written by my-sefl

The table below gives information about the amount of tax collected ( as % of GDP)
in five countries for 4 years between 1975 and 2005. Summarise the information by
selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The table given compares the percentage of tax levied in these five nations,
namely Sweden, USA, Korea, Japan, and Turkey, over a span of 3 decades,
commencing from 1975.

Overall, an upward trend was seen in the proportion of tax collected in the five
countries over a period of 30 years, albeit with varying degrees. Notably,
Sweden's figure consistently remained the heaviest taxation burden from 1975
to 2005.

In 1975, Sweden recorded the highest tax-to-GDP ratio, at 46%, almost

double that of the USA (25.1%), which ranked second. This was distantly
followed by Turkey, accounting for 16.4%. Standing in the last place were
Korea and Japan, each recording an equal proportion of GDP, at nearly 15%.

Over the subsequent years, Sweden's figure surged to reach a peak of 70.1%
in the final year. A similar trend, but to a lesser extent, was observed in the
USA and Korea, each reaching at roughly 27.4% in 2005. Meanwhile, the year
2005 also witnessed a significant rise to 32.1% in the proportion of the tax
level of Japan. Interestingly, after declining slightly by 1% over the first five
 years, Turkey's share climbed remarkably and caught up with both Korea and
the USA at a comparable level by the end of the period.
(idea and vocab based on sample).

Từ nối
các cấu trúc so sánh, diễn tả số liệu
topic vocab

TOPIC VOCAB — SPECIAL WORD MEANING—USAGE

Main clause, albeit with + N/N-phr = although/even though

Main clause + albeit + adj/V-ing/N-phr

The heaviest taxation burden

= the highest tax-to-GDP ratio

The proportion of the tax level

= the percentage of.. .. …. ….
= the share of ……………/

A’s figure
= A’s share
= The proportion/percentage of the tax level in A

This was distantly followed by B ý chỉ là B theo sau A 1 khoảng rất xa

(ví dụ A > B rất nhiều)

nearly = approximately = close to = around = about = roughly = …

soar(ed) = skyrocket(ed) = increased dramatically

but to a lesser extent = smaller degree = more modest scale (khiem ton hon)
= lower magnitude (cuong do thap hon)

significant rise/increase/decline/decrease = marked / substantial / notable + V (ascent, descent)

after declining slightly = experiencing a minor decline/drop

= undergoing a slight reduction

caught/ catch up with sth = reached parity with = matched the level(s) sth = converged with
(bắt kịp với, đạt được sự ngang bằng với.. / )

comparable level = similar level = equivalent proportion = corresponding figure

(mức độ tương đương nhau, na ná = nhau)
[13/10]
KPI : Line, pie, bar, table
Line: The graph below shows different sources of air pollutants in the UK from
1990 to 2005. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and making comparisons where relevant.
The line graph given compares the amount of various sources of air
emissions, emissions showing in the UK over a span of 15 years,
commencing from 1990.

Overall, an upward trend was seen in the amount of air pollution

released through means of transport, whereas a reverse pattern
could be observed in other remaining categories, namely industry
and household. Notably, industry constantly remained the highest
air pollution level, albeit with a significant decline over the period
shown.

In 1990, industry recorded a peak of nearly 6 million tons, while

exactly 7 million tons of harmful emissions of the total could be
seen in the same year. Subsequently, the former witnessed a
considerable drop to precisely 3 million tons in 1996, before
continuing to dip steadily to around 2 million tons in the final year. A
similar trend was also being seen in the latter, which decreased
remarkably to roughly 4 million tons in 1999. After which it saw a
negligible drop over the next three years, before ending with
another downward trend to just over 3 million tons.

Turning to the remaining categories, both the volume of toxic

emissions released by transport and household purposes started at
an equal point, at only 1 million tons. By contrast, the figure for
transport experienced a fluctuation reaching a slightly higher point
than its initial point at roughly 1.5 million tons in 2002 and it dipped
slightly to 1.3 million tons in the end of the period. Meanwhile, there
was also a fall in the amount of atmospheric contaminants and
declined to a tiny fraction of approximately 0.2 million tons being
released.
[13/10] 5h22- 5h39 => 17p
( ~6.5 MARKED BY CAHTGPT)
The picture compares the three leading producers of various dairy
products, including milk, cheese, butter, and milk powder in the year
2012.
Overall, the larger amount of milk was produced compared to other
products. In addition, while the European Union made the most milk and
cheese, India was a top manufacturer of butter and China dominated
milk powder production.

In terms of milk and cheese production, the European Union took the
highest amount of milk production at 142,970 metric tons compared to
127,000 in India and 90,038 in the United States. In the same year, the
European Union also took the lead at 7,120 metric tons, which was more
than ten times that of Brazil, at only 700 metric tons and higher than that
of the United States standing at 4,925 metric tons.

