WORK

PRACTICAL
Mother Teresa of Calcutta Institute.

PROFESOR: Facundo Esquibel.

ALUMNOS: Duarte Jorge, Nuñez Vanina.

Degree: Bioimaging.
Subject: Computer Science.

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 INTRODUCTION
This paper will propose a research study regarding the
computer science, which is defined as the set of scientific knowledge and
methods, about how it is built, how it works and how it is used, and
that allows analyzing, improving, and implementing updates in communication.
Its main areas of development are software (all programs
or applications that integrate a computer) and the hardware (all the physical parts
that constitute it) as well as it will also be proposed to develop regarding the
classification of computers, and what are their internal components
as essential externals for its operation.

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 Index
Introduction
What is computer science?
Areas of computer science development...........................5

Computer classifications.................6
PC components (case)………………………………….10
Conclusion..................................................16

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What is computer science?

Computing is not a science, nor is it a method, but it is the

set of scientific knowledge and methods, both theoretical and practical,
about how it is built, how it works, and how it is used, which allow
analyze, improve and implement updates to communication, and sending and
reception of information through computers. The origin of the term
Informatics comes from the conjunction of the words "Information" and
Automatic
in 1962 that formed a conjunction between the words 'information' and
automatic
from a 1957 document written by Karl Steinbuch called Informatics.
Computer science has given rise to the so-called Information Age,
driving force of the Information Revolution, seen as the third greatest
technological progress of humanity.
Computer science is based on multiple sciences such as mathematics, the
physics, electronics, etc. Its emergence as a science is due to the presentation
of the first computer, on a date close to the year 1940.
The application and field of study of computer science expanded to
as new measures were implemented technologies and carried out others
activities in front of a computer improving the speed of communication
advanced (and continues to grow even more).
The subject of study of Computer Science is broad, as it not only deals with
to analyze everything related to computers from the Physical aspect (design,
architecture, manufacturing, hardware components) and Logical (storage
and organization of data or information) but also to communication between
these two parts and, logically, between computers. There is also a branch of
computer science dedicated to issues related to Artificial Intelligence and to
Robotics, which is not so developed today due to technological issues,
but it is precisely the one that is developing these aspects.

Areas of development in Computer Science

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 A computer is mainly composed of hardware and a
software. According to the Royal Spanish Academy, it describes hardware as the
set of components that make up the material part of a
computer, that is to say, all the physical parts that constitute it, those that
You can see elements such as the hard drive, keyboard, monitor, mouse,
circuits, such as the memory card, the microprocessor or CPU, etc. make up
the hardware.
On the other hand, there is the Software which, according to the IEEE, is the 'set
of computer programs, procedures, rules, documentation, and data
associates, who are part of the operations of a computing system
that is, they are all the programs or applications that integrate a computer and
that allow it to perform specific tasks. It gives instructions to the hardware of
the way a task should be performed, for this reason, all programs that
We use on a PC software: web browsers (Internet Explorer, Google)
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox), operating systems, antivirus, Microsoft Word, Excel,
Power Point, etc.
Although hardware and software depend on each other in order to
function, each one fulfills a specific role in the operation of a
computer and perform specific tasks.

What are those functions?

The software:
Allows to manage the resources that the operating system needs
computer to manage programs and applications.
It serves as a bridge for the user to interact with the hardware through
of this.
Without the software, it would not be possible to tell the computer that you need to print.
a document.
The hardware:
Receive the software commands for a document to be printed.
using complementary hardware (printer).
On a touchscreen PC, the hardware allows you to select using
botones virtuales, las opciones.
Enter data into the PC system using numeric keyboard commands.
and alphanumeric.

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 Computer classifications

As is already known, a computer is an electronic device.

capable of receiving a set of instructions and executing them by performing
calculations on numerical data, or by compiling and correlating
other types of information.
Computers are classified:
Classification of computers according to the way they process information
Data is divided into digital, analog, and hybrid.
A. Digital Computers: it is one that accepts and processes data that has been
converted to binary system. They operate by counting numbers and doing
logical comparisons between factors that have numerical values.
They have an input of data, process, and output of data, the type of data.
What they process is called discrete data.

