Summary

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1
II. The history processors ........................................................................................................... 1
III. What does it mean?- Does one go by architecture?.............................................................................................. 5
THE UNIT OF CALCUL...................................................................................................................... 6
2. THE UNIT OF CONTROL .................................................................................................................. 7

VI. Types of processors .............................................................................................................. 8

Processor dedicated .......................................................................................................................... 8
2. Processor a universal usage ...................................................................................................... 8
VII. Characteristics of universal use & specific use processors ........................................ 9
VIII. Example the processor ............................................................................................................ 9
IX. The advantages and the conveniences
X. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 9

I. INTRODUCTION
Computer science, a contraction of information and automatic, is the science of processing
l'information. Apparue au milieu du 20ème siècle, elle a connu une évolution extrêmement
quick. To its initial motivation of facilitating and speeding up calculation, has been added
many features, such as automation, control, and command of
process, communication or sharing of information.

In this mini project, we conducted a theoretical study of processor architecture.

universal usage (GPP), processor and architecture definition

II. The history of processors

1971: The Intel 4004 is the first processor produced by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce
Following the special order from the Japanese company Busicom. 'The Genesis' is the first chip.
including RAM (random access memory) & DRAM (Dynamic RAM). It is
clocked at 0.74 MHz and has 2300 transistors.
 Figure 1: the Intel 4004

1974: The Intel 8080 is the first Intel CPU not designed by a foreigner and therefore to
having real versatility in terms of its hardware deployment simplicity. With its
With 6000 transistors, it reaches a speed of 2 MHz and accepts a RAM of 64 KB.

Figure 2: Intel 8080

1975: After the oil crisis of 1973, Motorola was forced to reduce its workforce.
Motorola engineers react and build a processor based on a
8-bit architecture, very simplified and sold for $25. It has huge success despite its limitations.
hardware. It equips computers and game consoles. Clocked at 1MHz.
1976: The Zilog Z80 is similar to Intel's 8080 but is cheaper and more advanced;
always with an 8-bit bus, it has an integrated memory refresh
DRAM, a frequency of up to 2.5 MHz, then with improvements, up to 4 MHz. It
contains 8500 transistors

Figure 3: ZILOG Z80

1982: The Intel 80286 is the successor to the 8086. It has 134,000 transistors and is clocked at 8
MHz. Compared to the previously mentioned processors, it operates on 16 bits which allows it
allows to be twice as fast as the 8086. This novelty is an evolution since it
is the first multitasking processor in the hardware sense of the term, meaning capable of
manage multiple elements at the same time. The multinational firm IBM is the first to
equip their computers with this processor.

1985: The Intel 80386 comes into play following the failure of the iAPX432 from 1981. Like the latter, it
works in 32 bits and accepts 4 GB of RAM. It consists of four execution levels,
a simple and more advanced memory management than its predecessors. It is clocked between
12 and 16 MHz and incorporates 275,000 transistors.

1988: The arrival of the company Cyrix on the international scene did not go unnoticed.
Their microprocessors, the FasMath, will play a major role in the following decade with
the clones of Intel's Pentium. They are known to be 20 to 30% more powerful than their
homologues

1995: The Intel Pentium Pro is built on a new architecture, the 'P6'. This allows for
convert complex information into micro-instructions that can be rearranged
in the pipeline to be executed out of order. This microprocessor
was reserved for servers. It is produced in different versions clocked at 150, 166, and 200.
MHz. The Pentium Pro houses 5.5 million transistors.
 Figure 4: Intel Pentium Pro

1996: The Cyrix 6x86 has an architecture similar to that of the Pentium Pro, it operated
on the same motherboards as the Pentium and proved to be more performant at equal frequency.
It was clocked at 133MHz and contained 6.6 million transistors. The 6x86 was
economic and fast but was slowed down at the level of its floating point unit (FPU)

2000: On the occasion of the new millennium, Intel engineers decided to equip their
last chip of the Pentium generation, with a new architecture, the 'netburst', in order to
replace the P6. The netburst was fully optimized for throughput, but throughput means
also power. So with a frequency that did not exceed 1.5 GHz, this
The microprocessor turned out to be slower than the old Pentium 3. With newer versions more
powerful as the one at 2 GHz, the speed was improved, but in wanting to reach 4
GHz, Intel observed a significant overheating issue and was forced
to abandon the netburst. This processor has 125 million transistors.

2003: Intel realizing that the architecture three years earlier was not made for the
energy savings, decided to revisit the architecture of the Pentium 3 and to release a plan
B: the Pentium M. It consumes little energy for good performance and is seen
achieve great success on numerous machines called Centrino.

2008: Here is Intel's most recent and powerful microprocessor today, the core i7.
The Core x comes in three generations of the evolution of the P6 architecture: the ix, the
Sandy Bridge ix 2000 and Ivy Bridge ix 3000. They are the current most advanced microprocessors.
performing and increasingly overtaking the other giant, AMD. The first generation of ix
has about 750 million transistors; the second one has about 1.15
billions and the third generation has 1.4 billion
 Figure 5: Intel i7

III. What is meant by architecture?

The architecture of a microprocessor system represents the organization of its various
units and their interconnections. The choice of an architecture is always the result of a
compromise

between performances and costs

between efficiency and ease of construction

between ensemble performances and ease of programming

- etc

[Link] is a processor?