Turning to two other remaining, namely butter and milk powder, 7,500
metric tons of butter can be observed in India, which was over three
times the European Union, at 2,040 metric tons. This was followed by
the United States with only 810 metric tons and the number of dairy
products manufactured by China was relatively comparable with that of
New Zealand, making up 1,200 and 1,110 metric tons, respectively.
Meanwhile the figure for the European Union just accounted for a lower
production of milk powder at merely 770 metric tons.

Từ của tôi Suggestion form chatgpt

produced generated / yielded / recorded /
accounted for
the highest amount the largest share/ the highest
output
made the most led/ topped the chart / dominated
compared to relative to / in contrast with
was over three times exceeded by a factor of three /
 was more than triple

The graph shows the value in US dollars (in millions of dollars) of

investment in funds of four categories from 1988 to 2014. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

The line graph illustrates the amount of money (millions of USD) being
allocated to four differents categories, namely company shares, fine art,
gold, and property between 1988 and 2014.
Overall, a significant rise can be seen in all categories mentioned above,
albeit to varying degrees. In addition, the greatest growth could be seen in
gold, allowing it to reclaim the highest expenditure at the end of the
period.

Looking first at gold and fine art, initially, around 100 million dollars
invested in gold and roughly 80 million USD invested in fine art. Over the
next 8 years, the former witnessed a sharp rise to around 140 million
dollars, after hitting the bottom at nearly 50 million dollars. Meanwhile,
the amount of money spent on fine art remained a relatively stable trend, at
roughly 85 million dollars in this period. Then, the figure for gold
decreased slightly to its initial point, before soaring to approximately 450
million dollars and finishing with 380 million dollars in the final year,
which was observed as four-fold growth compared to its initial figure.
Similarly, but to a lesser extent, fine art also witnessed a fluctuation over
the next decade, and then it reached the peak of just under 350 million
dollars.

Turning to the two categories remaining, the quantity of finance expended

in company shares rose slightly to 75 million USD in 1994, while property
fluctuated minimally to reach nearly the same point with company share in
this year. Subsequently, the data on company shares climbed considerably
to over 150 million USD, before rising gradually at this point to 250
million dollars at the end of the period. Property, however, showed a
smaller growth from roughly 75 to the south of 200 million USD in the
final year.
[25/10] ~25p
The graph below shows the percentages of tourists who used different types of
transport to travel within a particular nation between 1989 and 2009. Each tourist
may have used more than one type of transport. Summarize the information by
selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The line graph given illustrates how many travellers who used various forms of
transport to explore a particular country over a span of 20 years, commencing
from 1989.
 Overall, a decline was seen in the proportion of tourists moving by car and air,
whereas a reverse pattern can be observed in other categories remaining. In
addition, the figure for car had the highest number of tourists until around
2006 when it was overtaken by rail transport.

In terms of travelling by car and rail, the percentage of tourists going by car
started at roughly 47%, while taking by train accounted for a lower figure, at
around 35% in the same year. Subsequently, after reaching a peak of over
60%, the former dropped moderately to about 52% in the final year.
Meanwhile, the latter showed a gradual rise to about 58%, with rising roughly
5% each year, and surpassed the former in 2006, ranking the most popular
means of transport.

Turning to other categories remaining, the share of travellers using air

transportation decreased remarkably to about 20% in 2009, which was halved
compared to its starting point at roughly 40%. By contrast, the percentage of
visitors travelling by bus witnessed a growth to nearly 35% in the end of the
period, overtaking the figure for air. Meanwhile, the least common mode of
transport was seen in waterway travel, such as ferry. Although it increased
slightly to approximately 12% in 2004, before dipping minimally to only 10% in
2009.

Upgrading vocab table

My vocab upgraded by Chatgpt EXAMPLE

Means / forms / types of modes of transport, Among the four means of

transport transportation methods, means transport, car travel was
of travel, travel modes initially the most preferred.

Travelling by car car travel, travelling via car, Rail became the dominant
using private vehicles, road mode of transport by the end
transport of the period

Travelling by rail by train, rail travel, railway The share of people choosing
transport rail travel rose steadily

Travelling by air air travel, travelling by plane, The proportion of tourists

flight transport opting for air travel declined
gradually

Travelling by coach bus transport, coach service,

 long-distance bus travel

Travelling by ferry water transport, maritime travel, Ferry travel remained the least
sea routes preferred mode

The percentage of tourists The proportion / share / fraction /

rate + of + travellers tourists,
visitors,

Accounted for represented, made up,

comprised, constituted

Halved / doubled was cut by half, doubled in size,

twofold increase

surpass / overtake / Rail transport overtook car

outnumber travel in 2006

lag behind tụt lại phía sau Ferry travel consistently

lagged behind the other
modes

rank as the most / least xếp hạng phổ biến nhất / ít nhất Rail ranked as the most
popular popular mode by the end of
the period.

