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CC 105. Fundamentals of Database Management System (DBMS)
Module 1
Chapter 1: DATABASE SYSTEMS
Part 2
1.4 TRADITIONAL FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM
In order to appreciate the advantages of a DBMS, let’s try to compare it to the
traditional file processing system.
In the traditional file processing system, each department in the organization
has its own data files so every department must have to maintain its own data file.
Traditional File System
Field – A character or group of character (alphanumeric or numeric) that has a
specific meaning, It is used to define and store data.
Record – A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person,
place, or thing.
File – A collection of related records. For ex a file might contain data about the
employee.
Example:
This is AGENT file containing records of Agents
Figure 1.2. Contents of AGENT file
Fields
Records
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Figure 1.3 A Simple File System
• Why study them?
– Still widely used today
– To avoid the same problems
Disadvantages of File Processing System
In the traditional file processing system, the program is dependent on the files
and files become upon the programs
Disadvantages of File Processing System
a. Program-Data Dependence
- All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
b. Duplication of Data
- Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data.
c. Limited Data Sharing
- No centralized control of data.
d. Lengthy Development Times
- Programmers must design their own file formats
e. Excessive Program Maintenance.
- 80% of information system budget
Problems with Data Dependency
• Each application programmer must maintain their own data.
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• Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file.
• Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading,
inserting, updating and deleting data.
• Lack of coordination and central control
• Non-standard file formats.
Problems with Data Redundancy
• Waste of space to have duplicate data.
• Causes more maintenance headaches
• The biggest problem:
– When data changes in one file, could cause inconsistencies
– Compromise data integrity.
THE SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach
• Central repository of shared data.
• Data is managed by a controlling agent
• Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
1.5 DATABASE SYSTEMS
• Database system - refers to an organization of components that define and
regulate the collection, storage, management, and use of data within a
database environment
Figure 1.4 Contrasting database and file systems
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CC 105. Fundamentals of Database Management System (DBMS)
1.5.1 The Database System Environment
5 Major Parts of Database System
1. Hardware – refers to all of the system’s physical devices and other devices;
Exam: computers Mainframes, workstations, storages devices, printers,
network devices (hub, switches, routers, fiber optics) and other devices.
2. Software – The most readily identified software is the DBMS but to make the
database system function fully, three types of software are needed: Operating
system, DBMS software, and application programs and utilities.
3. People – This component includes all users of the database system.
5 Types of users in a database system
a. Systems administrators - oversee the database system’s general
operations.
b. Database administrators – also known as DBAs, manage the DBMS and
ensure that the database is functioning properly.
c. Database designers – design the database structure. They are, in effect,
the database architects.
d. Systems analyst and programmers - design and implement the
application programs. They design and create the data entry screens,
reports, and procedures through which end users access and manipulate
the database’s data.
e. End users – are the people who use the application programs to run the
organization’s daily operations.
4. Procedures – are the instructions and rules that govern the design and use of
the database system. It play an important role in a company because they
enforce the standards by which business is conducted within the organization
and with customers.
Procedures also are used to ensure that there is an organized way to
monitor and audit both the data that enter the database and the
information that is generated through the use of that data.
5. Data – covers the collection of facts stored in the database.
1.5.2 DBMS Functions
a. Data dictionary management- The DBMS stores definitions of the data
elements and their relationships (Metadata) in a data dictionary.
b. Data storage management – The DBMS creates and manages the complex
structures required for data storage. DBMS provides storage not only for the
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data but also for related data entry forms or screen definitions, report
definitions, data validation rules, procedural codes.
c. Data transformation and presentation – The DBMS transforms entered
data to conform to require data structures. This means that in DBMS if you
made some changes in the data structure it automatically
d. Security management. The DBMS creates a security system that enforces
user security and data privacy. Security rules determine which users can
access the database, which data items each user can access and which data
operations (read, add, delete or modify) the user can perform.
e. Multiuser access control. To provide data integrity and data consistency.
DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access
the database concurrently without compromising the integrity of the database.
f. Backup and recovery management. The DBMS provides backup and data
recovery to ensure data safety and integrity.
g. Data integrity management. The DBMS promotes and enforces integrity
rules, thus minimizing data redundancy and maximizing data consistency.
There are integrity rules in DBMS that can minimize data redundancy.
h. Database access languages and application programming interfaces.
The DBMS provides data access through a query language.
– A Query language – is nonprocedural language – one that lets the
user specify what must be done without having to specify how it is to
be done.
i. Data communication interfaces. Current generation DBMSs accept end-
user requests via multiple, different network environments.
For example, DBMS might provide access to the database via the Internet
through the use of Web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox or Microsoft
Internet Explorer.
REFERENCES:
Coronel, Carlos, Morris, Steven & Rob, Peter. (2017) Database Systems
Design, Implementation and Management, 12 Edition. Cengage Learning
Subhendu Kumar Rath .Lecture Notes on DBMS. Biju Patnaik University of
Technology, Odisha.
Hoffer, J., [Link]. ( Modern Database Management 7th Edition
Molina, H.G (2011). Database Systems: The Complete Book, 2nd Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.
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