CHAPTER

Fluid Mechanics
10
Chapter Outline
■ Pressure Due to a Fluid Column ■ Streamline and Turbulent Flow
■ Pascal’s Law and its Applications ■ Reynolds Number
■ Archimedes’ Principle and Law of Floatation ■ Bernoulli’s Principle and its Applications: Venturim-
■ Viscosity, Stoke’s Law and Terminal Velocity eter, Speed of Efflux or Torricelli’s Principle

fluid mechAnics ∆P dP
Also, lim = = −ρ g (1)
∆y → 0 ∆y dy
In fluid mechanics the following properties of fluid would
be considered:
1. when the fluid is at rest-hydrostatics
∇
2. when the fluid is in motion-hydrodynamics (P + P)A
∇
m Area A
∇
y
Pressure Due to a Liquid
y ∇
1. The thrust exerted by a liquid at rest per unit area of the W
PA
substance in contact with the liquid is called pressure. Fluid in container
If F is the thrust exerted by a liquid on a surface of
small area DA, then pressure is given by It means that the pressure decreases with height y from the
bottom of the fluid.
P = lim ( F / ∆A) 1. If the fluid is incompressible, when the density of the
∆A→ 0
fluid ρ is a constant, we can integrate the Eq. (1) to find
The unit of pressure is dyne/cm2 in CGS system and the pressure P at any point in the fluid. Let us consider
N/m2 in SI. A pressure of one N/m2 is also called pascal. the pressure at height y from the bottom of the fluid as
P and the pressure at the surface of the fluid as Po, as
shown in figure. Then Eq. (1) can be written as
Variation of Pressure in a Fluid with the P0
yf

Height From the Bottom of the Fluid dP = − ρ g dy ⇒ ∫

P
dP = − ρ g ∫ dy
y0
For equilibrium, the resultant of the forces on mass Dm is
⇒ (Po – P) = – ρg(yf – y0)
zero. Hence,
⇒ P – Po = ρg(yf – y0) = ρgh
∆P
A∆P = ρ ( A ∆y ) g ⇒ = −ρ g, ⇒ P = Po + ρgh (2)
∆y
10.2 ■ Chapter 10

 h 
− [ P /( g ρ )] 
P0 ∴ P = Po e  0 0 

 h 
h = yf – y0 − H 
⇒ P = Po e  0 (3)
yf P=?
y0 P
P0

Where h is a positive distance measured downward

from the surface. Eq. (2) allows us to find pressure at 0.37 P0
any depth h within an incompressible fluid. h
H0
2. If the fluid is compressible, the density is not constant,
for example we can assume the density of the air is pro- The quantity H0 = Po /gρo has the unit of length. The
portional to pressure to a good approximation (the as- Eq. (3) shows exponential decrease in pressure with
sumption is not accurate due to temperature and other increasing altitude. When h increases by H0, the
weather effects) and g is constant. pressure drops by 1/e, i.e., to about 37% of its original
Let ρ = kP, where k is a constant. We assume a value.
reference density ρo at a particular gas-pressure Po.
Take our reference at the earth’s surface where ρ = ρo Hydrostatic Force due to Many Liquid Layers
and P = Po
1. Let us consider number of liquid layers; densities and
heights of the liquids are, ρ1 and h1, ρ2 and h2,…, ρn and
P0 hn, respectively.
h = y – y0
2. Let us take a thin horizontal strip of area dA at a dis-
f tance y from the top of nth liquid. The hydrostatic force
yf P =? dF on the thin strip is
y0
dF = PdA (1)
ρ = kP where P is the hydrostatic pressure on the thin strip.
3. We know that the pressure due to all liquid layers is
So, ρo = kPo ⇒ k=
ρo P = ρ1 gh1 + ρ2 gh2 +…+ ρn gy (2)
Po
ρ
1 h1
ρ ρ2
Thus ρ = kP = o P h2
Po
ρo
As dP = − ρ g dy ⇒ dP = − Pg dy ρ
Po n–1 h n–1
ρ y
dP ρ n
or = − g o dy dy
P Po
Substituting P from the Eq. (2) in Eq. (1), we have
The pressure is Po when the altitude is zero, and the
pressure is P when the altitude is h, hence dF = (ρ gh + ρ gh +…+ ρ gy)dA
1 1 2 2 n

Then, the total hydrostatic force on the strip is

P dP ρ h
∫
P0 P
= −g o
Po ∫
0
dy F = ∫ dF = ∫ ( ρ1 gh1 + ρ 2 gh2 +  + ρ gy )dA
n
i = n −1
⇒ In( P ) − In( Po ) = ∑ ( ρ gh ) A + ρ g ∫ ydA
i =1
i i n

ρo
= −g h  i = n −1 
Po ⇒ F =  ∑ ρi hi + ρ n yn  gA
 i =1 
P  ρo
⇒ In   = −g h where yn = vertical distance of the centroid of the given area
 Po  Po (patch) from the top of nth liquid.
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.3

Pascal’s law to weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed portion

of solid body.
Pressure applied to enclosed liquid is transmitted equally in
all directions, to every position of liquid and wall of con- 1. Observed weight = True weight – Weight of liquid dis-
tainer. Brahma’s hydraulic press is based upon Pascal’s law placed
of liquid pressure. or T = Mg – mg = aρgh – asgh = ahg(ρ – s)
• Unit of pressure is Pascal. Its symbol is Pa.  σ  σ
or T = ahg ρ 1 −  = W 1 −  where ρ = Density
Bar = 105 Pa, torr = 1 mm of Hg column.  ρ  ρ
Density and Relative Density of solid, s = Density of liquid W = True weight of body

1. Density = Mass/Volume. 2. Weight of liquid displaced = Upthrust = Loss in weight

For water, density = 103 kg/m3. of body.
2. One litre = 1000 cc = 1000 cm3 = 1000 × (10 – 2 m)3 =
10–3 m3. Laws of Floatation
Density of substance
3. Relative density = The floating body will be in stable equilibrium when the
Density of water at 4 o C metacentre lies above centre of gravity of body.
Weight of substance in air The floating body will be in unstable equilibrium when the
= metacentre lies below centre of gravity of body.
Loss of weight in water
The floating body will be in neutral equilibrium when the
Relative density, also known as specific gravity, has no meta centre coincides with centre of gravity of body.
unit, no dimension. The upward force of upthrust acting on the body immersed
m + m2 ( m1 + m2 ) ρ1 ρ 2 in a liquid is known as Buoyant force of buoyancy.
4. Density of mixture = 1 =
V1 + V2 ( m1 ρ 2 + m2 ρ1 ) The centre of gravity of displaced liquid is known as centre
where m denotes mass and ρ denotes density of liquid. of buoyancy.
2 ρ1 ρ 2 2 1 1 If a person floats on his back on the surface of water, the
(a) If m1 = m2 = m, ρ = or = + apparent weight of the person is zero.
ρ1 + ρ 2 ρ ρ1 ρ 2
Law of floatation states that
∴ Density of mixture of two liquids is harmonic Weight of floating body = Weight of liquid displaced or
mean of the two densities. Volume of body immersed = Volume of liquid displaced.
 ∆P 
(b) If V1 = V2 = V , ρ = ρo 1 + , where ∆P = 1. If density of solid body is greater than density of liquid,
 K  the body will sink in the liquid. Here dS < dL or ρ > s.
change in pressure, Weight of body < weight of liquid displaced.
K = bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid. 2. If dS < dL or ρ < s, the solid body floats on the liquid
surface.
● When a liquid is in equilibrium, the force acting on the sur-
face is perpendicular everywhere.
Here weight of body < weight of liquid displaced.
● In a liquid, the pressure is same at the same horizontal level.
3. If dS = dL or ρ = s, the body will stay at rest anywhere
● The pressure is perpendicular to the surface of the fluid.
in the liquid.
• Figure shows an open U-tube which contains some water
● Force is a vector quantity but pressure is a tensor quantity.
and a less dense liquid poured in on the right side. If the
● Pressure and density play the same role in case of fluid as
ρ h
force and mass play in case of solids. density of the unknown liquid is ρx, then ρ x = w w
● Bar and millibar are commonly used units for pressure in hx
meteorology.
B
C
Archimedes’ PrinciPle And lAw hw
Liquid hx

of floAtAtion D A
Water
Archimedes Principle
It states that when a solid body is immersed, partly or Variation of pressure in a liquid in a container if the
wholly, in a liquid at rest, it loses a weight which is equal container is to be accelerated: Let A and B be two points
10.4 ■ Chapter 10

in the same horizontal line at a separation x then, pressure The pressure gradients along x, y and z direction are,
difference is given by y
PA – PB = ρ g(h1 – h2) ay
a
i.e., pressure along a horizontal line is not the same in θ ax
case of horizontally accelerated liquid.
y x
O

