INTRODUCTION TO

SAFETY AT SEA

VIDEOS\ABANDONMENT OF PLATFORM IN LIFEBOATS [Link]

BASIC PLATFORM SECURITY COURSE

PLATFORM BASIC SAFETY COURSE

OBJECTIVE AND CONTENT

OBJECTIVE

This course aims to provide

basic knowledge and skills, in the sense of
to empower the professional who performs some type of
continued activity (period longer than three days) to
offshore mobile units board (MOU), the
respond in an orderly manner to situations of
emergency.

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CONTENT

O course summary covers the requirements

established in paragraph 5.3 of the annex to Resolution A.1079
(28) from IMO. The syllabus meets the standard
minimum competency established in Tables 5.3.1 to 5.3.5
attached to Resolution A.1079 (28) of the IMO, and also includes
the requirements of Brazilian legislation contained in the Standards of
Maritime Activities edited by the Directory of Ports and Coast.
The content has been divided into the following modules:

MODULE 1 - Sea Survival Techniques - MOU

MODULE 2 – Fire Prevention and Combat – Basic
MODULE 3 – Basic First Aid
MODULE 4 - Personal Safety and Interpersonal Relationships

MODULE 5 – Protection Awareness

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 Legislation on Maritime Safety

End of the Second World War Creation of the UN

Purpose: to try to establish a good understanding
among the various nations.
Several other organizations were created to
that each of them dealt specifically with a
Subject; among these was created the IMO, which aimed to
the purpose is to address Maritime Navigation Safety.
The IMO creates standards, rules, regulations - work
those that are included in Conventions.

Convention (there are many) is a set of rules,

rules and regulations. In this course, we will address
of three of them: SOLAS, MARPOL and STCW.

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Legislation on Maritime Safety

The SOLAS Convention, which addresses all aspects related

ON THE SAFEGUARD OF HUMAN LIFE AT SEA;
The MARPOL Convention, which deals with aspects of PREVENTION
AND FIGHTING POLLUTION IN SEAS AND OCEANS;
The STCW Convention, which deals with STANDARDIZATION OF
TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF THE STAFF WORKING
NO SEA.

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Legislation on Maritime Safety

• The SOLAS Convention in Rule 8, Chapter III, which addresses the

Salvage establishes that all vessels, and for
extension, all offshore production units must
provide clear instructions for each person on board that
should be followed in case of emergency. In the case of
having on board professionals of various nationalities, these
instructions should also be prepared in English,
in addition to the language or languages required by the flag state
of the MOU.

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 The illustrations and instructions, in the appropriate languages, must
are affixed and displayed, in a visible manner, in the boxes, in the locations
of the meeting and in other compartments intended for the
crew members and visitors, indicating:

Your meeting posts;

The essential actions that need to take place in a
emergência;
The correct way to wear life jackets.

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MASTER TABLE FOR EMERGENCY STATIONS

The Table of Positions must also specify,

how the order to abandon the unit will be given and
indicate the tasks assigned to the various members of
crew, including;

closing of the watertight doors, fire doors,

valves, scuppers, hatches, grilles, lookout points and others
existing similar openings;

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MASTER TABLE FOR EMERGENCY POSTS

equipment of survival vessels and others

lifesaving equipment;
preparation and launch of the vessels of
survival
general preparations and other lifesaving equipment;
meeting of crew members and visitors;

use of communication equipment;

special tasks related to the use of the equipment
the fire fighting installations.

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 MASTER TABLE FOR EMERGENCY STATIONS

which professionals are designated to ensure that

the lifesaving and firefighting equipment
to be kept in good condition and ready for
immediate use
what are the substitutes for key people that may come to
be invalid, considering that different
Emergency situations may require different actions.

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EMERGENCY FRAME
Name the people according to the designations in
Action Groups of the Platform.
MASTER TABLE (GRANTED TO ICN FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES
)
This table was prepared in accordance with the
Chapter III, part B, rule 37 of the SOLAS Convention and the
Emergency Plan for P-40 "PP-3A-01039-E"

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Pages 12 and 13

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 SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES AT SEA

INTRODUCTION TO
PROCEDURES OF
SURVIVAL AT SEA

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1.1 - DEFINITION

Rescue is the set of means, arrangements, and procedures

that ensure the support of human life in the sea.
Pelegrini

The rescue is based on three factors:

Equipment and Procedures

Proper Arrangements standardized

Training
Continued

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SPECIFIC LEGISLATION

SOLAS
SOLAS -- International
International Convention
Convention for
for the
the Safety
Safety of
of Life
Life at
at Sea
Sea
of
of Human
Human Life
Lifein
atthe
SeaSea
LESTA - Law on Waterway Traffic Security

MODU Code - Code for Construction e

Equipment for Mobile Platforms
LSA Code – International Equipment Code
Lifeguard
IAMSAR – –International
IAMSAR International Aeronautical
Manual Manual
on Search and Rescue e
Maritime Search
Aerospace and Rescue
and Maritime.
NORMAM - Standards
NORMAM's of of
- Standards thethe
Maritime Authority
Maritime Authority

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 SITUATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF
EMERGENCY

There are several types of risk situations

involving the related activities à operation
production and transportation of gas and oil, some
inherent to the activity itself, in addition to others
related to the marine environment

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TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

We can say, then, that emergency in

maritime unit is any abnormality that may
result in serious harm to people, to
equipment, to the unit and to the environment
marine, demanding, for the elimination of its causes
and the control of its effects, the immediate interruption
the normal routines and the adoption of procedures
special.
Let's identify the most common types of accidents
likely in this activity and the emergencies caused by them
generated.

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TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

Collision: This type of accident can occur due to

approach of the vessel or aircraft that may collide
with the platform (in steady state).
Rollover: This type of accident can occur due to
approach of a vessel or aircraft that may collide
with another moving maritime unit.
Fire: It can occur on board for numerous reasons, from the
occurrence of an explosion, caused by the collision, as well as
due to equipment failures or human errors in handling
of these, or even due to negligence of workers with the
situations that involve accident risks.

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6
 TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

Open water: it is one of the most serious risks on board, due to

problems that it can trigger. It occurs when the water
penetrates the tanks, watertight compartments and columns of the
platform, triggering other types of emergencies, such as
the listing, loss of buoyancy reserve and,
consequently the shipwreck.
Adernamento: it is a type of emergency that can be
related to the collision with vessels, but can also
during the collision of an aircraft, or even, to be
related to the occurrence of an explosion or fire to
burgundy.

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TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

Shipwreck: this constitutes the sinking of the unit, and

represents the worst case of emergency, resulting from the accidents
mentioned above. It occurs when it is not possible to control the water
open, nor maintain stability, and the consequent shipwreck,
constituting a great risk to the people on board and
leading to the total loss of assets.
Oil spill: this type of emergency, source of
great concerns of environmentalists are always present
in the activities of the oil sector, as the oil spill, with
the subsequent spillage at sea severely compromises the
conditions of life of the aquatic fauna and flora and also lead to
contamination of large coastal areas.

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TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

Gas leak: activities related to oil

the production of gases, resulting from decomposition
natural of organic material. One of the gases produced in this
Activity is hydrogen sulfide or sulfur gas. Its
presence requires the use of personal protective equipment
(EPI). It is a very toxic gas, heavier than air,
colorless and flammable. When it is at low concentration in the air,
presents a characteristic odor of 'rotten egg'. When in
high concentrations can kill in a short time.