X remained dominant duy trì vị thế dẫn đầu Car use remained dominant
throughout the period throughout the period,
despite a slight fall later.

There was a noticeable có sự thay đổi rõ rệt There was a noticeable shift in
shift in... transport preferences among
tourists
[29/10]
The plans below show a public park when it first opened in 1920 and the same
park today. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.
The pictures given compare how a communal => public park, which was
first opened first in 1920 and the same park at the present. , has changed
up to the present day.

Looking from an overall perspective, the park has witnessed significant

changes, with many buildings being replaced and or newly added. In
addition, most of the old buildings have been superseded by several
recreational facilities, serving for relaxing purposes → leisure purposes.

In terms of the left-hand side of the park, a fountain situated in the

center was replaced by a large circle rose garden, surrounded by four
sides of seats. At the centre of the park, a fountain was superseded by
a circular rose garden surrounded by seating on four sides. By
contrast, two entrances in the top and the bottom of this rose garden
remained unaltered, while a row of seats, which next the former, was
removed. → a nearby seating area was removed Besides, the former
stage for musicians and two adjacent rows of seats were destroyed to make
space for a huge amphitheatre serving for concerts, while a line of seats in
the bottom and another rose garden in its left-hand side also have been
removed.

Meanwhile, the rose garden opposite this seating line still fixed
unchanged remained in its original position , both another rose garden
and a pond used for watering plant situated in the upper-right corner being
superseded to make place for erecting a new children’ playground and a
coffee shop. A glasshouse was observed in the bottom-right corner in
1920, after which it was cleared later demolished to add a water feature
and a car park's entrance in its left-hand side → an entrance to an
underground car park nearby.

(TA 6.5 / CC 6.5 / LR 7.0 / GA 6.0-6.5 —> Overall ~6.5)

The table below shows the number of visitors in the UK and their average
spending from 2003 to 2008. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The table provides information about how many tourist in the UK and their average
expenditure between 2003 and 2008.

From an overall perspective, there was an upward movement in most categories surveyed,
with the most pronounced figure could be observed in the number of visitors. In contrast, the
average length of stay declined after 2006, indicating an only reverse trend.

In terms of the number of travellers, the UK attracted around 24.7 million people in 2003,
after which this number soared to a peak of roughly 32.7 in 2007, before easing slighly to
31.8 millons of visitors. Meanwhile, the average length of stay of per individual was 8.2
nights in the first two years. Afterward, this figure recorded the highest number at about 8.4,
before slipping back to 7.7 nights in 2007, where it levelled off until the end of the period.

Turning to spending, the total amount of money spent by travellers rose steadily, ranging
from around 11.8 billions in 2003 to approximately 16.3 billions in the final year, recording
an impressive increase of 4.5 billions. Conversely, the average expenditure of per visitor
showed a modest growth, edging up from 475 million in 2003 to 511 millions throughout,
marking the increased popularity of people’ travelling preference in British.- CHATGPT
(TA 6,0 / CC 5.0 / LR 5.0 / GA 5.0 —> Overall ~6.5) -AI4ielts
The table shows data about what people in the UK thought the government should increase
spending on.

The tables given illustrate the opinion of British people on the prioritise of governmental
spending.

Overall, most men in the UK favoured education over health, however, a reverse pattern
could be observed in women, while other areas were the least popular choice for both genders
. In addition, it is clear that most older groups of people tended to prioritise healthcare,
whereas the younger ones preferred spending more on education.

In terms of gender, 55% of surveyed men believed the state should allocate more in education
compared to 40% of women. By contrast, the figure for health care being advocated by
women accounted for 48%, which was 1.5 times higher than that of men. Meanwhile, the
data on other areas in both genders were comparable at 13% for men and 12% for women.
Turning to age groups, approximately a half of those from 35 to 64 favoured increasing the
investment on health, while people aged over 65 was significantly higher, at 72% in
comparison to younger groups, accounting for roughly 30%. In contrast, 52% of people in the
25-34 age cohort prioritised education, followed by 40% for younger adults aged 18-24,
which was by far higher than other age brackets. Meanwhile, the proportion of age groups
prioritising other areas was diverse, with the highest figure for the youngest age group, at
35%, followed by 30% of those aged 55-64, around 25% for adults ranging from 35-54.
Conversely, the share of people in both 25-34 and over 65 age groups were considerably
lower, making up 13% and 16%, respectively.

12/11/25
The plans below show the ground floor of a library in 2001 and how it was developed in
2009. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
The diagrams compare how a ground floor of a library changed with several developments
over a span of 8 years, commencing from 2001 and ending in 2009.

Overall, it is clear that the library’s floor has undergone significant transformations,
especially with new facilities added and some others repositioned.

