Standardization of Solutions in Chemistry
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ScribdTranslationsStandardization of Solutions in Chemistry
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsSTANDARDIZATION OF SOLUTIONS
I. Objective
II. Theoretical foundation
STANDARDIZATION OF SOLUTIONS
2.1 Definition
The standardization or titration of a solution is used to know its concentration. This
The procedure consists of reacting said solution with another of which you do know the
concentration. (Spain, Quintero, & Reyes, 2017)
A solution or dissolution is composed of a solvent, in greater proportion, and a
solution, in smaller proportion. There are several ways to describe the concentration of
a solution, some of the most used are:
. Molality M = moles of solute / volume of solvent in liters.
. Normality N = Equivalents / volume of solvent in liters.
. Weight percentage: %P/P = (solute weight/solvent weight) x 100.
Due to the fact that in the preparation of a solution, certain issues may arise
errors corresponding to different factors, it is necessary to check the concentration with
a process called standardization which is based on finding the point where the
equivalents of the titrant, the unknown solution, are equal to the equivalents of the
analyte, a known concentration solution. For this, a volume must be used
determined of analyte and then measures the necessary volume of titrant for it
react with the standard using an indicator that allows you to see a color change in the
solution upon completion of the reaction. To calculate the actual concentration of the solution one
use the following equation:
× = ×
If the titrant solution has not been prepared from a primary standard, its
concentration will not be exactly known, and therefore, it will have to be standardized against
to a primary pattern. This topic outlines the steps to follow in the standardization of
cinco soluciones valorantes (hidróxido sódico, ácido clorhídrico, tiosulfato sódico,
potassium permanganate and AEDT) widely used in titrations.
Primary pattern
A primary standard, also called a primary substance, is a substance used in chemistry.
as a reference when making an assessment or standardization. (Galano Jimenez
& Rojas Hernandez, 2017
They are usually solids that meet the following characteristics:
They have a known composition. That is to say, the structure must be known.
elements that make it up, which will serve to perform stoichiometric calculations
respective.
[Link] must have high purity. For proper standardization, it should be used
a pattern that has the minimum amount of impurities that can interfere with the
degree.
[Link] must be stable at room temperature. Substances that cannot be used ...
they change their composition or structure due to temperature effects that differ
slightly with the ambient temperature as this fact would increase the error in
the measurements.
It must be possible to dry it in an oven. In addition to the temperature changes.
environment, it must also withstand higher temperatures in order to make its
drying. It should normally be stable at temperatures higher than the boiling point of
boiling of water.
It should not absorb gases. Since this fact could cause possible errors due to
interferents, as well as degeneration of the pattern.
f. It must react quickly and stoichiometrically with the titrant. From this
this way the endpoint of the titrations can be visualized more accurately by
volumetry and then the respective calculations can also be carried out accordingly
more accurate and with less uncertainty.
It must have a large equivalent weight. Since this fact reduces
considerably the error of the pattern weight.
h. In cases like the following practice, potassium acid biphthalate will be used to
standardize sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate to standardize the acid
hydrochloric.
2.3. Secondary pattern
The secondary standard is also called a secondary standard and in the case of a titration
it is usually a titrant or a reagent. Its name is due to the fact that in most cases it
It needs the primary standard to know its exact concentration.
The secondary pattern must possess the following characteristics:
a. It must remain stable while the analysis is being carried out.
b. It must react quickly with the analyte.
c. The reaction between the titrant and the primary standard must be complete or quantitative,
And so should be the reaction between the titrant and the analyte.
d. The reaction with the analyte must be selective or there must be a method to eliminate it.
other substances in the sample that could also react with the titrant.
There must be a balanced equation that describes the reaction.
2.4. Standardization of a NaOH solution
To prepare a solution of a specific concentration (for example 0.1 N) you
part of commercial solid sodium hydroxide, a known weight is dissolved in distilled water
and it is diluted to a known volume. Since sodium hydroxide is not a primary standard, this
the solution will only be approximately 0.1 N, so it is necessary to standardize it to
to know its concentration exactly.
Standardization can be done with potassium acid phthalate, which is indeed a substance.
primary standard. Phenolphthalein is used as the indicator for the titration. The change of the
Phenolphthalein is produced when all the NaOH has reacted, forming sodium phthalate.
and potassium. (Vargas, 2014)
Illustration 1: Reaction of potassium acid biphtalate with sodium hydroxide.
Illustration 2 Standardization of a NaOH solution approximately 0.1N.
2.5. Standardization of an HCl solution
To prepare a solution of a certain concentration (for example 0.1 N) one
part of the dissolution of concentrated commercial ClH, and it is diluted with distilled water in a
volumetric flask up to the appropriate volume. Since hydrochloric acid is not a primary standard,
this solution will only be approximately 0.1 N, so it is necessary to standardize it
to know exactly its concentration.
Standardization is usually carried out with 3 2that
if it is a primary standard substance.
Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are used as indicators for the titration. The change of
-2 −.
phenolphthalein is produced when the 3has transformed into 3
Illustration 3 Standardization of an HCl solution
III. Experimentation and materials
IV. Results
V. Problematic situation
VI. Conclusions
VII. Aporte Ambiental
The standardization of acidic or basic solutions helps to know with a
greater reliability the concentration and characteristics of the solutions with which it is going
to work, ensuring the expected results and eliminating the variability of the
processes.
Examples:
In what corresponds to the large laboratories, it is of high importance to maintain with
accuracy of the standard solutions before intervening in the experimentsinside of
[Link] do this, it is necessary to have the necessary equipment and personnel at hand to
condition excellent results.
What corresponds in various foods can determine the concentrations of
acids from a base (NaOH), for example, in milk we can determine the
lactic acid concentration that it contains, in carbonated beverages it can be
determine the concentration of citric acid, in vinegar it can be determined
acetic acid concentration, and finally in white wine the concentration of the acid
tartaric. As is known, acid rain is a solution, which through standardization
por uso de una base se puede determinar los diferentes ácidos.
VIII. Bibliography
. Spain, L. M., Quintero, D. F., & Reyes, S. (2017). Standardization of Solutions.
University National del Valley, Colombia. Obtained of
[Link]
. Galano Jimenez, A., & Rojas Hernandez, A. (2017). Analytical Chemistry I. University
Metropolitan Autonomous, Mexico. Obtained from
[Link]
ACIDBASE_34249.pdf
. Vargas, D. (2014). Standardization of a NaOH solution and determination of
organic acids in various products. University of Atlantico. Obtained from
[Link]
Determination of organic acids in various products