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 TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

Work accidents: the various tasks present in a

oil platforms can cause different types of
work accidents, including those that involve
radioactive material and diving activities. These accidents
can cause emergencies such as:

Man overboard;

-Death, disease or serious injury;

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RES OPEN WATER MAN OVERBOARD FLOODING EXPLOSION RESCUE RELEASE

P. FROM THE HOUSE OF / DE EM
BOMBS BY Implosion ACCIDENT EMERGENCE
OIL DO A CIA IN
OPERATION
Bordeaux
OFF
SHORE

OIM ESTABLISHES MEANS OF CHECK THE EDGE DISRUPT SOA O COORDINATE COORDINATE
COMMUNICATION OCCURRED. TRIGGER A IMMEDIATELY ALARM A FAINA. The FAINA
APPROPRIATE. EVALUATES LIFE BUOY WITH THE OPERATION OF GENERAL AND GUARANTEE TOGETHER WITH
SECURITY OF THE DEVICE RELIEF, WHEN TOCA WALKIE- THE MOORING
CREW, TOUCHING Luminous Fumigant APPLICABLE. STATIONS OF SPEECH. MASTER.
MEETING PLACES AT US FLOATING OF THE WING OF PROHIBITS TO EMERGENCY MAINTAIN
PRE-LOCATIONS PASSAGEWAY. SOUNDS THE USE OF A. VALUATION A CONTACT
ESTABLISHED (MEETING- GENERAL ALARM. LAUNCH ANY EXTENSION WITH A
POINT). HIGHLIGHT GROUPS Luminous spotlight A EQUIPMENT DA AVARIA E EMBARCA-
OF INSPECTIONS, LED NIGHT, WHEN ELECTRIC THAT SECURITY ACTION OF
FOR EXPERIENCED OFFICIAL, APPLICABLE. REQUESTS DO NOT BE OF YES RESCUE.
FOR EVALUATIONA SUPPORT FROM THE BOAT. TYPE INSURANCE. CREW
EXTENT OF DAMAGES; THE GUARANTEE
GROUPS MUST BE WALKIE-
PERMANENTLY IN TALKIE.
CONTACT WITH THE
COMMANDER. EVALUATES
RISK OF POLLUTION
ACTIVATE SOPEP, NOTIFY
LOCAL AUTHORITIES, IF
APPLICABLE. EVALUATES
SEA CONDITIONS, TIDE,
Winds and Currents.
REQUEST TOWING OF
EMERGENCY, IF
APPLICABLE. ENTERS INTO
CONTACT WITH CEEA, IF
APPLICABLE.

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SM LEAD GROUP OF PREPARE THE STEAM FOR GUARANTEE

INSPECTION AT THE SQUARE OF THE DECK FOR WALKIE-
MACHINES, TO EVALUATE CARRY OUT THE REDEMPTION. TALKIE.
THE EXTENT OF DAMAGES.
MAINTAIN RIGOROUS
CAUTION WHEN ENTERING
COMPARTMENTS
SUSPECTS, CARRYING OUT
ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS
ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT REGARDING
PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN
AND GASES.
MEC HELP THE CFM. HELP OR CFM.

MCB CHECK THE POSSIBILITY MATERIAL PROVISION ENSURE THE PERFORM THE
/ TO BOIL AND EXHAUST THE NECESSARY FOR THE BALLOON OF RECOLLECTION
MNC LOCAL. DATE DOORS RANSOM, SUCH AS: OXYGEN OF TO DO CAPE
PONDS NOT CONVENIENT. VESTS, SPEAR NURSING HOME SANSON,
RETINA, BUOYS, ETC. FOR SLIP OF
RESURRECT PROA E
MENTO OF MANGO
RESCUED AFTER THE
WHEN LIBERATION
APPLICABLE. HAIR
RELIEVER.

BCO HELP OR BS, DRAIN AT THE HOUSE OF UNDO

COMPENSATING THE BAND/ BOMBS. CHECK ALL A
TRIM, IF NECESSARY. THE ORIGIN OF MANEUVER OF
LEAK OPERATION
THROUGH
OF RELIEF,
RIGOROUS
SURVEY OF EXECUTING
CARGO TANKS THE CLEANING
FUEL FROM THE LINE OF
SLOP. USA Mango
MASK OF WHEN
BREATHING POSSIBLE.
ARTIFICIAL
USING THE CABLE-
GUIDE TO CARRY OUT
INSPECTION.

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 SIGNS AND ALARMS
Emergency alarms are audible signals, distributed
by strategic points throughout the platform, with the
purpose of alerting all residents and visitors about
a state of abnormality.

The alarm signals currently adopted on platforms are

simpler and signal for any type of emergency
emerged on board.

STATE SOUND ALARM

EMERGENCY ●●●●●●●
PREPARE FOR ________________
ABANDONMENT
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SIGNS AND ALARMS

Any emergency that arises on board a

the unit is alerted through a series of signals
intermittent sounds.

Upon hearing the intermittent signal, those who

if they are working, they will stop the activities,
turning off devices that are being used,
returning to the safe area.

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SIGNS AND ALARMS

They will dedicate a few seconds of attention, because

at this moment it will be announced through the system of
internal communication, the type of emergency and its
location.

This procedure aims to notify the

groups with responsibilities in combat à
emergency, what they should combat and their location,
and also prevent uncommitted people from
combate à mesma sigam em direção à área em questão.

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 OBSERVATION

In noisy areas, such as offices, compartments

of pumps or compressors and machine room, by
determination of Occupational Safety, protective equipment is used
headphones, which can reduce the hearing of an alarm
sonorous.
For this reason, in these places, installation is mandatory.
of alarms visuals, represented for lamp
stroboscopic or rotating lights in addition to the alarm
sonorous.

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 SECURITY MANAGEMENT

A to leave do established for these

national and international regulations, one can
reach the concept of MANAGEMENT OF
SAFETY on board vessels, what
establishes procedures aimed at familiarization
of the new crew members with the equipment and the
security measures stipulated.
The procedures are presented below
most important initials, when boarding by
first time in a unit.

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PROCEDURES

IDENTIFICATION: Whenever a person boards

the designated unit must focus on identification and control
boarding. Once identification is completed, the person will be directed
for the BRIEFING.

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PROCEDURES

BRIEFING: Quick meeting held with the new staff

embarked, so that these new trainees know how to
drive during your stay on board and the reason for the
emergency procedures adopted.

MEETING POINTS: People are oriented to, in case

in an emergency, go to a specific area of the
unit (deck, side etc.) which is referred to as Point of
Meeting.
ABANDONMENT POINTS: These are the previously defined locations.
for the concentration of people who will leave the unit,
they are usually located as close as possible to the
survival craft (lifeboats and rafts).

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 ESCAPE ROUTES

They are painted strips on the floor in the open areas of

platform, with white or yellow arrows indicating
the fastest and safest way to get to
Abandonment Posts.

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These routes must always be unobstructed and

cleaning in order to avoid accidents at the time of your
utilization.

Such indications can be complemented by

signs and indication boards, some with illustrated figures
the self-reflective tapes, distributed throughout the area, and can
vary according to each Unit.

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USE OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

Pay attention to the use of protective equipment, and

rescue equipment:

Below are some examples:

Life jackets;
Masks;
Boots;
Glasses;
Gloves;
Helmets;
Seat belts; among others.

