Instructions:
• Select the data in
Year, column A
• Click OK
• Click OK again
• Copy the graph
into your document

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Other Types of Graphs

2-55

 The time series graph represents data that occur over a specific
period of time.
 Example: Yearly cargo and mail traffic of an airline
Instructions:
• Edit the graph Cargo and Mail Traffic
225000
220000
215000
210000
205000
200000
195000
190000
185000
180000
175000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

29
 Other Types of Graphs
2-56

 A stem-and-leaf plot is a data plot that uses part of a data value as

the leaf, the less significant digits (the ‘units’), and the other part
of the data value as the stem, the most significant digit (i.e. the
‘tens’), to form groups or classes.
 It has the advantage over grouped frequency distribution of
retaining the actual data while showing them in a graphic form.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-57

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Open Excel
• Enter the data in
column A

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

30
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-58

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Select DATA
• Select MegaStat

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-59

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Select Descriptive
Statistics …

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

31
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-60

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Click on Input range
• Select your data
“column A”
• Unselect all choices
• Select Stem and
Leaf Plot
• Click OK

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Grouped Frequency Distributions

2-61

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Instructions:
• Click on Input range
• Select your data
“column A”
• Unselect all choices
• Select Stem and
Leaf Plot
• Click OK
• Copy the graph into
your document

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

32
 Grouped Frequency Distributions
2-62

 Example: Sample of birthweight (oz) from 40 consecutive deliveries

58 118 92 108 132 32 140 138 96 161 120 86 115 118 95
83 112 128 127 124 123 134 94 67 124 155 105 100 112 141
104 132 98 146 132 93 85 94 116 113
Stem and Leaf plot for Birthweight
Instructions: Frequency Stem Leaf
• Edit the graph 1 3 2
0 4
1 5 8
1 6 7
0 7
3 8 356
7 9 2344568
4 10 0458
7 11 2235688
6 12 034478
5 13 22248
3 14 016
1 15 5
1 16 1
40
© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

Summary
2-63

 When data are collected in the original form, they called raw data.
 Since little information can be obtained from raw data, they must
be organized in a frequency distribution.
 Categorical frequency distribution is used for qualitative data
(nominal or ordinal)
 Ungrouped frequency distribution is used for discrete data.
 Grouped frequency distribution is used for continuous data.
 Pie chart is used mostly to represent nominal data.
 Bar chart are used mostly to represent discrete and ordinal data.
 Histogram, frequency polygon and ogive graphs are used to
represent continuous data.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

33
 Summary
2-64

 Time series graph is used to represent data that occur over specific
period of time.
 Stem and leaf plot is a combination of sorting and graphing. It
retains the actual data while showing them graphically.

© All rights are preserved for Dr. Saeed A. Dobbah Alghamdi, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, KAU

34