∂P ∂P ∂P
h1
θ = − ρ ax ; = − ρ ( a y + g ); =0
h2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
a
A x B 4. Due to acceleration of container, the free surface of liq-
uid remains normal to the direction of effective gravity.
The inclination angle of free surface of liquid from
1. Initially the container is completely filled with a liq- a
horizontal is θ = tan −1  
uid of density ρ, now the container is given a uniform g
horizontal acceleration a. Pressures at different points
will be as follows,
a
a
PA = 0 g θ
PB = PA + ρ gh = ρ gh eff g
PC = PB + ρ al = ρ gh +ρ al
PD = PA + ρ al = ρ al 5. Pressure at every point in a liquid layer parallel to the
PE = PA + ρ gy + ρ ax = ρ gy = ρ ax free surface, remains same. That is, if we find pressure
at a point A in the accelerated container as shown in the
figure is given as
l
x
D PA = P0 + hρ a 2 + g 2
y A
a
h E
a
C B h
A θ

2. Initially the container is completely filled with a liquid

of density ρ, now the container is given a uniform ver- where h is the depth of the point A below the free
tical acceleration a. surface of liquid along effective gravity and Po is the
atmospheric pressure acting on free surface of the
liquid.
h h
a a Poiseuille’s Formula and Liquid
P = ρ h( g + a) P = ρ h ( g − a)
ρ ρ Resistance
geff. = (g + a ) geff. = (g − a ) Volume of liquid flowing per second V though a horizontal
(a) (b) capillary tube of length l, radius r, across a pressure differ-
π Pr 4 P
(a) Upward: In this case the surface remains horizontal ence P, under streamline motion, is given by V = =
and pressure at every point increases. 8η l R
(b) Downward: If the container moves vertically 8η l
and Liquid resistance R = 4 .
downward then geff = (g – a) depending on whether πr
g > a or g < a. • (i) If the two capillary tubes are joined in series, then the
3. Initially the container is completely filled with a liquid pressure P = P1 + P2 and V is same through the two
of density ρ, now the container is given a uniform ac- tubes.
celeration a in direction as in the figure. (ii) Equivalent liquid resistance, Rs = R1 + R2.
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.5

• (i) If the two capillary tubes are joined in parallel, then Factors Affecting Viscosity
V = V1 + V2 but pressure difference P is same across
both tubes. 1. Effect of temperature
(a) If temperature increases, viscosity of liquid de-
RR 1
(ii) Equivalent liquid resistance, RP = 1 2 or = creases. Viscosity of water, for example, at 80 °C
R1 + R2 RP falls to one-third of its value at 10 °C
1 1 (b) Viscosity of gases remains constant at high pres-
+ .
R1 R2 sure but in low pressure region the viscosity of
gases is directly proportional to pressure.
2. Effect of pressure
streAmlined And turbulent flow (a) If pressure increases, viscosity of liquid increases
When a liquid flows in such a way that each liquid par- but viscosity of water decreases at few hundred
ticle when passed through the same point follows exactly atmosphere.
the same path as followed by the proceeding particles when (b) Viscosity of gases remains constant at high pres-
passed through the same point then the flow is said to be sure but in low pressure region the viscosity of
streamlined and the path is called streamline. gases is directly proportional to pressure.
The fluid flows in streamline only when its velocity
is less than certain value called critical velocity. While the Stoke’s law and Terminal Velocity
motion of the particles of the fluid are disorderly, if velocity Stoke’s law relates the backward dragging force F acting
is more than critical value, the disorder motion of fluid is on a small sphere of radius r moving through a viscous me-
called turbulent flow. dium of viscosity η with the velocity v.
F = 6pηrv.
Critical Velocity
Terminal velocity is the maximum constant velocity of
K ⋅η sphere of density ρ which falls freely in a viscous medium
vc =
r⋅ρ of density ρ0.
where K = Reynold’s number, η = coefficient of viscosity 2 r 2 ( ρ − ρo ) g
of liquid, r = radius of capillary tube, ρ = density of liquid v= ⋅
9 η
When v ≤ vc, the flow of liquid is streamlined. vc de-
notes the maximum velocity of a liquid under streamline 1. If ρ > r0, the body falls downwards.
flow. Viscosity dominates the flow. 2. If ρ < r0, the body moves upwards with the constant
When v > vc, the flow of liquid is turbulent. Such a flow velocity.
is dominated by density of the fluid while viscosity has little 2r 2 ρ g
3. If ρ0 << ρ, v =
effect on it. Lava, for example, is highly thick fluid emerg- 9η
ing from a volcano with high speed.
● SI unit of η is decapoise = Ns/m2 or pascal-second.
Coefficient of Viscosity CGS unit of η is poise = dyne-s/cm2.
● Dimension of η = [ML–1 T–1].
1. When a layer of a liquid slips or tends ot slip on another
● The cause of viscosity in liquids is the cohesive forces among
layer in contact, the two layers exert tangential force
molecules. The cause of viscosity in gases is diffusion.
on each other. The directions are such that the relative
● The viscosity of water is much higher than that of air.
motion between the layers is opposed. This property of
Hence it is more difficult to run through water than in air.
a liquid to oppose relative motion between the layers is
called viscosity. ● In heavy machines lubricating oils of high viscosity are used.
In light machines low viscosity oils are used for lubrication.
2. Viscosity is due to transport of momentum. The value of
viscosity (and compressibility) for ideal liquid is zero.
vc ⋅ ρ ⋅ r
dv Reynold’s number K =
Tangential force/viscous drag F = −η A η
dx
where dv/dx denotes velocity gradient between two lay- Inertial force
1. K =
ers of liquid each of area A and Viscous force
η = Coefficient of viscosity of liquid. 2. For K < 3000, the flow of liquid is streamlined.
10.6 ■ Chapter 10

3. For K > 5000, the flow becomes turbulent. P0

Valve
4. K has no unit, no dimension. It is a pure number.
5. For narrow tubes and water, K ≈ 1000.
P2 = P1 Area A 2
Equation of Continuity
v2 h = y2 − y1 Area A1
Equation of continuity is a special case of general law of con- v1
y2
servation of matter stated as for a steady state flow of an ideal P 1 = P0
fluid (incompressible and non-viscous) in a pipe, the rate of y1
mass flow across any cross section is constant. If two section
A1 and A2 at right angles to a tube of flow be considered at two
different, then velocities of flow v1 and v2 respectively at these 1. The velocity with which it leaves the tank:
positions are related to the sections as A1v1 = A2v2. A
From equation of continuity, v2 = 1 v1
Thus, when fluid flows through a smaller cross-section A2
its velocity increases. This known as equation of continuity. Since A1 << A2, v2 must be very small compared to ve-
locity of efflux at the hole, therefore we can take v2 ≈
A fluid in steady or streamline flow may possess any or all
0. Fluid emerging from the hole is open to atmospheric
of the three types of energy:
pressure Po. We take two points A and B at the top of
1
1. Kinetic energy: Kinetic energy per unit volume = ρ v 2 the fluid and at the hole respectively. From Bernoulli’s
2 principle,
2. Potential energy: Potential energy per unit volume =
ρgh 1 2
P0 + ρ v1 + ρ gy1 = Pt + ρ gy2
3. Pressure energy: Pressure energy of an incompress- 2
ible fluid is because of its hydrostatic pressure P and
2( Pt − P0 )
pressure energy per unit volume = P. ⇒ Speed of efflux v1 = + 2 gh where,
h = y2 – y1 ρ
bernoulli’s PrinciPle And its APPlicAtions
● Sudden fall in atmospheric pressure predicts possibility of
Bernouilli’s Theorem a storm.
It is the principle of conservation of energy for a flowing ● Water barometer was constructed by Von Guericke and
liquid. Under streamlined motion of a liquid, the sum total fixed on the outside wall of his house. With the help of this
barometer, he made the first recorded scientific weather
of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per
forecast. He correctly predicted the severe storm after not-
unit volume at every point along its path remains constant.
ing a sudden fall in the height of the water column.
1
Mathematically, P + ρ r 2 + ρ gh = Constant. Also, it is ● The hydrometer can be used to measure density of the liq-
2 uid or fluid.
P v2 P
expressed as follows: +h+ = A constant, where ● The faster the air, the lower the pressure.
ρg 2g ρ g
1 v2 When the valve at the top of the tank is open to atmosphere,
= Pressure head, = Velocity head, h = Potential head.
2 g Pt = Po, and then, the velocity is v1 = 2 gh
The theorem is applicable to ideal liquid i.e., a liquid Thus the speed of efflux of a liquid through a small
which is non-viscous, incompressible and irrotational. hole in an open tank is equal to the velocity which a body
Hence, at greater depth, P is large and so v is small. acquires in falling freely from the free liquid surface to the
Liquid flows slow at greater depths. Deeper waters run slow orifice. This result is called Torricelli’s law.
accordingly. If a pump is attached to the open valve so that pressure
at the top of the tank is made large, then
Torricelli’s Theorem
2( Pt − Po )  P − Po 
A tank has a small hole in its side at a height y1. It is filled  2 gh and v1 = 2  t 
with a fluid of density ρ to a height y2. If the pressure at the ρ  ρ 
top of the fluid is Pt, assuming that the cross-sectional area It shows that the velocity of the emerging water/liquid de-
of the tank is larger as compared to that of the hole, then pends on the magnitude of the applied pressure Pt.
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.7

