STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS WITH SAP 2000

Carlos Eduardo Luna de Melo, MSc - UnB

PhD student in Structures and Civil Construction - UnB
E-mail:carlosluna@[Link]”
1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter aims to provide the student with some guidelines for the use of
SAP 2000 program, basically presenting the main commands of the program and
illustrating its application with some proposed examples in an order, with an increase
gradual increase in the level of complexity of the structure.

It is worth emphasizing that this chapter does not aim to fully teach the use of SAP.
2000, the goal is to provide the student of the Concrete 2 course with a text that facilitates the
learning so that it can be applied in the Pilot Project of the subject. It is also emphasized,
that the use of the program is not mandatory in the subject nor in the Pilot Project. For
For more detailed information about the program, we recommend that you consult the manual of
program.

2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROGRAM

SAP 2000 is a structural analysis software based on the Finite Element Method.
The version of SAP used as a reference for the preparation of this chapter is 8.0, and
it admits a non-linear behavior for the structure, however, the analyses carried out in
the present chapter will only assume a linear-elastic behavior, for the
determination of the requests in the structures or structural elements used in
examples.

There are more modern software programs than SAP 2000 that use the Finite Element Method.
Finite element software, such as ANSYS and DIANA, and due to their extremely user-friendly interface
friendly, SAP 2000 becomes an interesting tool for stress analysis.

Although there are more modern software, SAP 2000 is still widely used because it is
a quite flexible program, with a very efficient calculation processor. From the point
From a didactic point of view, it is quite interesting, as the version analyzes (provides efforts to
the structure), leaving it up to the user to size and detail, which are the
objectives of the subject.

Regarding the program, as was mentioned earlier, it is quite a software

flexible, just note that it is capable of modeling from simple beams to complex frames
in 3D, laminar structures such as slabs and shells, three-dimensional structures such as a
space truss. It also allows for the consideration of various loads, dynamic efforts,
effects of temperature gradient and pressures, analyze efforts due to displacements
taxes (such as the recalculation of a foundation, for example), allowing even for simulation
with prestressed concrete.

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3 DATA ENTRY

The first step to be taken is to define the units used in the analysis and selection.
of the model to be used. SAP 2000 does not start with predefined units, so
the input units must be standardized so that the results all come out in the same
units. For example, you can use units in kN, m, °C, and the results will come out in
same units or combinations of these (kN, kN/m)2, kN.m).

After choosing the units, we will begin modeling the structure or structural element.
to be analyzed. A screen will be initiated with the various models that the user can choose from.
one that fits your analysis, but it is worth emphasizing that they are limited, such as by
for example, the Beam model performs modeling on simple or continuous beams, however
with equal spans. We will then use the Grid Only model, which practically exists in
all versions of SAP 2000.

The model Grid Only will simply draw a reference mesh for the
modeling of the structure or structural element. The user must choose the number of
spaces and spacing between the lines in the chosen unit. The Z direction is by default the
direction of gravity.

Figure 3.1 – Definition of the reference mesh in SAP2000.

The reference mesh can be adapted later to facilitate modeling.

simply by right-clicking on the workspace and then
clicking on Edit Grid Data. Another way to edit the reference grid is by clicking on

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menuDefine/Coordinate Systems Grid/. You can edit the grid by inserting or
removing reference lines to facilitate modeling.

It is worth emphasizing that all input data can also be entered through a
input data file, however we will carry out the modeling in an iterative way, starting from
two commands to be presented next.

3.1 MATERIALS

The user must define the material or materials that will be used for the discretization of
model. For example, if the user is dealing with a mixed structure (Steel + Concrete),
The properties of each material should be defined in the chosen units.

This definition is made by the command Define/Materials, after the selection of the elements that
wants to make the definition. The user will be able to adjust the specific weight, modulus of elasticity,
compressive strength, Poisson's coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient of
material considered. Since we are dealing with reinforced concrete structures, then
we should choose the material and adjust its properties by clicking on
Modify/Show Material. Figure 3.2 shows the properties adjustment window of the
concreto nas unidades kN e m.

Figure 3.2 - Definition of concrete properties - SAP 2000.

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3.2 FRAME PROPERTIES

The FRAME element is used to model structural elements with bars (beams,
pillars, porticoes, etc.). For the proper consideration of the richness of the elements and of the correct
the own weight of the model, it is necessary to define the properties of the bars of the
model.

The definition of the properties of the bars is done with the command Define/Frame/Cable
Sections, where you can define the section of the bar model and the material used. For
to add a rectangular section, for example, must choose a type of property to
add (in the case of AddRectangular) and then click on Add New Property. The
users can define numerous bar sections according to their needs. Also
you can choose the color of each bar for identification on the screen. Figure 3.3 shows the
adjustment window of the rectangular section of the model bar.

Figure 3.3 - Definition of the rectangular cross-section of the bar in the model - SAP 2000.

3.3 AREA SECTIONS

Just as it is necessary to define the properties of the bars, it is necessary

make the definition of the SHELL elements for the correct modeling of the structural element.
O elementoSHELLé utilizado para a modelagem de elementos laminares, como placas,
shells and slabs, generating a user-defined finite element mesh. We will use the
SHELL elements for modeling reinforced concrete slabs.

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To define the properties of the SHELL elements, the Define/Area command is used.
Sections, where you can define the type of material, thickness, and the type of element that will be.
used. Figure 3.4 shows the Area Section window, where the user can adjust the
SHELL element according to the needs of the analysis.

Figure 3.4 – Definition of the properties of the SHELL element – SAP 2000.

In the Material field, the user must select CONC for concrete. In Area Type,
One should select SHELL, as it considers an element with two degrees of freedom:
rotation and translation, capable of supporting forces and moments. In the Thickness field the user
You must enter the thickness value of the element in the bending field and repeat the same value.
in the fieldMembrane.

Finally, in the fieldType, the user should select the fieldShell, being more
suitable for modeling standard reinforced concrete slabs.

4 MODELING

After the stage of defining the reference mesh and entering data, the process begins.
modeling the structure or structural element iteratively, using the commands to
to follow.

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4.1 FRAME

The user can create bars directly over the reference grid with the command
Draw/Draw Frame/Cable, which creates bars when clicking the mouse at the intersection of the lines
reference, orDraw/Quick Draw Frame/Cable, which will model the reference lines
selected as bars.

