Evaluating the integration of Artificial Intelligence in India’s Judicial

System: Opportunities and Challenges.

"AI can augment, but never replace, the innovative spark, emotional intelligence, and
nuanced judgment that define our humanity." 1
-Former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud
1. Introduction
India is one of the largest democracies in the world with a population exceeding over 1.5
billion. Despite, Indian Judicial System being one of the most extensive and effective systems
in the world. The Indian Courts have seen a constant increase in the number of cases
burdening judiciary with an enormous backlog case of over 44 million as per the reports. This
not only raises serious concerns for the judiciary but government as a whole. One of the
major causes that directly impact this is the shortage of resources in every sector including
judiciary which ranges from shortage of judges to infrastructural limitations, and procedural
complexities. There have been persistent efforts to address this problem wherein various
resolutions have been adopted which follows from promoting ADR to repealing certain laws.
The recent and most noteworthy measure is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
the Indian Judicial System to resolve the underlying pertinent issues.
The constant delays in adjudication acts as a critical barrier to access to justice and increases
the negative impact by subverting public confidence and disproportionately affecting the
vulnerable sections of the society. Therefore, it is crucial to respond to these systematic
challenges and embrace the technologically innovative solutions to reinforce transparency,
efficiency, and accessibility within the Indian judicial system. AI has the potency to help in
the transition of Indian Judiciary and play a pivotal role in fortifying that justice is rendered
in effective and sustainable manner to all and it reduces the backlog of cases.
1.1. Indian Judicial System
Indian judiciary is not just any other branch of the government but it is the backbone of the
country's legal and democratic framework. It is the constitutional pillar which is devised to
comply with the principle of legality, safeguard citizens' fundamental rights, resolve disputes,
and ensure justice and fairness in society. The Indian judiciary follows a hierarchical structure
that ensures the efficacious administration of justice across the country. It is guided by the
principles of independence, impartiality, and transparency.
The legal system in the Indian Judiciary was adopted from the colonial system of British
India. The judicial system is hierarchical with each tier having its own set of distinct powers
and jurisdiction. The Supreme Court being the topmost court of the country, followed by the
High Courts in each state and district and subordinate courts at further district and local
levels. There is a unified judicial system followed in India for both Centre and State level

1
CJI D. Y. Chandrachud, Remarks at National Conference: The Landscape of Technology in Courts in India and
the Way Forward (Aug. 10, 2024).
which ensures uniform application of laws and the judiciary being an independent body
doesn’t have any external influence which further guarantees impartial delivery of judgments.
1.2. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence in simple terms is the potentiality of a computer or robot to carry out
actions that are typically performed by intelligent beings or requires human intelligence. It
works upon various technologies which varies from machine learning to natural language
processing. Machine learning wherein on one hand refers to the computer or robotic system
learning from the already available data and natural language processing, on the other hand
refers to computer or robot system to understand the queries in the human language and
respond back to it in the same manner to provide resolution.
The Oxford Dictionary defines Artificial Intelligence as “the theory and development of
computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual
perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages”.2
The origin of the concept of AI can be traced back to 1950s wherein the term was coined by
an American Computer Scientist, John McCarthy in 1956. He defined the term AI as “the
science and engineering of making intelligent machines” 3. The concept has evolved over the
decades and has shown a rapid growth impacting the global industries significantly. It has
demonstrated its presence in fields ranging from healthcare to finance. The significant impact
of AI in the legal sector has its own set of opportunities and challenges. Ethical
considerations is one such pivotal point, especially in Judiciary as its foundation lays on the
principles of transparency, fairness and unbiased decision-making process.
2. Origin and Evolution of AI in Indian Judicial System
The huge pendency, inefficiency and complex procedural structure of the traditional paper-
based judicial system in India have not only increased the burden of the Judiciary overtime
but also denied justice in many cases as justice delayed is justice denied. Since early 2000s,
the judiciary and the Indian Government have tried to address this issue enormous times.