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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Bord Interiors

There is operational use of a platform.

WalkTalk radio - UHF, which in normal state, all the
carriers of this radio operate on a single channel,
along with the Control Room.
There is also an internal telephone network,
interconnecting all the compartments of a
unit.
The system also includes INTERCOM, a
system composed of several speakers provided
usually from microphones, and can be activated by
any rental being heard throughout the unit.
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The person carrying the UHF radio must

communicate with the Control Room, informing the type and
the location of the emergency.

Next to an internal phone and not carrying the radio

UHF must dial the emergency number.

• Next to an INTERCOM, it should announce the type of

emergency and its location.

The Control Room will be responsible for triggering the alarms.

correspondents according to the state of emergency.

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EMERGENCY COORDINATION

In the event of an emergency on board,

it is installed immediately a Coordination of
Emergency, where the main platform, the GEPLAT,
He is the Chief Coordinator.
Together with his direct aides, the
the coordinator will activate the teams of
emergency, which, through direct orders
from this coordination, will initiate the necessary actions
to control and combat the emergency.
As teams of emergency of burgundy
normally, are formed for crew members
prepared for combat in an emergency
specific, and are composed of a leader, a second,
what is the direct substitute of the leader, and by the members of
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 THE TEAMS ARE SPECIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
FIRE
FIRE BRIGADE EXPLOSIONS
GAS LEAK
OPEN WATER CONTROL GROUP
OFFSHORE - CABLE
MAN OVERBOARD
RESCUE TEAM

RESCUE TEAM ABANDONMENT

RESCUE OF VICTIMS
(HEIGHT OR CONFINED SPACE)
It is essential to know the emergency response plans
from your unit:
Remember the information provided in the briefings. e
safety training;
Follow the specific procedures in your role:
Know the simulated plans of your unit;
Know all the alternative exits and not just those that
will be used in your workspace.

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SPECIAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

COMBINED

In the offshore sector, these procedures

they usually occur when there is a need to
work together with arrangements/equipment
and/or another vessel.
Special procedures refer to all
feats and maneuvers executed on board that require
a heightened care. This is due to the fact that
These actions involve high risks.
There are several combined operations that
they occur in the offshore sector. But, to exemplify,
we can mention some more common ones.

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SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF
COMBINED OPERATIONS

OFFLOAD: Consists of the task of the lighter ship to receive the oil.
extracted by the exploration platform or the FPSO that extracted it and
it was stocked, as illustrated by the figure below:
Development between interconnected units aiming
reduce the effects of an emergency.

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 SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF
COMBINED OPERATIONS

TRANSFER OF CARGO AND EQUIPMENT: It consists of the task

to deliver or receive from the support vessel (supply boat)
load and/or equipment necessary for the platform. These
maneuvers are performed with the platform's onboard crane,
and requires that the support vessel position itself under machine
at a safe distance from the platform, compatible with the extension
of the crane's arm, thus avoiding very large risks
of collision. (This procedure is described in the Manual
Security Offloading of Petrobras - for employees BR).

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SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF
COMBINED OPERATIONS
TRANSFERS OF PEOPLE: The maneuver is performed from the
the same way described in the previous item, however boarding
you are disembarking people on an equipment called
of the basket that is hooked by the crane of the platform itself,
according to figure 7. In this case, in addition to the risk of collision, it can be verified
a great risk to life, especially in a sea situation
agitated.

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SAFETY GUIDELINES ON BOARD

TYPES OF PLATFORMS AND THE

MAIN COMPARTMENTS

Definition: A mobile offshore unit (Mobil

Offshore Unit - MOU), a technical designation given to
any type of platform is basically a
industrial or support unit installed on a
helmet, with buoyancy reserve capable of
sustain it with SECURITY.

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 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

The overall arrangement of a platform depends on the

your job and your type. We can identify in the
platforms three distinct areas:

Industrial Area - which includes the entire industrial plant;

Functional area/security - which encompasses the room of

control, the whale boat deck, the offices, magazines,
offices etc.; and

Habitat Area - where the

privileged areas, bathrooms, cafeterias, kitchen, etc..

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FUNCTIONAL AND HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE

A Resolution A.1079 of the Maritime Organization

International, established a functional structure e
hierarchical for the Offshore Mobile Units
(platforms). This Resolution was approved at the 28th Assembly
General of the IMO, on December 4, 2013, including ratified
by the Brazilian government.

The established functional and hierarchical structure is presented.

in Table 2.

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 TABLE 2 - FUNCTIONAL LEVELS AND
HIERARCHICAL ON PLATFORMS - IMO

Acronym Functional / Hierarchical Level Definition

Offshore Installation Manager

GIO / OIM Principal of the Platform
Offshore Installation Manager
Vessel Supervisor
CSEM / BS Substitute of the Principal
Barge Supervisor
Ballast Control Operator
COPL / BCO Ballast Operator
Ballast Control Operator
Supervisor of
Maintenance Supervisor
CSMA / MS Maintenance of
Maintenance Supervisor
Machines and Motors
Other professionals in the maritime career such as Nautical Officers, Officers of
Machine and General Operator of GMDSS.
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FUNCTIONAL AND HIERARCHICAL LEVELS

ON PLATFORMS - Brazil

In Brazil, the Maritime Authority, represented by

Directorate of Ports and Coast (DPC) has been establishing in the
Crew Safety Cards - CTS for the platforms
provided for in Resolution A.1079 (28) of the IMO, with some
adjustments necessary, be they corporate
(PETROBRAS), whether by platform type, according to
shown in table 1:

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FUNCTIONALITY LEVELS ON PLATFORMS

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 TYPES OF PLATFORMS

DRILLING PLATFORM: these are units built with

arrangements and equipment suitable for drilling the wells of
oil extraction.
PRODUCTION PLATFORM: its purpose is the extraction of
oil, through the well that was constructed by
drilling platform.
SUPPORT PLATFORM: are all those that support the
activities of the aforementioned types, whether storing
equipment and materials, whether hosting professionals who
they work in these activities, being in this last case
called FLOTEL.

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TYPES OF PLATFORMS

The platforms can also be classified by their type, or

be it by the shape of the hull and/or arrangement of flotation

Semi-submersible platforms used both for drilling

how much for production.

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TYPES OF PLATFORMS

Jack-up platform:
widely used in sheet drilling
of water of until a 80 m
approximately.

Ship Probe: employee in

deep drilling

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 TYPES OF PLATFORMS
FPSO ship: used for storing oil and/or gas
natural produced.
Fixed Platform: mounted on a jacket, consisting of
production modules, housing modules and generally with
a modulated probe.

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ELEMENTS OF STABILITY AND

TIGHTNESS

All platforms, due to being units

floating, react like any vessel in the face of forces
from nature. For this reason, some are presented below
basic concepts about stability and tightness, whose
knowledge is important for accident prevention.

Living works
Dead works

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ELEMENTS OF STABILITY AND

Tightness

Living Works - It is the entire lower part of the hull of the vessels.
or the platform that is submerged (hull).

Dead Works - Corresponds to the existing structures above the

waterline.

Anteparas - These are the vertical separations that subdivide the space.
inside the hull. The bulkheads are used in various
shapes in the structure of the vessels or platforms. They are
used for making subdivisions, promoting the watertightness,
make fire protection and reduce surfaces
free liquids.