In 2001, there were 4 double rows of seats in the floor centre, while a newspaper and
periodicals area could be seen in its right-hand side. Meanwhile, looking to the other side,
there were two huge areas, with history above and a self help domain in the bottom of it,
whereas a large fiction region was seen on the top of the floor. In the bottom of the library,
there was a librarian’s desk above the entrance and a staircase situated in the right-hand
corner.
Over a period of 8 years, the rows of tables were turned into only 2 long rows of tables,
situated in the heart of the floor, while the newspaper and periodicals area was changed into a
new films and DVDs service, with a new computers area next to it. By contrast, the fiction on
the top of the library was repositioned to the left-hand side; its initial place was enlarged to
make space for a larger children’s books region. However, the two large facilities in the left
wall were shrunk to make way for 3 new regions, namely law, economics, and kitchen.
Finally, all old regions in the bottom of the map remained intact.

[engnovate: 7-7-7-7, chatgpt: 7-7–7-7, ai4ielts: 6-7-7-6]

Bài sửa

The diagrams compare how a ground floor of a library changed with several developments
over a span of 8 years, commencing from 2001 and ending in 2009.
 Overall, it is clear that the library’s floor has undergone → underwent significant
transformations, especially with new facilities added and some others repositioned.

In 2001, there were 4 double rows of seats in the floor centre → floor’s center, while a
newspaper and periodicals area could be seen in → on its right-hand side. Meanwhile,
looking to the other side → on the opposite side/ on the left-hand side, there were two huge
areas → large, with history above and a self help domain in the bottom of it, whereas a large
fiction region was seen on the top of the floor → at the top of the layout. In the bottom of the
library, there was a librarian’s desk above the entrance → was just inside the entrance and a
staircase situated in the right-hand corner.

Over a period of 8 years, the rows of tables were turned into only 2 long rows of tables,
situated in the heart of the floor → the four groups of tables were replaced by two long rows
in the centre, while the newspaper and periodicals area was changed into a new films and
DVDs service → was replaced by a films and DVDs section, with a new computers area next
to it. By contrast, the fiction on the top of the library was repositioned to the left-hand side;
its initial place was enlarged → expanded to make space for a larger children’s books region.
However, the two large facilities in the left wall → along the left wall were shrunk to make
way for 3 new regions, namely law, economics, and kitchen. Finally, all old regions in the
bottom of the map remained intact →unchanged.

VOCAB TABLE
changed into was converted into / was transformed The reading room was converted into a
into children’s area.”

replaced was demolished / was removed to make The old seating was removed to make
way for / gave way to way for a computer zone.”

moved / repositioned was relocated / was shifted / was The fiction section was relocated to the
transferred to lower-left corner.”

enlarged was expanded / was extended / was The children’s zone was expanded to
widened occupy the entire northern side

added was introduced / was newly built / was A new café was introduced beside the
set up entrance

reduced / shrunk was downsized / was diminished in size / The history area was downsized to make
became smaller space for new facilities

area zone / section / section of / part / portion The southern portion of the floor
/ division remained unchanged

facility amenity / service / feature / installation ral new amenities were added, including
a café and computer room
entrance main doorway / entry / access point The librarian’s desk stood near the main
entry

corner edge / side / end / section of the layout The staircase was located at the
bottom-right edge of the plan

in/on the left-hand side along the left-hand edge / on the western The history section was situated along
side / to the left of… the western side

at the top / bottom in the northern/southern part / The upper part of the layout was devoted
upper/lower part of the plan to fiction

in the middle at the centre / in the heart of / the central Two long tables were placed in the heart
area of the floor

near the entrance just inside the entrance / adjacent to the The help desk was just inside the
doorway / close to the main access point entrance

The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the
world.
over: phan lon uu tien dung agri, >< indus(north, europe)
asia cao nhat agri→ min cho cais con lai
body1:
over 80 cho 3 tk (agri)
domestic south =asia, afi lown hon 9
south 12 (indu) > 2 tk con lai
Body 2:
agri south ame > 2 time europe, < north 7%
indus more popular o north ame va europe ~ 50, while 10% o south ame

The pie charts provided compare how much the amount of water consumed for various
purposes by people in six separate regions in the world.
Looking from an overall perspective, it is clear that the majority of water used for agriculture
use in most areas surveyed, except for North America and Europe, which prioritized for
industrial purposes. In addition, the figure for Central Asia accounted for the highest
proportion of water utilized for agriculture goal.

In terms of the countries, which prioritized water to use in farming applications over other
purposes, a similar portion was observed in the amount of water used in three regions,
namely Africa, Central Asia, and South East Asia, which were → was over 80% for farming.
By contrast, there was around 9% of water used for household use in Africa, which was
slightly higher than that of Central Asia and South East Asia, at 7% each. Besides, around
12% of water utilized for industrial purposes was seen in South East Asia, which was greater
compared to the two areas mentioned above.

