LOW GROUNDING

TENSION IN INSTALLATIONS
INTERIORS

CIME- LAMBAYEQUE [Link] ENRIQUE DÍAZ RUBIO

26 de setiembre de 2020
 I.
TERMS
GENERALS

CIME- LAMBAYEQUE ENG. CIP ENRIQUE DÍAZ RUBIO

26 de setiembre de 2020
I. GENERAL TERMS

• Ground conductor: Conductor used to connect the grounding electrode to the

protection conductor.

•Direct contact: It is the accidental contact of people with an active conductor (phase or
neutrals) or with a conductive piece that is usually under voltage.

Indirect contact: It is the contact of a person with metallic masses accidentally.

put under tension, this being the result of an insulation defect.

Ground fault: Accidental connection of a conductor with the ground (earth),

directly through a foreign element.

Ground electrode: Electrode that is driven into the ground to be

used as a ground terminal, like a copper bar.

Neutral (Earth): It is a grounding of or the neutral points of a

circuit, transformer, rotating machinery or system.
I. GENERAL TERMS

• Step voltage: It is the maximum potential difference (voltage) between two points on the
land separated by a distance of a step, which is assumed to be one meter, in the
direction of maximum potential gradient.

Potential gradient: It is the slope of the potential profile graph (tension),

whose trajectory intersects at right angles the lines that are at equal
potential at a given moment.

Touch tension: It is the maximum potential difference between a structure or object.

metallic grounded and a point on the surface of the ground at a horizontal distance
of one meter.

Ground connection: Union via a conductor, from the ground or earth terminal of a
electrical device, with a grounding system.

Dispersion resistance: Resistance that the grounding opposes to the flow of current
electric. It should be minimal to provide better protection.

Ground connection terminal or ground terminal: It is an isolated point from the conductors.
electrical, but not of the mass of the device, to which the conductor is solidly joined.
ground connection.
I. GENERAL TERMS

• The case or housing: It is the outer metal box that contains an electrical device.
presenting a point, called terminal or pole where the
ground connection.

•Grounding or earthing (P.A.T.): An electrical safety installation in which

a copper electrode is buried in the ground in order to disperse
electric currents to avoid accidents.

•Grounding or earthing: It means to make the connection of a mass or a

neutral point to a ground.

Ground electrode: It is a straight metal conductor resistant to attack.

corrosive (copper), embedded directly in the ground or in the fill of a
excavation can take different forms.
I. GENERAL TERMS

Vertical electrodes or rods: They are simple small cylindrical metal rods.
diameter that are installed vertically in the ground, either by direct staking or by
embedding in the filling of a well.

•Horizontal electrodes or plates or counterweights: They are simple plates or conductors.

medium diameter equivalent cabling, which is installed horizontally in the
soil, due to embedding in the filling of a trench.

Mixed electrodes: They are electrodes formed by vertical elements and

horizontally solidly joined together, configured according to requirements
of dispersion or control of the current discharged to ground.

Ground filling: Mixture of fine soil from the excavation and/or fine soil.
from another source with natural binders and a localized complement of salts
harmless, that allow obtaining low dispersion resistances.
 For an electrical power system to operate correctly with appropriate continuity of
service, with a safe behavior of the protection systems and to guarantee the levels of
Personal safety requires that the electrical system as a whole has a grounding system.
land as shown in the following figure.

The general rule is: Each land system must close

electrically the electrical circuit that corresponds to it
 II.
CURRENT REGULATION

CIME - LAMBAYEQUE ING. CIP ENRIQUE DÍAZ RUBIO

September 26, 2020
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

• The standards provide the design limits that must be met and explain
how grounding systems can be designed to fit them.
They include formulations to perform the necessary calculations or a detailed guide.
about practical aspects.

• Grounding systems must be designed to ensure that,

during a ground fault, the potentials both in the ground and in the
conductors connected to the ground electrode or on exposed conductors
in the proximity, stay within the appropriate limits.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA, the group is very well known and used
standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE - Institute of)
Electrical and Electronics Engineers:

a) Grounding Systems.
ANSI / IEEE Std. 81: 1983, Guide for the measurement of Ground Resistances,
ground impedances and ground surface potentials in systems of
Grounding.

b) Residential, commercial, and industrial installations.

