Class 8

Unit-1
[Link] Excel: Cell Referencing
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Absolute
2. D$5 – 10
3. 4*B20
4. =
5. $
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer:1
 Absolute Referencing: In absolute referencing, the cell address remains fixed when
copied.
Example: =$B$1 * A2 → Here, $B$1 will not change when copied to other cells.
 Mixed Referencing: In mixed referencing, either the row or column is fixed.
Example: $B4 (column fixed), or B$4 (row fixed).
Answer: 2
 The $ sign is used to lock rows or columns in a cell reference to prevent them from
changing when copying formulas. In $B$1, both the row and column are fixed
(absolute referencing). In B$1, only the row is locked, while in $B1, only the column
is locked. This helps in maintaining consistent references in calculations.
Answer: 3
 Excel identifies a formula when it starts with = or +.
 Without these signs, Excel treats it as plain text or a number.
 Example: =A1+B1 adds values of cells A1 and B1.
Answer: 4
 Relative referencing automatically updates the cell references when formulas are
copied to other cells.
 It saves time and avoids manual adjustments.
 Example: =A1+B1 becomes =A2+B2 when dragged down.
 2. MS Excel Functions
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. A
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Function
2. Cell
3. Single Value
4. Aggregate
5. Autosum
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer:1
A function is a built-in feature of Excel used to perform specific calculations automatically. A
formula is a user-defined expression created using cell references and operators. Functions
are easier and quicker for common tasks like sum, average, etc., while formulas offer more
flexibility.
Answer: 2
COUNT() counts only numeric values in the given range, while COUNTA() counts all non-
empty cells, including text and numbers. COUNT is used for numerical data, whereas
COUNTA is for general data presence.
Answer: 3
 MAX() returns the largest value from a set.
 COUNTIF() counts values that meet a specific condition.
 TODAY() returns the current date from the system.
 LEN() returns the number of characters in a text.
Answer: 4
a. Use =LEN("YourName") to find the number of letters in your name.
b. Use =MID("HOLIDAYS ARE FUN", 1, 7) to extract the word “HOLIDAY”.
 3. Image Manipulation with Gimp
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. C
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Text
2. Color picker
3. Threshold
4. Flattened
5. Locked
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer:1
GIMP provides various selection tools (e.g., Rectangle, Fuzzy Select, Free Select) to handle
different selection needs such as geometric shapes, color-based selections, or freehand
selections. This ensures users can precisely isolate parts of an image for editing.
Answer: 2
 Crop: Removes unwanted outer portions of an image.

 Scale: Resizes a selection or entire image.

 Warp: Distorts pixels to create artistic effects.
Answer: 3
Layers allow separate editing of different image elements (e.g., sky, clouds) without affecting
other parts. They make complex artwork manageable and enable non-destructive editing.
Answer: 4
Layers can be merged (Flatten/Merge Down), duplicated, hidden/unhidden (Eye icon), locked
(Lock icon), or deleted for better workflow control.
Answer: 5
Filters are preset effects (e.g., Blur, Sharpen, Cubism) that enhance or stylize images quickly.
They save time by automating complex adjustments like lighting or texture changes.
 4. Algorithm and Flowcharts
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. D
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Programs
2. Algorithm and Flowchart
3. Language
4. Decision
5. Condition
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer:1
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure designed to solve a problem or perform a specific
task. It consists of a finite set of clear instructions that take inputs, process them, and produce
the desired output. Algorithms are written in simple language and are independent of any
programming language, making them easy to understand before actual coding begins.
Answer: 2
A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm using standardized symbols and
arrows. It visually depicts the sequence of steps, decisions, and flow of control in a program.
Flowcharts help in understanding the logic of a program more clearly than textual algorithms,
as they use shapes like rectangles for processes and diamonds for decision points.
Answer: 3
 Algorithms break down complex problems into smaller, manageable steps, making
problem-solving easier.
 They are language-independent, so they can be understood by anyone without
programming knowledge.
Answer: 4
 Flowcharts provide a visual representation of the program logic, making it easier to
understand and analyze.
 They help in identifying errors and inefficiencies in the logic before actual coding
begins.
Answer: 5
A loop is a programming construct that allows a set of instructions to be executed repeatedly
based on a condition. It helps in automating repetitive tasks, such as displaying a message
multiple times or processing a list of items, without writing the same code again and again.
Answer: 6
 Terminator (Oval): Represents the start and end points of the flowchart.
 Process (Rectangle): Denotes any computational or data manipulation step.
 Decision(Diamond): Used for conditional branching, where the flow can take
different paths based on a condition.
 Input/Output (Parallelogram): Represents data input or output operations.
  Connector (Circle): Links different parts of the flowchart, especially when it spans
multiple pages.
Answer: 7
Steps:
1. Start (Oval)
2. Set Alarm = 6 AM (Rectangle)
3. Check Current Time (Decision Diamond):
 NO (Time ≠ 6 AM): Loop back to "Check Current
Time"
 YES (Time = 6 AM): Proceed to next step
4. Ring Alarm (Rectangle)
5. End (Oval)