2. The distance at which liquid strikes and also the maxi-

y2 y  y 
mum distance at which liquid strikes: ⇒ h= and xmax = 2 2  y2 − 2  or xmax = y2
Let y2 is the height of liquid in the open container. The 2 2  2 
time taken by liquid to hit the ground • Velocity of efflux is the velocity acquired by a freely
1 2( y2 − h) falling body in falling through a vertical distance h which
( y2 − h) = 0 + gt 2 ∴ t = ; The distance
2 g is equal to depth of a hole, below free surface of liquid,
from which liquid flows out.
2( y2 − h) • Horizontal range when water issues out of a hole at depth
x = v1t = 2 gh × = 2 h( y2 − h)
g h below surface of water in a tank filled with water upto
a height H water issues out from A.
For maximum x, dx d
=0 ⇒ [2 h( y2 − h)] = 0
dh dx

CHAPTER-END EXERCISES

bAsed on ncert exAmPles

1. A 50 kg girl wearing high heel shoe balances on a sin- Since the structure can withstand a maximum stress of
gle heel. The heel is circular with a diameter 1.0 cm. 109 Pa, it is suitable for putting up on the top of the oil
What is the pressure exerted by the heel on the horizon- well.
tal floor? 4. A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with
Solution: F = 50 kg = 50 × 10 N; maximum mass of 3000 kg. The area of cross-section
Diameter, d = 1 cm = 0.01 m of piston carrying the load is 425 cm2. What maximum
radius, r = 0.005 m pressure would the smaller piston have to bear?
Area, pr 2 = 3.1416 × (0.005)2 = 0.000079 m Solution: The pressure on the piston
Pressure Force 3000 × 9.8
= = = 6.918 × 105 N/m 2 .
F 500 Area 425 × 10 −4
= = Nm −2 = 6.3 × 10 −6 N/m 2 .
A 0.000079 Since the pressure is transmitted equally, the maximum
2. Toricelli’s barometer used mercury. Pascal duplicated pressure smaller piston would have to bear is 6.918 ×
it using French wine of density 984 kg m–3. Determine 105 N/m2.
the height of the wine column for normal atmospheric 5. A U-tube contains water and methylated spirit sepa-
pressure? rated by mercury. The mercury columns in the two arms
Solution: Pa = 1.03 × 105 N m–2 = ρ gh are in level with 10.0 cm of water in one arm and 12.5
1.01× 105 cm of spirit in the other. What is the specific gravity of
or h = = 10.5 m spirit?
984 × 10
3. A vertical off-shore structure is built to withstands a Solution: Consider the point C and D lying in the same
maximum stress of 109 Pa. Is the structure suitable for horizontal plane in the U-tube (see figure). According
putting up on top of an oil well in the ocean? Take the to Pascal’s Law (in the presence of gravity), pressure at
depth of the ocean to be roughly 3 km, and ignore ocean two points will be equal. Let Po be the atmospheric pres-
currents. sure acting at A and B (the open ends of the U-tube).
Solution: Pressure at a depth h in a liquid = ρgh Now, the pressure at the point C is equal to the atmo-
Here h = 3 km = 3000 m, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 spheric pressure + pressure due to 10 cm column of
water and pressure at D is equals to the atmospheric
∴ Pressure of sea water at a depth of 3 km
pressure + pressure due to 12.5 cm column of methyl-
= 3000 × 1000 × 9.8 = 2.94 × 107 N/m2. ated spirit.
10.8 ■ Chapter 10

p0 p0 7. Can Bernoulli’s equation be used to describe the flow of

water through a rapid in river? Explain.
B
A
Solution: No, Bernoulli’s equation can not be used
to describe the flow of water through a rapid in river
Water 12.5 cm
10 cm because Bernoulli’s equation is applied to streamline
Spirit flow only.
C D 8. Does it matter if one uses gauge instead of absolute
pressures in applying Bernoulli’s equation? Explain.
Mercury Solution: If the atmospheric pressure at two points
where Bernoulli’s equation is applied are significantly
∴ pc = Po + 10 × ρ × g and different then it matter otherwise it does not matter if
pd = Po + 12.5 × ρ′ × g one used gauge instead of absolute pressure.
Since pc = pd 9. Glycerine flows steadily through a horizontal tube of
Po + 10 × ρ × g = Po + 12.5 × ρ′ × g length 1.5 m and radius 1.0 cm. If the amount of glyc-
ρ ′ 10 erine collected per second at one end is 4.0 × 10–3 kg/s,
or = = 0.8 what is the pressure difference between the tow ends of
ρ 12.5
the tube? (density of glycerine = 1.3 × 103 kg/m3 and
∴ The relative density of spirit is 0.8. viscosity of glycerine = 0.83 Pa s). [You may also like
6. In the previous problem, if 15.0 cm of water and spirit to check if the assumption of laminar flow in the tube is
each are further poured in the respective arms of the correct].
tube, what is the difference in the levels of mercury in Solution: We know that the volume flowing out per
the two arms? (Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6) second
Solution: If 15 cm of water and spirit each are added
π ( p2 − p1 )a 4
into respective arms of the tube of figure, we get the Q=
relative levels of mercury, water and spirit as shown. 8η l
Let us assume that the level of mercury in the arm con- ∴ The pressure difference at the two ends of the tube
taining spirit is higher that the level in the arm contain- 8Qη l
ing water by a amount h. ( p2 − p1 ) =
π a4
p0 p0
Here Q = volume of glycerine flowing out per second
B Mass flowing out per second 4 × 10 −3
A = =
Density of glycerine 1.3 × 103
Water 27.5 cm
25 cm
Spirit
= 3.077 × 10–6 m3/s,
h
l = 1.5 m and a = 10–3 m,
C D
8 × 3.077 × 10 −6 × 0.83 × 1.5
∴ p2 − p1 =
Mercury 3.1416 × (10 −2 ) 4
We again consider pressures at point C and D lying in 12 × 3.077 × 0.83
the same horizontal plane. = × 10 2 = 9.76 × 10 2 N/m 2 .
3.1416
∴ pc = Po + 25 × 1.0 × g; and 10. In a test experiment on a model aeroplane in a wind tun-
pd = Po + 27.5 × 0.8 × g + h × 13.6 × g nel, the flow of speeds on the upper and lower surfaces
Since pc = pd of the wings are 70 m/s and 63 m/s respectively. What is
Po + 25 × 10.0 × 980 = Po + 27.5 × 0.8 × 980 the lift on the wing if its area is 2.5 m2? Take the density
of air to be 1.3 kg/m3.
+ h × 13.6 × 980
Solution: Let p1 and v1 be the pressure and wind veloc-
25 − 27.8 × 0.8 ity at the lower surface of the wings; p2 and v2 be the
or h = = 0.22 cm
13.6 pressure and wind velocity at the upper surface of the
∴ The difference in the level of mercury will be 0.22 cm wings. Applying Bernoulli’s theorem, we have
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.9

