1 X 1 MONOEJE CONFIGURATION

Elements that it has:

Gas turbine - steam turbines, but both connected to the generator, boiler
It is a cheap setup that gives good results.

In the gas turbine, the combustion of gas takes place in the presence of air. The gases coming from
from combustion at high temperatures (above 1200ºC) pass quickly through
from the turbine, causing it to spin and generating rotational mechanical energy in the shaft of the
turbine. These hot gases are utilized in the heat recovery boiler.
The performance in the Brayton cycle depends exclusively on the pressure ratio and not on the
supplied heat. Assuming that the pressure in the diffuser is equal to atmospheric pressure, the
The cycle performance will depend on the pressure after the compressor. The higher it is,
The pressure reached at the output of the compressor, the greater the efficiency. The pressure and the
temperature and pressure are closely related, such that the relationship between pressures affects the
relationship of temperatures. The highest temperature, which is achieved at the end of the process of
combustion is limited by the maximum temperature supported by the materials with which
the blades of the turbine are manufactured so that this maximum temperature limits the
relationship of pressures and conditions the maximum power and performance. Thus, performance and
maximum power is limited by advances in the field of materials technology.

The gas turbine system has the following associated elements:

Air intake filters

Compressor

Combustion chambers
Turbine

Auxiliary systems

As a reference, the gas consumption in normal operation and for a load of about 380-400 MW.
acting in combined cycle can be around 15-20 kg/s. The high temperatures that
are reached in the combustion of gas make the design of the combustion chambers and of the
blades the great secret of manufacturers. In this way, everything related to cooling
the internal of the blades, their coating, and the combustion chambers are aspects
that condition the lifespan of the machine, the maintenance costs and, ultimately, the
duration of the installation. The starting of the gas turbine is carried out using the generator
as engine. This situation continues until the energy produced in the combustion is
able to achieve a sustained movement of the turbine. Before ignition, it is necessary that
the interior of the turbine should be free of possible combustible gases that could cause a
uncontrolled explosion, and consequently personal accidents and/or deterioration of equipment.
Therefore, during the stopping and starting of the machine, a purge with nitrogen is performed.
air. This air purge also helps to ensure that there will be no gas accumulations in the
interior of the boiler.

The optimization of gas turbines can be achieved by acting on one of the

following factors:

Increasing the average combustion temperature

2- Reducing the intake air temperature
3- Reducing the temperature of the exhaust gases
4- Increasing the compression ratio of the compressor

5- Improving the intrinsic components of the gas turbine The weak points in turbines
Gas are: - Overall performance - Performance at partial loads - Maintenance costs

Reduction of pollutant emissions Other necessary systems for starting and the
normal operation of the turbine (also called auxiliary systems) are:

Ignition gas system

Lubrication system for the support bearings of the turbine shaft

Compressed air and/or oil system

Cooling water

Air and nitrogen.

II) Heat recovery boiler

In the recovery boiler, the heat from the turbine exhaust gases is utilized.
of gas to produce steam. Normally, there are different pressure levels in the boiler.
When this occurs, the steam is classified according to its pressure as:

High steam, with a pressure of about 120 bars and a temperature that can fluctuate between
32' and 570 ºC.

Medium steam, with a pressure of around 25 bars and a temperature of between

230 and 570ºC.
 Low steam, with a pressure of about 4 bars and temperatures of about 150ºC. The steam
produced in the boiler is sent to the different parts of the steam turbine.

