PROTECTION OF ELECTRIC SYSTEMS - J.

Manzaneda

EXERCISE 1

Using the GE IAC 51 relay, whose Time-Current characteristic is shown in the figure;
determine the relay operating time for the short circuit shown in the diagram
unifilar.

A
500/5
ZLT

Icc3F=1.8 kA

TAP = 3
R
Curve 2

Is Ip
M
TAP RTC TAP

1800
M 6
500
3
5

Entering with M=6 (in the

x-axis), it must be
intersect the curve 2 (dial 2),
to determine the time in
the y-axis
same as corresponds to
0.42 sec.

t acting rel 420 (mseg)

Equivalent to 21 cycles

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda -

EXERCISE 2

Calculate the relay adjustment current (R) in order to ensure protection up to the bus.
B, suppose an electromechanical relay.

10 MVA

A 10 MVA
X/5

G
BASE 10 MVA
Icc3F=8 kA R 69 kV
Icc1 Ft=6 kA 100 MVA

Consider a 10% error of the CT, an overcurrent factor of 20, and that it must supply the
next teams:

 1 ammeter AH-11
 1 active energy meter (W-h) V-65
 1 active energy meter (W-h) IB-10
 1 overcurrent relay AC 51B101A (TAP 8)

➢ Calculate the transformation ratio of the CT

a) Nominal load criterion of the feeder–in this case, the feeder can
supply the maximum of transformers at full load

Sname 3 10 30 [MVA]
Sname 30000
Iname Iname 251.02 [A]
3 Vname 3  69

According to the IEC standard, where the following options are available 10 - 12.5 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 40 -
50 - 60 - 75 and their decimal multiples can be chosen, the following 250/5 or 300/5.

This choice is not definitive since it only considers the load in steady state.
from the feeder.

b) Short-circuit Criterion - The maximum short-circuit current must be found within

the limitation of the CT class, according to its FS, based on the relationship:

I p_max of ctocto Ip_max of ctocto 8000

FS= Ipname of the CT= = = 400[A]
Ip name of the CT FS 20

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda -

According to the IEC standard, where the following options are available 10 - 12.5 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 40 -
50 - 60 - 75 and their decimal multiples, you can choose 400/5

Consequently, the final choice falls on the CT with the highest transformation ratio.
in this case:
400
RCT=
5

➢ What is the impedance of the relay IAC51B101A?

According to the Typical Loads table, the selected relay has an impedance of 0.38. the younger
TAP (that is, 4), therefore it is necessary to calculate for an equivalent to TAP 8.

2
ZTAP_actual=Zminimum TAP∗ (TTAAPminimum
P
)
actual

2
ZTAP_actual=0.38 * (84) ZTAP_actual=0,095 [ ]

Then, the apparent power (for 5 A) is:

Srelease=Zrelease(∗ 2)(IsS
)2 release=0.095 *5 = 2,375 [VA]

➢ What is the impedance of the cable (of Cu, 10mm2) that connects the CT and the room?
control, 180m away?

The total length should be considered (that is, round trip):

L 1 360
Zcond=ρcopper ∗S Zcond = 58,82
∗ 10 = 0,62[ ]
copper

Then, the apparent power (for 5 A) is:

Scond=ZcondIs ( 2) Scond=0,62 *5( )2= 15.50[VA]

➢ What is the total load connected to the secondary of the CT?

The total load (based on the specifications table) results in

TYPE Z (Ω) VA(for Is=5A)

Ammeter AH-11 0.090 2.30
Energy meter (W-h) V-65 0.007 0.17
Energy meter (W-h) IB-10 0.042 1.10
AC overcurrent relay IAC51B101A 0.095 2.36
Copper conductor 0.620 15.50
TOTAL 0.854 21.43

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS PROTECTION - J. Manzaneda

➢ Specify the excitation class of the CT (according to ANSI)

Just obtain the maximum voltage in the secondary of the CT, for the maximum current of
short circuit of the CT.

Vmaximum=ZtotalIs Vmaximum=0.854 *100 = 85.4

10
20
2.5 50 you can choose 10H100
L
5   100
H
10 200
400
800

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 ELECTRIC SYSTEMS PROTECTION - J. Manzaneda

EXERCISE 3
40 MVA
B

A x/5

69 kV
20 MVA
50
51
Icc3FA10 kA
Icc1 F- tA=9 kA 51N
Icc3FB=7 kA
Icc1 F- tB5.8 kA

In the single-line diagram, the phase relays are of type IAC52B101A and the neutral relay is IAC52B3A.
Curves are those of the figure. The CT is of high impedance, class 10%

a) Calculate the nominal current of the line, considering that the transformers operate
at full load
b) Size the CT, according to the ANSI standard.
c) Calculate the relay 51 adjustment current
d) Calculate the adjustment current of relay 50, knowing the TAP multiple of relay 51.
e) Calculate the adjustment current of the neutral relay, so that it can withstand an imbalance.
of 30%
f) What is the response time of the protection for a short circuit 2F, in busbar B?
considering that the relay is set to operate on curve 4?