1 2 1 13. A U-shaped wire is dipped in a soap solution, and

p1 + ρ v1 = p2 + ρ v22 removed. The thin soap film formed between the wire
2 2
and the light slider supports a weight of 1.5 × 10–2 N
where ρ is the density of air.
(which includes the small weight of the slider). The
1
or ( p2 − p1 ) = ρ ( v12 − v22 ) length of the slider is 30 cm. What is the surface ten-
2 sion of the film?
Now, the lifting force is pressure difference × Area Solution: We know that the outward force acting on the
∴ Lift on the wing slider,
1 F = 2sl
( p2 − p1 ) × A = ρ A ( v12 − v22 )
2
Here, force = 1.5 × 10–2 N, l = 30 cm = 0.30 m.
1
= × 1.3 × 2.5 × (70 2 − 632 ) = 1512.9 N F 1.5 × 10 −2
2 ∴s= = = 2.5 × 10 −2 N/m
2l 2 × 0.30
11. Figure (a) and (b) refer to a steady flow of a (non- ∴ The surface tension of the soap film = 2.5 × 10–2 N/m
viscous) liquid. Which of the two figures is incorrect?
14. A tank with a square base of area 1.0 m2 is divided by a
Why?
vertical partition in the middle. The bottom of the parti-
tion has a small-hinged door of area 20 cm2. The tank is
filled with water in one compartment, and an acid (of rel-
ative density 1.7) in the other, both to a height of 4.0 m.
Compute the force necessary to keep the door close.
(a) (b)
Solution: The pressure at the bottom of the acid com-
Solution: Figure (a) is incorrect. In this figure at the partment = hρ′g
constriction, speed of flow will be more (av = constant).
Since the pressure is transmitted equally in all direc-
According to Bernoulli’s equation, more speed means
tions, the pressure on the door from the acid compart-
less pressure and, hence level of water in the vertical tube
ment side is also equal to hρ′g.
at the constriction should be less which is not the case.
The force on the door acting from the acid compartment
12. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-section
side = hρ′g × Area of the door.
of 8.0 cm2 one end of which has 40 fine holes each of
diameter 1.0 mm. If the liquid flow inside the tube is Similarly, the force on the door acting from the water
1.5 m/min, what is the speed of ejection of the liquid compartment side = hρg × Area of the door.
through the holes? The force on the door from the acid to water side is
Solution: Here, we apply the equation of continuity, i.e., more than the force from the water to acid side. Thus
an extra force equal to the difference between the two
a1v1 = a2v2 (1)
forces should be applied on the door to keep its closed.
1.5 The extra force needed
Now a1 = 8 cm 2 = 8.0 × 10 −4 m 2 ; v1 = 1.5 m/min =
60 = hρ′g – hρg × Area of the door
There are 40 holes each of diameter 1.0 mm (radius = = 4.0 (1.7 × 10) × 104 × 20 × 10–4
0.05 mm = 0.05 0 + 10–3 m) and, hence area,
= 54.88 N ≅ 54.9 N
a2 = p × (0.05 0 + 10–3) m2 ∙ a2 will be the area of 40
15. Two vessels have the same base area but different
such holes.
shapes. The first vessel takes twice the volume of water
Substituting values in Eq. (1), we get that the second vessel requires to fill up to a particular
1.5 common height. Is the force exerted by the water on the
8.0 × 10 −4 × = 40 × π (0.5 0 + 10 −3 ) 2 v2 .
60 base of the vessel the same in the two cases? If so, why
∴ The speed of ejection of the liquid through the holes do the vessels filled with water to that same height give
different readings on the weighing scale?
8.0 × 1.5 × 10 −4
v2 = Solution: As the height of water in the two vessels is
60 × 40 × 3.1416 × (0.5 × 10 −3 ) 2
same, the pressure at the bottom of the two will be same
12.0 × 10 −4 (p = ρhg). As the base area of the vessels is same, force
= = 0.636 m/s.
2400 × 3.1416 × .25 × 10 −6 exerted by the water on the base of the two vessels will
10.10 ■ Chapter 10

also be the same (Force = Pressure × Area). But force is Solution:

also exerted on the sides of the vessels. The force has a (a) The pressure drop is greater.
non-zero initial vertical component for a vessel whose (b) Yes, the dissipative forces are more important as the
walls are not normal to the base of first vessel. fluid velocity increases.
The net force by water on the sides of the vessel is 18. (a) What is the largest average velocity of blood flow in
greater for first vessels. Hence, the vessels weight is an artery of radius 2 × 10–3 m if the flow must remain
different even when the force on their base is same for laminar?
the two vessels. (b) What is the corresponding flow rate? (Take viscosity
16. During blood transfusion the needle is inserted in a vein of blood to be 2.084 × 10–3 Pa-s).
where the gauge pressure is 2000 Pa. At what height N Rη
must the blood container be placed so that blood may Solution: (a) Using relation v =
πD
just enter the vein? [Use the density of whole blood =
where
(1.06 × 103 kg/m3)]
h = viscosity of blood = 2.084 × 10–3 Pa-s
Solution: Gauge Pressure, P = 2000 pa
r = density of blood = 1.06 × 103 kg/m3
Density of blood, ρ = 1.06 × 103 kg/m3
D = diameter of artery = 2r = 4 × 10–3 m
Using relation P = ρhg
NR = Reynolds’ number = 20 N (Maximum for laminar
200 = 1.06 × 103 × h × 9.8
flow)
2000
h= = 0.2 m. 2000 × 2.084 × 103
1.06 × 103 × 9.8 Velocity v =
1.06 × 103 × 4.103
17. In deriving Bernoulli’s equation, we equated the work
4.168
done on the fluid, in the tube, to its change in the poten- = = 0.98 m/s.
tial and kinetic energy. (a) How does the pressure 4.24
change as the fluid moves along the tube if dissipative (b) Flow rate = av = pr2 v = 3.14 × (2 × 10–3)2 × 0.98
forces are present? (b) Do the dissipative forces become
more important as the fluid velocity increases? Discuss
qualitatively.

PrActice exercises (mcQ)

1. When n fluids of masses m1, m2, …, mn and densities ρ1, 4 3

ρ2, …, ρn respectively are mixed together, then resultant (a) (b)
3 2
density of mixture is
n n (c) 3 (d) 5
∑ mi
i =1
∑ mi ρi
i =1 3. A wooden block with a coin placed on its top, floats in
(a) n
(b) n
water as shown in the figure. The distance l and h are
∑ρ
i =1
i ∑m
i =1
i
shown in figure. After some time the coin falls into the
water. Then
n

∑m
i =1
i
Coin

(c) n (d) infinity

mi l
∑ρ
i =1
Water
h
i

2. Two bodies are in equilibrium when suspended in water (a) l decreases and h increases
from the arms of a balance. The mass of one body is (b) l increases and h decreases
36 g and its density is 9 g/cm3. If the mass of the other (c) both l and h increase
is 48 g, its density in g/cm3 is (d) both l and h decrease
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.11

