Hive selection and sampling: The researchers will be PUFF-I: Evaluation of an Automatic Origami Torus

choosing two apiary locations and consulting a local bee Floater Using Thermoplastic Polyurethane and a
expert to ensure representative sampling and minimize Low-Cost Micro-Blower System
disturbance. From each site which is (...), they will be The Philippines experiences frequent flooding that is about
selecting two hives per species of Tetragonula biroi and Apis 20 typhoons/year, leaving millions at risk. Many households
mellifera to capture species-level differences while keeping lack personal flotation devices due to bulk, storage, cost, and
sampling manageable. Then next, limited access. Current inflatable floaters often need manual
Data collection will occur: This will be done by capturing pumps or CO2 cartridges, which are impractical for sudden
high-resolution comb images to record colony size/area and floods. ​This study proposes automatic origami-based floaters
logging local environmental data at time of capture such as made from durable, waterproof TPU and powered by a
temperature and relative humidity. Noting of brood rechargeable Arduino-controlled micro-blower for rapid,
presence/absence and colony population estimates will be compact deployment.​
considered also so later analyses can account for colony
state. Specific Objectives:
Image processing:Where they will use DeepBee and Main: Design, fabricate, and evaluate an Automatic Origami
ImageJ machine‑learning segmentation to segment cells Donut Floater Using Thermoplastic Polyurethane and a
and measure cell metrics such as the area (mm^2), Low-Cost Micro-Blower System that is rechargeable that
perimeter (mm), volume (ml), interior angles, wall thickness inflates to a usable buoyancy in 10-15 seconds, deflates in
(mm), and defect metrics (e.g., pentagon, heptagon counts). one click, and meets basic durability and usability.
• Design and fabricate a reusable origami-based donut
Use DeepBee (or similar machine‑learning segmentation) to floater using TPU material and a click-to-inflate &
detect and segment individual cells automatically; refine rechargeable micro-blower mechanism suitable for
results manually where segmentation errors occur. household use
Import segmented images into ImageJ for precise geometric
measurements. Measure per cell: area (mm^2), perimeter • Quantify and analyze inflation performance like inflation
(mm), estimated volume (ml) if depth/height information or a time, inflation success rate, and deployed volume across
thickness model is available, interior angles (°), and wall repeated trials
thickness (mm). • Measure and compare buoyancy and load-bearing capacity
Record defect metrics per cell/region (e.g., counts of of the prototype
pentagons, heptagons, irregular cells) and compute local • Evaluate the durability and reusability after repeated
defect density (defects per mm^2). fold-inflate-deflate cycles and detecting leakages
Converting cell maps to geometric and topological • Assess user practicality through deployment trials
representations • Identify potential guidelines based on performance, cost,
and user feedback
For Geometric and topological analysis: Cell area
variance will be used for variability in cell sizes within a
comb, then Hexagon ratio (%) for proportion of hexagonal Methodology
cells to total cells, then Packing efficiency (%) for How well To begin, The researchers will design a donut-shaped floater
cells fill available space and Surface-to-volume ratio using a Miura-Ori origami fold for compact storage. They will
(mm²/mm³) for the Ratio of comb wall surface area to cell fabricate a TPU bladder with heat-sealed seams, then
volume. Next, they will Convert cell maps to adjacency integrate a micro-blower powered by an Arduino Nano, and
graphs and matrices to compute node (number of neighbors include a USB Type-C charging module, push-button
per cell), degree, defect charge. Applying Voronoi controls, and a deflation vent.
tessellation that is used for partitioning space based on cell
centers and agent-based models will also be done to Next, to evaluate the performance the researchers will do
simulate construction and packing to estimate material use, pre-inspection first for leaks and functionality to ensure the
wax density, and stiffness. success of the [Link], they will measure inflation time,
inflation success rate, and deployed volume using
LAST process is Statistical and functional analysis: This torus-based volume calculations. Next, they will also
will be done by Comparing species using Independent conduct buoyancy and load-bearing tests with 10kg
T-Test assuming normality and MANOVA. Mann–Whitney U incrementals, determining how much weight the floater can
will be utilized if nonnormal ; next they will run Pearson support while keeping at least 50% of its volume above
correlations and regression to link comb metrics with water. This will all be done for 10 trials.