2.1. Incorporation of ICT in judicial process
The very first time it was in year 2005, when the Supreme Court of India formed an e-
Committee who will administer the incorporation and implementation of ICT (Information
and Computer Technology) across the Judicial System in India. Under the supervision of the
e-Committee, the e-Courts Project was launched. The project aimed to examine the practices
prevalent at that time and recommend changes to incorporate the modern technologies which
will ensure more accessible and citizen-friendly judicial system. The National e-Government
Plan (NeGP), which was introduced later in 2006, aims to provide all citizens with electronic
access to government services. The plan worked upon shifting from traditional paper-based
system to modern paperless system making judicial process more efficient and less time
consuming.

2
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries (Oxford Univ. Press 2022).
3
Rajaraman V., John McCarthy—Father of Artificial Intelligence, 19 Resonance 198 (2014).
Later on, in the year 2007 the e-Courts project was initiated to transform Indian judiciary into
an ICT enabled structure. The project was developed in three phases mainly to ensure
comprehensive applicability of ICT at all the levels of Indian Judiciary. The first phase
wherein primarily focused upon developing the basic structure of ICT integration model. The
second phase was the most critical and highly relevant phase as it was dedicated towards
universal computerization of case records and expanding the electronical services which
included video conferencing, e-filing and online payment gateways.4
2.2. Digitalisation and management of Legal Information
Earlier in 2016, under the supervision of Department of Legal Affairs (DoLA) of the Ministry
of Law and Justice, a web-based programme was created named LIMBS (Legal Information
Management & Briefing System) for government of India to track the cases involving the
Central government in a more transparent and effective manner. The programme is aimed to
track the complete life cycle of a case from High Courts and Tribunals.
Case Information System (CIS) is another such system which has been established in over
18,000 courts. It comprehensively mentions and tracks the complete life cycle of a case
starting from filing to judgments and disposal of a case.
2.3. Implementation of AI Tools
Although the broad acceptance of AI in Indian Courts is still a developing concept but a
number of initiatives have been introduced to study its potential outcomes. These innovative
initiatives show a growing understanding of AI's revolutionary potential in the legal system
and cover a variety of applications, from case management to language translation.
2.3.1. SUVAS (Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software)
The Apex Court in the year 2019 introduced the Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software
(SUVAS) marking a major advancement in making the legal system more linguistically
accessible to the citizens. The software is designed by AI committee of SC aimed to translate
the Supreme Court Judgments into vernacular languages making the legal information
explicitly available. SUVAS recognized India's linguistic diversity and aimed to eradicate the
language barrier that often makes it difficult to comprehend court cases and judgments. 5
SUVAS has shown an exceptional growth as of 2025. Action is being taken by the authorities
to appoint translators in each High Court to translate Supreme Court Reportable Judgements
(e-SCR) and High Court judgments into the state's vernacular or local language. As of 28
March, 2025, 47439 Supreme Court judgments have been translated into different vernacular
languages and posted on the e-SCR portal with the help of the High Courts, while 36344
Supreme Court rulings have been translated into Hindi. 6 Various High Courts including Panta

4
Press Note on [E-Courts Mission Mode Project], Press Information Bureau,
[Link] (last visited Sep. 21, 2025).
5
Harshul Gupta, “Scope of Artificial Intelligence as a Judge in Judicial Sector”, Indian Journal of Law, Polity
and Administration (2024).
6
The Artificial Intelligence Committee of the High Courts, Law Secretary, Courts (Annexure-I), Press
Information Bureau, [Link] (last visited Sep. 21, 2025).
and Delhi High Court have incorporated the SUVAS cell in respective High Courts. The cell
is dedicated to oversee the translated judicial documents in English and regional languages.
2.3.2. SCI-Interact
The Supreme Court after introducing SUVAS made all 17 of its benches paperless in 2020
with the aid of its software, SCI-Interact. This software helps judges take computer notes,
attach annexures to petitions, and access files. This program enhances transparency and
information access, in order to build public faith in the legal system and potentially reduce
vexatious legal proceedings.