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 ANTEPARAS - CLASSIFICATION

Classification: structural partitions, watertight and non-watertight

transverse and longitudinal, primary and secondary.

Main anteparas: They are watertight transverse structures.

they limit the compartments), the others are secondary.

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ANTEPARAS - CLASSIFICATION

Waterproof doors: They are made of stamped steel, usually

standardized in shape and size with plates that have
usually the same thickness as the bulkheads in which they are
installed. These doors can be of various types, such as:

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These doors can be of various types, such as:

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 CONCEPTS RELATED TO STABILITY

STABILITY - it is the characteristic that has a

striving to resist the disturbing causes that tend to
vary your normal equilibrium position.

It is measured by the moment that is formed every time the

the vessel is deviated from the normal position of equilibrium in which
was located.

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STABILITY

Therefore, stability must be considered in both senses

transversal as opposed to longitudinal.

Transversal (BB, BE) – Measured in degrees of inclination by

clinometer (Figure 15).

Longitudinal (Bow, Stern) – Measured by the difference in draft and

nas plataformas semi ‐submersíveis, por um clinômetro no
longitudinal sense.

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BUOYANCY RESERVE

It is composed of all the watertight compartments that

together allow for a secure buoyancy for a
vessel. If, for some reason, they happen to lose their
the buoyancy reserve will surely sink.
Buoyancy presents itself in 03 ways:
Positive - The vessel has positive buoyancy if its weight
total is less than the weight of the volume of water displaced by all
the part of the pond of its hull.

Negative - It is the opposite of positive buoyancy.

Neutral – When the two weights are equal, the vessel tends to
to remain in a neutral position when immersed in water.

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21
 CONCEPTS RELATIVE TO THE VESSEL

Draft - It is the vertical distance between the waterline plane, or

Waterline and the base line K.

Freeboard - It is the vertical distance between the waterline and the deck.
and the plan of the main deck.

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Displacement – It is the weight of the volume of water displaced by the

live works (corresponds to the weight of the ship / platform).

Center of Gravity (G) - It is the point where it is assumed to be

applied to the result of all weights existing on board.

Center of Buoyancy or Keel (B) – It is the Geometric Center of the

Living Works of the ship/platform.

Forces acting on a vessel - In calm waters,

a vessel will always be under the influence of two forces:

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RELATIVE CONCEPTS
To the vessel

Forces acting on a vessel - In calm waters,

a vessel will always be under the influence of two forces.
1) Gravitational Force - Applied from top to bottom, it is the
resulting from all the forces of the onboard weights, including
structure, equipment, load etc.
2) Thrust Force - Applied from bottom to top, at the Center of
Thrust or Carena, (Geometric Center of Living Works),
resulting from the water pressure exerted on the hull of the ship.

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22
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT STABILITY AND
FLOATABILITY
1) Displacement of Weights:
BB/BE - Alters Transversal Stability.

Bow/Stern – Alters Longitudinal Stability.

On the Vertical
Upward decreases Stability.
Downwards increases Stability.

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FACTORS THAT ALTER STABILITY AND

FLOATABILITY
2Weight Change:
When one increases or decreases
weight on board a vessel,
we altered not only your silence and your
displacement more also yours
stability.
Pesos added above the
Center of Gravity, decrease a
stability eplaced below,
they increase stability.
Pesos added to the Bow or at the
The stern will make the vessel
acquire or vary the TRIM in the same
sense.

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FACTORS THAT ALTER STABILITY AND

FLOATABILITY
3) Effects of Free Surface
Effect of Surface Book ‐ Ex:
Semi-arched compartment.
Effect of Open Water-Ex: Opening in the
Living Works.
Notches: These are markings made on
Vante (AV), the Ré (AR) and the Half-Ship (MN), in
feet or inches, or by the Metric System
Decimal. Its purpose is to indicate the
volume of hull submerged in water and projections
below the keel.

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23
 PLIMSOLL DISC
It is used to mark the limit of the freeboard.
on the side of the vessels (Figure 19). This mark is inspected.
every 5 years, with the aim of checking the conditions of
buoyancy, watertightness of the vessel.

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CONCEPTS RELATED TO
Tightness

Tightness is the ability to prevent the entry of

water. The vessels, by virtue of international legislation, are
built in a cellular way, that is, built in a way that
your compartments (cells) are completely sealed.
In this way, if there is damage to a certain
compartment, generating an "open water", it becomes possible
isolate this compartment from the rest of the vessel.

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Tightness
Oil tightness - It is the one that does not allow leakage of
oil (derived from petroleum), when under pressure from a column
of oil equivalent to the height of the compartment.

Water Tightness - It does not allow any

water leakage, when under the pressure of a column of water
equal to the height of the compartment.

Fire Tightness - it is the one that does not allow the passage of
burns. It is required where one wishes to prevent the spread of
flag what they can normally to exist in these
compartimentos, em virtude dos trabalhos ali realizados e para
greater safety for the onboard personnel.

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24
 EVACUATION AND ABANDONMENT SYSTEMS

O Maritime evacuation system é composto por dispositivos

intended to carry out a quick transfer of people from the deck
from a ship or platform to a vessel of
floating survival.

Evacuation: it is a preventive measure and ordered directly by the

EMERGENCY COORDINATION of the platform when this
receive feedback from those in direct command of the combat to
emergency, of which it is only being contained, with no
progress regarding the control of the situation.

with the assistance of support vessels;

through the transshipment basket; or
through the support of helicopters.

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EVACUATION AND ABANDONMENT SYSTEMS

Abandonment:it is an emergency measure and

it happens when there is a loss of control of the
emergency, that is, if it is fire it will spread
fire until the end, if it is open water there is no way
avoiding sinking, if it is a severe leak of
gas, will leak until it finds a source of
ignition and will explode. In these cases, all of the
occupants of the unit must leave.

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BASIC PROCEDURES FOR EVACUATION

AND ABANDONMENT

The platforms are equipped with various means of abandonment:

Primary meansthey are the whaleboats;

Secondary meansthey are the inflatable life rafts.

• As a precautionary measure, people a burgundy should be

driven to the predefined meeting point on the vessel in the plan
of security.
• The crew and professionals responsible for the passengers must
act positively a in order to prevent a occurrence of
panic manifestations, keeping calm for all the people who
they move to the meeting point.

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25
 At this moment, with external resources, the platform manager
may determine the evacuation of people to these resources.

• The abandonment of the unit, as it is an extreme measure, if

• justifies when the vessel no longer provides safe conditions to
its occupants.
• The evacuation, on the other hand, is a management measure of
safety, based on the precautionary principle, e it must be
determined whenever there is a risk that the emergency may not be
controlled.

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ACTIONS FOR REDEMPTION THROUGH

VESSELS OR AIRCRAFT:

OPERATION TO SAVE PEOPLE IN DANGER AND

MEET YOUR MEDICAL NEEDS
INITIALS, OR OTHER NEEDS, AND TAKE-
GO TO A SAFE PLACE.
THROUGH THE WATER

With vessel
of rescue
RESCUE OF
CASTAWAYS

HAIR AIR
By helicopter

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RESCUE USING VESSEL

When o rescue é developed using
boats, usually a rescue boat is used or
alternatively another type of vessel, preferably
small vessel, in order to facilitate the operation (Figure 40).
In general and nowadays, the platforms are
equipped with FRB (Fast Rescue Boat) – Rescue Boat
Fast, which has its own characteristics such as:

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26
 RESCUE USING VESSEL
• Minimum length of 6m (3.8m for vessels of
survival and rescue) and not exceeding 8.5m including the
inflated structures or fixed defenses.
• To have a minimum autonomy of 4 hours at a speed not
less than 20 knots in calm waters with a crew of 3
people, and with at least 8 nodes when loaded with all of its
capacity of people and with all its equipment allocation.
• They should be able to unload themselves or be
easily discharged by at least two of its crew members.
• They must be able to quickly drain water from their interior.