EXAMPLES:

Pocket Adders and Calculators, common examples of

devices built according to the principles of the Computer
Digital.

Desktop computer is a personal computer that is

designed to be used in a stable location.

B. Analog Computers: it is the one that accepts and processes continuous signals.
such as: voltage or frequency fluctuations. They are machines with
specific purpose and suitable to solve a particular problem.

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 They have an input, process, and output of data based on the type of data that
It is often said that this type of continuous data is processed
machines perform the measuring function.
EXAMPLES:
Thermostat is the component of a simple control system
that opens or closes an electric circuit based on temperature.

Electronic thermometer allows for a perfect reading of the

body temperature. Especially quick measurement: in
seconds.

[Link] Computer: is a system built from a computer

Digital and an Analog, connected that allows the exchange of
information between the two computers and the development of their work in
set. They combine the characteristics, they have the speed of the
analog and the precision of digital. It is used for control of
processes and in robotics.
EXAMPLE:
Hybrid computer, the digital component usually serves
as the controller and provides logical operations, while
that the analogous component normally serves as a solver
of differential equations.

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Classification of computers according to their purpose is divided
Specific Purpose and General Purpose.
[Link] Purpose: they are those designed to carry out a
task specific. The programs permanently
stored in the machine. Reduces the flexibility of the system
Speed (no decoding processes are required).
General Purpose: it is one that can store different
programs and can be used in countless applications.
It allows to expand its potential by connecting a great
variety of input and/or output devices.
Classification of computers according to their size and power
divided into, supercomputer-mainframe, minicomputer -
microcomputer.
Supercomputers are the fastest and most expensive computers.
developed in 1980. They can perform multiple operations
simultaneously. Some of the uses of these computers are
scientific work, research on nuclear energy, design of
automobiles, airplane design.
EXAMPLES:
Cray-1, Cray-2, Control Data Cyber 205, and 10-A ETA.

[Link] are very large, they can store enormous

amounts of information, can perform many tasks at the same time
time, it can communicate with many users at the same time.
EXAMPLES:
Dumb terminals do not have their own processor, nor do they have a device.
information storage.
Smart terminals have their own processor and have
self-storage devices. Normally the PCs are
used as smart terminals.

Minicomputers are smaller and much less expensive.

These possess most of the characteristics found in the
mainframe computers. They are commonly used as servers in
network environment and hundreds of personal computers can be
connect to the network with a minicomputer as a server,
Minicomputers are used as web servers.
EXAMPLES:

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 Some models: DEC, PDP–8, PDP–11, VAX

D. Microcomputers are also known as computers

personal or simply PC. They are the manipulating devices of
smaller general-purpose symbols that can
program to process a countless number.

CHARACTERISTICS
. These are very small in size and cost.
. {"Notebook":"Notebook","Laptop":"Laptop"}
{"portfolio":"Portfolio","desktop":"Desktop"}
. They operate independently.
. They can connect with other computers.
. Low-cost programs.
. Easy-to-use computers.
. The capacity and number of programs that can be used
with the team.
EXAMPLES:
Notebook, Laptop, Desktop.

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10
Components of a PC (case)

The main feature that sets it apart from other similar devices
it is a general-purpose machine, that is, it can perform tasks very
various, according to the possibilities provided by the languages of
programming and hardware.
External components: input and output devices serve the
computer to obtain information from the outside world and/or communicate the
results generated by the computer to the outside.

Monitor: output device that displays the

results, or the graphs of a computer's processing. There are
various types of monitors: cathode ray tube monitors, flat screen monitors
plasma (PDP), liquid crystal screens, diode panels
organic light-emitting devices, or laser TV, among others.