There are commands that further facilitate the discretization of bars. The command
Draw/Quick Draw diagonal braces in "V", "X", inclined, just before
click on the reference grid to adjust the bracing of the open window. The command
Draw/Quick Secondary Beams create horizontal and vertical bars, which must be done
adjust the fields in the open window.

4.2 SHELL

The SHELL elements can take any quadrangular shape, however the
connectivities must be considered between the elements, so as not to leave nodes without
connectivities and consequently an inadequate discretization.

One way to discretize a SHELL element mesh is by using the Draw command.
Rectangular Area Element, just by clicking on 2 points of the reference mesh, forming
a rectangle. To discretize an irregular mesh, the command Draw Quad is used.
Area, by clicking on points of the reference mesh and forming the element. Finally, one can
discretize the element by clicking inside the reference mesh, using the command
Quick Draw Area Element.

It is worth noting that there are commands that further facilitate discretization. Let's say
that we have a reference mesh of 1000 lines in the X direction and 1000 lines in the Y direction
and we want to discretize each rectangle formed by the reference lines with an element
SHELL. The solution is to create a rectangular element using the Draw Rectangular command.
Area Element only on the outline of the reference mesh. Then click
within the created element, the command Edit/Mesh Areas is used. A window then opens
and the user will be able to choose to set the number of elements in each direction or up to
even making it possible to create an element coinciding with the reference mesh.

4.3 LOAD CASES

The command Define/Load Cases is used for defining the loading cases of the
structure. If we want to make a separate analysis of a structural element, we can
define the acting loads separately, which is the most appropriate. Usually the
reinforced concrete structures are subjected to permanent loads, accidental loads and
wind load. So, as we will later consider the load combinations,
we should define each loading case, such as: DEAD for loads

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permanent, considering the dead load, LIVE for accidental loads and WIND for
wind loads. Figure 4.1 shows the definition window for some loading cases
what can be considered in the modeling.

Figure 4.1 - Definition of loading cases - SAP 2000.

The addition of loads is done by clicking on the Add New Load button after filling in.
of the window fields. It can be seen in Figure 4.1 that the Self Weight Multiplier field has
values 0 and 1. We use 1 for permanent loads and 0 for accidental loads, or
If so, SAP 2000 will only consider the self-weight when the Self Weight field
Multiplier is equal to 1 and will not take into account when it is equal to zero.

4.4 COMBINATIONS

After defining the loading cases, we can create various load combinations.
to be considered in the modeling. We could ask the following question: "What would be
What are the requests on a beam considering the permanent load and 70% of the total overload?
Defining a load combination, we can easily obtain the answer to this.
question.

Using the Define/Combinations command, the user will be able to define various combinations.
of loads that can be considered in the modeling. Figure 4.2 shows the window of
definition of load combinations, showing, for example, a load combination
consider that the permanent load is 70% of the accidental load.

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 Figure 4.2 - Definition of load combinations - SAP 2000.

This tool is very important, as it will allow us to know what the worst situation is that a
the structure is submitted, taking into account all possible combinations, and in
Then carry out the structural sizing.

4.5 FRAME LOADS

After modeling the bars, we should apply the acting loads using the command
Assign/Frame Loads, after selecting the bar that will receive the load, selecting
Point load for the application of concentrated loads and Distributed for the application of loads
distribuídas. Existe ainda a possibilidade de se considerar o efeito da temperatura e
prestressing in the beam, but it will not be covered in this course.

For the application of concentrated loads, the user must choose the loading case.
the direction of load application, the value of the load in the selected unit, and the point of
application of the load, which can be done relatively to the initial point of the
bar, or absolutely, always considering the comma as the decimal separator.

To insert a concentrated load absolutely relative to the origin of the beam, it should be
enter the distance from the origin in the Distance field and the value of the charge in the field
Load. Figure 4.3 shows an example of applying a concentrated load.
permanent of 10 kN at an absolute distance of 2 meters from the initial node, in the
direction of gravity.

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 Figure 4.3 – Application of concentrated load on a beam – SAP 2000.

To insert a concentrated load relative to the origin of the bar, you must type the
distance in percentage of the length, that is, a load in the middle of the bar should be
inserted as follows: in the Distance field, enter 0.5 and in the Load field, enter the
desired value of the load.

To insert a distributed load, one must select the loading case, the direction of
application of load and in the field Uniform Load the desired value is placed, if it is
considered a uniformly distributed load along the entire length of the bar. In case there is
Variation of the distributed load on the bar, one must use the Trapezoidal Loads field and do
the insertion. Figure 4.4 shows an example of applying uniformly distributed load.
permanent distributed load of 20 kN.m on a beam, in the direction of gravity.

Figure 4.4 – Application of uniformly distributed load on a beam – SAP 2000.

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To apply a load in the opposite direction to gravity, for example, a load is used.
with a negative value. It is worth noting that the load can be added with an existing load.
existing, replaced, or deleted, just by clicking on the desired option in the field
Options.

4.6 AREA LOADS

To apply a distributed load on a SHELL element, the command should be used.

Assign/Area Load after selecting the elements that will receive the distributed load,
following the Uniform command. There is still the possibility of considering a load
of surface pressure, pore pressure, and temperature, among others, however it will not be
addressed in this course.

After executing the command, you can choose the loading case, the value
from the distributed load by area in the selected unit and the direction of application of the load,
always using the comma as a decimal separator and the negative sign to change the
direction of load application. Figure 4.5 shows an example of load application
uniformly distributed in a SHELL element, considering a load of 2.5
kN in the direction of gravity.

Figure 4.5 – Application of a uniformly distributed load over an area – SAP 2000.

It is worth noting that the load can be added to an existing load, replaced, or
turned off, just by clicking on the desired option in the Options field.

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4.7 ASSIGN

This command is very useful when you want to change properties or apply loads. It was
previously shown how to apply loads on bars and on elements of
area, now we will show how to change the properties of a bar or an element
of area.

Let's say that in the modeling, a bar or area element has been discretized with a
different section than desired and we want to adjust this element. To solve the problem
we select the bar or area element and execute the command Assign/Frame
Cable/SectionsouAssign/Area/Sections. After this procedure a screen will appear and
one can choose, add, or modify existing properties, adjusting the section
correctly.

