ACADEMIC MATERIAL:
WRITING TASK 2
1. GRAMMAR
2. ESSAY STRUCTURE
Introduction
Body 1:
FRAMEWORK
Topic sentence (main idea):
Supporting idea 1
Core idea 1
Development 1: REASON/IMPACT/EXAMPLE
Supporting idea 2
Core idea 2
Development 2: REASON/IMPACT/EXAMPLE
=> Lưu ý
Khi core idea đã đủ lợi → Đưa ra Reason cho core idea
Khi core idea chưa đủ lợi → Đưa ra Impact cho core idea
Mình đưa ra example khi mà core idea đã đủ lợi → không nghĩ ra được Reason và Impact →
dùng example để minh hoạ cho core idea
Should we do X or not?
Agree → lợi
Disagree → hại
Body 2
Topic sentence (main idea):
Supporting idea 1
Core idea 1
Development 1: REASON/IMPACT/EXAMPLE
Supporting idea 2
Core idea 2
Development 2: REASON/IMPACT/EXAMPLE
Conclusion
BODY PARAGRAPH
Topic sentence Tóm ý chính của đoạn văn
Supporting idea Core idea 1: 1 Cái lợi/hại của chủ đề tranh luận
1 Development: REASON [ CORE IDEA ] IMPACT | EXAMPLE
Supporting idea Core idea 2: Tương tự supporting idea 1
2 Development:
Basic language: REASON / IMPACT
A dẫn đến B (Impact) A xảy ra do B (Reason)
1. lead to 1. result from
Verb (+ object) 2. result in 2. stem from
3. cause
1. therefore,
2. as a result,
(Conjunctive) Adverb
(dùng như adv)
(adverb dùng để nối ……………….)
3. Thus,
4. Consequently
Conjunction 1. so 1. because (không link 2 câu)
(dùng để nối …………………..) 2. as
Examples:
1. A diet high in fat and sugar can lead to / cause / give rise to / result in obesity.
2. Children these days often consume an excessive amount of fat, and therefore they run a
high risk of developing obesity.
3. Children these days often consume an excessive amount of fat, and thus / consequently
they run a high risk of developing obesity.
4. Children these days often consume an excessive amount of fat, and as a result, they run a
high risk of developing obesity.
5. Because / As Children these days often consume an excessive amount of fat, they run a
high risk of developing obesity.
3. INTRODUCTION
Nhanh + Chính xác → Hiệu quả
- Paraphrase đề
- Trả lời câu hỏi
a. Opinions
- Opinions are divided on whether + clause (S + FV)
Ex: Everyone should stay at school until 18
→ Opinions are divided on whether students should continue their studies until they reach
the age of 18.
→ Opinions are divided on whether the government should prohibit the use of plastic bags.
→Opinions are divided on whether the ban on plastic bags is necessary.
b. Fact/Trend
It is + adj for sb/sth to do sth.
It can be seen/observed that + clause (S+FV)
Ex: Many people are travelling to other countries
→ It is common for individuals to travel to foreign countries.
c. Các cách paraphrase trong writing task 2:
- Dùng synonyms
→ supply/offer accommodation free of charge
- Đổi từ loại (word form)
→ Smoking harms people’s health.
→ Smoking is harmful to people’s health.
→ Smoking can cause harm to people’s health.
- Khái quát hoá
→ This + noun → this practice / policy
- Chi tiết hoá
→ allocating more funds to construct free shelters for citizens
Chi tiết hoá (đưa ra định nghĩa hoặc ví dụ)
Reading online newspapers -> reading news on a screen
Social media -> platforms like Facebook or Youtube
Balanced diet -> nutritious meals consisting of both meat and vegetables
Being addicted to video games -> spend long hours playing video games
TYPE 1: PROBLEM - CAUSE - SOLUTION
FRAMEWORK
Introduction:
Sentence 1: Paraphrase xu hướng X
Sentence 2: Thesis statement: có nhiều lý do dẫn đến X, và có nhiều biện pháp để giải quyết
=> This harmful/detrimental/adverse/ tendency is the result of several factors, which
require timely action to tackle it.
Body 1:
Topic sentence: Có nhiều lý do dẫn đẫn X
Supporting idea 1: Reason 1 + development
One factor is …
Supporting idea 2: Reason 2 + development
Another factor for X is …
Body 2:
Topic sentence: Có nhiều biện pháp để giải quyết X
Supporting idea 1: Reason 1 + development
One of them could be to do sth
Supporting idea 2: Reason 2 + development
Another solution could be for sb to do sth
Conclusion: Summarize 2 body parapraphs + Re-answer the question
A and B are the main reasons for X. However, there are several options (for the
authorities) to alleviate the negative impacts of this trend.