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They shall be governed by means of a helm,

located in the position away from the rudder.
Having an emergency government system,
providing direct control of the rudder, jet system
water (Kamewa system), outboard motor or stern drive
automatic.
The FRB engines should stop automatically.
through the device of the “dead man” that should enter
in operation if the operator falls into the water or if the FRB
to embank

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The design of fuel or oil systems

lubricant should prevent the loss of more than 250ml of
fuel or lubricant oils of the system
propulsion, in case the FRB capsizes.

The FRBs should, if possible, be equipped with a

fixed suspension device by a single point.
It must have a fixed VHF radio that is waterproof.
water.
It should have space to accommodate a stretcher with a
person lying on it.

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 REDEMPTION WITH UTILIZATION
OF VESSEL

The crew that makes up the rescue group must undergo

a very specific certification training, in order to
proceed with a good rescue when necessary.

It should be taken into account that, many times, the victims

a drop of a unit in the sea may be found
traumatized at the time of rescue, showing fractures,
including column. For this reason, it becomes necessary that the
rescue team, be very efficient and trained, in order to
minimize the risks of worsening the situation of the castaway,
which could even lead to death.

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RESCUE BY WATER

Victim recovery

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RESCUE WITH THE USE OF HELICOPTER

The use of helicopters as a means of rescue at sea, in the area
offshore is restricted to the use of Air Force helicopters
Navy (Brazilian Navy), for technical reasons.
For the use of helicopters employed in transport in
offshore activity, it is necessary for them to have equipment
called HOST - Tow Truck. In addition to the presence of this
complementary equipment, the aircraft must have in its crew,
a rescue diver, who is the specialized crew member for
jump into the sea to catch the castaway with the rescue harness (slingshot) to
boarding after on the aircraft.

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28
 There are 4 important rules
during the process of
lifting by helicopter:

Leave the cable to ground

discharge the electricity
static;
2. Do not sit on the cable;
3. Keep the belt and the cable of
tow truck in front of you; HOST
Sling
4. Do not try to help the crew member.
during boarding at
helicopter, as this can cause the
your belt drop.

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According to NORMAM 1, chapter I, section II, item f, all onboard personnel

on fixed and mobile platforms, FPSO, FSO, and drill ships should receive
training in survival procedures through exercises
of abandonment and fire. These exercises should be conducted
weekly,
so that everyone on board participates at least once
once a month. The exercises should be conducted in a way that ensures
that all people are aware of their emergency stations and
be able to perform the actions assigned to them quickly and accurately
assigned in the Emergency Post Table in the following events:

Fire on board;
-Collision and/or other serious accidents;
Storm and very severe sea state;
Man overboard; and
Abandonment of the vessel.

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BASIC PROCEDURES FOR BOARDING

AND DISCHARGE IN HELICOPTERS

For being a safe means of transport, compared to the

available alternatives in the offshore industry, the helicopter is
quite efficient and useful.
OCCUPANCY OF THE AIRCRAFT

Upon taking a helicopter for the trip over the sea,

First of all, one must put on the life jacket.
After entering the aircraft and taking the seat, place
correctly the seatbelt, snug to the body,
way to avoid that, in case of any impact, it will suffer,
for example, a rupture of an internal organ, caused
through the loose belt.

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 OCCUPANCY OF THE AIRCRAFT

If the boarding / disembarking occurs with the main rotor spinning,

It must be done perpendicularly to the axis.
longitudinal of the aircraft.
This is due to the danger present in the area of the aircraft's bow.
due to the flapping (oscillation) that the rotor wing produces, which can
cause an accident to anyone who inadvertently passes through this area.

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AIRCRAFT OCCUPANCY

The danger is also present in the area of the tail, due to

presence of the tail rotor that, at high RPM, usually is not
perceived, which is why it is usually painted with a color
eye-catching rotor tip.
During the stay on an aircraft, any object
in a sharp form or that may cause penetrating injuries
cutting tools such as, for example, pens, glasses, pencils, etc. must
to be stored. These objects can transform into missiles
in the case of impacts, as they will be loose and free during these
events.

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OCCUPANCY OF THE AIRCRAFT

Also during boarding / disembarking, objects

loose like coverings (hat, cap, etc.), papers, or things
that can be launched or swallowed by turbines should be
avoided.

Experience shows that no two accidents are alike.

involving aircraft, in this way it is impossible to plan each
contingency. However, training is of utmost importance
to increase the chances of survival in the event of a
sinister, although it does not completely guarantee survival of
people in case of helicopter crash.

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 STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED
DEMONSTRATE THAT THE FOLLOWING FACTORS
WORSEN THE SITUATION OF THOSE INVOLVED:

‐ Panic

‐ Disorientation

Ignorance or lack of knowledge of the equipment of

safety on board and the emergency procedure.

Lack of understanding of evacuation procedures

submerged.

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• There are, today, specific training programs for evacuation guidance.

submerged, greatly increasing the chances of survival.
• The figure below presents the sequence of a forced landing of a
helicopter, in liquid medium, when the tendency after landing is its
emborcamento. This happens due to the combination of factors:

Water entry into the cabin (loss of buoyancy) and the weight of the engine.
‐ Rotor about the same (loss of stability).

Therefore, the action of crew members and passengers is to evacuate before that
it happens, but if there is not enough time to abandon, everyone must know how to
act on the submerged and capsized aircraft.

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TO HELP IN AN EMERGENCY, REMEMBER:

Knowledge and training prepare;

Positive attitude and confidence in one's own abilities alleviate the

tensions;

Use fear to work for you and not against you.

The combination of these points forms the security triangle:

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31
 IMPORTANT

O knowledge acquired during o

training increases survival chances in
a helicopter accident. The attitude will decide, in the end
the accounts, whether you will survive until the rescue. Any
the shortcut will reduce your chances of survival.

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SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES AT SEA

RESCUE EQUIPMENT
AND SURVIVAL

The maritime units are equipped with various types of

equipment to ensure an efficient evacuation or
abandonment of maritime units.
We will see next how they are and what they have.
equipment to ensure human survival at sea.

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LIFE BUOYS

. Floating retinopathy;
Automatic lighting device (beam
holmes);
Floating orange smoke signal.

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32
 LIFE BUOYS
. The life buoys that are used on board the
offshore platforms have their own sizing,
40 cm of inner diameter and 80 cm of outer diameter.
They are arranged 24 meters apart so that the
user moves less than twelve meters to throw
hand of one of them.
. They are made to withstand a fall at a
water at the height in which they will be positioned up to the line of
flotation, with the ship in a lighter travel condition,
or from a height of 30 m, whichever is greater, without harming
the functional capacity of its components.
They are equipped with retinida cables of 9.5 mm, whose
the length must be equal to double its height
suspended or 30 meters, whichever is greater.