4. If the weight of a body in vacuum is w and w1 and w2  d 

are weights when it is immersed in liquids of specific (a) M (b) M 1 − 
gravities ρ1 and ρ2 respectively, then the relation among  d2 
w, w1 and w2 is  d M (1 − d /d2 )
(c) M 1 −  (d)
w1 ρ 2 + w2 ρ1 w1 ρ 2 − w2 ρ1  d1  (1 − d /d1 )
(a) w = (b) w =
w1 + w2 ρ 2 − ρ1 9. A ball whose density is 0.4 × 103 kg/m3 falls into water
w1 ρ1 + w2 ρ 2 w1 ρ 2 + w2 ρ1 from a height of 9 cm. To what depth does the ball sink?
(c) w = (d) w = (a) 9 cm (b) 6 cm
ρ1 + ρ 2 ρ1 + ρ 2
(c) 4.5 cm (d) 2.25 cm
5. When equal volumes of two substances are mixed, the 10. A wooden ball of density D is immersed in water of
specific gravity of mixture is 4. When equal weights of density d to a depth h below the surface of water and
the same substances are mixed, the specific gravity of the then released. Upto what height will the ball jump out
mixture is 3. The specific gravity of the two substances of water?
would be d d 
(a) 6 and 2 (b) 3 and 4 (a) h (b)  − 1 h
(c) 2.5 and 3.5 (d) 5 and 3
D D 
(c) h (d) Zero
6. A liquid of density ρ is completely filled in a rectangu- 11. A spherical ball of radius r and relative density 0.5 is
lar box. The box is accelerating horizontally with accel- floating in equilibrium in water with half of it immersed
eration a. What should be the gauge pressure at four in water. The work done in pushing the ball down so that
points P, Q, R, S? whole of it is just immersed in water is (where ρ is the
density of water)
L 5
S P (a) π r4 ρ g (b) 0.5ρrg
12
ρ a
h 4 2 4
(c) π r 3 ρ g (d) πr ρg
R Q 3 3
12. Block A in the figure shown here hangs by a cord from
(a) PP = 0, PQ = 0, PR = ρgh, PS = 0 dynamometer (spring balance) D1 and is submerged in
(b) PP = ρgh, PQ = 0, PR = ρga, PS = ρaL a liquid C contained in a beaker B. The mass of the bea-
(c) PP = 0, PQ = ρgh, PR = ρgh + ρaL, PS = ρaL ker is 1 kg and the mass of liquid is 1.5 kg. The read-
(d) PP = ρgh, PQ = 0, PR = ρgh – ρaL, PS = ρgL ings of dynamometers D1 and D2 are 2.5 kg and 7.5 kg
respectively. What will be the readings of D1 and D2 if
7. A closed rectangular tank is completely filled with
block A is pulled up out of liquid?
water and is accelerated horizontally with an accelera-
(a) D1 will read 5 kg and D2 will also read 5 kg
tion a towards right. Pressure is (i) maximum at, and
(b) D1 will read 7.5 kg and D2 will read 2.5 kg
(ii) minimum at
(c) D1 will read 2.5 kg and D2 will read 7.5 kg
(d) D1 will read 10 kg and D2 will read 2.5 kg

A C
a

B D D1

(a) (i) B (ii) D (b) (i) C (ii) D

(c) (i) B (ii) C (d) (i) B (ii) A
C A B
8. A body of density d1 is counterpoised by Mg of weights
of density d2 in air of density d. Then the true mass of D2
the body is
10.12 ■ Chapter 10

13. A homogeneous solid cylinder of length L (L < H/2), difference h occurs when the system is given an accel-
eration a towards the right. Here, h is equal to
cross-sectional area A is immersed such that it floats
5
with its axis vertical at the liquid-liquid interface with
L h
length in the denser liquid as shown in the figure.
4 a
The lower density liquid is open to atmosphere having
pressure Po. Then density D of solid is given by

L
d
H/2
3L/4 aL gL
L
(a) (b)
2g 2a
H/2 2d
gL aL
(c) (d)
a g
5 4
(a) d (b) d 18. A cart supports a cubic tank filled with a liquid upto the
4 5
top. The cart moves with a constant acceleration a in the
d horizontal direction. The tank is tightly closed. Assume
(c) d (d)
5 that the lid does not exert any pressure on the liquid
14. In making an alloy, a substance of specific gravity s1 when in motion with uniform acceleration. The pres-
and mass m1 is mixed with another substance of specific sure at a point at a depth h and distance l from the front
gravity s2 and mass m2; then the specific gravity of the wall is
alloy is (a) dgh (b) dla
(c) dgh + dla (d) dgh – dla
 m + m2 
(b)  1 2 
ss
(a)  1 
 s1 + s2   1 + m2 
m 19. A piece of metal floats on Hg. The coefficient of expan-
sion of metal and Hg are Y1 and Y2 respectively. If the
 m1 + m2   m1 + m2  temperature of both Hg and metal are increased by an
(c)  m1 m2 
 (d)  s  amount DT, by what factor the fraction of the volume of
 1 s2 
s + s   m +m  metal submerged in mercury changes?
 1 2   1 2 

15. A wooden block is floating in a water tank. The block is  γ 2 + γ1 

(a) (γ 2 − γ 1 )∆T (b)  2  ∆T
pressed to its bottom. During the process, work done is  
equal to
(a) work done against upthrust exerted by the water.  2γ 1γ 2   γγ 
(c)   ∆T (d)  1 2  ∆T
(b) work done against upthrust plus loss of gravitational  γ1 + γ 2   γ1 + γ 2 
potential energy of the block.
(c) work done against upthrust minus loss of gravita- 20. A vessel contains oil (density = 0.8 gm/cm3) over
tional potential energy of the block. mercury (density = 13.6 g/cm3). A homogeneous sphere
(d) None of these. floats with half of its immersed in mercury and the other
16. A closed vessel is half-filled with water. There is a hole half in oil. The density of the material of the sphere in
near the top of the vessel and air is pumped out from g/cm3 is
this hole (a) 3.3 (b) 6.4
(a) the water level will rise up in the vessel. (c) 7.2 (d) 12.8
(b) the pressure at the surface of water will decrease. 21. An astronaut is standing at the north pole of a newly
(c) the force exerted due to the water on the bottom of discovered planet of radius R. He holds a container full
the vessel will decrease. of liquid having mass m and volume V. At the surface
(d) the density of the liquid will decrease. of the liquid pressure is Po and at a depth d below the
17. When at rest, a liquid stands at the same level in surface, pressure is P. From this information determine
the tubes shown in figure. But as indicated a height the mass of the planet
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.13

( P + P0 )VR 2 ( P + P0 ) R 2V
(a) (b)
Gdm 2Gdm
( P − P0 ) R 2V ( P − P0 ) R 2V
(c) (d)
2Gdm Gdm
m
22. A U-tube containing a liquid is accelerated horizon-
tally with a constant acceleration a. If the separation
between the two vertical limbs is l, then the difference mg  d
in the heights of the liquid in the two arms is (a)  1− 
K  D
(a) zero (b) l
la la mg  D 
(b) 1− 
(c)
g
(d)
g K  d

23. Three liquids having densities ρ1, ρ2 and ρ3 are filled in mg  d

(c) 1+
a U-tube. Length of each liquid column is equal to l. ρ1 K  D 
> ρ2 > ρ3 and liquids remain at rest (relative to the tube) (d) None of these
in the position shown in figure. It is possible that
27. A piece of wood is floating in water. When the tempera-
Atmosphere Atmosphere ture of water rises, the apparent weight of the wood will
(a) increase
(b) decrease
ρ
1
ρ
3
(c) may increases or decrease
l l (d) remain same
ρ
2 28. A body floats in water with one-third of its volume
above the surface of water. If it is placed in oil, it floats
l with half of its volume above the surface of the oil. The
specific gravity of the oil is
(a) U-tube is accelerating leftwards
(b) U-tube is accelerating upwards with acceleration g 5 4
(a) (b)
(c) U-tube is moving with a constant velocity 3 3
(d) None of these 3
(c) (d) 1
24. A ball floats on the surface of water in a container 2
exposed to the atmosphere. Will the ball remain 29. The profile of advancing liquid in a tube is a
immersed at its former depth or will it sink or will it (a) straight line (b) circle
rise if the container is covered and the air is removed? (c) parabola (d) hyperbola
(a) The ball sinks
(b) The ball rises 30. The density (ρ) of atmospheric air varies with height
(c) The ball remains immersed at its former depth (h) above the ground according to the relation ρ = ρ0e–λ h
(d) It oscillates where λ is a constant. At what height above the ground
is the pressure half its value on the surface?
25. A vessel of water is placed on the floor of an elevator.
How does the pressure at the bottom of the vessel change 2 1
(a) (b)
if the elevator moves up with uniform acceleration a? λ λ
(a) Increases by hρa ln 2
ln 2
(b) Decreases by hρa (c) (d) 2
λ λ
(c) No change in pressure
(d) None of these 31. A jar is filled with two non-mixing liquids 1 and 2 hav-
26. A cube of mass m and density D is suspended from the ing densities ρ1 and ρ2 respectively. A solid ball, made
point P by a spring of stiffness K. The system is kept of a material of density ρ3, is dropped in the jar. It comes
inside a beaker filled with a liquid of density d. The equilibrium in the position shown in the figure.
elongation in the spring, assuming D > d, is Which of the following is true for ρ1, ρ2 and ρ3?
10.14 ■ Chapter 10