2.3.3. SUPACE
The Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Courts Efficiency (SUPACE), which was
unveiled in 2021 by then-Chief Justice of India S. A. Bobde, is another noteworthy project of
SC’s AI committee. An artificial intelligence technology called SUPACE was created
expressly to help judges by gathering pertinent information and legal precedents from case
files. One of the goals of introducing SUPACE was that judges spend less time on preparation
work and more time on vital decision-making procedures by automating mundane research
chores. SUPACE is a multifaceted AI-powered platform which has the potential to speed up
case resolution and greatly improve court efficiency.
As of March 20, 2025, SUPACE is in its experimental stage of development for testing. Its
goal is to create a module that will comprehend the factual matrix of cases with an intelligent
search of precedents in addition to identifying the cases.7
2.3.4. E-Courts Project: Third Phase
Third and advancing phase is all about integrating all the recent developments and make it up
to date which means incorporating the latest machine learning and natural language
processing in judicial system. The E-Courts Project's third phase establishes a thorough
digital infrastructure for court procedures, laying the foundation for future AI applications.
This initiative includes virtual hearings, digital case records, and e-case filing, all of which
produce useful data that AI systems can use in the future.
Predictive analytics may incorporate AI to speculate case verdicts based on existing data and
identify trends in case law. The availability of smart device based applications for litigants to
further expand access would be another noteworthy aspect. With the help of the application
users would be able to see judgments, do e-filing of cases, and get case status information on
their electronic devices. It is anticipated that the advancements will contribute to bridging the
digital gap and making justice easily accessible to all residents.8
2.3.5. National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)

7
Use of AI in Supreme Court Case Management (Press Release), Press Information Bureau (Mar. 20, 2025),
[Link] (last visited Sep. 23, 2025).
8
Phase-III (eCourts Project), Department of Justice, India, [Link] (last visited Sep. 24,
2025).
NJDG serves as a monitoring tool for case tracking, oversight, and pendency reduction. It
facilitates in curtailing the case pendency and delays in disposing off the cases by offering
timely input for decisions regarding policies. It additionally simplifies to monitor systemic
constraints and court productivity, making it a valuable tool for administration of resources.
Data from 26 States' Land Records has been connected to NJDG in order to monitor instances
pertaining to land disputes.
Developed as a virtual platform under the e-Courts Project’s Phase two, the NJDG is a
database system comprising of orders, judgments, and case records from more than 18,000
District & local Courts and the High Courts. Data is updated almost instantly by the Taluka
and District courts that are connected. Data about court proceedings and rulings across all of
the country's digitalized district and local courts are provided by it. Additionally, all High
Courts have joined the NJDG via web services, granting the litigants with public convenient
access. As of the 19th of August 2025, litigants can access case information and over 32.19
crore orders and judgments related to these computerized courts using the NJDG portal.9
2.3.6. Official multilingual App of the Apex Court of India
The Android mobile app, created by e-Governance Support for the Supreme Court Division
of NIC, offers real-time access to a variety of helpful information for litigants, attorneys, and
citizens, including the Display Board, Daily Orders, Judgments, Office Reports, Circulars,
and Case Status. The app, which can be downloaded on the Supreme Court's website, is
currently available in 14 regional language scripts in addition to English and Hindi.10
3. Benefits and Uses of AI in Indian Legal System
AI can enhance the overall effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of the judicial process. AI
not only benefits judges as a powerful assistive tool but also help advocates obtain relevant
precedents in a more swift and precise manner. It gives litigants and citizens easier access to
justice through streamlined legal processes. Here are some instances of AI being used in the
judicial system of India:
3.1. AI facilitated legal research and data analysis: With the advent of AI-powered
legal databases, the process of conducting legal research has changed tremendously.
These systems use artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to analyse and categorize
cumbersome amounts of legal data in a far less time, making it easier for judges and
advocates to find relevant statutes and case laws. As a result, doing legal research
now requires more skills and less effort.