5 EXAMPLES

We will now model some structural elements in order to understand the

functioning of the program. The analyses will be chosen according to the example to be
analyzed. It is recommended to read the commands shown earlier for proper
understanding of the examples that will be shown below.

5.1 Simply supported beam

We will use the simplest possible case so that we can compare it with the solutions.
theoretical and understand how the program works.

Figure 5.1 -

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5.1.1 Solution with SAP 2000

Reference Mesh

To generate the reference mesh, simply follow the steps below:

Click on New Model;
Select the units kN, m, ºC;
Click on Grid Only;
Select 1 space in the X direction and zero in the others;
The span value (2) is placed in the Grid Spacing (X direction)
After creating the reference mesh, we will select the appropriate view for the drawing.
clicking on View/Set 2D View/X-Z Plane, or clicking on the XZ icon that appears in the menu
of tools.

Definition of Materials

Click on Define/Materials, selecting the material CONC, for the adjustment of the
properties of concrete. All the properties of concrete must be adjusted, however
we will only adjust the specific weight of the concrete (25 kN/m3in the fieldWeight per unit
Volume), for being a usual value and that will be used in the theoretical solution.

Properties of the Bar

The beam section will be defined as a bar element by clicking on Define/Frame

Cable Sections, followed by Add Rectangular Add New Property. Adjust the material
for concrete (CONC) and the dimensions of the section are placed in the Dimensions field. For
Finally, click on Reinforcement, in the Concrete field click on Beam, for beam.
the program will then save the FSEC1 section to be used later.
Loading Cases

We will consider the distributed load as being a permanent load for ease of
application. Click on Define/Load Cases and check if the Self Weight field
Multiplier is set to the value 1 and if the Load Name is defined as DEAD.

Modeling

For modeling the beam's bar, just click on Draw/Draw Frame/Cable and select.
in the Property field, the section defined earlier, in the case of FSEC1. Then click on
at the starting and ending point of the reference mesh for the bar drawing.

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To apply the loading, simply select the bar with the mouse and click on
Assign/Frame Loads/ Distributed, placing the value 50 (50 kN/m) in the Uniform field
Load, in the direction of gravity.

To define the left support, just select the initial node and click on
Assign/Joint/Restraints. A window will open, where the user must define the
restrictions on the supports. To define the support on the left side, it is the same procedure.
There are icons that quickly define the supports, just by clicking on the icon.
suitable. Figure 5.2 shows the window for selecting the supports of the beams, with the selection
of the support of the 2nd gender, as an example.

Figure 5.2 – Definition of the beam supports – SAP 2000.

The values, 1, 2, and 3 are the directions of the X, Y, and Z axes, respectively. Therefore, the user
You can define the boundary conditions for each node in the way you deem most appropriate.
Figure 5.3 shows the discretized beam model with uniformly distributed loading.
distributed and with the respective support.

Figure 5.3 - Beam model with loading - SAP 2000.

To view the loads in the model, simply click on Display/Show Load Assigns/Frame
choose the load you wish to view.

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Definition of Analysis Cases

We will now provide the program with the cases of analysis that will be considered.
Clicking on Define/Analysis Case the program will open a screen with the cases of
loading. Since we only want the loading case that takes into account the
LOAD DEAD, so we delete the rest. This function of the program is for the user
provide the cases that can be selected later or make some adjustments
necessary.

Beam Analysis

Finally, we will conduct the analysis of the forces on the beam. For this, it will be necessary to provide
to the program the type of analysis to be performed. By clicking on Analyze/Set Analysis Options
a window is opened and the degrees of freedom that will be considered are selected in the
analysis. In the case of the beam in question, we will only have 2 degrees of freedom, which are two rotations.
relation to the Y-axis at each support. This stage is of great importance, as we should
choose the appropriate analysis to avoid errors. If by chance the RY field is not checked
in this analysis, there will be a setting in the supports, which cannot happen, because of the
adopted supports. Figure 5.4 shows the selection of the degrees of freedom to be
considered.

Figure 5.4 – Definition of the type of beam analysis – SAP 2000.

It is worth noting that for a simply supported beam element, it is not necessary to mark all the
degrees of freedom mentioned earlier.

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To facilitate the selection of degrees of freedom, although it increases computational effort,
you can click on the iconPlane Frame, inFast DOFs, as this considers the analysis
only in the XZ plane, which is the case of our beam in question.

Running the Analysis

To perform the beam analysis, just press the F5 key or click on Analyse/Run.
Finally, analyze it in Run Now. The program will then perform the analysis. Figure 5.5
show the case selection window that will be part of the analysis.

Figure 5.5 – Selection of cases for analysis execution of the analysis – SAP 2000.

By clicking on Run/Do Not Run Case after selecting the case, one can choose whether the
the program must analyze or not. This tool is used to choose an analysis or
a separate analysis group, for example, we can analyze only the DEAD load or the
LIVE, or both, depending on the need.

Obtaining Results

After the analysis, the program will show the deformed shape of the beam and we will then be able to select the
results to be shown. Clicking on Display/Show Forces/Stresses/Joints,
we can obtain the reactions at the supports. The reactions calculated by SAP were: Ra = Rb =
51.20 kN. To obtain the moment, shear force, and deflection, just click on Display/Show.
Forces/Stresses/Frames/Cables select the desired diagram. Figure 5.6 shows the
selection window for diagrams for viewing on the screen, with the selection of the diagram of
moment.

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 Figure 5.6 - Selection of beam diagrams - SAP 2000.

In the case of the analyzed beam, the X axis is axis 1, Z is axis 2, and Y is axis 3. Therefore,
based on this information we will be able to obtain the diagrams in the respective directions. For
example: to obtain the moment diagram, select item Moment 3-3, as it is the
moment around the Y axis (axis 3) and to obtain the shear force diagram,
Select item Shear 2-2, as it is in the direction of the Z axis, axis 2, and so on.

To know the direction of the axes, just click on View/Set Display Options.
select the Local Axes field, in Frame/Cables. Select the 3D view and the axes
will appear on the model. The red axis is axis 1, white is axis 2, and the blue axis is axis
3.