Answer: 8
Steps:
1. Start
2. Input car average (km/litre)
3. If average ≤ 0 OR average > 28:
 Set average = 16
4. Calculate fuel needed = 300 km / average
5. Display fuel required
6. End
 5. Computer programming Languages
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. D
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. NOT
2. Event
3. SQL
4. Fourth
5. Modules
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer: 1
 First Generation (Machine Language):
Example: Binary code (0s and 1s)
Unique Feature: Fastest execution and least memory usage.
 Second Generation (Assembly Language):
Example: MOV, ADD, SUB instructions
Unique Feature: Uses mnemonics; easier than machine code but still hardware
dependent.
 Third Generation (High-level Language):
Example: C, C++, Java
Unique Feature: Easy to understand and portable across different systems.
 Fourth Generation (4GL):
Example: SQL
Unique Feature: Requires the least programming skills; close to human language.
 Fifth Generation (5GL):
Example: Prolog, Mercury
Unique Feature: Based on artificial intelligence and logic-based problem solving.
Answer: 2
 Second Generation (Assembly Language): Uses mnemonic codes; still machine-
dependent and needs detailed hardware knowledge.
 Third Generation (High-level Language): Uses English-like statements, is machine-
independent, and easier for humans to read and write.
Answer: 3
 A compiler translates the entire program into machine code at once and reports all
errors together.
 An interpreter translates and executes the program line by line and stops when it
finds an error.
Answer: 4
 Arithmetic Operators:
 + (Addition): Adds two numbers. Example: a + b
 (Multiplication): Multiplies two numbers. Example: a * b
 Logical Operators:
 AND: Returns true if both conditions are true. Example: if (age > 18 AND has ID)
 NOT: Reverses the logical state. Example: if NOT(raining)
Answer: 5
Pseudocode is a step-by-step description of a program's logic using simple English-like
instructions. It helps in planning a program before writing it in an actual programming
language.
Pseudocode to calculate the perimeter of a rectangle:
Start
→ Input the length
→ Input the width
→Calculate perimeter as 2 × (length + width)
→Display the perimeter End
 Unit 2
6. HTML forms
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. ID
2. Textbox
3. Reset
4. Textarea
5. Select, Option
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer: 1
HTML forms are used to collect data from users on a web page. They allow users to input
information using various controls such as textboxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, and
dropdown lists. These inputs allow users to enter and submit data, which is then sent to a web
server for processing. Forms are essential in building interactive web applications like
registrations, logins, surveys, etc
Answer: 2
<form>
Username: <input type="text" name="username"><br>
Password: <input type="password" name="password"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>
Answer: 3
Radio buttons are grouped by giving them the same name attribute, so only one in that group
can be selected at a time. Each radio button should have a unique ID.
Example:
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender"> Male
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender"> Female
Answer: 4
 Submit button (type="submit") sends the form data to the server or defined action
URL.
 Reset button (type="reset") clears all input fields and resets the form to its initial state.
Answer: 5
 The multiple attribute on <select> allows the user to choose many options (multi-select
list).
 The selected attribute on <option> marks an option as selected by default when the
form loads.
 7. Programming in Python
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. B
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. strings, numbers
2. ==, =
3. String
4. Zero
5. continue
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer: 1
In Python, comparison operators are used to compare two values. They return either True or
False depending on whether the condition is satisfied. These include operators like >, <, ==,
!=, >=, and <=.
On the other hand, logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions. They operate
on the result of comparison operations. The main logical operators are and, or, and not.
Example:
 Comparison: 8 > 5 → True
 Logical: (8 > 5) and (9 != 8) → True
Answer: 2
Significance of Variables:
1. They store information that can be used and manipulated later.
2. Make the program readable and reusable.
3. They are essential in calculations, loops, and decision-making in any programming
language.
Rules to Name a Variable in Python:
1. A variable name must be a single word (no spaces).
2. It can contain letters (A–Z, a–z), digits (0–9), and underscore (_) characters.
3. A variable name cannot start with a digit.
4. It cannot be a Python keyword (like if, else, print, etc.).
5. Python variable names are case-sensitive. So, Age and age are considered two
different variables.
Answer: 3
The if-else statement is used for branching in a program. It allows a program to choose
between two or more paths of execution based on a condition.
 The if part checks a condition.
 If the condition is True, the block under if is executed.
 Otherwise, the block under else is executed.
This helps in making decisions and controlling the flow of the program based on different
inputs or situations.
Example:
a = 10
b = 20