3.2. AI in case management and document review: Reduced delays and accelerated
justice: The emergence of these technological tools gives judges an edge towards
better arrangement and prioritization of their caseload by dealing with matters of
utmost urgency expeditiously with case management procedures. These automated
systems can facilitate in scheduling, monitoring due dates, and improving workflow

9
The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG), Department of Justice, India, [Link]
data-grid-njdg/ (last visited Sep. 21, 2025).
10
Developed by eGovernance Support to… (Informatics News), Informatics, NIC,
[Link] (last visited Sep. 23, 2025).
 management more efficiently. While reviewing the legal documents, it highlights the
major relevant information and facts of the case making it easy to understand and
decide the matter on merits.
Case Study of Telangana High Court: By incorporating the AI driven technological
framework in the administration and judicial functioning of the High Court, the NIC
and Telangana State Judiciary set a benchmark in transforming the judicial system of
the state. It was this year in April, 2025 that the system was introduced which allows
better tracking of all proceedings, optimizes calendar allocation, and improves the
management of judicial time. Notably, transforming the processes goes beyond
automating mundane tasks, it represents a new move toward a data-driven and
process-based judicial ecosystem. It established a dedicated resource platform for
judges similar to intelligent document management systems being used in corporate
institutions. It has developed speech-to-text transcription interface for judges while
processing cases, a judgment summarization application, and a translation system,
among others.
3.3. AI generated insights: predictive analytics: AI technologies can assist legal
professionals in predicting case outcomes and evaluating intricate legal issues. These
tools provide findings and recommendations based on data driven by natural
language process. This can play vital role in cases involving criminal laws because
these tools can recommend suitable penalties by examining trends in precedents. This
can also hold significant value in situations when there is a lot of evidence or
complex legal principles.
Case Study of Punjab & Haryana High Court: In the case of Jaswinder Singh v.
State of Punjab (2023)11, the High Court used ChatGPT in a bail petition to gain
insights into bail jurisprudence involving cruelty. The judge clarified that AI was
used to provide a broader perspective and not to influence the merits of the case.
3.4. Use of AI driven chatbots: improved access to justice: AI has the potential to make
justice accessible to all by rendering the legal services in more cost effective and
efficient manner. This will not only be beneficial for the unprivileged section of
society but for everyone who needs basic guidance related to any legal procedure.
There are many benefits associated with the justice department deploying AI
chatbots. From guaranteeing that legal aid is available 24/7 to minimizing reliance on
office hours and human personnel, it is valuable as an assistive tool.12
Case Study of Calcutta High Court: In June, 2025, the High Court became one of
the first to integrate an AI-driven chatbot system into its official website. The chatbot
would be upgraded on the basis of the reviews of litigants and its role would revolve
around providing the public with information about the 24/7 court operations and
procedural guidance.
3.5. Virtual Hearings: Accessible and litigant friendly: AI-powered tools play a
significant role in conducting virtual hearings. These AI based tools not only eases
the hearing procedure but also administers the process of scheduling virtual hearings,
11
Jaswinder Singh v. State of Punjab, CRM-M-22496/2022 (P&H HC 2022).
12
P. Thangaraj, M. Sharmila, A. AmuthaVarshini, K. Bharani Dharan & K. Yashvanth, AI Driven Chatbot for
Justice Department, 13 IJERT Issue 05 (June 2025).
 and organizing the case proceedings for smooth functioning of e-courts. Moreover,
these virtual courts can help persons from rural or isolated locations to access justice
remotely by enabling them to attend the court procedures without having to travel
great distances.
3.6. AI based Transcription: Enhanced efficiency: Artificial intelligence-based
transcription is being actively deployed in Indian courts, with the Supreme Court and
Kerala High Court leading the way. The purpose is to improve productivity, minimize
case backlogs, and ensure legal documentation is accurate.