The processor (microprocessor) is the most well-known hardware component of a system.

micro-programmed. It is the intelligent unit for processing information. Its work
consists of reading programs (sequences of instructions), decoding them, and executing them. The
The 1980s saw the emergence of these circuits with the Zylog Z80, Motorola 6800, and the 8085.
from Intel which is often used as a microcontroller. With the arrival of IBM's PC-XT and
The use of the 8088, INTEL became the master of the market in the late 80s. The interfacing of
processor with the outside requires 3 buses: a data bus, an address bus, and a bus
of command. There are processors based on CISC architecture and others based on
the RISC architecture.

[Link] STRUCTURE OF A PROCESSOR

The different components of the Processor can be grouped into two blocks.
mainly, the processing unit and the control unit
 Figure 6: Simplified architecture of a processor

THE PROCESSING UNIT

It is composed of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and a certain number of
records

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

Figure 7: The Arithmetic and Logic Unit

It consists of a combinational logic circuit that receives two operands A (An.

. . A1 A0) and B (Bn . . . B1 B0) and produces the result S (Sm . . . S1 S0) according to the instruction
applied to input C (Ck . . . C1 C0). The operations performed can be either
arithmetic, S=A+B, S=A-B, S=A*B … or logical S=A OR B, S=A AND B, S=A XOR B

The registers:

These are elementary memories that can each contain an operand. The registers
can be 8, 16, or 32 bits.
 2. THE CONTROL UNIT
It is the control unit that supervises the conduct of all operations within the
Processor. It is mainly composed of:

The clock:

It is the clock that generates the signals that enable timing and synchronization.
of all operations. Note that the clock is not a watch in the common sense of
term, it is just a square signal that has a fixed frequency (3 GHz for example), at each
clock strike, the microprocessor (which let us not forget is just a circuit
Electronics) performs a basic task. Executing an instruction requires
several strikes of the clock.

There are processors that execute one instruction per clock cycle.

The PC program counter

The program counter (P C: program counter) is a register (pointer) that

contains the address of the memory cell where the next instruction element is stored that
must be loaded into the processor to be analyzed and executed. At the beginning of the execution
of a program, the PC is initialized by the operating system at the memory address where it is
stored the first instruction of the program. The program counter is incremented
automatically every time an instructional element is loaded into the
processor

The instruction register RI

This is where the CPU stores the currently executing instruction.

The decoder

He is the one who will 'decode' the instruction contained in RI and generate the logic signals.
correspondent and communicate them to the sequencer.

The sequencer

He manages the sequencing of operations and generates the control signals that will activate
all the elements that will participate in the execution of the instruction, especially the ALU.

The civil registry

The status register is made up of several bits called flags or indicators (Flags) that
are positioned by the ALU after each operation. For example, the Z indicator indicates when
it is established that the result of the operation is equal to Zero. Indicator C indicates that
The operation generated a carry. The N bit indicates that the result is negative… We have
of a game of instructions conditioned by the state of different flags

VI. Types of processors

Dedicated processor
Les processeurs dédiés sont entièrement affectés à une seule partition logique.

If you choose to assign dedicated processors to a logical partition, you must in

assign at least one. Likewise, if you want to withdraw processor resources from a
dedicated logical partition, you must remove at least one processor from this partition
logic.

On systems managed by an HMC (Hardware Management Console), some

Dedicated processors are allocated to logical partitions using partition profiles.

By default, a stopped logical partition that uses dedicated processors sees them set to
the layout of unbound logical partitions using shared processors. If one
unbounded logical partition needs additional processor resources, it can
use the inactive processors belonging to the dedicated powered-off logical partition, to
condition that the total number of processors used by the unbridged logical partition does not
does not exceed the number of virtual processors assigned to it, and that the use of these
inactive processors do not lead to exceeding the maximum number of units of
processing of the shared processing pool. When you enable the dedicated logical partition
while an unbounded logical partition utilizes the processors, it retrieves all its
processing resources. If you use the HMC console, you can prevent that
dedicated processors are used in the shared processing pool by disabling this
function in the properties panels of the console partitions.

You can also define the properties of a logical partition using

dedicated processors so that unused processing cycles on these processors
may be made available unbounded logical partitions when the partition
The logic of dedicated processors is running. You can at any time
change the sharing mode of dedicated processors without having to stop and
restart the logical partition.

2. General-purpose processor
General-purpose processors can be programmed. The program executed by a
the processor is kept in memory in the form of a list of instructions. It is often referred to
to this type of processor by the name of 'microprocessor'. A microcontroller is a case
particular of a general-purpose processor. A specialized processor is a processor for
general use to which special instructions have been added.
VII. Characteristics of universal and specific use processors
Universal use processors are characterized by a set of instructions.
machine instructions is the set of machine instructions that a computer processor can
execute).

They can be programmed in software.

The program executed by a processor is kept in memory in the form of a
list of instructions.
They are often called microprocessor or central processing unit.
A microcontroller is a special case of a general-purpose processor.
Application-specific processors are not programmable in software and are designed
in order to meet a unique need.
They are less complex and more efficient than general-purpose processors.
Their design often requires a lot of effort.
Changer leur fonction implique changer leur structure.

VIII. Example of a processor:

Example of a processor for specific use:
Blackjack player

IX. The advantages and the drawbacks

X. Conclusion