After obtaining a diagram, just right-click on the bar and it will appear.
a window with all the diagrams of the beam, including the calculated deflection. Figure 5.7
show the diagrams of the beam that was modeled with the selected maximum values
(Show Max).

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 Figure 5.7 – Diagrams for the modeled beam – SAP 2000.

5.1.2 Theoretical Solution

Solving the beam, we have:

Loading:
Own Weight ( )
= Pp=25´0.4´0.12=1.2kN/m
Distributed Load = q=50kN/m
Total Load = q to=50+1,2=51,2kN/m

Bending Moment:
ql251.2'22
M MAX = = 25.6 kN·m
8 8

Shear Stress:
ql51,2´2
VMAX = = =51.2kN
2 2

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Arrow:
E=25×106kN/m2
bh30,12.0,403
I= = 0.00064m4
12 12
5ML2 5.25, 6.22
f= = 0.000666m
48EI48´25000000´0.00064

It is verified that the values are the same as those calculated with SAP 2000, except for one.
small difference in the calculation of the arrow.

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5.2 Plane Portal

We will now use as an example a flat portal, subjected to uniform loads.

distributed (usage overload), to concentrated loads in the middle of the beam span
(to simulate loading from supported beams) and also horizontal loads
due to the action of the wind.

Data:
12x40 cm pillars
Beams of 12x30 cm
Carga de Utilização = 10 kN/m
Concentrated Load = 10 kN
Wind Load = 3 kN/m (Direction Y - Perpendicular to the portal)

Figure 5.8 – Loads on the portal, except for wind load.

It is verified in Figure 5.8 that the wind load does not appear, as it is perpendicular to the axis.
X of the portal. This load will be applied uniformly distributed across all bars with the
value of 3 kN/m.

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5.2.1 Solution with SAP 2000

Reference Mesh

To generate the reference mesh, click on New, selecting the units.

used (kN, m, ºC), then click on the Grid Only model, and finally
fill in the fields as follows:

Number of Grid Spaces

X direction: 1
Y direction: 0
Z direction: 4

Grid Spacing
X direction: 7,35
Y direction: 1
Z direction: 4

It is clear that it will be necessary to add more vertical lines in the X direction, which will be done.
as follows:

Select the XZ view and right-click on the screen, then click on Edit Grid.
Data;
Click on Modify/Show System;
Select direction X and add lines at X = 12.1 and X = 19.45;

Definition of Materials

The structural elements will be defined as being made of concrete. For this, a will be used
commandDefine/Materials. Adjusting the following properties of the concrete:

Specific Weight: 25.0 kN/m3

Elasticity Module: 25E6 kN/m2

Bar Properties

The section of the beam and the column will be defined as bar elements by clicking on
Define/Frame Cable Sections, followed by Add Rectangulare Add New Property.
The material for concrete (CONC) is adjusted and the section dimensions are placed in the field.
Dimensions. Finally, click on Reinforcement, in the Concrete field and click on
Beam, for beam. The program will then save the section FSEC1 to be used later.

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For the definition of the pillars, the same procedure is followed, only adjusting the item.
Reinforcement, in the field, click on Column for the pillar. Finally the
the program will then save section FSEC2 to be used later.

Loading Cases

We will consider the applied loads as accidental loads. Click on

Define/Load Cases adjusting the Self Weight Multiplier field with the value 1 and the fields
Load NameeType adjusting as LIVE. Wind load is added, writing
WIND in the field Load Name, adjusting WIND in the field Type, placing the factor of
own weight equal to zero, and then click on Add New Load.

Modeling

The modeling phase follows the same steps taken in the previous example, except that
the pillar bars must be modeled with the FSEC2 section and the beams with the section
FSEC1, defined previously.

For the application of the uniformly distributed load on the beams, the bars are selected.
horizontally and click on Assign/Frame Loads/Distributed. Adjust the field oLoad
Case Name for LIVE, placing the value 10 (10 kN/m) in the Uniform Load field, in the
direction of gravity.

To apply the wind load on the portal, select all the bars and click on
Assign/Frame Loads/ Distributed. Adjust the field oLoad Case Name to WIND,
putting the value 3 (3 kN/m) in the Uniform Load field, in the Y direction.
Finally, for the application of concentrated loads in the middle of the span of the outer beams,
Only the outer horizontal bars are selected and click on Assign/Frame Loads/
Point. Before entering the values of the loads and distance, select Relative Distance.
From End-I, the field Load Case Name to Live and the field Options to Add to
Existing Loads. Enter the value 10 (10 kN) in the Load field and 0.5 in the Distance field.
Figure 5.9 shows the window for applying concentrated load in the middle of the beam.

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 Figure 5.9 – Application of concentrated load in the middle of the beam – SAP 2000.

To define the supports, just select the lower nodes and click on
Assign/Joint/Restraints. A window will open, where the user should define the
restrictions on supports. The fixture icon is used, restricting rotation and translation in
all the axes.

After this procedure, the modeling was completed and to verify if the loads are
Post correctly in the model, use the command Display/Show Load Assigns/Frame.
If the wind loads do not appear, click on 3-D for the visualization of the portal in
perspective.

Definition of the Analysis Cases

We will now provide the program with the analysis cases that will be considered.
Clicking on Define/Analysis Case will open a screen with the cases of
loading. Since we are only wanting the loading case that considers the
load LIVE and the load WIND, then we turn off the rest. This function of the program is for
that the user provides the cases that can be selected later on or creates some
necessary adjustments.

Definition of Load Combinations

We will consider the following load combinations in the example:

1 - Only the overload (LIVE Loading) - COMB1
2 - Only the action of the wind (WIND Loading) - COMB2
3 - Overload + wind action (1.0xLIVE + 1.0xWIND) - COMB3
Where 1 is a coefficient that multiplies the loading value. It could be 1.4,
considering the design efforts.

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For combination 1 (COMB1), click on Define/Combinations, then click on Add.
New Combo, select in the field Case Name the loading case LIVE
putting 1 in the Scale Factor field then in Add. The field should be left
Combination Type as Linear Add.

For combination 2 (COMB2), the same procedure is repeated, just switching the case.
from loading deLIVE to WIND.

For combination 3 (COMB3), follow the same procedure shown earlier.

just adding the 2 cases of loadingWINDeLIVE, with the fieldScale
Factor, adjusted with the value 1. Figure 5.10 shows the adjustment window for the combination
COMB3 for the modeled portal.

