Model Stdy

design,Construction
cth the
engcneens assoctated
he yarious typs t hycauC
nd tbecEnt woSKng of the
Btructres (3uch asams,siutly ett)aryraulic
try to Benal out
machens (Buch as turbehes, þum7s ete)
the mAhne wold behale
tn advance., bow the tructwe or
cs actually Constructed
when itt es
the engiheers 8fantel a neJ
havepenfosmre
thes bletase. the f they
to p e i c t
and Bcient ec methol mdels and testeg
Structes and machins, b Po obencon, Obout
them en a laboratory, Bo as fo bom hydauht 2truct
behavian the þDBposed
he wconng and actul enstllateon
Offen thet com þleton er psefy,
Sfructe o7 whrch the model ts Known as
The the medet t's
tS known as p o t o t y p e ,and
Bcale motet or gemply model·
AdVantages o7 Model Analyses
and voning details o7 a hyeaul'c
(i)The behaviown be easely þretie too
&rucere or a machihe
machie Can
can be
ts model.
The, Bmooth woring ta hydnauli à
and reliabie ascentared byspedtg
Arucne r a machene Can be a
constetutes negizbie fshcteon
which
a Smal Sum, þdobtype.
the totad Cost to be spent on the
machehe c mae
(i)S;he hydauie 2rckere oroe|toe, t Very 'sticuls
directly, hen e aseMoreot et
to Chare s
desen. Moreoven t es veiy Costy to
rebuil the Bame.
model and testeng t eh the (oboraton
Thees, and material, d
he svng ok human labolnumber
results ch the
testeng, a o
(ii)wcth tte help of
altennatcve deslns
model
model
tiedFnaly
n be
be Stuied, Fehally, the most
Beleoted.
eOonocal ,accíiate and afe desezn may be
hucte t
(iv), ase when the existeg hydiaulictesteng Can
n t tuncteone,toopey fhe alel
thedefects helt
h deteckeg hd 'rect-b the
(v)Sometenes t sþlexditbicult to design a fanticutan
hydiauie ruwe or machine,
Fosteon o7 a om festeng ts very esental.
Sn Bucha case
ase, the
the molel
model festig iabèlety
iabèlety
en rden to ascentain the Bayety ad
ttat þantiauan posteon ot the þsototy pe
 Semeletude-Tyes of SEmelat t
1know the Com plete tooneng and behaviown O6 the
1Oe, from cts model, thee hotd be a onplere
model.
Bemeaety ketueon he and et Bale
poototyte
The's Senelanety s known ag bylautie seniletdee
hyuic cmeHree
Thene ale th types
be established ko Comþlete &m atya toemelarite
exists Betuee
the motel an tts Joototyp. "These ae
Geometic Seme lat:
Gieometic Senelarety excsts betoeen te model and
the foototyte. it the rato of Correstoning length dimensions
in the model and the þoototy}e, ateeeal. Such rateo ro
detined as Soale reteo and be w1 Hen as

Legth aale ratto = Lr> Lm bnbm etc

Area Scale rateo A Am bh dp
Ap *bm
Voleme ale ratio - V, =
Vm 3
n which the Suscn peon
Lmxbmxdm
m and þ Correspond to LLxb xdp.
odel ant rototyte rsfeey.
ot wtlIW thus e oksee that t the mode
an
te foototgte geometicy
etialy mel,by mene Chane t
Bcale th can be Superenbsed
6) Kinematic Scme
lanety.
Kinematc Bimelarty eists betweon the
mset and the
æ) faths os the
Peomet
jeometicy homolyos moring tatielar e
tii)The ratto ot the yelottes aS wel
Qs
ok fe
the homologous þant'de equal. acelert
(Homotogcus pocnt means Corresfonang poent
and the pototy te) en te moate
Since Velocrty and acceleatn have
Kinematee Bielanety cmlies that the gnetude and diecton,
veldcte'es and
at Corres konding pocnts ate aallef and acelelck
hwe Constant
ol magnituk betwen u te correstonding Aete ot ocnts ratt
 Tme Bcale ratio T,
Tp
Yelocety Bcale rato - Vr Vm Lm/Tin Lr
Tr
Acceleraton Bale ratio
=Q, m