Solution a)

Yes S name 3 VL IL

20000 40000
IL IL 502 [A]
3 69

Solution b)

➢ Load criteria

IP600 600
RCT 120 (A) resulta: RCT
IS 5 5

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda

➢ Short-circuit criterion

I C Cmax 10000 500

FS Ip_name 500 result: RCT
Ip_name 20 5
The final choice rests with the CT with the highest transformation ratio, in this case 600/5.

Solution c)

Iminimum costfiin the protected cto

(1.4a 1.5) I payrolll dandload Iadjuste dtherelay
a

Where: a = 1.5 for electromechanical relay

a = 1.1 for digital relay

3
Previous I cc2 B I cc3 B
2
3
I cc2 B  7000 it has Icc2 B 6062 (A)
2

I cc2 B
I
1.5 name I adjustmentoflreleaseRCT where RCT 120
RCT a
6062
502
1.5 I adjustmentoflrelease 120 resulting 6.28 Iadjustedeleterelease 33.68
120 1.5
It is advisable to choose the TAP closest to the lower limit, depending on the TAPs.
available from the relay, for example, the TAP = 7 (A). Any chosen TAP within the range,
produce sensitivity in the operation of the relay

Solution d)

The relay 50 is instantaneous; therefore, the setting current is obtained using

Iadjustment_ ins tan tan eo Icc3 85% _ LT

To calculate the 3F short-circuit current at 85% of the LT, the following steps are taken
steps.

Step 1 - Calculation of the equivalent impedance of substation A. The circuit per phase for a
three-phase short circuit at bar A, results in:

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda -

A1

jXSE
E G Icc3

69000 90
Yes j X SE1 0000 so X SE 3.98 [Ω]
3

Step 2 - Calculation of the impedance of the LT:

A1 B1

j3.98 jXLT

E Icc3
G

69000 90
Yes j  ( X SE X LT)  7000 so then X LT 1.71 [Ω]
3

Step 3 - Calculation of the 3F short-circuit current at 85% of the LT

69000 90
Yes j (X SE 0.85 X LT)  I CC3 85%so then I CC3 85%
7329.87 [A]
3

Therefore, the adjustment of relay 50 is obtained based on the multiple of relay 51, that is,

I cc3 _85%_LT 7329.87

M adjustment_ insso be itn eo M adjustment_ ins so whatn eo 8.73
RTC TAP 51 120 7

Solution e)

502 I adjustment_ rele_ neutral 1.26 [A]

I adjustment_ rele _ neutral 0.30 I N 0.30
600
5

In the GE relay data table, the available TAPs are in the range of 0.5–2; so that
It is possible to choose TAP=1.3 A (corresponds to an imbalance of 31%)

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 ELECTRIC SYSTEMS PROTECTION - [Link]

Solution f)

Firstly, the relay multiple for short circuit 2F must be calculated, at bus B.

3
I I
cc2 _B 2 cc3 _B

I
cc2 _ B 6062
M Mrelease51 8.42
rele51 RCT TAP 600
6
5

Entering curve 4, the response time is 0.65 sec

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda -

EJERCICIO 4

Calculate the relay adjustment current (R) to ensure protection up to the bus.
B, suppose an electromechanical relay.

10 MVA

A 10 MVA
400/5 ZLT=0.1 pu

G
BASE 10 MVA
Icc3F=8 kA R 69 kV
Icc1 Ft6 kA 100 MVA

To obtain the relay adjustment current, it is necessary to calculate the short-circuit current.
biphasic minimum at point B, by knowing the equivalent system up to bar A.

➢ Calculation of the equivalent reactance up to bar A

The three-phase short circuit at bus A is equal to 8kV, the positive sequence model results
A1

jXG
1∟90 pu G I cc3 =Ia1

S base 100000
I base I base 836.74 [A]
3 Vbase 3 69

Converting the short-circuit current to pu, it is obtained

8000 8000
icc3 that is to say icc3 9.56 pu
Ibase 836.74

º
1 angle90 cos (90+) ∗ (90) 1
Yes i 3 = = =
∗

1 1
Then = = = 0.1046pu
i 3 9.56

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - [Link] -

➢ Calculation of Icc3 Bthat

F is to say in bar B
A1 B1

j0.1046 j0.1

1/90 pu Icc3
G

1/90 cos(90) j  sin(90)

icc3 B
jxG jxLT j0.1046 j0.1

icc3 B 4.887 (pu)

Icc3 B 4.887 Ibase 4.887 836.74 I cc3 B 4089.6 (A)