The boilers used in combined cycle plants are boilers that recover the
heat contained in the exhaust gases of the gas turbine. Water is heated in them, which
turns into steam and is used to move the steam turbine. They are the connecting element
between the two thermal cycles of the plant, the gas turbine and the steam turbine. The usual boilers in
combined cycle plants are water-tube recovery boilers, where the
heat exchange occurs by convection, and not by radiation, as in boilers in the
There is a flame present. In general, two types of boiler classifications are possible in
combined cycles:

Due to the arrangement of tubular beams: - Vertical boilers - Horizontal boilers

By the number of times the water passes through the boiler: - Classic - Single pass
the main elements that make up the recovery boiler are as follows:
Degasser - Feed water tank - Boilers - Feed pumps -
Economizers - Evaporators - Superheaters - Reheaters The steam that is received in
the turbine must have very controlled characteristics. The temperature and pressure, the
amount of dissolved oxygen, the content in salts and in silica are the most important parameters
important to control.
Regarding the temperature, it is very important that it remains constant, because if it does not,
they can produce certain phenomena as a consequence of the thermal stress to which they will be
submitted the turbine materials (imbalances, wear, etc.). The adjustment of the
the steam temperature at the boiler outlet is achieved by injecting atomized water at a lower
temperature through devices called tempering devices.

The elements that make up the water-vapor cycle are the following: - Feed tank -
Feed pumps - Degasser - Condenser - Condensate pumps - Others
equipment (condenser cleaning equipment, ejectors to create vacuum in the condenser,
condensate collecting deposits, etc.)
III) Steam turbine

Receive the steam generated in the recovery boiler. The steam turbine is divided into
stages. It is most commonly divided into three sections: high-pressure turbine, turbine of
low pressure media and turbine. Each of them receives steam under certain pressure conditions
determined temperatures. This division achieves a greater utilization of the steam
generated in the boiler and problems derived from condensation in the final stages are avoided
from the turbine. When the plant is a single shaft, a clutch system may be necessary that
allow both turbines to operate independently if necessary. This allows, for example, to perform
maintenance work on the steam turbine while the gas turbine remains in
To start, the ability to reach full load very quickly will be needed only with a gas turbine.
But above all, it is useful for facilitating starts, as the gas turbine carries the weight of
the steam turbine in the initial phase. There are power plants with a single shaft that do not have this.
clutch system. In these plants, it is necessary to have auxiliary boilers that
introduce steam into the steam turbine in the early moments of startup to avoid
to weight the rotation of the gas turbine during this process.

A steam turbine can be divided into two fundamental parts: - The rotor or moving part - The
stator or fixed part A stage is the conjunction of a row of moving blades and fixed nozzles. The
The work of the turbine is produced when a jet of steam is propelled through the nozzles.
towards the moving blades. Steam turbines can be classified according to different criteria.
The most important are:

1. Type of steam escape. The two fundamental types are: condensation turbines and
back pressure turbines.

2. Type of supply steam and pressures within it. With extractions, with
reheating, with mixed pressures...

3. Type of casing or shape of trees. With a single casing, composed in tandem, etc.

4. Number of stages.
5. Direction of steam flow. Axial, radial or tangential.

6. Expansion that occurs, simple or multiple. Fundamentally, in thermal power plants.

combined cycle uses axial flow action turbines (in which the flow of steam is
parallel to the turbine) and condensation. Within this group, two notable ones stand out.
configuraciones:

Curtis turbine

Tateau Turbine

Currently, turbines with combined pressure and speed scaling are used.
The objective of the stages in the steam turbine is to reduce the speed of the rotor.
maintaining a blade speed close to the optimal value in relation to the speed of the
steam jet. Depending on the pressure and inlet temperature, the jet velocity
it could be too high if all the energy were transformed into useful work with just one
escalation.

In this case, it would be necessary for the turbine to rotate at a speed between 20000 and
40000 rpm. Mechanically it is not viable due to the dimensions that the reducer should have (box
of gears that would adjust the final speed of the axis to the desired one). The pressure stepping
its objective is to divide the total available enthalpy jump into n smaller jumps. In this
in the event that the pressure drop occurs in nozzle groups, so that the resulting speed
the steam is low enough to be absorbed by a reasonable speed of the impeller.
This process is repeated as many times as necessary to expand the steam.
completely.