Dischage Bale ratio L(T T

Tm Li
Kinematic emelaety Cani be ( Tr
aHained klownets tor the model
and
e the poototyje atee teometcaly
twin means thdt emetically emelan, whch en
by mbne change nBale thre two stowrek
hdt by
chg
one jor the model at othen tor the peaototype-an be
Bupencinposed
9Dynamtc Semelaiety:
the mode! and the
Dynamec Semelaety exess betvEenKinematte
cwhich ane geometiy anf
factotyte
et th rteo ofau h forces actgat homologous
at homologous
pactotyte,de
tbents en
équal.
tte two Bystems e model nd the
Thus tor flows to be yramccaly enela7, the rate'd
oF the Yatbs torcesa ßn tie l attcles cn one
to the ratcas o emel7
.blow SStom houd be System
þörces a correstonding toents en the othen 7tow
Sh the paoblems on cenntng lued lo), the horees
be any one, or a coñbeatcon t the eve,
ackeng ma brces.
Of he mass xacceleakeon ob the þtowtng
() 9nen tee jorces (F) bluid and acts
(Ö) Foictcon or vescous orces (Fu) acenebo

c) Gravity forces (F)

() poessie forces(H)
() Elast'c jorces (Fe)
(vi) Sntae tension force CE)
EF= f, t ’ t F t ’ t Ma
(EF)m (Ma).
 enelar'ty to ezest betuen te
onplete dmame of enerte'a jorces os the
eand it eototye, he rat8
ratco o6 the resultant
stems must t qal to the
forces nofe ondeteon bor
he above
Sn additeon to Semelate ty , the ratto O the inet
Oomplee dynante
must beVual,to the rateo O% the
pones os the teuystems
ehdtvesual Component forces

Fu Jm

/Ma
Tn
Fe Jd ) .JmFs
()
9 Hene when the two ystems ane feometially,
Kinemattcally and dyamically Bemelan then they
ae eid to be Comtetey Bene &r Complete (
Semeletude ests betuten he tuo Systems
For com lete Senèetuk to erast bateen the
two systems |e model ad poototyfe, the dineslon less
GrT-ems, o e l ou oc the Conplete Set ct ihler
chvolved in that phenomenon mest be cqLeal.

Pooccdeie tor Model Ane lyses

The genenal roedwe jor the model
covolves the follooe efs
i) Selecon of a suitable Bcale or tte moole<
) Constuct'on of the madey
i) Testig oc the Model
) Corre peicton
3ekctan cf a Buitable Scale ker the mclel
)
St s very tnposfant þoent en the Alannrng ot a
del thoush the electton of Aae, bor themodel
anayaes, depends uton miny bacts, t the elug
mtotant Ailate lity oc shae. bor
accomodting the mode!
Avouilake|=y teme
Availablit o7 ate Ty fes t results desi red
 raltos adohted ag difenent bor itberent tyea
The Scale
ok Btructwes adoptet.
The fo tlouwirg caleraiog ane generrly
etc
() Headuos Canas uices 25
L to
30 400
(i1) Rives hatbowis etc togo
(0)Constructeon ct the mcdel matentbl hon
Bitabe,
tyte antonstructon eny accwrbl,
Abten Selectkng tte
ste k
tte mate,the net dawig. he mod q
according to the plan and mooKel before tt
line
a centre hethts ae Controlk octh the
Cwnvel Sne, hen Vental
Constnchon The poecse (evel.
accwate and
hesp a ey
Model
( ) Testng ch the and highly technical
most clentehic
St es the desen Buccesh
andmachene.
teatwte of the or
hydiaulic sructte methods ae genelly adotte
The ho lloweng two
jor the fes tehg of amodlel:
Win Tunne Mehod in
and u josm 8tezm di ay cs sovideB
bensle en
A Bteady which Gtows aNound the moce Ss
hetatoratory
the latoro Ar
srean.'Aer es et by mens afan or ompreOr,
w also done
the
For conkrollg temnjeate nUerh the
ti flow ob
the walle
e5 Teguredi trhouçh
tsekßect ts
aT Aoean, t
waten Tunnel Metho
Steady and unikoom em ot uate k made to
A rest oteo in the bathd
Bow and the odel ende
The Bize t ater tunnel ts usealy
ttovoerg water of the Lest con:
as the diamey
expretadThe e'seng watei kunnels ranges om
500mm to 2m en Siz.
egntial to use ey hgh dree insmen
for the s e e measeneat ok the hyaulte pantetee jn the
poecise
sterineat
()Correct Poedition
the foecie measwTements the hyas
Aften obhe
uantttées oof a modot nthe laboratory,
latboratoy, the nezt fhe
8tep ts the
nezt sep
 Tyfes o7 Models
clasgr fee
Teneal hydralic matols Can be
unden tuo broad Catogoies
() Undistooted Modets
(ii) Distosted Models
æ)Undisto models
Bcnelan to the
Amode!, whech es eomelan'ty
raototye (ee havcrg geometic Semlnykoonenen (egth
(ength
ds
anhead waten etc)ts
breaalh, hesgh
und'stotes model·
Jhe Poeicton os anObtaure rom the moolels
and Bome'o he resuts,
to tthe pofotytes as the bastt
be easely trarstee
lanity )'es asfeed.
Coniton Cot geometie Lene
() Dstorted Models
those th whech, one or more en
Drstosted Molels a e theut ounte asts
model ae not centtal eot
h
ot the
cn te þoototte
distoted madel my have eahten eometal
A
dstoteon, or matental distestton or stosteßn af bycdawtk
ok
combnation these.
9uantefees or a
distoateon,the istosteon
anbe
Sn the geometie
Cont'gwhtton. when dteen
ethen o7 dmensi or that long tuonal,transverg
Bale rattos a e adopted or the acustox
and Vetècal dimensions, then et s od to be
cs
csfoateog
breenty
Ok climenseons Destosteon ot dinensions e
adopted tn tiven mookls Whee dißjerent
de6 es adopfed- such models woth Ventieallr
kor han hoiZontal ÅCales aNe coul e Vertically
bagqenatedl models.
The
ConbegwNatcon of the modt does rot beaj Q
the gerena exan þle a siveymole
rese hblane oc the Peofotype For
t so nConstruck
t ts
u l have i'stostcon o Cobegwatontte
on gtrc