Keyboard: a computer keyboard is a peripheral, physical or virtual (for

example on-screen keyboards or touch keyboards), used for the
introduction of commands and data into a computer.
Mouse: the mouse is a computer peripheral for manual use,
used as input for data control. It is used with one of the two
user's hands and detects their relative movement in two dimensions
on the horizontal surface on which it rests, usually reflecting
through a pointer or arrow on the monitor. An optical mouse resting on
a mirror or on a varnished surface for example is unusable, since the light
the laser does not perform its correct function. The surface to support the mouse
It should be opaque, a surface that does not generate a reflection is recommended.
the use of mats.

Printer: a printer is a computer peripheral that allows

to produce a permanent copy of texts or graphics from documents
stored in electronic format, printing on glossy paper the
data in physical media, usually on paper or transparencies,
using ink cartridges or laser technology. It can serve as a
device for printing any document on paper for any user
from the network. Nowadays, multinational printers are marketed that
Aside from their functions as a printer, they simultaneously work as
photocopier and scanner, this type of printer being the most
recurring in the market.

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 Scanner: in computing, a scanner is used to convert, through the
use of light, images or any other printed material in digital format.
Currently, they come unified with the printers forming
multifunctions.

Multifunction printer: a multifunction printer connects to the

computer and has the following functions within a single block
physical printer, scanner, photocopier, enlarging or reducing the
original, fax (optionally), memory card reader for direct printing
of digital camera photographs, hard drive (the largest units
used in offices) to store documents and images.
Secondary Storage: the hard disk is a recording system
digital magnetic. User data is stored on hard drives.
Inside the casing, we find a series of metal plates.
stacked spinning at high speed.
Speakers: they are used to listen to the sounds emitted by the
computer, such as music, error sounds, lectures, etc.

Motherboard speakers: they usually have a device that emits

Beeping to indicate possible errors or processes, or to indicate actions.
for people with visual disabilities.

Internal components

Cabinet: it is the metal and plastic box that houses the

main components. The computer cabinets
vienen en distintos tamaños y formas.
At the front of the cabinet is usually found the
power switch and two or more disk drives.
At the back of a computer cabinet, there is
connection ports used to plug in specific types
of devices.
These ports include: for the monitor cable, the mouse and the
keyboard, to connect the network cable, input ports for
microphones/speakers/auxiliaries and a port for printer.

Motherboard: contains the connectors to connect cards

additional (also called expansion cards for example
video cards, network cards, MODEM, etc.). It typically contains the

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 CPU, BIOS, Memory, device interfaces for
storage, although these ports are now less common
Due to being old technology, USB ports are now used more.
expansion slots.

Microprocessor: it is an integrated circuit that contains all the

necessary elements to form a 'central unit of
processing
From a logical and functional point of view, the microprocessor is composed of
basically for: several records; a control unit, a
arithmetic-logic unit; and depending on the processor, it can
contain a unit in floating point.

RAM: RAM (random access memory) is a type of

memory that can be accessed randomly. RAM is the type.
the most common memory found in computers and others
devices, such as printers. There are two basic types:

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) needs to be refreshed thousands of times per

second.
Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to be refreshed, which
makes it faster, but also more expensive.
Both types of RAM are volatile, losing their content when
the energy is turned off.

ROM memory (read-only memory): intended to be read and

non-destructible, that is, that cannot be written on it and that
retains the stored information intact. The memories of only
reading or ROM are used as storage medium of
data in computers. One reason that it is still used for the
ROM memory for storing data is the speed since the
discs are slower. The RAM memory is normally more
faster for reading than most ROM memories, due to
both the ROM content is usually transferred to the
RAM memory when it is used.