Figure 5.10 – Definition of the combination COMB3 for the portal – SAP 2000.

Analysis of the Portal

Finally, we will perform the analysis of the efforts on the portal. For that, it will be necessary
provide the program with the type of analysis to be carried out. Clicking on Analyze/Set Analysis
An options window is opened and the degrees of freedom to be considered are selected.
in the analysis. In the case of the frame in question, we will have displacements in X, in Z, and rotations.
in relation to the Y axis, that is, 3 degrees of freedom per node.

-Running the Analysis

To run the analysis of the portal, just press the F5 key or click on Analyze/Run.
Finally, analyze inRun Now, just as was done for the beam analysis.

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Obtaining the Results

After performing the analysis of the frame, the results of bending moments are obtained,
shear forces, arrows, torsional moment and reactions.

Clicking on Display/Show Forces/Stresses/Joints, we can obtain the reactions in

supports. To obtain the moment, shear force, and deflection, simply click on Display/Show.
Forces/Stress/Frames/Cables select the desired diagram, according to the
selected combination. It is worth noting that there are bending moments in two planes,
when there is the application of wind (COMB2 and COMB3): in the XZ plane we have the diagram
Moment 3-3 and in the YZ plane we have the Moment 2-2 diagram.

Selecting the diagram, we can right-click on the bar and

to obtain the maximum and minimum values of the diagrams to be used in the
sizing.

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5.3 Rectangular Flat Slab
This example aims to demonstrate the application of the SHELL element in the analysis of
a flat rectangular slab. Figure 5.11 shows the slab that will be studied by SAP 2000 and
by the Tables of Bars (1981), which uses the Classical Theory of Isotropic Plates,
considering an overload of 3.0 kN/m2.

Figure 5.11 – Slab efforts calculated by the Marcus process.

For the modeling of the slabs, we will use a simple discretization that does not lead to
consideration of the strengths of the beams and columns, only for comparison with the process of
Marcus. It is worth noting that to obtain efforts that are closer to
functioning of the real structure, it is interesting to consider the structure as a whole:
columns, beams, and slabs with their respective dimensions.

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5.3.1 Solution with SAP 2000

Reference Network
We will analyze the slab in the XY plane, making the discretization simple, for this you click on the
XY icon of the Toolbar. To generate the reference mesh, click on
New, selecting the units used (kN, m, ºC), then click on the modelGrid
Only, and finally the fields are filled in as follows:

Number of Grid Spaces

X direction: 2
Y direction: 1
Z direction: 0

Grid Spacing
X direction: 2,925
Y direction: 4,85
Z direction: 1

The reference mesh is already sufficient for us to start the discretization, as the number of
SHELL elements that the slab will be discretized will be defined later.

Definition of Materials

The adjustment of the Specific Weight and Modulus of Elasticity of concrete will be carried out as
done in the previous example.

Properties of the Area Element

The slab section will be defined as area elements by clicking on Define/Area.

Sections, followed by Modify/Show Section. The material is then adjusted for concrete.
(CONC) and the thickness is set in the fields Membrane and Bending, in this case 0.10 m.
The field Area Type should be defined as Shell or the field Type should be defined.
likePlate, with the Thick Plates box selected.

Loading Cases

We will consider the applied loads as being accidental loads. Click on

Define/Load Cases adjusting the Self Weight Multiplier field with the value 1 and the fields
Load NameeTypeajustando comoLIVE.

Modeling

Initially, the SHELL elements will be inserted, using one for each slab. For the
insertion of elements click on Draw/Quick Draw Area and then click on
any point within the reference grid and the main elements will be created.

27
The discretization stage of the smaller elements will be carried out considering 29 elements in the
direction X and 48 in direction Y for each slab. To do this, click on the SHEL element and use-
if the command Edit/Mesh Areas, putting 29 in the upper field and 48 in the field
inferior and repeat the operation for the second slab. This way, the slabs will be discretized with
elements of approximately 10x10 cm.

It is worth noting that the definition of the sizes of the elements depends on an analysis of
convergence, that is, it is necessary to verify how many elements make the analysis reliable.
A curve of values obtained from the analyses is then created, for example: number of elements
versus positive moment and from this curve the number of elements is obtained that
better represents the behavior of the structural element.

An important item that must be taken into consideration is that there should always be a
connectivity between the elements, with no discontinuity between them
elements for the analysis to be carried out correctly.

To apply the load on the slab, all elements are selected and clicked on
Assign/Area Loads/Uniform, placing the value 3.0 (3.0 kN/m)2) in the load field.

The definition of the support constraints will be done to simulate the beam support, remembering
that this model does not consider the deformation of the beam, being the most appropriate for the
comparison with the Marcus Process. The contour nodes will be defined with translation.
in the Z axis and without considering rotation, the nodes of beam V104 will be defined with
translation along the Z axis and rotation only around axis 2 (Y axis).

To define the constraints of the nodes of the beams, select the node and use the command.
Assign/Joint/Restraints, adjusting the appropriate constraint for the analysis. Figure 5.12
show the discretized slabs in SAP 2000.

28
 Figure 5.12 - Slabs discretized in the SAP 2000 program.

Analysis of the Slabs

The procedure for analyzing slabs is similar to that of beams and frames, however we should
properly consider the degrees of freedom for the correct modeling of the slabs.
Clicking on Analyze/Set Analysis Options opens a window and select the degrees
of freedom that will be considered in the analysis. In the case of the slabs in question, we will have
displacement only in Z and rotations relative to the X and Y axes. Clicking on the Plane icon
Grida analysis of the slabs will be done correctly.

Running the Analysis

The procedure is the same for analyzing the previous examples. To perform the analysis
to refresh the pages just press the F5 key or click on Analyze/Run Analysis and finally on
Run Now. The program will then perform the analysis.

Obtaining Results

After the analysis, the program will show the deformed slabs and we will then be able to select the
results to be shown. To obtain the bending moment, shear force, stress
normal and torsional moment, just click on Display/Show Forces/Shell and select effort
desired.

29
SAP 2000 uses the following designations for obtaining the bending moments and
shear forces for the SHELL element:

M11: Moment per unit length acting at mid-height of the element on face 1
positive and negative about axis 2.