Turning to the other regions remaining, using water for agriculture was more popular in
South America (71%) in comparison to North America and Europe, at around 39% and 32%,
respectively. Conversely, Europe’s proportion of industrial utilization was comparable with
that of North America, at roughly 50%, which was by far higher than South America,
constituting only 10%. Finally, the ratio of water used for household use in these regions was
lower than 20% for each category.

The pie charts provided compare how much water is consumed for various purposes by
people in six separate regions in the world.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is clear that the majority of water is used for
agricultural use in most areas surveyed, except for North America and Europe, which
prioritize it for industrial purposes. In addition, the figure for Central Asia accounted for the
highest proportion of water utilized for agricultural purposes.

In terms of the regions which prioritized water for agriculture over other purposes, a similar
proportion was allocated to the amount of water used in three regions, namely Africa, Central
Asia, and South East Asia, which was over 80% for farming. By contrast, there was around
9% of water used for household use in Africa, which was slightly higher than that of Central
Asia and South East Asia, at 7% each. Besides, around 12% of water utilized for industrial
purposes was seen in South East Asia, which was greater compared to the two areas
mentioned above.

Turning to the other regions remaining, using water for agriculture was more popular in
South America (71%) in comparison to North America (39%) and Europe (32%),
respectively. Conversely, Europe’s proportion of industrial utilization was comparable with
that of North America, at roughly 50%, which was by far higher than South America,
constituting only 10%. Finally, the share of water used for household use in these regions was
lower than 20% for each category.

The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and women in different age
groups who did regular physical activity in 2010. Summarize the information by selecting
and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

The bar chart compares the proportion of men and women engaging in regular physical
activity across six different age groups in 2010.

From an overall perspective, it is evident that women were generally more physically active
than men across most age cohorts. Notably, the highest participation rate among women was
observed in the middle-aged group (45-54), whereas the youngest men group represented the
most active male group.

In terms of women, those aged from 35 to 54 accounted for the lion’s share of participation
rate, with just over half reporting exercising regularly. By contrast, the figure for females in
the 25-34 age bracket was gradually lower, at about 49%, ranking the fourth place among
female age brackets. Meanwhile, the youngest and oldest age cohorts were relatively similar,
with each roughly 47%.

When it comes to men, it is clear that the proportion of people aged 15-24 recorded the
largest share of regular exercisers, with more than half. However, this habit appeared difficult
to remain among males at later stages of life, as the figure for the next two age brackets
(25-34 and 35-44) dropped significantly to approximately 40%. Conversely, after the age of
45, people tended to become increasingly active again, with the proportion of those engaging
in regular physical activity rising steadily from 43% among males ranging 45-54 to roughly
47% in the over 65 cohort.

over
nữ tham gia tích cực hơn hầu hết nhóm tuổi
tỉ lệ cao nhất women ở (45-54) >< nam thì young men (15-24)
bd1: female
35-64 : cao nhất - over half
25-34 thấp hơn ~49
2 tk còn lại show số liệu tươn đương ~47, nhóm tuổi ít active nhất
body 2: male
15-24 highest
thói quen nay khó duy trì ở at later stages of live (25-34 and 35-44) ~ 40
sau 45 bắt đầu tăng lại từ 43 (45-54) to ~47 (over 66)

When it comes to men, it is clear that the proportion of people aged 15-24 recorded the
largest share of regular exercisers, with a more than half. However, this habit appeared
difficult to remain among males at later stages of life, as the figure for the next two age
brackets (25-34 and 35-44) dropped significantly to approximately 40%. Conversely, after the
age of 45, people tended to become increasingly active again, with the proportion of those
engaging in regular physical activity rising steadily from 43% among males ranging 45-54 to
roughly 47% in the over 65 cohort.
Cô Tạ hòa everse
Intro:

Dưới 1 phút
●​ Đối tượng nghiên cứu - Tự đọc biểu đồ/ Paraphrase từ đề bài
●​ The amount of N (uncountable)
●​ The number of N (countable)
●​ The percentage of N
→ Lưu ý: millions of tons of c02 emissions, goods, pollutants
→ the amount of Ns
Paraphrase (Synonym/ Sentence structure/ Different word
●​
forms)

Practice:
-​ The line graph shows/ gives information/ illustrates / compares the
share of females in Parliament of five European countries between
2000 and 2012.
-​ Upgrade:
=> The line graph illustrates the share of females working in parliament of five
European countries between 2000 and 2012.