if a == b:
print("Equal")
else:
print("Not Equal")
Answer: 4

Feature for loop while loop

Used when number of iterations is Used when condition-based looping is
Use case
known. needed.
Structure Uses a counter or range. Uses a condition to continue or stop.
Short and more readable for counting Flexible but needs condition handling
Simplicity
loops. carefully.
i=0
for i in range(5): while i < 5:
Example
print(i) print(i)
i += 1
 9. Introduction to Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. C
12. A
13. B
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. D

B. Mention the use of the following Python libraries in one line.

1. pandas
→ Used for handling and analyzing tabular/structured data like spreadsheets and
tables.
2. numpy
→ Used for performing numerical and scientific calculations using arrays.
3. matplotlib
→ Used for visualizing data through plots, charts, and graphs.
4. tkinter
→ Used for creating Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications in Python.
C. Categorise the following data structures as shown here.
Data Changeable Stores duplicate Items remain Can store different
Structure values in fixed order types of data
List Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dictionary Yes No Yes Yes
Tuple No Yes Yes Yes
Set Yes No No Yes
 Unit 3
14. Generative AI
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. A
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Analytics
2. 0
3. 255
4. NLP
5. Computer Vision
C. Answer the following questions.
Answer: 1
1. Text generation (e.g., blogs, stories)
2. Image generation (e.g., Canva, DALL-E)
3. Video creation
4. Music and lyrics composition
5. Translation (text, speech, etc.)
6. Data augmentation
7. Algorithm generation
8. Product and fashion design
9. Chatbots (e.g., ChatGPT)
10. Digital content creation (audio, video, text)

Answer: 2
Text normalization is the process of converting text into a standard, consistent format to make
it easier for Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems to analyze. It involves tasks like
converting all text to lowercase, removing punctuation, expanding contractions, and
correcting spelling errors. This ensures that different variations of the same word or
expression are treated uniformly.
Example: Converting “I’m” to “I am”, or changing “HELLO!” to “hello”.
Answer: 3
Emotion Sentiment
Refers to specific human feelings like joy, Refers to the overall opinion or attitude in a
anger, sadness, etc. piece of text.
Detected from facial expressions, speech, or Analyzed from written or spoken language
tone using tools like FER. using sentiment analysis tools.
Often classified into categories like happy, Usually classified as positive, negative, or
sad, angry, and neutral. neutral.
Focuses on opinion polarity expressed in
Focuses on emotional state of the individual.
content.
Example: A person frowning may be detected Example: "I love this phone!" shows a positive
as "sad". sentiment.

Answer: 4
Polarity in sentiment analysis refers to the numerical measure of the emotional tone behind a
body of text—whether it's positive, negative, or neutral. It helps AI models to quantify
opinions and categorize them accordingly.
Example: In the sentence “The movie was amazing!”, the polarity score would be positive.
Similarly, “This product is terrible” would return a negative polarity.
Answer: 5
Generative AI is highly useful for producing new and original content by learning patterns
from existing data such as text, images, audio, and video. It can instantly generate articles,
music, artwork, videos, and even programming code, saving human time and effort. This
technology benefits industries like entertainment, marketing, education, design, and
healthcare. It is also used in applications like content translation, data augmentation, and
product design.