M22: Moment per unit length acting at mid-height of the element on face 2
positive and negative about axis 1.

M12: Bending moment per unit length acting at the midpoint of the element
on face 1 positive and negative about axis 1 and acting on face 2 positive and negative about the
axis 2;

MMAX: Maximum principal moment per unit length acting at mid-height

of the element. Note that by definition the principal moments are oriented in such a way
the torsional moments associated with these are equal to zero per unit length.

MMIN: Maximum principal moment per unit length acting at half height of
element. Note that by definition the principal moments are oriented in such a way that
The torsion moments associated with these are equal to zero, per unit of length.

V13: Shear force out of plane per unit length acting at mid-height of
element on face 1 positive and negative in the direction of axis 3 (Z axis).

V23: Shear force out of the plane per unit length acting at mid-height of
element on face 2 positive and negative in the direction of axis 3 (Z axis).

VMAX: Maximum principal shear force per unit length acting at the midpoint
element height. Note that by definition the shear is oriented on the face of the element
in such a way that the shear associated perpendicular to the face is equal to zero, per unit of
length. Figure 5.13 shows the reference axes and faces for obtaining the
efforts on the SHELL element.

Figure 5.13 – Reference SHELL element – SAP 2000.

30
From these designations, we can obtain, for example, the bending moments of the slabs.
modeled. Figure 5.14 shows the result obtained in SAP 2000 of the bending moments
in the direction of the X axis (M11) and Figure 5.15 shows the bending moments in the direction of the axis
Y (M22), with units in kN and m, defined previously.

Figure 5.14 - Bending moments in the X direction (M11) in kN.m - SAP 2000.

Figure 5.15 – Bending moments in the Y direction (M22) in kN.m – SAP 2000.

31
It is worth noting that the moments obtained are per unit of length. As a response
for the applied load, we have:

Mxmax2.91 kN.m
Xxmax-5.41 kN.m
Mymax1.30 kN.m

We will not analyze the shear force on the modeled slabs as these efforts are
relatively low in typical building slabs, which is the case of the studied slabs. However
to obtain the efforts, just use the commands mentioned earlier.

5.3.2 Solution by Plate Theory

The solution presented below was obtained from the publication by Bares (1981), which uses the
Classical Theory of Isotropic Plates, also called Theory of Thin Plates of
Poisson-Kirchhoff, which is based on certain simplifying assumptions and limitations. The
the motivation for using this theory was due to the fact that it presents better results in
comparison with Marcus's Process.

The following hypotheses regarding the material and shape of the plate are considered:

The material of the plate is perfectly elastic;

The material of the plate follows Hooke's Law and has the same elastic constants.
(elastic modulus and Young's modulus), for any state of
loading
3. The material of the plate is homogeneous and isotropic;
4. The thickness of the plate is constant;
5. The thickness of the plate is small, compared to the other dimensions of the plate;
6. The fibers perpendicular to the mid-plane of the plate before deformation
remain perpendicular to the average surface of the deformed plate;
The normal stress perpendicular to the mid-plane of the plate is negligible;
The arrows are small;
9. Normal stresses act on the medium plane of the plate;
10. The self-weight must be considered in the external load;
11. The angles of the plates are secured against lifting (tipping moment).

The results obtained using the tables from Bares (1981) are:

Mxmax2.65 kN.m
Xxmax-5.41 kN.m
Mymax1.11 kN.m

It is noticeable that the values are very close, with a small difference in the value of
Mxmaxe MymaxA more in-depth analysis of the convergence of the elements could perhaps
reduce this difference, which initially already shows good results.

32
5.4Marquise
The following example shows the application of the SHELL element in conjunction with the element
FRAME. A slab anchored to the beam will be used, representing a canopy and pillars.
serving as support for the beams.

Loading at the Edge of the Slab:

Wall (0.10 x 0.20 x 25) 0.5 kN/m
Sign 1.0 kN/m

Loading on the slab:

Overload 0.5 kN/m2
Coating 1.0 kN/m2
Average height of the slab (10+7)/2 = 8.5 cm

5.4.1 Solution with SAP 2000

Reference Network
It will be necessary to define a three-dimensional mesh for the correct modeling of the pillars and
the beams. To generate the reference mesh, click on New, selecting the
units used (kN, m, ºC), then click on the modelGrid Only, and finally
fill in the fields as follows:

Number of Grid Spaces

X direction: 2
Y direction: 1
Z direction: 1

Grid Spacing
X direction: 4,0
Y direction: 2.0
Z direction: 2,7

The reference mesh is already sufficient for us to start discretization, without the need to
add reference lines later.

Definition of the Materials

The adjustment of the Specific Weight and Modulus of Elasticity of concrete will be carried out as
carried out in the previous example.

Properties of the Area Element

The slab section will be defined as ELEMENTSHELLe in the Type field as well.
if only the SHELL field, adjusting the slab thickness to its average value, which is

33
0.085 (8.5 cm). There is also the possibility to deactivate the self-weight in SAP 2000 and
consider the self-weight as a uniformly distributed load on the slab. It is worth noting that
the tensions along the slab will be approximated, as they do not take into account the variation of the
thickness, but since we only want the values of the maximum moments in the slab connection-
beam, such consideration is acceptable.

SAP 2000 does not consider variable SHELL elements. One way to approximate the
the results is to place an approximate load acting on each element, so that it remains
a load as close to reality as possible. Because it is extremely laborious and
we are only showing the most practical way of modeling, we used a load
uniformly distributed. It is noticeable that the moments will be slightly greater than the result.
exactly, being thus in favor of security.

Loading Cases

We will consider the applied loads as accidental loads. Click on

Define/Load Cases adjusting the Self Weight Multiplier field with the value 1 and the fields
Load NameeType adjusting as LIVE.

Modeling

Initially, the bars of the columns and the continuous beam will be inserted. We will use FSEC1
(15x30) for the columns and FSEC2 (30x60) for the continuous beam. The slab will be discretized with
the command Draw Rectangular Area Element discretized later with 80
elements in the X direction and 20 elements in the Y direction. By clicking on the XY buttons we insert
the bars of the beam and the SHELL element, and by clicking the YZ button we insert the columns
using the reference lines on the right side.