P
Liquid 1 ρ
1
ρ H
3
ρ Q
Liquid 2 2
h

(a) ρ3 < ρ1 < ρ2 (b) ρ1 > ρ3 < ρ2

(c) ρ1 < ρ2 < ρ3 (d) ρ1 < ρ3 < ρ2 (a) 2h (b) H/h
32. In which one of the following cases will the liquid flow (c) H – h (d) H/2
in a pipe be most streamlined?
(a) Liquid of high viscosity and high density flowing 36. If A denotes the area of free surface of a liquid and h the
through a pipe of small radius depth of an orifice of area of cross-section a, below
(b) Liquid of high viscosity and low density flowing the liquid surface, then the velocity v of flow through
through a pipe of small radius the orifice is given by
(c) Liquid of low viscosity and low density flowing (a) v = 2 gh
through a pipe of large radius
(d) Liquid of low viscosity and high density flowing  A2 
(b) v = 2 gh  2 
through a pipe of large radius  A − a2 
33. A tank is filled with water upto a height H. Water is allowed
 A 
to come out of a hole P in one of the walls at a depth D (c) v = 2 gh  
below the surface of water. Express the horizontal distance  A− a 
x in terms of H and D
 A2 − a 2 
(d) v = 2 gh  
 A 
2
D
P 37. A cylinder containing water stands on a table of height
H H. A small hole is punched in the side of cylinder at
its base. The stream of water strikes the ground at a
horizontal distance R from the table. Then the depth of
x
water in the cylinder is
(a) H (b) R
(a) x = D( H − D ) (c) RH (d) R2/4H
D( H − D ) 38. Two rain drops reach the earth with different terminal
(b) x =
2 velocities having ratio 9 : 4. Then the ratio of their vol-
(c) x = 2 D( H − D ) umes is
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 4 : 9
(d) x = 4 D( H − D ) (c) 9 : 4 (d) 27 : 8
34. There is a hole in the bottom of tank having water. If 39. A large tank is filled with water to a height H. A small
total pressure at bottom is 3 atm (1 atm = 105 N/m2), hole is made at the base of the tank. It takes T1 time to
then the velocity of water flowing from hole is H
decrease the height of water to (η > 1); and it takes
(a) 400 m/s (b) 600 m/s η
T2 time to take out the rest of water. If T1 = T2, then the
(c) 60 m/s (d) None of these
value of η is
35. As shown in the following figure, water squirts horizon- (a) 2 (b) 3
tally out of two small holes in the side of the cylinder
(c) 4 (d) 2 2
and the two streams strike the ground at the same point.
If the hole Q is at a height h above the ground and the 40. The L-shaped glass tube is just immersed in flowing
level of water stands at height H above the ground, then water such that its opening is pointing against flowing
the height of P above ground level is water. If the speed of water current is v, then
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.15

L
(a) 2pL (b) ⋅

h 2π
L
(c) L (d) ⋅

2π
v
45. A tank is filled upto a height h with a liquid and is
placed on a platform of height h from the ground. To
get maximum range xm, a small hole is punched at a
v2 distance of y from the free surface of the liquid. Then
(a) the water in the tube rises to height
2g
g y
(b) the water in the tube rises to height 2 h
2v
(c) the water in the tube does not rise at all
(d) None of these h
41. Two capillaries of same length and radii in the ratio
1 : 2 are connected in series. A liquid flows through then xm
in streamlined condition. If the pressure across the two (a) xm = 2h (b) xm = 1.5h
extreme ends of the combination in 1 m of water, the (c) y = 2h (d) y = 0.75h
pressure difference across first capillary is
(a) 9.4 m (b) 4.9 m 46. A cylindrical tank has a hole of 1 cm2 in its bottom. If
(c) 0.49 m (d) 0.94 m the water is allowed to flow into the tank from a tube
above it at the rate of 70 cm3/s then the maximum height
42. Two capillaries of length L and 2L and of radius R and upto which water can rise in the tank is
2R are connected in series. The net rate of flow of fluid (a) 2.5 cm (b) 5 cm
through them will be (Given rate of the flow through (c) 10 cm (d) 0.25 cm
π PR 2 47. A large tank filled with water to a height of h is said to
single capillary, X = )
8η L be emptied through a small hole at the bottom. The ratio
8 9 of time taken for the level of water to fall down from h
(a) X (b) X
9 8 to h/2 and from h/2 to zero is
5 7 (a) 2 (b) 1/ 2
(c) X (d) X
7 5 1
(c) 2 − 1 (d)
43. Three capillaries of length L, L/2 and L/3 are connected 2 −1
in series. Their radii are r, r/2 and r/3 respectively. Then 48. A cylindrical vessel contains a liquid of density ρ upto
if stream-line flow is to be maintained and the pressure a height h. The liquid is closed by a piston of mass m
across the first capillary is P, then and area of cross-section A. There is a small hole at the
(a) the pressure difference across the ends of second bottom of the vessel. The speed v with which the liquid
capillary is 8P comes out of the hole is
(b) the pressure difference across the third capillary is
m, A
43P
(c) the pressure difference across the ends of the sec-
ond capillary is 16P H
(d) the pressure difference across the third capillary is
59P v

44. A large open tank has two holes in the walls. One is a
square hole of side L at a depth y from the top and other  mg 
(a) 2gh (b) 2  gh + 
is a circular hole of radius R at a depth 4y from the top.  ρA
When the tank is completely filled with water the quan-
 mg  mg
tities of water flowing out per second from both the (c) 2  gh + (d) 2gh +
holes are the same. Then R is equal to  A  A
10.16 ■ Chapter 10

49. Equal volumes of two immiscible liquids of densities 54. A body of density D1 and mass M is moving downwards
ρ and 2ρ are filled in a vessel as shown in figure. Two in glycerine of density D2. What is the viscous force act-
small holes are punched at depth h/2 and 3h/2 from the ing on it?
surface of lighter liquid. If v1 and v2 are the velocities of  D2   D1 
efflux at these two holes, then v1/v2 is (a) Mg 1 −  (b) Mg 1 − 
 D1   D2 

h ρ (c) MgD1 (d) MgD2

55. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-section
of 8 cm2, one end of which has 40 fine holes each of
h 2ρ
area 10–8 m2. If the liquid flows inside the tube with a
speed of 0.15 m/min, the speed with which the liquid is
1 1 ejected through the holes is
(a) (b)
2 2 2 (a) 50 m/s (b) 5 m/s
(c) 0.05 m/s (d) 0.5 m/s
1 1
(c) (d) 56. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold (density = 19.5
4 2
kg/m3) is 0.2 m/s in a viscous liquid (density = 1.5 kg/m3),
50. A gas flows with a velocity v along a pipe of cross-sec- find the terminal speed of a sphere of silver (density =
tional area S and bent an angle of 90 ° at a point A. What 10.5 kg/m3) of the same size in the same liquid
force does the gas exert on the pipe at A if its density is ρ? (a) 0.2 m/s (b) 0.4 m/s
2Sv (c) 0.133 m/s (d) 0.1 m/s
(a) (b) 2Sv 2 ρ
ρ 57. The working of venturimeter is based on
(a) Torricelli’s law (b) Pascal’s law
(c) 3Sv 2 ρ (d) 3Sv 2 ρ (c) Bernoulli’s theorem (d) Archimedes principle
2
58. An application of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow is
51. At what speed, the velocity head of water is equal to
found in
pressure head of 40 cm of Hg?
(a) Dynamic lift of an aeroplane
(a) 10.3 m/s (b) 2.8 m/s
(b) Viscosity meter
(c) 5.6 m/s (d) 8.4 m/s
(c) Capillary rise
52. A capillary tube is attached horizontally to a constant (d) Hydraulic press
head arrangement. If the radius of the capillary tube is
59. The working of an atomiser depends upon
increased by 10%, then the rate of flow of liquid will
(a) Bernoulli’s theorem
change nearly by
(b) Boyle’s law
(a) +10% (b) +46%
(c) Archimedes principle
(c) –10% (d) –40%
(d) Newton’s law of motion
53. A good lubricant should have
60. In stream line flow of liquid, the total energy of liquid is
(a) high viscosity
constant at
(b) low viscosity
(a) all points (b) inner points
(c) moderate viscosity
(c) outer points (d) None of these
(d) high density