ANSI C114.1-1973 / IEEE Standard 142-1991 IEEE Recommended Practice
for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

c) Medium and high voltage substations

ANSI / IEEE Standard 80-1986 IEEE Guide for Grounding Safety
AC substations. USA standard that covers technical and design aspects. Includes
terrain modeling, fault current distribution, worked examples
and special considerations, for example, encapsulated substations (GIS).
This Standard is generally considered rigorous in its approach.

d)OTHER INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

IEEE Std 141–1993 Electric Power Distribution for Industrial
Plants. 1986 - National Electrical Code. ANSI/NFPA 70–1996
National Fire Protection Association, Battery March Park, Quincy
MA 12269
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

IN THE NATIONAL SPHERE:

INACAL is the governing body and highest technical-normative authority of the National System.
para la Calidad, responsable de su funcionamiento en el marco de lo establecido en la
Law No. 30224; the same that creates, in July of the year 2014, the National System for the
Quality and the National Quality Institute.
The INACAL aims to promote and ensure compliance with the National Policy.
for Quality with a view to the development and competitiveness of economic activities
and consumer protection.
The National Quality Institute (INACAL) is a Technical Public Organization.
Specialized, assigned to the Ministry of Production, with legal personality of
public law, and administrative, functional, technical, economic and autonomy
financial.

[Link]
 Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1,000 V AC and 1,500 V DC. Equipment for testing, measurement or
NTP-IEC 61557-4:2014
NTP Monitoring of protection measures. Part 4: Resistance of the grounding connection and the equipotential bond. 1st 2019-10-24
(revised in 2019)
Editing

NTP-IEC 61557-5:2014 Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. Equipment for testing, measuring or
NTP 2019-10-24
(revised in 2019) Monitoring of protective measures. Part 5: Grounding resistance. 1st Edition

Components of the lightning protection system (CSPCR). Part 2: Requirements for conductors and grounding electrodes
NTP NTP-IEC 62561-2:2018 to the earth. 2nd Edition
2018-12-31

Components of the lightning protection system (CSPCR). Part 3: Requirements for surge arresters
NTP NTP-IEC 62561-3:2018 2018-12-31
(DST). 2nd Edition

Components of the lightning protection system (CSPCR). Part 7: Requirements for compounds that enhance grounding.
NTP NTP-IEC 62561-7:2018 2018-11-14
earth. 1st Edition

NTP NTP 370.052 1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Materials that make up the grounding pit 1999-12-13

ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Selection of electrical materials in indoor installations for grounding. Conductors of
NTP NTP 370.053 1999 1999-12-13
copper protection

NTP NTP 370.055 1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Grounding system. Glossary of terms. 1999-12-13

NTP NTP 370.056 1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Copper electrodes for grounding 1999-12-13
[Link] REGULATIONS

PREVIOUSLY IN THE NATIONAL SCOPE:

The INDECOPI, in its capacity as the Peruvian Organization for Standardization, was the
in charge of the preparation of the Peruvian Technical Standards.
On July 8, 1998, the Specialized Technical Security Committee was established.
Electrical - Grounding System, The standards were approved in the
Official Newspaper El Peruano on December 11 and 13, 1999 according to Resolution of
the Commission of Technical and Commercial Regulations N°0062 and 0064
1999/INDECOPI-CRT.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

NTP 370.052:1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Materials that constitute the

grounding pit, 1st Edition on December 13, 1999.
NTP 370.053:1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Selection of materials
electrical in the indoor installations for grounding. Conductors
copper protection, 1st Edition on December 13, 1999.
NTP 370.054:1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Plugs and sockets with
ground protection for domestic and similar general use, 1st Edition
11 de diciembre de 1999.
NTP 370.055:1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Grounding system.
Glossary of terms, 1st Edition on December 13, 1999.
NTP 370.056:1999 ELECTRICAL SAFETY. Copper electrodes for
grounding, 1st Edition on December 13, 1999.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE - NEC

CNE - USE

• [Link]

• [Link]
activity/[Link]
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

CNE–Use Section 060: Grounding and Equipotential Bonding

060-712. The grounding with a single

electrode must have a resistance to
land not exceeding 25 
If the resistance with a single electrode exceeds
25 an electrode must be used
additional connected in parallel to a
distance of at least 2m.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