Case Study of Kerala High Court: The High Court has mandated that all courts in
the state must incorporate "[Link]," a speech-to-text transcription tool, into its
legal system to record witness depositions. Previously, witness depositions were
written down by the presiding judge in each court, dictated in open court, or typed
out by the court stenographer/computer operator under the presiding judge's
supervision. To eliminate delays and modernise court proceedings, witness
depositions will now be recorded using Adalat AI. The High Court issued these
directives in an office memorandum dated September 27, 2025.13
4. Challenges and Ethical Considerations vis-à-vis Implementation problems
4.1. Algorithmic Bias & unintentional discrimination: AI systems that use algorithms
for decision-making possesses a serious danger of sustaining prejudice and
discrimination, especially if they are trained on basis of data that exhibit historical
biases. Such unregulated AI tools tend to disproportionately affect the marginalized
communities. In crucial areas like rendering justice and law enforcement, AI
possesses the risk of propagating systemic injustices rather than advancing justice.
This will undermine the constitutional duty for equal protection. AI tools if used
without any strict and culturally sensitive specific regulations, it might become a tool
for technological discrimination disguised as effective or rational.
4.2. Transparency & Accountability Issues: AI governance uses algorithms that are
inherently vague making it impossible to establish to hold responsibility. AI systems
usually operate as "black boxes," which makes the decision-making process difficult
to understand. It is crucial to ensure transparency in AI based decision-making
especially in vital sectors such as social welfare and law enforcement. In addition to
increasing public distrust, the inability to explain automated decisions might make it
more challenging to hold the law rendering institutions accountable. This opacity
weakens the openness and users may distrust tools because the logic is ambiguous.
To ensure accountability, it is critical to establish guidelines for evaluating AI models
with provisions for external audits, and judges must retain final authority.
4.3. Data Privacy & Security Concerns: One of the major concerns that arises with the
use of intelligent retrieval tools is the protection of privacy and personal data. Legal
case files consist of vast amount of sensitive data which needs a robust data
protection legislation to ensure the security. In absence of any robust legal

13
Giti Pratap, Kerala High Court Mandates All Courts in State to Adopt AI Tool to Record Witness Depositions,
Bar & Bench (Oct. 3, 2025), [Link]
courts-in-state-to-adopt-ai-tool-to-record-witness-depositions
(last visited Oct. 3, 2025).
 frameworks, the implementation of intelligent systems may lead to misuse and
breach of data. Although India lacks a thorough legislative framework to control the
use of AI, it has a data protection bill in place which seeks to tackle these issues and
prevent the misuse of private citizen data.
4.4. Lack of India-Specific Legal Outputs: AI models that are trained on the basis of
open available global data often misinterprets or omit nuances of Indian statutes and
precedents. It is necessary to have country specific robust framework to ensure the
credibility of the system.
4.5. Unreliable and Fabricated Data Outputs: The legal profession which is founded
upon the cardinal principles of accuracy, transparency, and ethical responsibility
cannot afford the statistical guessing. Like advocates and legal professionals AI tools
doesn’t possess the acumen to apply deductive logic and professional discretion to
validate legal arguments. If AI hallucinations go unchecked, they may even deceive
the experienced practitioners leading to undermining of public trust in judicial
proceedings. Therefore, understanding the technical and ethical dimensions of AI
hallucinations is essential for ensuring that legal AI systems are used responsibly,
with human oversight, factual verification, and rigorous training protocols in place.14
Case Study 1: In Buckeye Trust v. PCIT-1 Bangalore, the Bengaluru bench of the
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) decided to revoke a tax decision after learning
that it was relying on artificial intelligence (AI)-generated fake case laws. The fact
that the reported judgments were completely non-existent led to a fast withdrawal,
highlighting the dangers of depending on unconfirmed AI outputs.15
Case Study 2: In a recent case in the Delhi High Court, a petition was directed to be
withdrawn after it was highlighted that “each and every ground is false and fabricated
and AI-generated” with “non-existent” case laws cited. This raised serious concerns
regarding over reliance on AI tools without any supervision.16
4.6. Resistance to Change & Lack of Awareness: Legal professionals usually don’t
have time to spend in learning upcoming new technologies considering the
demanding workloads. There is lack of interest and technical competence which
tends to make them feel overwhelmed by the prospect of integrating new digital
solutions into their practice as they are already accustomed to their traditional way of
practices.