=> The line graph illustrates how female representation in parliament changed
in five European countries between 2000 and 2012.
Overview - Dynamic chart

●​ Nêu trend của tất cả các đường - nhóm chúng vào các nhóm
(viết bằng 1 hoặc 2 câu tuỷ vào số lượng trend)
●​ Đơn giản nhất: điểm đầu và cuối
●​ Fluctuated with an upward trend/ downward trend
●​ The figure A dropped to the starting point after a mid-period peak / temporary peak
mid period.
+|
●​ Nêu đối tượng lớn nhất + khoảng thời gian mà nó lớn nhất (cả
giai đoạn/ trong 1 gdoan cụ thể nào đó - vượt mặt ai để đứng
nhất)
●​ Sắp xếp thông tin
●​ Dự vào sự quan sát của từng biêu đô đê có thể đưa thêm thông tin, viết câu như nào
cho phù hợp (tăng mạnh nhất nhưng luôn bé nhất; giảm nhưng luôn lớn nhất ...)

OVERVIEW:
-> Overall, the proportions of female members in all countries'parliaments
increased over the period, with the UK recording the greatest growth.
Additionally, Germany had the highest figure until around 2010 when it was
surpassed/ overtaken/ outstripped by Italy. (cấu trúc S V)

=> Overall, there were increases in the proportions of women working in

parliaments in all countries, with the greatest growth seen in the UK. This
country, however, always had the lowest female representation while the
opposite was true for Germany except for the latter half of the period when it
was overtaken by Italy. (có thể vt hoặc k)
(cấu trúc S + tobe + V)

=> Overall, all surveyed countries saw increases, albeit to varying degrees, in
the proportion of women in parliaments. Despite recording the greatest growth
being seen in the UK. Despite this, the UK

=> Overall, all surveyed countries saw increases, albeit to varying degrees, in
the proportion of women in parliaments. Despite recording the greatest
growth, the UK remained the country with lowest female representation in
parliaments throughout.
Body:
1.​ Tư duy chia - Không có cách chia nào đúng hay sai, hay có 1 cách chia
nào automatically giúp chúng ta có điểm TA cao.

Cách 1: chia theo thời gian Cách 2: chia theo đối tượng
-​ Chia theo xu hướng
-​ Chia theo độ

Body 1: 2000 - 2008 Body 1: Germany + Italy

Body 2: 2008 - 2012 Body 2: France
Body 3: the UK + Belgium
*****
Body 1: Germany + Italy
Body 2: the UK + Belgium + France

2.​ Cách triển khai chi tiết

Cách 1: cuốn chiếu - straightforward

-> tập trung so sánh trend mà thôi

Kiểu học sinh cấp 1:

+​ A tăng, B và C cũng tăng. D
cũng tăng theo xu hướng này
+​ Cohesive devices: also,
similarly = likewise, this trend
was also seen in/ the same
trend can be seen

Đối tượng 1 có thể mô tả chi tiết

(điểm bắt đầu/ lớn hay nhỏ) nhưng
từ, đối tượng số 2 trở đi, mệnh đề
quan hệ chính nên là mệnh đề chỉ
“trend”.
→ Looking first at Germany, Italy and
France, initially, roughly 34% of
Germany members of parliament
were female, with a subsequent
minimal rise to 36% at the end of the
period. Similarly, Italy and France
also registered increases in the
share of female members, climbing
from 26% to south of 40%, and from
25% to 32%, respectively. Notably,
Italy surpassed Germany from
around 2010 onwards as the country
with the highest female
representation in parliament.
+​ Germany tăng: 2%
+​ Italy: tăng gần 14%
+​ France: 7%
Germany -> France -> Italy
Italy -> France -> Germany

→ Looking first at Germany, Italy and

France, initially, roughly 34% of
Germany members of parliament
were female, with a subsequent
minimal rise to 36% at the end of the
period. A rising trend, but to a
greater extent, was seen in the figure
for France, which a more significant
growth of 7 percentage points,
reaching 32% in 2012 while the
largest increase was recorded in
Italy with figures climbing by nearly
14 percentage points to south of
40% of female members during the
same period.

→
WARNING
Key takeaways

●​ Dấu phẩy (,) được sử dụng để phân cách giữa hàng nghìn và hàng triệu.
●​ Dấu chấm (.) được sử dụng để phân cách giữa phần nguyên và phần thập
phân.
●​ Có thể viết đơn vị tiền tệ bằng kí hiệu (đứng trước con số) hoặc bằng chữ
(đứng đằng sau con số)
●​ Có thể viết đơn vị đo lường bằng kí hiệu hoặc bằng chữ (đều đứng đằng sau
con số)
●​ Luôn thêm “s” khi viết ở dạng số nhiều của các đơn vị như dollars, pounds,
kilometers.

●​ TRONG PIE CHART NẾU CÓ TỔNG 100% VÀ ĐỐI TƯỢNG CUỐI LÀ ĐỐI TƯỢNG
CHUA XÁC ĐỊNH → SKIP THÔNG TIN
VOCAB + STRUCTURE
 DIỄN TẢ XU HƯỚNG
STRUCTURE MEANING EXAMPLE

There was a steady rise in + N có sự tăng đều ở... There was a steady rise in the number
of rail users from 1990 to 2005.