Answer Keys

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a)
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.17

hints And exPlAnAtions for selected Questions

1. Density of mixture ρ′ 2 ρ1 ρ 2
and = =3
mass of mixture m + m2 +  + mn ρ w ( ρ1 + ρ 2 ) ρ w
= = 1
volume of mixture m1 m2 m
+ + + n or, 2 ρ1 ρ 2 = 3 × 103 kg/m3 (2)
ρ1 ρ 2 ρn
ρ1 + ρ 2
n
Σ mi Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we find
i =1
= n ρ1 = 6000 kg/m3 and ρ2 = 2000 kg/m3
mi
Σ ρ1 ρ
i =1 ρi ∴ = 6 and 2 = 2
ρw ρw
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
m
2. Apparent weight = V ( ρ − σ ) g = ( ρ − σ ) g 6. At point P, PP = 0
ρ
where m = Mass of the body At point Q, PQ = PP + ρgh = ρgh
ρ = Density of the body At point R, PR = PQ + ρaL = ρgh + ρaL
s = Density of water At point S, PS = PR – ρgh = ρaL
If two bodies are in equilibrium then their apparent Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
weights must be equal.
7. Due to acceleration towards right, there will be a pseudo
m1 m force in a left direction. So the pressure will be more on
( ρ1 − σ ) = 1 ( ρ 2 − σ )
ρ1 ρ2 rear side (points A and B) in comparison with front side
36 48 (points D and C).
⇒ (9 − 1) = ( ρ 2 − 1) ⇒ ρ 2 = 3 Also due to height of liquid column, pressure will be
9 ρ2
more at the bottom (points B and C) in comparison with
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). top (points A and D). So overall maximum pressure will
m m m m be at point B and minimum pressure will be at point D.
3. VD = C + B and Vg = C + B
ρw ρw ρC ρ w Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
Since ρC > ρw, Vg < VD 8. Let m0 = Mass of body in vacuum
Hence, l and h both decrease. Weight of body in air
Hence, the correct answer is option (d). = Weight of standard weights in air
4. Loss in weight of liquid of density ρ1 is (w – w1) kg
µ  M
w − w2 ∴ µ0 g −  0  dg = Mg − dg
∴ V ρ1 = w − w1 or V =  d1  d 2
ρ2
 d 
Similarly,V ρ 2 = w − w2 or V =
w − w1 M 1 − 
or µ0 =  2 
ρ1 d
 d
∴
w − w1 w − w2
= 1 − 
ρ1 ρ2  d1 

w1 ρ 2 − w2 ρ1 Hence, the correct answer is option (d).

or, w = 9. The velocity of ball before entering the water surface
ρ 2 − ρ1
Hence, the correct answer is option (b). v = 2 gh = 2 g × 9
ρ ρ + ρ2 When ball enters into water, due to upthrust of water,
5. = 1 =4
ρw 2 the velocity of ball decreases (or retarded)
or, ρ1 + ρ 2 = 4 ρ = 4 × 103 kg/m3 Apparent weight
w
(1) The retardation a =
2 Mass of ball
10.18 ■ Chapter 10

V (ρ − σ )  ρ − σ   0.4 − 1  3g weight of B + weight of C + reaction = upthrust of A

= = g = × g = − 2 or WB + WC + U = 7.5 kg-wt
Vρ  ρ   0 .4 
As WB = 1 kg-wt, WC = 1.5 kg-wt
If h be the depth upto which ball sinks then ∴ 1 + 1.5 + U = 7.5 kg-wt
 3  or U = 5 kg-wt
0 − v 2 = 2 ×  − g  × h or 2g × 9 = 3 gh
 2  From Eq. (1), WA = U + 2.5 = 7.5 kg-wt
Hence, on pulling weight A out of liquid dynamometer
∴ h = 6 cm
D1 reads its true weight 7.5 kg-wt and dynamometer
Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
D2 reads weight of beaker and liquid in it, which is 2.5
10. Let the volume of the ball be V. Force on the ball due to kg-wt.
upthrust = Vdg Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
Net upward force = Vdg – VDg
13. Weight of cylinder = Upthrust to both liquids
∴ upward acceleration is given by
VDa = Vdg – VDg A 3   A L
V × D × g =  × L  × d × g +  ×  × 2d × g
∴ a =  d − D  g 5 4  5 4
 D  A  A× L × d × g
or,  × L  × D × g =
Velocity on reaching the surface, v = 2ah 5  4
Further v = 2gH
D d 5
∴ 2ah = 2gH =
or, = or D d
5 4 4
ah  d − D  d  Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
or H = = h =  − 1 h
g  D   D  Density of alloy
Hence, the correct answer is option (b). 14. Specific gravity of alloy =
Density of water
11. When the ball is pushed down, the water gains potential
energy, whereas the ball loses potential energy. Hence, Mass of alloy
=
gain in potential energy of water Volume of alloy × Density of water
V  3  m1 + m2 m1 + m2
= (V ρ )rg −  ρ   r  g = =
 2  8   m1 m2   m1 m2 
 +  × ρw  ρ + ρ 
(When half of the spherical ball is immersed in water,  ρ1 ρ 2   1 2

3r ρ ρ w 
rise of CG of displaced water = )  w
8
m1 + m2
 3 4 13 13 =
= V ρ rg 1 −  = πρ 3 ρ rg × = π r 4 ρ g  m1 m2 
 16  3 16 12  + 
 s1 s2 
4
Loss in PE of ball = V ρ ′rg = π r 4 ρ ′ g Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
3
15. Initially the wooden block floats when partially immersed
13 4
Work done = π r 4 ρ g − π r 4 ρ ′ g in water. Initially, upthrust exerted by water is exactly equal
12 3 to the weight of the block. But when it is pressed down
13 4 ρ ′  then more water is displaced. Hence, upthrust exerted
= π r4 ρ g  − 
12 3 ρ  by water increases. The force required to press down the
block is equal to F = (Upthrust – mg). Hence, work done
12 4  5
= π r 4 ρ g  − × 0.5 = π r 4 ρ g by the force F will be equal to work against (Upthrust –
12 3  12 mg). It means, work done by the external force is equal to
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). (work done against upthrust – loss of gravitational poten-
tial energy of the block).
12. When body A is immersed in liquid, it experiences
upthrust U, which makes dynamometer D1 read: Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
Apparent weight = True weight – Upthrust 16. Since volume of water remains same, therefore level
= WA – U = 2.5 kg-wt (1) of water will neither rise nor fall. Hence, option (a) is
Dynamometer D2 reads; wrong. At bottom of the vessel, pressure due to water
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.19

will be equal to P = hρg. Since height and density of Vin ρ

water remain unchanged, therefore, pressure due to 19. f in = =
V σ
water will remain unchanged. Though total pressure at
the bottom will decrease because pressure above water (ρ = density of metal and s = density of Hg)
surface has decreased. Hence, options (c) and (d) are or, ∆f = f in′ − f in = f in′ − 1
also wrong. If air from the vessel is pumped out, then f f in f in
pressure in the upper half of the vessel will decrease. ρ  1 + γ 2 ∆T 
Pressure on water surface is equal to pressure of air in  
σ 1 + γ 1∆T
upper half of the vessel. =   − 1 = (γ − γ )∆T
Hence, the correct answer is option (b). ρ 2 1