4.7. Infrastructure Gaps and lack of training: Most of the District Courts are not well
equipped with the latest modern technologies. Legal professionals have not received
any extensive training in technological tools and this makes it difficult for them to
use the AI tools.
5. Global experience of integrating AI in their Judicial System.
14
Magesh, V., Surani, F., Dahl, M., Suzgun, M., Manning, C.D. and Ho, D.E., 2025. Hallucination‐Free?
Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Tools. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 22(2),
pp.216-242.
15
AI Hallucinations in the Legal Field: Present Experiences, Future Considerations, ORF Expert Speak, ORF
Online, [Link]
considerations (last visited Oct. 1, 2025).
16
Delhi High Court Allows Plea to Be Withdrawn After Petitioner Cites Fake AI-Generated Case Laws, Bar &
Bench, [Link]
petitioner-cites-fake-ai-generated-case-laws (last visited Oct. 1, 2025).
This global experience of other nations is studied to determine the key integrations of AI
tools in the judicial system of respective nations. This will help in understanding the
challenges and implementation problems faced by other nations. By analysing the causes of
the challenges and most reliable ways to resolve the problem, we will formulate the
governance guidelines and recommendations for integrating AI in judicial system of India.
5.1. United States of America (USA)
USA has incorporated many intelligent systems in their judicial system like the
“Public Safety Assessment” (PSA) system which is used in making decisions with
regard to choosing a preventive measure against the accused in both the case of early
release and for determining the amount of bail. The “Correctional Offender
Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions” (COMPAS) system that assesses
the risk of reoffending by an accused and based on its recommendations, the decision
is made on measures of restraint and parole. In USA, the use of AI-driven chatbots
like ROSS has transformed the legal system by handling the petty tasks and allowing
judges to focus on more complex cases. The incorporation of COMPAS came with
criticism over biased decisions. A research conducted by the organization Pro-Publica
found that AI tool COMPAS was more likely to generate negative predictions for
Black people as compare to white people. This was due to the incorporated algorithm
in the system and as a result, it made biased decisions.17
5.2. United Kingdom (UK)
In UK, the integration of AI into its judicial system is not that robust. The use of
robotic systems for making decisions is viewed with skepticism by British officials,
who feel that humans, rather than intelligent machines, should make the final and
proper decision. They have certain AI tools for assistance which includes the “Harm
Assessment Risk Tool” (HART) which helps in predicting the probability of an offer
to commit the offense again. The nation also has a system called Digital Case System
(DCS) that basically helps in organizing the case data digitally. The use of the HART
intelligent system has demonstrated a pronounced difference of opinion between the
decisions by human and algorithmic data. The predictable models of behaviour have
been called into question because of the stark differences between the application of
AI and human judgment-based prediction.18
5.3. European Union (EU)
The European Union is at the forefront in the concept of referring to highly
developed robots as “electronic humans” and conferring rights and responsibilities
upon them. They have also established regulations for data sharing across borders
and established concrete legal and ethical standards for the use of AI in courts. 19 EU
17
Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu & Lauren Kirchner, Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the
Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased Against Blacks, ProPublica (May 23, 2016),
[Link] (last visited Oct. 1,
2025).
18
Marion Oswald, Jamie Grace, Sheena Urwin & Geoffrey C. Barnes, Algorithmic Risk Assessment Policing
Models: Lessons from the Durham HART Model and ‘Experimental’ Proportionality, 27 Info. & Commc’ns
Tech. L. 223 (2018).