S + witnessed / experienced / ...chứng kiến sự... Car travel experienced a moderate

underwent + adj + N (rise/decline) decline after 2000.

S + V (rose / fell / increased / ..tăng / giảm... The figure for bus travel rose
dropped) + significantly / significantly between 1995 and 2005.
moderately / slightly

S + climbed / surged / plummeted / diễn đạt sinh động (band Air travel surged to 60% before
dipped / plateaued (dao động) 8 verbs)- nghĩa là plummeting sharply in 2009.
giảm/tăng mạnh, giao
động

S + remained relatively stable / ít thay đổi The percentage of ferry passengers

leveled off / showed little change remained relatively stable throughout
the period.

COMPARATIVE LANGUAGE (SO SÁNH)

STRUCTURE MEANING EXAMPLE

X was higher/lower than Y by ...cao/thấp hơn… Rail use was higher than car travel by
...% (hơn nhau bnh %) approximately 5% in 2009.

X outnumbered / outstripped / X nhiều hơn / vượt Tourists travelling by rail outnumbered

exceeded Y qua Y those using cars after 2006.

X was nearly / roughly / almost X gấp đôi / ba lần Y The number of gold investors was
double / triple that of Y almost double that of property in
2000.

X stood at + figure, compared X ở mức..., so với... Air travel stood at 40%, compared
with + figure for Y with 25% for buses.

While X increased, Y showed a trong khi.. While air travel declined steadily, bus
contrasting pattern usage showed a contrasting upward
pattern.
 MIÊU TẢ CAO - THẤP

X reached its peak at ... (in year) đạt đỉnh Gold investment reached its peak at
450 million USD in 2012.

X hit a low of ... / bottomed out chạm đáy The proportion of air travellers hit a
at ... low of 20% in 2009.

X fluctuated around ... before dao động quanh... Fine art prices fluctuated around
peaking at ... trước khi đạt đỉnh... $80 million before peaking at $350
million.

MỞ RỘNG THÊM

STRUCTURE MEANING EXAMPLE

X rise/fall … số liệu. ý chỉ là Y cùng xu hương

Similarly but to a lesser extent, Y với X nhưng Y ở mực độ
rise/fall thấp/kém hơn X

a period of accelerated
growth/increase, with A
soaring/skyrocketting to ……. by +
(year), representing a more than xfold
(so với năm đầu)

A commanded the lion’s share được ghi nhận là cao

= recorded the highest fiure nhất

B followed a distant/closely second theo sau sát

nút/cách xa (nhưng
vẫn đứng thứ 2)

1% - 9% → single-digit shares
1-9 → single-digit numbers
SAMPLE ANALYZING
Intro: The table compares the average annual miles travelled per person across
different types/ kinds/ modes/ means/ forms of transport in the UK in 1985 and 2000.
Overview:
+​ Total: rose considerably
+​ Trend:
●​ Tăng: car, long-distance bus, taxi, other, train
●​ Giảm: walking, cycling, and local buses
+​ Ranking: cars rank first
Body: (Trend-based Division)
​ Body 1: Tăng
​ Car: feature (luôn cao nhất) + số liệu
​ Other: feature (số liệu thấp hơn) + số liệu
​ Long-distance bus + train: feature (xu hướng tăng tương tự) +
số liệu
In terms of transport modes that recorded growth, cars remained by far the most
dominant, with the number of miles travelled climbing from 3,199 miles in 1985 to
4,806 miles in 2000. Other transports, though much/ far less popular, also rose
modestly from 450 to 585 miles during the same period. Similarly, long-distance
buses and trains shared the same upward trend, with the former more than doubling
from 54 to 124 miles and the latter increasing steadily from 289 to 366 miles.
​ Body 2: Giảm
​ Walking: số liệu
​ Local bus: feature (giảm mạnh hơn nhiều) + số liệu
​ Bicycle: feature (xu hướng giảm tương tự) + số liệu + feature
(xếp hạng thấp nhất) + lồng vào đó mô tả Taxi
Regarding the other means of transport, the distance travelled by walking fell slightly
from 255 to 237 miles, while the figure for local buses dropped much more
substantially, from 429 to just 274 miles between 1985 and 2000. Cycling also
 experienced a downward trend, decreasing from 51 miles in 1985 to 41 miles by
2000, by which time it had become the least used mode, overtaking taxis whose
mileage surged more than threefold (from 13)/ more than tripled to 42 miles during
the period.
Question The table below gives information about the average annual distance
travelled by adults and the types of travel in 1985 and 2008.

Introducti The table compares the average annual

on miles travelled per person across different
types/ kinds/ modes/ means/ forms of
transport in the UK in 1985 and 2000.