CNE–Utilization Section 060: Grounding and Equipotential Bonding

II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

CNE–Use Section 060: Grounding and Equipotential Bonding

II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

CNE - Use Section 060: Grounding and Equipotential Bonding

LINK/NETWORK
EQUIPOTENTIAL

SETTING
A
EARTH
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE - NEC

CNE-Supply

• [Link]

• [Link]
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS
Section 1
Introduction to the National Electricity Code Supply 2011

017.B. Grounding system requirements

The recommended alternating current systems must consider the following:
0.38 / 0.22 kV
0.44 / 0.22 kV
Of four wires, neutral point of transformer effectively grounded
and neutral with multiple grounding.
20 kV, 22.9 kV and 33 kV
Of three wires, neutral point of transformer effectively grounded. 22.9 /
13.2 kV
33 / 19 kV
Of four wires (neutral continuous), and neutral point of transformer grounded
effective way.
60 kV, 138 kV,
220 kV and 500 kV
From three wires, neutral point of transformer effectively grounded.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS
Section 1
Introducción al Código Nacional de Electricidad Suministro

NOTE 1: In systems with ungrounded neutral, the holder must ensure safety of
people in the face of possible dangerous tensions caused by electrification, considering the
installation of the appropriate grounding system and with the timely action of the system
protection. See Rule 017.C.

NOTE 2: In low-voltage systems with a neutral with multiple groundings, the resistance of
grounding of the neutral in the most unfavorable points, with all being connected
grounding points must not exceed the following values:
In an urban or rural urban center 6 ohms
In isolated locations or rural areas 10 ohms

017.C. Requirement for the operation of the protection system

Electric supply and communication facilities must have
adequate protection system, to prevent harm to humans, deterioration to their own
installations and third parties.
In any type of supply system, with neutral or without neutral, the holder must
ensure at all times that your protection system must be able to detect and
isolate faults caused by conductor disconnection or ground phase to avoid
dangerous contact and step voltages.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS
SECTION 3: GROUNDING METHODS FOR
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND COMMUNICATIONS INSTALLATIONS
036.D. Systems with only one ground (ground in a
point or delta

The grounding with a single electrode must have a

ground resistance not exceeding 25 ohms. If the resistance with a
If the single electrode exceeds 25 ohms, other methods should be used.
of grounding that allows to meet this requirement.

When it is necessary to reduce the grounding resistance,

you can use other methods, such as employing
chemical treatment or artificial soils, which must be
acceptable and certified by a specialized and impartial entity
competent, ensuring that such treatment does not violate
against the environment.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

DIRECTORAL RESOLUTION N°055-2010-EM/DGE Substitute

Technical Specifications for Grounding Material
3. Grounding Electrode
The grounding electrode will consist of a coated steel rod.
of a copper layer; it will be manufactured with materials and applying methods that
ensure good electrical, mechanical behavior and resistance to
corrosion.

4. Connector for the electrode

The connector for the connection between the down conductor and the grounding electrode.
to ground, it must be made from high-strength copper alloys
mechanics, and have adequate electrical, mechanical and resistance characteristics
necessary for the proper functioning of the connection.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

NOTE:Special cases may arise where the values of

the electrical resistance of the grounding system complies with the
indicated in the national electrical code (CNE), but the direction
practical and the experience for this special situation requires to
to have a lower resistance, so that - indistinctly
fulfill - what must always ensure the system is that in the face of
a fault does not lead to dangerous touch or step voltages.
II. CURRENT REGULATIONS

GROUNDING CONNECTION SCHEMES (ECT)

Currently, as defined in the IEC 60364 Standard, and in Annex A3 of the Code.
National Electric Utilization - 2006, the grounding connection schemes (ECT), which during
For a long time they have been called 'neutral regimes', there are three:

Neutral of transformer T and independent mass T,

TN: neutral of the transformer T and masses connected to the neutral N,

isolated neutral of transformer I and mass T.

GROUND CONNECTION SCHEMES IN PERU
(ECT)

ECT: TT, TN
ECT: IT
 Delta distribution without ground connection (G)
Board
R
220 V
S

220 V T

220VAC 220VAC + G 3Ø Motor

220 VAC
Star distribution + ground connection (G)

Board
R
3Ø Motor
380 VAC
380VAC S sine N

380 VAC T
N

G
3Ø Motor
380 VAC
+ N and G