19
Bolgouras, V., Zarras, A., Leka, C. et al., EU Regulatory Ecosystem for Ethical AI, 5 AI & Ethics 5063
(2025).
 has specific AI Charter named “Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence
in Judicial Systems and their environment”20 which specifies the five cardinal
principles that needs to be followed while using AI in its judicial system. The
principles revolve around respect for fundamental rights, non-discrimination, data
protection, transparency and under user control (a binding decision is made not by
AI, but by a judge). EU further has Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI which
mentions about the guidelines the AI systems need to abide in order to operate. EU
also has the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that was introduced to
protect the privacy rights and sensitive data.21
5.4. China
The integration of AI into the Chinese judicial system has been ongoing since 1990s.
In 2019, China introduced the resolution of online disputes through WeChat
messenger which allows the facial recognition to establish identity and use electronic
signatures while submitting evidences and statements. The decision in such cases is
made with the AI driven system. Recently China incorporated the AI technology in
its judicial system by unveiling an AI robot named ‘Xiaofa’ which will assist in
explaining the complex legal frameworks and give suggestions. Recently, China
introduced the "Smart Courts" project which demonstrates the ability of artificial
intelligence to improve judicial efficiency. AI technology has helped in considerably
enhancing case resolution rates by automating mundane tasks and giving real-time
analysis during trial. These improvements have reduced the workload of court
officials and sped up the legal process. But there have been certain challenges like
over use of AI in its legal system. It is often argued that intelligent systems lack the
human emotions and leads to decisions without moral considerations. This might
damage the public trust in the judicial system.
6. Key takeaways from Global AI integration
Each nation has their own set of AI tools that have been integrated in their respective judicial
system. There are certain lessons that India can take from other nations and develop a robust
AI integrated legal system. The United States has been at the forefront of AI development
with tools like COMPAS but there have been ample challenges in the path towards the
Digitalised system. The use of COMPAS received a tremendous amount of criticism for
providing biased decisions, raising concerns regarding the transparency and fairness issues.
From this, India must take a key lesson about the dangers of algorithmic bias, and it must
consider the marginalised section of the country. UK also faced its share of criticism on
misuse of AI by legal professionals and biasness in the system. Legal professionals have
recently been quoting AI generated fictious case laws in UK Courts. The overreliance
especially without verification has raised concern in courts. The use of fabricated citations
has also been reported in India very recently which provides an important lesson that India
should impose proper verification procedure to reject legal documents drafted using AI tools.
There should be proper guidelines by the judiciary to ensure avoidance of such incidents.
20
CEPEJ, European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems and Their
Environment (Council of Eur. 2018).
21
Vasiliy A. Laptev & Daria R. Feyzrakhmanova, Application of Artificial Intelligence in Justice: Current
Trends and Future Prospects, 4 Hum-Cent Intell Syst, at 394–405 (2024).
India should develop its data protection framework on the same lines as GDRP of EU. The
guidelines and other frameworks by EU make their system more transparent and bias free.
With the prominent example of excessive use of AI, China’ system highlights the reduced
judicial discretion. This is an essential lesson for India that AI is to assist and not to replace
humans in the judicial system.
7. Recommendations for developing an AI integrated Legal Model
Integrating artificial intelligence into the legal system of India is a challenging, but promising
task that requires careful and responsible planning. These are certain implementation and
developmental recommendations for integrating AI in the judicial system of India:
7.1. Building robust AI technology and Infrastructure: The foremost step is to have a
proper infrastructure and digitalize all the tiers of courts to make them AI compatible.
It is essential to have a connectivity across all the courts so that the data gets updated
immediately and everything can be found at one single platform. All the legal data
should be digitalized and there should be uniform data structure across the country to
make it more effective.
7.2. India specific AI tools: There is need for building tools which are designed
especially for Indian legal system. These intelligent systems dealing with public
institutions must be trained on specific data which is necessary for its proper
functioning. Each country has its own socio-legal and cultural frameworks which
needs to be considered while developing these AI tools. The data on which the
intelligent system algorithm is developed needs to belong to the specific country in
order to enhance its productivity and efficiency.