Overall, the total travel distance rose ●​ Total: rose considerably

Overview considerably, with increases seen in ●​ Trend:
most motorised forms of transport, while Tăng: car, long-distance bus, taxi, other,
traditional modes such as walking, train
cycling, and local buses saw declines/ Giảm: walking, cycling, and local buses
the opposite was true for - the trend was Ranking: cars rank first
reversed for + X. Notably, cars
consistently accounted for the highest Note:
mileage/ the highest number of miles/ +the total travel distance: tổng khoảng
dominated in both years. cách di chuyển
+motorised forms of transport: các
phương tiện chạy = động cơ (car, bus..)
the highest mileage +traditional modes ( walking, cycling,..):
= the highest number of miles các phương thức di chuyển truyền thống
(số dặm cao nhất - đi được) +consistently accounted for: luôn
luôn/liên tục chiếm (highest/lowest)
Structure:
X saw/showed decline(s)
= the opposite was true for / the trend
was reversed for + X

Body 1 In terms of transport modes that Body 1: Tăng

recorded growth, cars remained by far Car: feature (luôn cao nhất) + số liệu
the most dominant, with the number of +sth remained by far the most dominant
miles travelled climbing from 3,199 miles ( vẫn thống trị cho đến nay- cao nhất qua
in 1985 to 4,806 miles in 2000. thgian dài)
+the number of miles travelled: số dặm
đã đi

Other: feature (số liệu thấp hơn) + số

liệu
 Other transports, though much/ far less Ăn điểm: though much/ far less popular:
popular, also rose modestly from 450 to (dù less phổ biến hơn nhiều)
585 miles during the same period. → vẫn tăng khiêm tốn

Long-distance bus + train: feature (xu

Similarly, long-distance buses and trains hướng tăng tương tự) + số liệu
shared the same upward trend, with the shared the same upward trend: show
former more than doubling from 54 to được 1 xu hướng tương đồng
124 miles and the latter increasing
Structure:
steadily from 289 to 366 miles.
X + tobe+ more than doubling
= Clause, with X more than doubling

Body 2 ​ Body 2: Giảm

Regarding the other means of transport, Walking: số liệu
the distance travelled by walking fell +the distance travelled by walking:
slightly from 255 to 237 miles, khoảng cách di chuyển = walk

while the figure for local buses dropped Local bus: feature (giảm mạnh hơn
much more substantially, from 429 to just nhiều) + số liệu
274 miles between 1985 and 2000. +drop much more substantially: giảm
mạnh hơn so vs walking, làm nổi bật xu
hướng

Cycling also experienced a downward Bicycle: feature (xu hướng giảm tương
trend, decreasing from 51 miles in 1985 tự) + số liệu + feature (xếp hạng thấp
to 41 miles by 2000, by which time it had nhất) + lồng vào đó mô tả Taxi
become the least used mode, overtaking
taxis whose mileage surged more than Structure:
threefold (from 13)/ more than tripled to Clause + time, by which time + clause:
42 miles during the period. vào thời điểm đó
the least used mode: ptien được sd ít
nhất
X whose mileage: số dặm đi dc của X
The table shows data about what people in the UK thought the
government should increase spending on.
The given tables illustrate the opinion of British people on the priorities
of governmental spending.

Overall, most men in Britain favoured education over health, however

the pattern is reversed for women, while other areas were the least
popular choice for both. Older groups of voters tended to prioritise
health care while the younger ones expected more spending in
education.

By gender, 55% of surveyed men believed the government should spend

more on education in comparison to 40% of women. The percentage of
females supporting an increase in spending on health stood at 48%,
which was about 1.5 times higher than the figure for males, at 32%. The
figures for other areas were comparable at 13% for men and 12% for
women.

By age groups, around a half of those from 35 to 64 favoured

increasing the investment on health, while the corresponding figure for
those aged 65 and over was significantly higher, at 72%. By contrast,
 52% of people from 25 to 34 prioristised education, followed by 40%
of those from 18 to 24, and under a third of 35-to-54- year-old
citizens. A meager proportion of the elderly advocated this investment
with 12%. The rates for other areas were more diverse, at 35% for
18-24-year-olds, 30% for 55 to 64-year-olds, and under 30% for the
other age brackets

●​ Take note trong bài:

-​ vocab:
+​ sb + tobe + the least popular choice
+​ Sb favour A over B = prefer A to B ( thích hơn)
+​ the opinion of sb = what peple in the UK thought = surveyed men believed …
+​ the government should increase spending on .. = the priorities of governmental
spending =
+​ The figures for sth(s) were comparable at (%) for A and at (%) for B.
+​ a half of sth
+​ around a half of : 1 nửa của ….
+​ the corresponding figure : số liệu tương úng
+​ meager proportion : tỉ lệ nhỏ bé (k đáng kể)