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LIFE JACKETS

The national vessels, and the foreign ones

operating in AJB, due to its size, area of
navigation and service will provide life jackets
approved by the Maritime Authority – DPC
through the issuance of the Certificate of Approval,
must be in good condition and
within the validity or review periods, when
applicable.

[Link]

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For foreign-made life jackets

employees on board national vessels, for the
what are the International Conventions and Codes that require
for the 'approved type', the documents will be accepted
respective issued by the Maritime Authority of the country
of origin, as long as they declare explicitly that
the life jacket was approved according to the
requirements or rules established in the convention or
International code to which it is linked.

If the issued certificate is not written in

English, should include a translation for the
Portuguese.

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33
 INFLATABLE LIFE VEST

• There are five classes of life jackets, namely:

Class I - Solas (meets all the requirements of
Cited convention
The other classes, due to the type of navigation or to the
service allowed the Brazilian Maritime Authority
met the requirements of the SOLAS Convention, such as:

Class II - navigation in open sea (cabotage), not

SOLAS
Class III - inland navigation
Class IV - work
Class V - sports

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VESTS
CLASS II: Brazilian jurisdictional waters
(cabotage), there is no light.

CLASS III: Sheltered waters (do not have capacity to

giro).

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101

CLASS IV: - Service

CLASS V: For use in inland navigation in

sports and/or recreational vessels

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34
 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS:

–CLASS I LIFEJACKETS

1 Do not continue to burn after 2 seconds involved

totally on fire;
Everyone can wear it correctly in less than 1
minute without help;
3) Be comfortable to wear;
4) The user when jumping from a height of 4.5 meters, does not
should suffer injuries and not even the vest come off
place, that is damaged;
5) Keep the user's mouth open, exhausted or unconscious,
at a distance not less than 12 cm and the body
leaned back at an angle not less than 20 ;
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INFLATABLE LIFE JACKET

Those used aboard vessels and

automatic activation, where the activation is done
through a salt tablet, sufficing for this, the
direct contact with water and comes in a case of
user's hindrance to activate it, to make it
automatically.
Those used in aircraft, hence the need there
from a manual activation, through activators
located at the base of the vest and also orally,
from the moment the filling does not occur with
the aid of the CO bottle2.

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6) Turn the unconscious user's body in the water, from

any position, to another where your mouth
stay away from the water, at most in 5 seconds;
7) The buoyancy should not be reduced by more than
5%, after 24 hours submerged;
8) To have a source of energy capable of providing
luminous intensity of 0.75 candelas for a
minimum period of 8 hours;

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35
 It should be equipped with a whistle attached by
cable, retro-reflective tapes and inscriptions
containing the port of registration of the vessel;

10) To have visible marks indicating the

information regarding your approval,
including the Administration that approved them.

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CAUTIONS WITH THE LIFE VEST:

The life vests must be stowed properly to

will be readily accessible, and its location must
to be well recommended in accordance with the Plan
Vessel security;
The life jackets of the vessel must be stored.
in a well-ventilated area and at room temperature;
For greater durability and safety, do not place objects
heavy on the life jackets, nor use them for
another purpose;
After use, wash the life jackets with fresh water and
let them dry before putting them away.

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VESSELS THAT CAN BE USED

FOR ABANDONMENT AND SURVIVAL
Sailmaker
- Survival craft - Vessel capable of
to preserve the lives of people in danger, from the
moment they abandon a vessel.

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36
 BALEEIRA
Both the lifeboats and the capsules also have,
other characteristics that elevate them to the category of vessels
safe, capable of removing personnel with total safety during
dangerous emergencies. They are:

Ability to withstand high temperatures,

these cases, of a sprinkler system to be activated in these
conditions.

They allow to be launched, by the activation of an internal system;

they also have a system capable of allowing their disconnection
(maximum 4.5 meters) with the support legs, without needing
that for this someone goes to the outside.

They are equipped with a system that allows their launch in

free fall, in the event of a stop during its launch.

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BALEEIRA
Autonomous air system Spray system

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BALEEIRA

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37
 The symbols that identify some of the
the mentioned equipment is illustrated below:

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BALEEIRA

Free Fall type lifeboats - These are vessels that

do not need, to be released, help from cables
of support. Your Turkish is nothing more than a
ramp with a certain incline and where it is placed
the small boat that glides over it and reaches the water
freely.

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BALEEIRA
All lifeboats have a crew aboard, which
guarantees the survival of its occupants. The palamenta is
all the material intended for use in survival, which
they give the rigid survival crafts or
inflatable and made of maintenance material
repair, signaling and communication equipment
as well as feed, liquid and solid, fishing gear,
first aid, movement, etc.

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38
 LIFE RAFT

Secondary means of survival, formed by two

overlapping floats.

At its bottom, four or are installed.

more stability bags that are filled with
own water in which it is floating.

Still at the bottom, there is/are installed

the bottle(s) containing the gas mixture CO2+ N2.
At the top is the hood, or
coverage.

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115

LIFE RAFTS - ACCESSORIES OF

BOARDING

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LIFE RAFT

Also there, a set is installed

of two channels and a hole, which has contact with the
interior of the ferry e that has the function of o
rainwater harvesting.
In larger capacity barges, there are the
the roof and the ceiling. This set serves the purpose of
provide greater thermal comfort to the occupants, already
that there is an air mattress between the two covers.
For the same principle, the ferries have a
double bottom whose purpose is to provide isolation
thermal of the occupants when the water is at
low temperature, using the assistance of
a manual pump.

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39
 LIFE SAVING BUOYS
BOARDING ACCESSORIES

In summary, the lifeboats are designed to

main characteristics:

It has two watertight flotation chambers;

Inflatable floor;
Semi-rigid boarding ramp and ladder;
It can be unbarred by one person;
Resists 30 days of exposure to the elements, floating.
in any sea condition;

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LIFE JACKETS
BOARDING ACCESSORIES

Resists repeated jumps from a height of 4.5

subways

Your coverage must provide protection against the

cold and heat;

– With capacity for more than 8 people, it should,

in this case, to have 2 entries.

Your coverage is equipped with at least 1 lookout.

as a means of collecting rainwater;

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REGARDING ITS ACTUATION

The lifeboats installed on board ships and platforms of a

Generally, they are placed and tied on a cradle.
soldier to the structure.

Installation of lifeboat on board. In the smaller photo, detail

from the hydrostatic release.

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40
 REGARDING ITS OPERATION

On semi-submersible platforms, jack up, FPSO

On the ships, the mooring of the rafts is done with the adoption
of a hydrostatic valve, whose purpose is to release the
cocoon, if there is sinking of these units, with
posterior operation of the ferry, arriving at this
totally inflated surface.

Note: The Viking brand ferries, currently

we carry out a pre-launch of the floating anchor when
inflating, with the purpose of giving opportunity to the
castaways will make the approach when it reaches the
surface, they already reduce the drift.

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REGARDING ITS ACTUATION

The rafts can also be operated manually.

that is, untying the binding and casting the cocoon into the sea,
take the control cable that is attached to the valve
hydrostatics (which remains trapped in the cradle), excess is removed from
the cocoon's end and when it becomes tense, there is a jerk,
thus activating the valve of the bottle(s) that will inject the
gas mixture CO2+ N2in our floaters, inflating the raft.
There is also a twisted abalsa, which is fixed.
to the cradle, in the same way as the launch raft
manual and, therefore, also having a hydrostatic valve,
thus allowing it to inflate as well
automatically.