For SAP 2000 to consider the deformation of the slab together with the beam, it is necessary to
divide the bar of the beam so that the nodes of the slab and the beam coincide. Using the command
Edit/Divide Frames After selecting the bar, you can divide the frame so that the
deformations between slab and beam should be compatible. As a result, each section is selected
of beam and each beam is divided into 40 smaller sections.

For the application of the uniformly distributed load on the slab, all are selected
elements and click on Assign/Area Loads/Uniform, entering the value 1.5 (1.5 kN/m2)
in the fieldLoad. For the application of the load of the wall and the sign, the nodes of the
end of the balance and click on Assign/Joint Loads/Forces, adjusting the force value to
0.15 kN (1.5 kN x 0.1 m) at each node.

The restriction of the pillar nodes is done with the command Assign/Joint/Restraints, defining
a connection at the pillar. Figure 5.12 shows the marquee discretized in SAP 2000.

34
 Figure 5.16 – Discretization used in the awning – SAP 2000.

Analysis of the Slabs

The analysis procedure of the model is similar to that of the beam and the portal, however
We should properly consider the degrees of freedom for correct modeling.
the slabs. Clicking on Analyze/Set Analysis Options opens a window and you select
the degrees of freedom that will be considered in the analysis. Clicking on the Space Frame icon
the analysis of the slabs will be done correctly, as we should consider the structure as
space frame, with 6 degrees of freedom per node.

-Performing the Analysis

The procedure is the same for the analysis of the previous examples. To carry out the analysis
to update the layers just press the F5 key or click on Analyse/Run Analysis and finally on
Run Now. The program will then perform the analysis.

Obtaining the Results

After the analysis, the program will show the deformed shape of the slabs, and we will then be able to select the
results to be shown. To obtain the bending moment, shear force, stress
normal and torque moment, just click on Display/Show Forces/Shell and select effort
desired. Figure 5.18 shows the result of the bending moments in the Y direction (M22) in
kN.m.

35
 Figure 5.17 - Bending moments in the Y direction (M22) in kN.m - SAP 2000.

It is also possible to obtain the efforts in the bars of the portal with the command Display/Show.
Forces/Stresses/Frames/Cables subsequently in Torsion. Figure 5.18 shows the
torsional moment in the beam.

Figure 5.18 – Torsional moment in the beam in kN.m (Torsion) – SAP 2000.

To obtain the bending moments in the portal, click on Display/Show

Forces/Stresses/Frames/Cables subsequently in Moment 2-2 or Moment 3-3, of
in accordance with the need. Figure 5.19 shows the bending moments Moment 3-3 in
portico.

36
 Figure 5.19 - Bending moment in the portal in kN.m (Moment 3-3) - SAP 2000.

To obtain the shear force in the portal, click on Display/Show

Forces/Stresses/Frames/Cables subsequently in Shear 2-2 or Shear 3-3, according to
with the necessity. Figure 5.20 shows the shear 2-2 in the frame.

Figure 5.20 – Shear Force in the portal in kN (Shear 2-2) – SAP 2000.

As an exercise, the student will be able to verify the moments considering the slab fixed at the
beam, obtaining approximate results

37
5.5 Mushroom Slab
In this example, the efforts in a mushroom slab will be analyzed, comparing the results.
obtained by the equivalent portal method, TQS, and the SAP 2000 program. Figure 5.21
shows the mushroom slab to be studied.

Figure 5.21 - Mushroom slab to be studied.

DATA:

Slab with 18 cm thickness;

Pillars with a height of 4.0 meters and a section of 30 x 30 cm;
- fck= 30.0 MPa;
Overload of 3.0 kN/m².

5.5.1 Solution with SAP 2000

Reference Mesh

It will be necessary to define a three-dimensional mesh for the proper modeling of the pillars and
from the mushroom slab. To generate the reference mesh, click on New, selecting the
units used (kN, m, ºC), then click on the model Grid Only, and finally
fill in the fields as follows:

Number of Grid Spaces

X direction: 2

38
Y direction: 2
Z direction: 1

Grid Spacing
X direction: 5,0
Y direction: 5,0
Z direction: 4,0

Definition of Materials

The adjustment of the Specific Weight and Modulus of Elasticity of concrete will be carried out as
done in the previous example.

Properties of the Area Element

The adjustment of the properties of the area elements is done by clicking on Define/Area
The slab's section will be defined as the SHELLe element in the Type field.
SHELL should be selected, adjusting the slab thickness to 0.18 (18.0 cm) in the
membraneBendingFields.

Loading Cases

We will consider the applied loads as being accidental loads. Click on

Define/Load Cases adjusting the Self Weight Multiplier field with the value 1 and the fields
Load NameeType adjusting like LIVE.

Modeling

Initially, the columns' bars will be inserted, defining FSEC1 (30x30) for the
columns by clicking on Define/Frame/Cable Sections, with a rectangular section. The slab
it will be discretized with the command Draw Rectangular Area Element. By clicking on the
XY buttons we divide the SHELL element into 50 elements in the X direction and 50 elements in the
direction Y by initially clicking in the center of the SHELL element and then on
Edit/Mesh Areas. Clicking the YZ button, we insert the pillars using the lines of
vertical references with the command Draw Frame/Cable Element. To facilitate insertion
two pillars use the commands Move Up in List Move Down in List, which are
easily found on the toolbar with the drawing of an arrow pointing up and down
low.

For the application of the uniformly distributed load on the slab, all are selected
elements and click on Assign/Area Loads/Uniform, entering the value 3.0 (3.0 kN/m)2)
in the fieldLoad.

39
The restriction of the node of the columns is done with the command Assign/Joint/Restraints, defining
a support in the pillar. Figure 5.22 shows the mushroom slab discretized by the SAP program.
2000.

Figure 5.22 – Discretization used in the mushroom slab – SAP 2000.

Analysis of Slabs

The model analysis procedure is similar to that of the beam and the portal, however
We should properly consider the degrees of freedom for correct modeling.
the slabs. Clicking on Analyze/Set Analysis Options opens a window where selections are made
the degrees of freedom that will be considered in the analysis. Clicking on the Space Frame icon
the analysis of the slabs will be done correctly, as we should consider the structure as
space gateway.