wcth a bed Aofe dikfenent

ventical eajeraton.
þlae when he
mThe materal istesteon takes materiak en be
Physecat pocpetes of the Correstonlig
moe and en the ototyte. do not atb the beimadotey
lite
Conditeons Matenial ditortion may have to
in the oiven models Constructe hos thie 4dies % Sediment
trans pot
 not also be possble to obtain Beneleece
Jt nay lele [Link] teec
respect b certoin tuncono
teme,dischage etc, wch mhy (ead 'to
uchCh ai
distoxteon os hyraulE quantetees stoste
eam þles or whech
Some ot the ypedal
of regued poepaiec aeTivers,
podels ane to be
wrde ivesis, habows, estuaies etc
dams aross veho2ontol dimenslons a ( e ch
for which the Vestical ones.
opoton to the metateons empose,
cetain
() Obviously wthto eslgn distoted models. he
Obviousy
becomes hecesay to desig
os the réasens for aobty
dstosta) ob
tollbuerg ane ome
) To maintain acwtaiy en veifel measwement
trbwnt blow
(i) To main toun
Bitable bed mafera
an t t
(ii) To obtain
adeuate movement
To obfain Buitabe roughness Condi'teon
(iv) ch a
auo lase haclities
To accomodate the
() and teme.
sae, mone, watenutly
Advantages and Desavantages of Des tofed Models:

Advanaes tcieny ced by ie

-The mcdet Bze Can be
), stoteon as a result, the Cost O5 the moelel ts corsidensh
redued and èt opemtton tk Lempli eed.
(i)-The ventèal exaggenaton resuts
esults rh steefen Slok
eh steetor lohes
waten Sukag Can be
easely and acwiately
°5
measued
ii) he Reyrods nnumbe ok a motel onse
ecstane t derreane due to
chereased'and tace
etaggeNated ten loes. "Thes hels en Semulateonct
h the mooe and t
4he
Drsadvantage
Confeons
btow þootetyte.
) Thee esankavowiablem o e e B b e c t on tho
( )he behaviaun of tlow
that t the eototbe
of a în aCteon ksom observoj
(tt) The magnetude and diretbn ¢ thef e snot Correchy
deeadutd
iv) the veloutees ae not CorrecHy
eproluced,as the ent
exaggration causes distoston o Yateial
kinetie neI Votocity and