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REGARDING ITS OPERATION

The turcada balsa, when installed, should have the

support from a Turk. The inflation procedure takes place
in the following way:
Remove the neoprene cover from the cocoon window and the
strap that holds him in the cradle;
Discover the pear ring by connecting it to the cat of
turkish
Turn the Turkish side out;
Keep the two approach cables on board and
insurance for
two people;
Pull the trigger cable;

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41
 Inflate the raft, approach the deck and then,
proceed to board the ferry;

Then, activate the grip of the counterweight.

Turkish for the ferry to start descending;

In the sea, the grip of the jack opening is activated.

And thus, the ferry is released, moving it away from the counterboard.
for a distant and safe position, waiting for
rescue.

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RIGID BALSAM

The Rigid Balsa is another type of balsa.

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Lifesaving Vessel

DEFINITION:

Rescue vessel é a vessel

designed to save people in danger and lead them
survival boats.

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42
 MEETING POINTS AND ABANDONMENT STATIONS

Meeting points are predetermined locations where

the people not involved in the tasks gather
emergency. These people are guided by the leader
from the team, according to the instructions of the general coordinator of
emergency, in an orderly and safe manner.

Abandonment posts are the previously defined locations for

the concentration of people who will leave the unit;
normally these stations are located as close as possible
possible of the survival vessels (lifeboats and
rafts).
They are safe and suitable places to start an action of
abandonment during an emergency.
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PROCEDURES UNDERWATER

ABANDONMENT PROCEDURES

The act of abandoning a vessel means that one has been lost.
completely controlo over emergency present. a In this
At that moment, one must leave material possessions behind. e affection for things
materials.
If you need to take something on board the vessels of
survival, that they are things that can bring more chances of
survival items, such as: chocolate bars, packaged sweets,
water, sheltered clothes, etc. Therefore, one should not take a full suitcase.
of belongings, as it will take up space and bring no benefit at all.

Whenever a departure occurs, one must use the

vessels present there e that were designed to
survival, providing comfort and security.

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ABANDONMENT PROCEDURES

Jumping into the water, as a means of abandoning unity, is NOT RECOMMENDED AND

UNWANTED.
The height of the jump can cause injuries to people.
Furthermore, there is the problem of hypothermia, considered the leading cause of
deaths in surviving at sea.

Jumping into the water is only advisable when one is

caught by surprise, when the person feels surrounded
for any emergency and that it has to be
to throw in the water.
Before doing so, check the surroundings for the
presence of a life buoy, throw it into the water and
later do a straight jump while standing. In the water,
use the buoy conveniently.
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43
 130
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130

ABANDONMENT PROCEDURES

In the absence of the buoy, check in the

the existence of any material that may
providing buoyancy support, such as barrels
empty, a plastic bag, pieces of wood, styrofoam
etc., and the throw in the water.

If none of these alternatives exist, and if there is

need, jump into the water. Using your pants
improvise a buoy, tying a knot in each loss of the
pants and allowing an amount of air to enter through the waist
that it comes to inflate it; when the air escapes, it returns to
perform the maneuver until the rescue arrives.

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THE HEIGHT OF THE JUMP CAN CAUSE INJURIES

If the jump into the water is more than 4.5 meters, to avoid injuries,
It is necessary to group for this jump, that is, the thumb should be placed
The index finger is used to close the nostrils, and with the same hand, the mouth is closed;
with the free arm, one passes over what is being
employee and secures the vest (if wearing it) in such a way as to
avoiding a vertical movement of it, thus exposing it to
injuries that will be produced by the tensioners that pass between the
legs. Without the vest, the procedure is the same, but it will be
it is necessary to cross the arm in order to reduce the impact area against the
sea surface.

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44
 Castaway on the Water

The leading cause of death in maritime emergencies is the

hypothermia due to immersion, which can be defined as the
decrease in body temperature caused by
exposure of the castaway to cold environments, especially
in the case of immersion in cold water.
Depending on the water temperature, the immersion of
a few minutes may be enough to kill a
person by hypothermia.

Hypothermia due to immersion: Hypothermia is characterized by

through the decrease in internal temperature of
body, caused by excessive exposure to
cold environment.

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134

SURVIVAL EXPECTANCY OF A
PERSON IMMERSED IN WATER, WITHOUT THE
Adequate protection

ESTIMATED TIME OF
WATER TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL OF A
(° C)
PERSON IMMERSED IN THE SEA
(HOURS/MINUTES)
BELOW 1.6 LESS THAN 15 MINUTES
4,4 LESS THAN 1h 30m
LESS THAN 3h (ONLY 50% OF
10 PEOPLE CAN
SURVIVE FOR MORE THAN 1
HOUR
15.6 LESS THAN 6h
21.1 LESS THAN 12h (DEPENDING
OF INDIVIDUAL RESISTANCE
ABOVE 21.1 UNDEFINED (DEPENDING ON
FATIGUE OF MAN

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45
 Thus, the person who is in the water
should also adopt the appropriate procedures with
the goal of reducing the loss of heat from your body.
To preserve body heat when in the water, the
the person must assume the HELP position (High Scape
List Position), given that in some areas of the body,
peripheral circulation is still present, even in
low temperature waters. The position seen in the figure
31, is suitable for the person who is alone in the
water.
HELP POSITION

CURRENT HELP POSITION

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Quando houver um grupo de pessoas na água, aconselha‐se

to remain in HUDDLER position or CIRCLE OF
SURVIVAL, in order to preserve the temperature of
body, as can be seen below:

Well-formed position, with Poorly formed position, with the

compressed disposition scattered people

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46
 In situations of real emergencies, to prevent protests
negatives of despair and panic, the person in charge of the task should
be enabled to apply panic control techniques, such as:

stay in front of the people (crew, passengers and

visitors);
speak clearly, in a tone slightly above normal (avoid shouting;
if you have to shout, do it in a few words);
gesticulate or direct the crew only with the palms
with open hands, to avoid interpretation of aggressiveness;
-to stay in sight of people;
maintain contact with the rescue teams, if possible;
keep people informed about the event if possible;
assign small tasks to the people who make up the group
of castaways.

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A confident and positive conduct from the leader of

survival is essential to sustain others
group members focused on their assignments.
The main dangers that shipwrecked people face in a
the following are the lifeboats:

Drowning,
Panic,
Loneliness,
Exposure to heat (burns) and to cold,
Thirst and hunger,
Nausea,
Salt water, among others.

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140

PROCEDURES WITH THE

TRANSFER BASKET

Routine use of the Overflow Basket occurs when

the transfer of personnel from one to another is necessary
unit and for a vessel.
However, this equipment can also be used by
occasion of an evacuation, where then everything is transferred
people who do not have commitment to combating the emergency,
for another unit or vessel until it is
effectively controlled the emergency situation.

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47
 PROCEDURES WITH THE
TRANSITHUB

The correct procedure for using a basket of

transshipment, whether from the unit to the vessel or vice versa, is:

secure on the net, placing one foot on the base of the basket,
keeping the other on deck until the order is given to
that the crane operator lifts the basket from the deck;

-only then, after this first movement, does the other embark
foot placing it next to what is at the bottom of the basket. In this
at the same moment, arms cross among the nets of the
path.