For each pressure jump, a nozzle-impeller pair must be designed. It is important that the angle of
the steam outlet of the nozzle-rotor should be at 90º, so that the following pair can admit the steam
perpendicular shape.

Velocity stepping involves creating a significant pressure drop in a group of

nozzles and use the resulting steam velocity in as many blade groups as possible
necessary. It is necessary to take the exhaust steam from the impeller and pass it through a set of
straighteners reorienting it to fit into a second runner.

The steam turbine of a combined cycle plant can be divided into the following parts:

Low, medium, and high turbine bodies.

Steam inlet regulating valves for turbine.

Auxiliary systems (lubrication, seal steam, control air, etc.)

The vapor pressure in the high-pressure turbine is usually above 100 bar and 500ºC. In the turbine
On average, the temperature value is similar and the pressure is around 25 bars.

In the low area, the temperature is close to saturation and the pressure is slightly above 3.
losses. The most important factors in losses in a steam turbine are:

Vapor flow inside the nozzle

Steam rubbing as it passes through the moving blades

Steam leak when passing through straighteners

Friction losses when rotating the rotor disk in the space that remains in the casing

Mechanical losses in the rotor

The steam turbines used in combined cycles are essentially similar to the
employees in conventional plants, although they have specific particularities. In the
most gas-steam combined cycle power plants have, as part of the basic equipment, a
mixing heat exchanger called degasser.

This heater is not installed so much with the aim of heating the water at the entry of
economizer to eliminate dissolved gases in the water and prevent corrosion phenomena
in the boiler tubes. The steam turbines of combined cycle plants have advantages
which confer greater reliability compared to the large machines of thermal groups.
conventional.

Combined cycles generally operate with more modest steam conditions than those
conventional power plants, especially regarding steam pressure. This allows
simpler steam turbine designs, with a simple casing, with larger sizes and thicknesses
small ones that confer thermal inertia, reduced expansions, and lower fatigue.
In the design of combined cycle turbines, aspects such as the following must be taken into account:
Cyclic operation

Steam extractions

Escape from the steam turbine–

Settings

Number of bodies

Placement of the steam turbine in the powertrain

Steam intake valves

Assembly

Single-axis Plants:
The generator can be at the end of the shaft (easier maintenance) or
between the gas turbine and the steam turbine. In this latter case, there is a clutch that
couple the TV with the axis of the TG and the generator, allowing for energy production
only the TG is working.
Configuration:
Basic configurations used in combined gas-steam cycles In the configuration of
It is relatively common for several gas turbines to feed a combined gas-steam cycle.
with the steam produced by their heat recovery boilers to a single steam turbine.
This fact requires a classification according to the number of main equipment.
existing in the central.
The relative arrangement of the gas turbine and steam turbine axes, as
whether they are aligned or not, allows for another classification to be established according to the
number of main axes that make up the powertrain - single axle or multi-axle. In addition, in
the monoaxle, the generator can be at the end of the axle – greater ease of
maintenance - or between the gas turbine and the steam turbine. In the latter case, there is a clutch
that connects the steam turbine with the gas turbine shaft and the generator, allowing
produce energy by operating only the gas turbine.

1 x 1 = A TG that feeds a HRSG that produces for a single Rankine cycle

Single-axis configuration 1x1 without clutch

The advantages and disadvantages regarding the multi-axis configuration are similar to those described in the
configuración monoeje con embrague con los siguientes elementos diferenciadores:

Having the generator at one end facilitates its review and inspection.
Being unable to position the capacitor axially, this configuration requires a taller pedestal.
and greater investment in civil works than in the single-axis configuration with clutch.
Compared to other configurations, the static starter of the gas turbine has greater power, at
to have to drag the steam turbine at the start of the filming.
It requires an auxiliary boiler during startups to provide closure steam, vacuum steam -if
this is done with ejectors and initial cooling of the steam turbine during the running-in.