7.3. Comprehensive legislative framework: It is pivotal for India to develop a
comprehensive legal framework to integrate AI in its judicial system. The policy
should have certain cardinal principles like upholding the fundamental rights,
protection of sensitive legal data, transparency in the procedure, etc. It should include
the guidelines specifying the permissible use of AI in courts, accountability of AI
assistance, unintentional bias prevention, etc. There is need of a strong and carefully
structured legislation that is designed according to unique India’s unique socio-legal
and cultural framework.
7.4. Enhancing AI and technology literacy: For a successful integration AI in the
judicial system of India, it is necessary that the judges, lawyers and all the staff
members are aware of uses and limitations of AI. Conducting specialized trainings
and seminars would help in making the AI integration smooth. To enhance the AI
literacy there should be incentives for learning and completing assigned tasks. The
active engagement of communities and organisations in educating the people about
the uses and functions of AI in the legal system would foster the trust, enhance the
transparency and cultivate confidence of people in the judicial system of India. The
introduction of a user-friendly and well-regulated system would help in achieving the
goal of AI integration in the legal system of India.
7.5. Formulating Data Protection Guidelines: Having appropriate set of guidelines for
data protection is a necessity in this digital era where every data is prone to being
 misused in an illegal way. Although, India introduced the Digital Personal Data
Protection Act in 2023, which is yet to come into force. This is essential part of AI
integration as legal data contains tremendous amount of personal sensitive data. AI
governance framework should be compliant with the global data protection laws in
order to have an effective system like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR).
7.6. Formation of AI Supervision Committee: There should be AI supervision
committee formed under guidance of the Supreme Court of India. The committee
should comprise of Judges, Advocates and AI Experts. They should supervise the
development and integration of India specific AI model.
7.7. Role of Human Oversight: It is pertinent to mention that use of AI is beneficial only
when done within the restrictive limits. This will not only reduce the overdependency
on such intelligent system but will ensure transparency and efficiency. It will
decrease the chances of biasness and increase the accountability. Overuse of any
system often leads to unfavourable outcomes. One of the prime examples of this is
the recent decision by Kerala High Court, where it has put a ban on excessive use of
AI. It has come up with the “Policy Regarding Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in
District Judiciary” for a responsible and restricted use of AI in judicial functions of
the district judiciary of the state in view of the increasing availability of and access to
such software tools.22 "The objectives are to ensure that AI tools are used only in a
responsible manner, solely as an assistive tool, and strictly for specifically allowed
purposes. The policy aims to ensure that under no circumstances AI tools are used as
a substitute for decision making or legal reasoning".23
7.8. Public-Private Partnership: In order to develop ethical AI solutions designed
specifically for India, there is need to encourage collaborations between the
government organizations, private legal technological firms, and academic
institutions. This will help in advancing the already existing tools and further
introduce new more innovative technological tools.
8. Conclusion
The growing popularity of Artificial Intelligence plays an significant role in our society, and
its impact on the legal system is unavoidable. However, artificial intelligence cannot replace
human workers, particularly in the legal system. Strategic use of artificial intelligence in the
legal system will benefit both advocates and judges. However, the use of AI in adjudication
raises major legal and technical concerns.
Success stories from the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and the European Union
show that with thoughtful consideration effective integration of AI is possible which will
enhance the efficiency of judicial systems. India's key takeaways include establishing

22
K. Salma Jennath, “‘AI Tools Not Be Used To Arrive At Judgments’: Kerala High Court Issues Guidelines For
AI Use In District Judiciary,” LiveLaw (July 19, 2025),
[Link] (last
visited Oct. 1, 2025).
23
Kerala High Court, Policy Regarding Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in District Judiciary (July 19, 2025),
[Link]
comprehensive legislation, training legal professionals, developing infrastructure, and
assuring transparency and accountability.
Lastly, Artificial Intelligence should be used as a tool to assist the judges and the legal
professionals. The idea behind its development is to enhance the decision-making process by
reducing the delays and making it more effective. Thus, it is pertinent that the legal and
ethical concerns are addressed carefully in order to pave the way for better delivery of justice.