4. Language for causes – problems – solutions
Cause: (Body 1)
[Link] are several factors bringing about (the aforementioned) phenomenon/this
tendency (in today’s society).
2. X stems from / is caused by + factors
3. This (harmful) tendency is the result of several reasons,…
Example: The negative environmental impacts of production activities may stem from a
host of different factors.
Problem: (Body 1)
1. There are (several/various) problems/issues that can arise from this phenomenon/
tendency
2. Several related problems could result from this tendency/practice
3. The main problem (for sth) is THAT S + FV
Solution: (Boby 2)
[Link] steps/measures to mitigate/alleviate/address/tackle a problem/an issue
Example: (However), there are several measures that could be implemented to address this
(threatening) phenomenon.
- There are several steps that could be taken to solve/address/tackle the issues/problems
mentioned above.
- The government could implement several measures to tackle/solve the problem // to
mitigate/alleviate the negative impacts of this trend/problem
2. A solution/measure could/would be + (for sb) + to do sth
Example: A solution for air pollution in city centers could be for industries to be relocated to
the countryside.
2. Several related problems could result from this tendency/practice
TYPE 2: AGREE OR DISAGREE
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
FRAMEWORK
The 40/60 approach
(Giả sử mình đồng ý X tốt)
Introduction
Sentence 1: Paraphrase opinion in the topic
Sentence 2: Thesis statement: (40-60): X có một vài cái hại, nhưng cái lợi vượt trội hơn.
Body 1
Topic sentence: X có một vài cái hại (40)
Supporting idea 1: Hại 1 + development
Supporting idea 2: Hại 2 + development
Body 2
Topic sentence: Cái lợi của X vượt trội hơn (60)
Supporting idea 1: Lợi 1 + development
Supporting idea 2: Lợi 2 + development
Conclusion: Summarize 2 body paragraphs + Re-answer the question
Sentence 1: Tóm 2 body (40-60) -> X xấu một chút nhưng tốt vượt trội hơn
Sentence 2: Re-answer the question -> Đồng ý hay không đồng ý với đề
Language for the 40/60 approach
- Introduction
(Sentence 1) Opinions are divided on whether …
Note: Opinions are divided on whether we should do X, or whether we should do Y.
(Sentence 2) Thesis statement 40/60
- Although A may bring about certain negative impacts, the benefits brought from this
trend are far more significant.
- Even though there are some disadvantages (to sb), I believe the advantages far
outweigh them.
- Conclusion
+ In conclusion, the potential disadvantages gained from A are outweighed by the benefits
relating to … Based on the presented arguments, I completely agree with the proposed
idea.
+ In conclusion, while I acknowledge that A may indeed bring certain problems (to sb), the
benefits in terms of … are more significant / impactful. Based on the aforementioned
arguments, I contend that …
- Ngôn ngữ trình bày quan điểm
-> Ngôn ngữ để hạ view A xuống (40)
+ Admittedly / Granted, A may bring certain disadvantages to …
+ A can be disadvantageous in some ways …
+ A may lead to certain issues …
+ There are some potential consequences to A.
-> Ngôn ngữ để nâng view A lên (60): Đây là view mình chọn
+ A offers far more advantages to …
+ A offers a host of / many / various / several advantages to…
+ A offers significant benefits.
+ The benefits of A far outweigh the potential consequences.
TYPE 3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
FRAMEWORK
(Giả sử mình đồng ý X tốt)
Introduction
Sentence 1: Paraphrase opinion in the topic
Sentence 2: Thesis statement: (40-60): X có một vài cái hại, nhưng cái lợi vượt trội hơn.
Body 1
Topic sentence: X có một vài cái hại (40)
Supporting idea 1: Hại 1 + development
Supporting idea 2: Hại 2 + development
Body 2
Topic sentence: Cái lợi của X vượt trội hơn (60)
Supporting idea 1: Hại 1 + development
Supporting idea 2: Hại 2 + development
Conclusion: Summarize 2 body paragraphs + Re-answer the question
Sentence 1: Tóm 2 body (40-60) -> X xấu một chút nhưng tốt vượt trội hơn
Sentence 2: Re-answer the question -> Tuỳ câu hỏi:
Example: Based on the aforementioned arguments, I contend that X is an overall positive /
negative trend.
EXAMPLE: HOW TO WRITE THE CONCLUSION
Type 1: Smoking is a major cause of serious illness and death throughout the world today.