➢ Calculation of Icc2 B, in
F the B bar

3
Yes I cc2 B I cc3 B
2
3
I cc2 B  4089.6 it has I cc2 B 3541.3 (A)
2

➢ Calculation of the nominal load current

Considering that the feeder load current is at full load of the three
transformers, it has:

Sname_alI'm 30000
Iname Iname 251 (A)
3 Vname 3 69

➢ Calculation of the relay adjustment current

Iminimum quota at the end ofl cto pprotected

Yes 1.4 to 1.5 Ipayrolll de carge Iadjustment ofl rethe
a

Where: a = 1.5 for electromechanical relay

a = 1.1 for digital relay

Icc2 B
Iname RCT
1.5 Iadjuste delrelease where RCT 80
RCT a

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda

3541.3
251 80
1.5 Iadjuste delrelease resulting 4.71 Iadjuste deleterelay 29.51
80 1.5

It is advisable to choose the TAP closest to the lower limit, depending on the TAPs.
relay available, for example TAP = 5 (A)

Any selected TAP within the range produces sensitivity in the relay's operation.

Time adjustment

To determine the adjustments, one must analyze from the farthest point from the source, in this
if the relay that protects the system is connected to bar A. Let's adjust the current of
shot with a margin of 20%; that is, 1.2*251= 301.2 A.

B D E
t performancen dthekingle Tcurve A  
 M C   M  C2   M  C3 

IAC CURVE A B C D E
Little inverse 0.428 0.609 6.2 -0.01 0.221
Inverse 2.078 8.63 8 -4.18 1.947
Very inverse 0.9 7.955 1 -12.885 79.586
Extremely inverse 0.04 6.379 6.2 17.872 2.461

With the current adjustment and the fault current values, the dial (T is calculatedcurveto adjust
according to the desired operating times, deduced from the previous table. It should
guarantee that any failure in the bar is cleared in the fastest time possible (whether by
example in a time of 0.15 seconds, in curve inverse.

8000
M 26.56
301.2

8.63  4.18 1.947

0.15 Tcurve2.078  
26.56 8 ( 26.56  8) ( 26.56  8) 3
2

where from Tcurve 0.069

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - [Link] -

PROBLEM 5

Let us consider the following system with the maximum and minimum fault currents indicated.
each bar:
1 2 3

~ A B C

Fault 1 Fall 2 Fall 3

Issmax=14000 A Issmax=2500 A Issmax=650 A
Issmin=13000 A Issmin=2000 A Issmin=600 A
Iload=800 A Iload=100 A Iload=50 A
RCT=1000/5 RCT=150/5 RCT=100/5

To determine the adjustments, one must analyze from the farthest point from the source, in this
case the relay C (which protects bar 3), where there is a load of 50 A. Let's adjust the
firing current with a margin of 20%; that is, 1.2*50= 60 A

As the fault current becomes larger (i.e., closer to the source) and the
Operating times are faster. There are different normalized curves, such as inverse,
muy inversa, extremadamente inversa. La norma IEC 60255, las define de la siguiente manera:

t (time) TMS multiplier

0.14 (M) 0.02 1
Inverse TMS t
(M) 0.02 1 0.14
13.5 (M) 1
Very inverse TMS t
(M) 1 13.5
80 (M) 2 1
Extremely inverse TMS t
(M) 2 1 80

Where from:

M = I/IpReport on Ifaultabout Iadjustment

TMS = Time multiplier adjustment or Dial

With the current adjustment and the fault current values, the dial (TMS) to be adjusted is calculated.
according to the desired operation times, deduced from the previous table. It must
Ensure that any failure in bar 3 is cleared in the fastest time possible (whether by
example in a time of 0.2 seconds, in inverse curve.

(M) 0.02 1 (650 ) 0.02  1

TMS t TMS 0.2 50 0.075
0.14 0.14
The adjustment value of the DIAL must be 0.07 and then it must be verified that the times of
operation for Imaxe Iminebe the desired ones (0.2 seconds).

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 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - J. Manzaneda -

0.14 0.14
t TMS t max 0.07 0.19 (seg)
(M) 0.02 1 (650 ) 0.02  1
50
0.14
t min 0.07 0.19 (seg)
(600 ) 0.02  1
50
Finally, we refer to the adjustment of the tripping current (set at 60 A secondary),
Knowing that the RCT is 100/5; consequently, the adjustment of the TAP would be:

TAPp 60 (A) primary side current

TAPp 60
TAPs 3 (A) (absolute value adjustment)
RCT 100
5

I 3
TAPs 0.6 (adjustment in relative value)
In 5

TAPp 60
Specifically, the adjustment of relay C should be:
DIAL 0.07

The calculations for relay inBy must be continued and then for relay C, resulting in:

TAPp 120
ReleB
DIAL 0.09
TAPp 960
ReleC
DIAL 0.08

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