Cache Memory: it is a memory where a series is stored

of data for quick access. Currently, this memory is
integrated into the processor, and its goal is to store a series of
instructions and data that the processor accesses
continuously. There are three different types of cache for
processors:

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 Level 1 cache (L1): it is integrated into the core of
processor, working at the same speed as this one. It is usually
divided into two parts dedicated, one for instructions and the other
for data.
L2 cache: also integrated into the processor (not
directly in the core) has the same advantages as the cache
L1, although it is somewhat slower than this one. Its use is more
directed to programs that to the system.
Level 3 cache (L3): it is slower than L2, very rarely used
currently. Initially, this cache was incorporated into
the motherboard, not the processor.

Cache memories are extremely fast (their speed is about 5 times

superior to that of the fastest RAM), its access has no
It takes time, but it is a type of memory that is very expensive.

Clock Cycle: refers to the speed of the integrated processor

in the computer's CPU, and it is measured in megahertz (MHz).

CPU (central processing unit): it is the brain of the computer.

It is where most calculations are made. In terms of power of
computing, the CPU is the most important element of a system
computation.

Video Card: responsible for generating the video signal that is sent
to the video screen via a cable. The video card is
is normally found integrated into the motherboard of the computer
or on an expansion board. The video controller keeps reading from
intervals the information stored in the RAM video and transfers it to the
monitor in the form of a video signal.

BIOS (basic input/output system): is the software that determines

What can a computer do without accessing programs from a disk?
On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the
keyboard, the monitor, the disk drives, the serial communications,
and many other functions. It also makes it possible for the computer to start
on its own.

Storage Units: refers to various techniques and devices

to store large amounts of data. Modern devices
storage includes all types of disk drives and

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 tape units. The main types of devices of
mass storage are:

Floppy disks: Relatively slow and small capacity,

but very portable, inexpensive, and universal (almost obsolete, the
new computers no longer use them

Hard drives: they are fast and have much greater capacity, but more
expensive. Some hard drive devices are portable but most
No. Those which use electromagnetism.

Optical Discs: (known as CDs and DVDs) unlike disks

flexible and hard disks encode the data, the disk systems
Optical discs use a laser to read and write data. Optical discs have
good capacity, but they are not as fast as hard drives. And for
In general, they are read-only, although there are also describable ones.

Ribbons: they are relatively inexpensive and can have a large capacity,
but they do not allow random access to the data.

USB flash memory drives: very small, lightweight devices and

laptops can store up to 2GB of data. These devices
they can retain the information for up to 10 years.

Power Source: it is the component that provides electrical power to

the computer. The power supply draws the required amount of
electricity and converts AC current to DC current. It also regulates
the voltage to eliminate common peaks and crests in most of the
electric systems. But not all power sources perform the
properly regulated voltage. The more powerful it is
computer, the greater amount of watts its components need.
Buses: applied to computer science, it relates to the idea of the
internal data transfers that occur in a computational system
in operation. On the bus, all nodes receive the data although
do not address all these, the nodes to which the data is not directed
they simply ignore them. Therefore, a bus is a set of conductors
electric tracks in the form of printed metal tracks on the motherboard
of the computer, through which the signals corresponding to the
binary data of the machine language with which the Microprocessor operates.

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 Primary Memories: it is the core of the memory subsystem of a
computer. It consists of a block of integrated circuits capable of
memorizar, los valores binarios introducidos, y de mantener esos datos
as long as the block receives electrical power.
The primary memory communicates with the CPU microprocessor.
through the address bus. The width of this bus determines the capacity
that has the microprocessor for the addressing of locations in
memory. This category includes the floppy disk, the hard drive or fixed disk, the
optical drives, flash memory units, and Zip disks.

Secondary Memories: it is a set of peripheral devices for the

mass data storage of a computer, with greater capacity
than main memory, but slower than it.

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 Conclusion

Finally, we can conclude with the information we obtained and

we investigate that computer science is not only a science but also
It deals with both practical and theoretical methods.
As we progressed in the research, we were able to have
knowledge about the great advancements that occurred in computer science
and how it was the great driving force of the Information Revolution and
which became the greatest technological progress in history. For
finally we were able to know and understand its classification and its main areas
important.

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