On the interest of public health, governments should ban cigarettes and other tobacco
products. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
=> Introduction: Opinions are divided on whether the government should impose a
complete ban on tobacco products. I believe that they should because although there may
be some short-term advantages to smoking, they are far outweighed by the long-term
health problems.
=> Conclusion: In conclusion, although the nicotine found in tobacco products brings
immediate but short-term relief for people, the long-term consequences of smoking for the
willing and unwilling participants are far too harmful. For the aforementioned reasons, I
contend that the authorities should place a ban on all tobacco products.
Type 2:
- People these days watch TV, films, and other programmes alone rather than with other
people. Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
=> Introduction: It is common these days for TV audiences to enjoy this pastime by
themselves instead of with their friends or family. Although this tendency could create
certain problems, I believe they are far outweighed by the benefits of doing so.
=> Conclusion: In conclusion, even though the tendency of enjoying TV programs alone
might involve certain problems, I believe that its benefits in terms of the flexibility in
determining the time and what to watch are more significant
- Advertisements are becoming more and more common in our everyday life. Is it a positive
or negative development?
=> Intro: As advertising has become an integral part of our daily lives, there has been a
debate over whether it is beneficial or harmful. Although it may bring about certain negative
impacts, these are far outweighed be the benefits brought from this trend.
=> Conclu: In conclusion, even though advertising may indeed bring certain inconveniences
to its audience, the benefits in terms of providing information and employment are more
impactful and meaningful. Based on the aforementioned arguments, I contend that the
increasing prevalence of advertising is an overall positive trend.
TYPE 5: DISCUSS BOTH VIEW
Cách tiếp cận:
Disagree cả 2 views
Agree cả 2 views
Agree view A, disagree with view B
40/60 truyền thống 40/60 biến thể ( đề có 2 views)
Intro Intro
→ agree with view A → agree with view A
Body 1: (hại nhỏ): View B Although “View B” could present certain benefits, I believe
the advantages of “View A” are far more significant.
Body 2: (lợi lớn hơn): View Body 1: (2 cái lợi nhỏ): View B
A → improving existing public transport
Conclusion Admittedly / Granted, there might be certain benefits to
improving existing public transport.
=> Đưa về ngôi thứ 3:
Some people might argue that there might be certain benefits
to improving existing public transport.
Advocates of view B might point to certain benefits / argue
that it can result in certain benefits.
Body 2: (2 lợi lớn hơn): View A
constructing new railway lines
However / on the other hand
Conclusion:
In conclusion, while some people claim that …., I believe …
FRAMEWORK:
Type 5: Discuss both views
The 40/60 approach
(đề có 2 views)
Introduction
Sentence 1: Paraphrase the topic (Opinions are divided on whether …)
Sentence 2: Thesis statement: Tôi hiểu tại sao một số người nghĩ theo view 1, nhưng tôi
nghiêng về view 2.
Body 1
Topic sentence:
Lợi của view 1: Viết theo kiểu “40” thông thường hoặc đưa về góc nhìn ngôi thứ 3
(It is understandable why some think that …)
Supporting idea 1 and supporting idea 2
Body 2
Topic sentence:
Lợi của view 2: Đây là quan điểm của mình.
(However, I believe that …)
Conclusion: Summarize 2 body paragraphs + Re-answer the question
=> An example of applying the framework
Introduction
Sentence 1:
Sentence 2: Although it is understandable why some think the government should not
engage in such activities, I believe they indeed provide several benefits, and support should
be granted.
Body 1
Topic sentence: Some arguing against funding may base their position on the fact that people
may need government support for more urgent purposes.
Supporting idea 1 and supporting idea 2
Body 2
Topic sentence: However, I believe the idea that cultural activities bring no advantages is
short-sighted, and they should be provided funds just as other sectors are.
Supporting idea 1 and supporting idea 2
Conclusion
In conclusion, although some people claim that (state funds should be spent on seemingly
more deserving sectors), I believe that the direct benefits/merits of (preserving culture to
the lucrative tourism industry) are far more significant.
Language for “Discuss both view”
a. Introduction and Conclusion
-Although it is understandable why some think that …, I believe …
-In conclusion, although some people claim that …., I believe …
[Link] sentence
(Body 1)
-Those … may base their position on that fact that …
-There are some reasons why people argue/think that …
=> Chống lại X:
Those arguing against | Those opposed to doing X could have some concerns.
Critics | Opponents of doing X could have some concerns.
=> Ủng hộ X:
Those arguing in favor of | Those in support of doing X propose …
Advocates | Proponents of doing X would argue that it has certain advantages
(Body 2)
-One the other hand / However, I believe / am convinced / contend / maintain that Y is
more beneficial …