environmental factors to analyze node degree, adjacency,
and defect distributions across species. For durability, they will perform repeated fold–inflate–deflate
for 10 cycles, measuring changes in buoyancy, leak rate,
and inflation performance. Afterward, participants will
perform deployment trials and rate usability through a Likert
scale for feedback and improvements.
Finally, we will statistically analyze all metrics—such as Ito ay malinaw na nagpapakita ng pagwasak sa kakayahang
variance, success rate, cycle performance, and mabuhay ng isang grupo—isang core element ng genocide
correlations—to develop guidelines for household-level flood sa ilalim ng UN Convention.
preparedness, based on the floater’s performance, durability,
cost, and user feedback. BATIS #11 – The Canadian Encyclopedia (2020)
Tinutukoy dito ang iba’t ibang paraan ng genocide: pagpatay,
malubhang pinsala, pagpigil sa pagpaparami, at sapilitang
FILIPINO—-------- paglilipat ng mga bata. Lahat ng ito ay halimbawa ng
BATIS #8 – Human Rights Watch (2025) structured mechanisms na ginagamit upang burahin ang
Ayon sa pahayag na ito, kinilala mismo ng pamahalaan ng isang grupo.
Estados Unidos na may nagaganap na genocide sa Sudan. Ipinapakita rin na ang batayan ng genocide ay shared
Natukoy nila na ang RSF ay sangkot sa sadyang pagpatay identity—nasyonalidad, etnisidad, lahi, o relihiyon.
at pag-atake sa mga etnikong grupo sa Darfur. Dito makikita
ang malinaw na elemento ng genocide—ang intensyon na BATIS #12 – US Institute of Peace (2025)
sirain ang isang grupo sa pamamagitan ng mararahas at Ang pahayag na ito ay nagpapakita ng mga kilos na malinaw
sistematikong pamamaraang militar. na saklaw ng genocide: ang sistematikong pag-target sa
kababaihan at mga bata, etnikong cleansing, at iba pang
Binibigyang-diin dito na ang pagkilala sa pangyayari bilang malawakang krimen. Ito ay nagpapakita ng pattern at
genocide ay mahalagang hakbang para sa pananagutan at intensyon—dalawang kritikal na elemento ng genocide.
hustisya. Nabanggit din na nagdokumento ang Human
Rights Watch ng targeted ethnic killings, sistematikong BATIS #13 – United Nations (n.d.)
panggagahasa, at mass displacement—lahat ay kinikilalang Dito ibinigay ang pinakamalawak at opisyal na depinisyon.
prohibited acts sa ilalim ng Genocide Convention. Ang bawat nakalistang act—pagpatay, malubhang pinsala,
Sa madaling salita, ang genocide sa Sudan ay napatunayan paglikha ng mapaminsalang kondisyon, pagpigil sa
batay sa malinaw na pattern ng pag-atake laban sa kapanganakan, at pagtanggal ng mga bata mula sa kanilang
partikular na etnikong grupo. grupo—ay mahalagang batayan ng genocide.
Ipinapakita rin ng artikulo na madalas iniiwasan ng UN
BATIS #9 – Amnesty International (2024) gamitin ang salitang “genocide” dahil napakabigat nitong
Ipinapakita ng ulat na ang Israel ay nagsagawa ng mga kilos legal na kahulugan, kaya mas madalas nilang tawagin itong
na tuwirang ipinagbabawal sa ilalim ng Genocide war crimes o crimes against humanity.
Convention: pagpatay sa sibilyan, pagdulot ng malubhang
pisikal at mental na pinsala, at paglikha ng mga kondisyong BATIS #14 – Council on Foreign Relations (2025)
naglalagay sa buhay ng mga Palestinians sa panganib ng Dito makikita ang pinagmulan ng konsepto—na sinasadyang
tuluyang pagkawasak. binuo ni Raphael Lemkin upang tukuyin ang malawakang
Dito binibigyang-diin na hindi kailangan magtagumpay ang pagpatay sa Armenians. Ang mismong salita ay
salarin para matawag na genocide; sapat na ang intensyon kombinasyon ng “genos” (lahi/tribo) at “-cide” (pagpatay).
na sirain ang grupo. Ipinapakita nito na mula pa sa simula, ang genocide ay
talagang pagpatay batay sa identidad.
Pinapakita dito na itinutulak ng Amnesty International ang
mas malawak na legal na aksyon, dahil para sa kanila, Ito ang dahilan kung bakit napakahirap patunayan ang
malinaw na nakikita ang genocidal acts. Ibig sabihin, nakikita genocide: ang intention to destroy ay kadalasang tinatago o
nila ang pattern ng pag-atake kayang magpabagsak sa hindi tuwirang ipinapahayag. Kaya mahalaga ang pagsusuri
buong populasyon sa Gaza—isang batayan ng genocide. sa pattern ng pag-atake, target ng mga biktima, at polisiya
ng estado o grupo.
BATIS #10 – BBC News (2025)
Dito muling binabalikan ang opisyal na depinisyon ng
genocide: isang krimen na may sadyang layuning puksain
ang isang national, ethnic, racial, o religious na grupo.
Ipinapakita nito kung bakit mahalaga ang intensyon; ang
genocide ay hindi lang basta mass killing, kundi targeted
destruction of identity groups.

Ayon sa mga dalubhasa, maraming kilos ng Israel ang

saklaw ng genocide, war crimes, at crimes against humanity.
Kasama dito ang pagsira sa mga ospital, paaralan, at
sistema ng humanitarian aid—mga serbisyong kritikal para
mabuhay ang populasyon.
Ito ay halimbawa ng deliberately inflicting conditions of life na
maaaring ikapuksa ng grupo.