Running the Analysis

The procedure is the same for the analysis of the previous examples. To perform the analysis
to update the slides, simply press the F5 key or click on Analyze/Run Analysis and finally on
Run Now. The program will then perform the analysis.

40
Obtaining Results

After the analysis, the program will display the deformed shapes of the slabs and we will then be able to select the
results to be shown. To obtain the bending moment, shear force, stress
normal and torsional moment, just click on Display/Show Forces/Shell to select effort
desired. Figure 5.23 and Figure 5.24 show the result of the bending moments of the slab
in the X direction (M11) and in the Y direction (M22) in kN.m.

Figure 5.23 - Bending moments of the slab in the X direction (M11) in kN.m - SAP 2000.

Figure 5.24 – Bending moments of the slab in the Y direction (M22) in kN.m – SAP 2000.

41
By analyzing the pillars, we can obtain the reactions at the supports at the top and at the base of the pillars.

For the verification of the slab against punching, the reaction at the top of the column is used. Table 5.1

show a summary of the reactions on the underside of the slab (top of the column).

Table 5.1 – Reaction of the slab at the top of the column in kN – SAP 2000.
Pillar Pillar Reaction (kN) *
Central Pillar -253.0
Pilar de Borda -85.5
Canto Pillar -32.3
Negative signal indicates compression.

Table 5.2 shows the positive and negative bending moments obtained by the program
SAP 2000.

Table 5.2 - Positive and negative bending moments - SAP 2000.

Negative Moments (kN.m /m) Positive Moments (kN.m /m)
Strip
Pilar de Borda Central Pillar Central Vault
Central -10.9 -30.6 14.6
Extremity -8.6 -21.9 14.1

5.5.2 Solution by the Equivalent Portal Method

By way of comparison, the efforts were also calculated using the Portal Method.
Equivalent. Table 5.3 shows the values determined by the Portal Method.
Equivalent of the ACI.

Table 5.3 – Bending Moments by the Equivalent Frame Method of ACI.

Negative Moments (kN.m /m) Positive Moments (kN.m /m)
Portico
Pilar de Borda Central Pillar Central Vault
Central -6.8 -28.8 10.4
Extremity -6.4 -23.3 9.8

42
5.5.3 Solution Using the TQS System
Using the TQS system to obtain the efforts, we can make a comparison.
with the results obtained by SAP 2000 and the Equivalent Frame Method. The
the discretization of the slab used in the TQS system was that of Flat Slab Grid, and was obtained
automatically. It is worth noting that the detailing of the reinforcement will not be shown, as
The objective is not. Figure 5.25 shows the discretization used in TQS.

Figure 5.25 - Discretization of the grid used in TQS.

The reactions of the slab on the column can also be obtained in the TQS grid result.
Table 5.4 shows the reactions obtained from the TQS grid.

Table 5.4 - Reaction of the slab at the top of the column in kN - TQS.
Pillar Reaction of the Pillar (kN) *
Central Pillar -261
Pilar de Borda -84
Canto Pillar -33
Negative signal indicates compression.

It is verified that the values of the reactions calculated by TQS are very close to the calculated ones.

with SAP 2000, the difference is practically insignificant. These values, along with
with the values of the acting bending moments, are fundamental for the verification of the

43
 resistance of the slab to punching and bending. Table 5.5 shows the positive bending moments
the negatives obtained from the TQS grid.

Table 5.5 – Positive and negative bending moments – TQS.

Negative Moments (kN.m /m) Positive Moments (kN.m /m)
Track
Pillar of Borda Central Pillar Central Vault
Central -5.0 -26.0 7.0
Extremity -8.0 -20.0 6.0

Table 5.6 shows the comparison of positive and negative bending moments between the
SAP 2000, TQS and Equivalent Portal of ACI.

Table 5.6 - Comparison of efforts between SAP 2000, TQS, and Equivalent Portal of ACI.
Negative Moments (kN.m /m) Positive Moments (kN.m /m)
Track Pillar of Borda Central Pillar Central Vault
SAP TQS P. EQ. SAP TQS P. EQ. SAP TQS P. EQ.
Central -10.9 -5.0 -6.8 -28.8 -26.0 -20.8 14.6 7.0 10.4
Extremity -8.6 -8.0 -6.4 -23.3 -20.0 -19.6 14.1 6.0 9.8

It is observed that the results of the bending moments obtained through the analysis using SAP
2000 was the one that showed the greatest discrepancy compared to the others. The reason why the
SAP 2000 did not show good results, probably due to poor discretization.
from the support region of the pillar, resulting in, as verified in the example, peak moments.

A more approximate solution can be found by discretizing the slab-joint region.

pillar with supports. It is worth noting that this discretization will disregard the rigidities of
pillars, and which, in some cases, can lead to unsatisfactory results.

A more appropriate analysis would be the discretization of the pillars with solid elements and the slab.

in shell, but it will not be presented as it is not easy to implement.

44
A comparative analysis was conducted on the reactions of the slab on top of the columns. Figure 5.26
show the comparison between the reactions of the slab on top of the pillars.

Figure 5.26 – Comparison of the Reactions of the Slab on Top of the Columns – SAP 2000 and TQS.
Reaction of the Slab on Top of the Column
Pillar TQS (kN) SAP 2000 (kN)
Central Pillar -261 -253.0
Pillar of Borda -84 -85.5
Pillar of Song -33 -32.3
Negative signal indicates compression.

Regarding the reactions of the slab at the top of the columns, it is observed that the presented values

both TQS and SAP 2000 are quite similar, and can be used safely for
verification of the slab's resistance to punching, remembering that for the calculation of the slab for bending,

the values of the presented discretization lead to an exaggerated sizing of the

bending slab reinforcement.

It is important to say that just learning to use the program does not mean that it will lead to
satisfactory results. The structural analysis and sensitivity are of utmost importance.
determine a model that best represents the real structure.

No program is capable of choosing a more suitable analysis for a real structure.

If inconsistent data is provided, the answers will be inconsistent. The important thing is
always doubt until you are sure that the results are truly good. The engineer
You must be prepared to make the right decisions so that the analysis is good.
quality.

45
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

BARES, R. -Tablas para el calculo de placas y vigas pared. Ed. Gustavo Gili., 1981.

CAD/TQS Systems for Windows, User Manual.

Sap 2000, Version 8.0, User Manual.

46