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PROCEDURES WITH THE

TRANSHIPMENT BASKET

Note: Boarding both feet together in the basket, if it is

edge of a vessel that remains somewhat unstable
Due to the state of the sea, you will also present little
stability. In addition, you will be able to find an operator
a little careless, and in the way you are and having him
a new machine with plenty of ascent speed, you
may be catapulted or experience compression in the spine
vertebral, causing an injury to it.

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PROCEDURES ON VESSELS
ON SURVIVAL

-Wear additional clothing, preferably woolen clothes.

Don't forget the life jacket;

Check if it is possible to store more drinking water;

-Read more signal devices (smoke and pyrotechnic)

there is usually a reserve set;

Board calmly, giving preference to boarding.

directly (using breast-breaking ladder, ladder)
rigid);

Cut the drive cable that holds the ferry to the

unit (try to save the largest amount of cable
possible);
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 PROCEDURES ON VESSELS
ON SURVIVAL

Start the distancing;

Search for castaways in the water and, locating

or, promote saving;
Provide first aid to those in need;
Launch the floating anchor;
Join the survival vessels through
cables, in order to increase the detection target for
the search and rescue teams

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PROCEDURES ON VESSELS
ON SURVIVAL

Operate the EPIRB and the SART;

- Check for possible leaks in the raft. Locating them,
promote emergency repair, as the gas that inflates the
balsa is suffocating (carbon dioxide);
Dry the bottom of the barge;
Dry the clothes;
Distribute tasks and read manuals;

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PROCEDURES ON VESSELS
ON SURVIVAL

Distribute anti-nausea pills;

Establish a watch service, with a maximum duration of

two hours
Escalate to the person responsible for the storage of the rations;

Distribute the rations only after 24 hours from the start of

survival;
The person in charge must proceed to the custody of
pyrotechnics and smoke bombs;

Establish occupational therapy procedures.

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49
 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
THE SIGNALERS

EPIRB - POSITION INDICATING RADIO BEACON

EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY POSITION INDICATOR RADIO
BEACON – EPIRB, is a device installed on
ship and platform berths, in an open area, without
that has no obstacle on its top,
that prevents it, in case of shipwreck, from coming to reach the
surface, already activated and sending signals (Figure 33).

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Your installation is done with the application of a

hanger, provided with a hydrostatic valve, which
allows its automatic release in case of
shipwreck.
Each of these units, ship or
platform, has only one EPIRB.

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COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
THE SIGNALS

When acquiring an EPIRB, its owner provides to

administrative body all data related to
vessel, whether it is a ship or platform. These are data
like IRIN - International Code of Signals
vessel, Name of the Shipping Company
Contact phone, Number of people that the
unit is able to accommodate, Name of the vessel,
Port of registration and other pertinent data. It is
then implanted in the device's electronic board, a
identification code.

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50
 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
THE SIGNALIZERS

EPIRB - Every signatory country of this system, such as the

Brazil is, and has Canada as Administrator, will have
that has a structure:
Tracking station (Tanguá Station, etc.)
MCC – Mission Control Center (in Brazil)
BRMCC)
RCC - Rescue Control Center - In Brazil,
SALVAMAR BRASIL (Brazilian Navy) and For SAR
Brazilian Air Force

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COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
AND SIGNALLERS

On the other hand, one has available for this type of

service, a network of satellites, that sweep the Earth.
what are of the type COSPAS SARSAT and IMARSAT and that have as
main mission, to detect the signals emitted in the form of code
by the device, transfer it to the station LUT antenna,
subsequently sending it to the MCC, which identifies it and the
locate in about 10 minutes, taking the initiative to
take appropriate measures for rescue, winged aircraft
rotary or rigid wing or vessels, whether merchant or
of war.

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51
 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
THE SIGNALERS

Note: There are similar ones in aviation, such as the TLE.

aerospace and personal application, the PLB.
The EPIRB also has the following characteristics:
Satellite location radiobeacon at 406 MHz;
Frequency used by rescue groups on 121.5
MHz;
48 hours of autonomy after activation;
High intensity xenon light for visualization
distance with 23 flashes per minute;
Hydrostatic valve for automatic release;
Programmed with MMSI - Identification Number of
Maritime Mobile Service.
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SART - SEARCH AND RESCUE TRANSPONDER

It is a radar responder equipment, and that

works up to a useful range of 5 nautical miles. The
device emits a response to an X-band radar,
in the form of a line containing 12 points. According
with the approach of the rescue ship or aircraft of the
target, this line turns into arcs. When you are at
less than 1.5 nautical miles these arcs end up
transforming into concentric circles. The vessel or
rescue aircraft, will already be very close to
survival craft.

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SART - SEARCH AND RESCUE TRANSPONDER

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52
 MANUAL SIGNALS
HELIOGRAPHIC MIRROR
Manual signaler, consisting of a surface
metallic in square or round shape, with high power of
reflection, having a hole in the center or leaning towards one of the
vertices, made of a thin wire, where it is found
fixed a wooden or plastic palette, also with a
furo (Figure 36). This set should only be used in
days of quite bright Sun. For its full use, the Sun
should be located in contiguous quadrants to
embarkation a which one do we want to call a attention,
framing this vessel in both holes simultaneously
(mirror and plectrum) and directing it to the hole of the plectrum, the
reflection of the rays captured by the mirror.

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MANUAL SIGNALING DEVICES

To get an idea of the power of reflection with

this type of mirror, if it is at sea level, the
the useful signaling distance is 10 nautical miles.
In the case of an aircraft, if it is at an altitude
from 9,000 to 10,000 feet, this distance increases to
45 nautical miles.

HELIOGRAPHIC MIRROR

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Fumigants
3 MINUTE FUMIGANT – ORANGE SMOKE :
This type of smoke signal (Figure 37) should
to be employed when one has during the day, a
vessel nearby or an aircraft,
also nearby, but at low altitude. Its
the useful time is 3 minutes and presents a smoke of
orange color.
Your allocation nas vessels de
Survival is made up of four units.
Note: Always check your expiration date.

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53
 MANUAL FAN

MANUAL OF RED LIGHT: This type of

the pyrotechnician should be employed during the night, for
signal for a nearby vessel or a
aircraft in the vicinity and at low altitude.
Following the usage instructions that are in the body
from the pyrotechnician himself, always activate it from downwind,
mainly if you are on board a ferry, so
that the splashes resulting from the burning do not come to
drill the floaters of it. Its useful lifespan is
60 seconds and during this burn, it will display a light with
15,000 candelas or candles.

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SIGNALIZERS
ROCKETS
RED STAR ROCKET WITH PARACHUTE
This type of pyrotechnic should be used for
signal to vessels and aircraft that will be at
distance, by day or by night.
Following the usage instructions that are in the body
For the pyrotechnic device, always activate it while holding it vertically,
in front of the eyes, and in doing so, always look away.
In case of explosion, it will not affect your eyes. Upon being
activated, it will launch a rocket that will rise a
approximately 300 meters, where it will eject a parachute
You will fall, which will last for about 50 seconds.
displaying a red light of 30,000 candelas or candles.

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VHF RADIO - TWO WAY

Waterproof VHF radio, equipped with two

channels, with channel 16 being the calling channel and another channel
for traffic, usually channel 6.
There is a number of these radios in the radio room.
intended for use in lifeboats or inflatable rafts,
during an abandonment.

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