σ
17. Let P1 and P2 be the pressures at the bottom of the left
(Using binomial theorem)
end and right end of the tube respectively. Then:
Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
F = (P1 – P2)A = ρghA
where A is the cross-section of the tube. 20. As the sphere floats in the liquid therefore its weight
The mass of the liquid in the horizontal portion is will be equal to the upthrust force on it.
m = ρLA 4
Weight of sphere = π R3 ρ g (1)
Now F = ma 3
So ρghA = ρLAa Upthrust due to oil and mercury
aL 2 2
∴h= = π R3 × σ oil g + π R3σ Hg g (2)
g 3 3
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2),
4 2 2
= π R3 ρ g = π R3 × 0.8 g + π R3 × 13.6 g
h 3 3 3
θ
a or 2ρ = 0.8 + 13.6 or ρ = 7.2
L
Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
P − P0
21. ρgd = (P – Po) or g =
m
d 
Hence, the correct answer is option (d). V 
18. The pressure P at point x is the sum of pressures P1 and GM ( P − P0 )V ( P − P0 )VR 2
or = or M =
P2 where P1 is the pressure due to gravity and P2 is the R 2
dm Gdm
pressure necessary to impart an acceleration a to the Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
column of water of length l.
a
22. We know that tan θ =
g
h
h In the present problem, tan θ =
a l
l h a al
x = So = or h
l g g
(where h is the difference in the heights in the two
limbs).
Now pressure, P1 = hdg Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
Pressure P2 acting on a column of length l and area of
23. Since both the vertical limbs of U-tube are open to atmo-
cross-section A gives it an acceleration a in the horizon-
sphere, therefore, at surfaces of liquids the pressure is
tal direction.
equal to atmospheric pressure. Since heights of the liq-
P2A = Alda
uids in the two vertical limbs are equal and the liquids
P2 = lda
have different densities, pressure exerted by them will
As pressure is a scalar quantity, so
be different from each other. The liquids can remain in
P = P1 + P2 = hdg + lda = d(hg + la)
static equilibrium relative to the tube only, when the
Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
system is accelerating down with acceleration g. In that
10.20 ■ Chapter 10

case liquids experience weightlessness. Hence, at every (c) Buoyant force FB (or upward thrust) imparted by
point of the tube, the pressure will become equal to the liquid on the cube given as
atmospheric pressure. But if the tube is not accelerat- FB = Vdg
ing down under gravity then heavier liquid will exert where V = Volume of immersed portion of the cube
more pressure at bottom. Hence, at bottom of left ver- For complete immersion
tical limb, pressure will be towards right as shown in V = Volume of cube
figure. Therefore, liquid in horizontal limb will have a For equilibrium of the cube
rightward acceleration. In fact, this whole system must kx + FB = mg
have a horizontally rightward acceleration. Obviously,
only option (d) is correct. ∴ x = mg − FB = mg − Vdg
K K
A ( Po + l ρ1 g) A ( Po + l ρ3 g) where v = m/D
mg  d 
∴x= 1−
K  D 
Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
24. Let v be the volume of ball above the level of water and Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
V its full volume. W is the weight of the ball. Then, air
29. For advancing liquid in a tube, velocity at a distance y
also exerts buoyant force:
from the axis of tube is
W = vρo g + (V – v)ρw g
where ρo is the density of air when the container is cov- P
y= (r 2 − y 2 )
ered and the air is removed. 4η L
W = v′ρg + (V – v′)ρw g That is, profile is a parabola.
where ρ is the density of air when the container is cov- Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
ered and the air is removed. 1
Hence, vρog + (V – v)ρw g 30. ρ = ρ e − λ h ⇒ ρo = ρo e − λ h
2
= v′ρg + (V – v′)ρwg
1 ln( 2)
 ρ − ρo  ln   = −λ h ⇒ In(2) = λ h ⇒ h =
∴ v′ = v  w  2 λ
 ρw − ρ  Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
When air is removed, ρ = 0. Hence,
31. ρ1 < ρ2 as denser liquid acquires lowest position of ves-
v′ < v, i.e., the ball sinks.
sel. ρ3 > ρ1 as ball sinks in liquid 1 and ρ3 < ρ2 as ball
Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
doesn’t sinks in liquid 2, so
25. Considering the upward motion of a column of liquid of ρ1 < ρ3 < ρ2
depth h Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
PA – PoA – Ahρg = Ahρa
∴ P = Po + hρ(g + a) rρ
32. For streamline flow, Reynold’s number N R = should
When the elevator is at rest η
PR = Po + hρg be less. For less value of NR, radius and density should
∴ D P = P – P R = hρ g be small and viscosity should be high.
Thus, the pressure at the bottom increase. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). 33. The pressure at the free surface of the liquid and also at
26. The cube is in equilibrium under the following three outside of point P is atmospheric pressure. Hence there
forces: will be no effect of atmospheric pressure on the flow of
liquid from hole P. The liquid on the free surface has no
kx kinetic energy but only potential energy. On the other
hand the liquid coming out of the hole has both kinetic
m
and potential energies. Let v be the velocity of efflux of the
FB liquid coming out from the hole. According to Bernoulli’s
mg
theorem.
(a) Spring force kx, where x = elongation of the spring
(b) Gravitational force 1 2
P + 0 + ρ gH = P + ρ g ( H − D ) + ρv
W = weight of the cube = mg 2
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.21

v = 2 gD (1) 1
H = gt 2 or t = ( 2 H / g )
After coming from the hole the liquid adopts a parabolic 2
path. If it takes t sec in falling through a vertical distance ∴ R = veff × t = 2 gh 2 H / g
(H – D), then
1 2 R2
( H − D ) = gt or t = [2( H − D ) / g ] (2)
2 = R 2
4=hH or h
4H
From Eqs. (1) and (2), Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
x = vt = 2 [ D( H − D )] 38. Terminal velocity, vT ∝ r2
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). vT r2
or 1
= 12
34. Pressure at the bottom of tank 2
vT r2
P = hρg = 3 × 105 N/m2 9 r1 r1 3
Pressure due to liquid column ∴ = or r = 2
4 r2 2
P1 = 3 × 105 – 1 × 105 = 1 × 105
and velocity of water v = 2 gh 4 v1 r13 27
∴ v = π r 3 or = =
3 v2 r23 8
2 P1 2 × 2 × 105
or v = = = 400 m/s Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
ρ 103
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). A 2
39. t = [ H1 − H 2 ]
a g
35. In the above question, we have proved that
x = 2 h( H − h) A 2 H
Now, T1 =  H− 
a g  η 
For point Q, x = 2 ( H − h)h
For point P, x = 2 h′( H − h′) A 2 H 
and T2 =  − 0
a g  η 
∴ 2 h( H − h) = 2 h′( H − h′)
According to problem
h(H – h) = h′(H – h′) or h′2 – h′H + h(H – h) = 0 T1 = T2
Solving it, we get, h′ = (H – h)
H H
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). ∴ H− = or η = 4
η η
36. Applying Bernoulli’s theorem, we have
Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
P 1 P 1
+ ( v ′) 2 + gh = + v 2 + 0 r1 1
ρ 2 ρ 2 41. Given l1 = l2 = l and =
r2 2
where v′ is the velocity of all surface of liquid and v the
velocity of efflux. π P r4 π P r4
V = 11 = 2 2
Further, from continuity equation, 8η l 8η l
av 4
Av′ = av or v ′ = P1  r2 
A or, P =  r  = 16 or, P1 = 16 P2
2 2  1
∴ 1  av  + gh = 1 v 2 Since, both tubes are connected in series, hence pres-
2 A  2 sure difference across combination:
 A2  P = P 1 + P2
∴ v = 2 gh  2 2 
 A −a  P
or1 = P1 + 1 or P =
16
= 0.94 m
1
Hence, the correct answer is option (b). 16 17
37. Let h be the height of liquid surface in the vessel. The Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
velocity of efflux is given by 42. Fluid resistance is given by
veff. = ( 2 gh)
8η l
If H be the height of table, then R=
π R4 P
10.22 ■ Chapter 10

When two capillary tubes of same size are joined in par- For x to be maximum
allel, then equivalent fluid resistance is: d 2
( x ) = 0 ∴ 8h – 8y = 0 or h = y
8η L 8η × 2 L  8η L  9 dy
Re = R1 + R2 = + =
Pπ R π ( 2 R) 4 P  π PR 4  8
4
So, xm = 4 h( 2h − h) = 2h
9 Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
Equivalent resistance become times, so rate of flow
8 46. The height of water in the tank becomes maximum
8 when the volume of water flowing into the tank per sec-
will be   X .
9 ond becomes equal to the volume flowing out per sec.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). Volume of water flowing out per second
dQ π P 4 = Av = A 2 gh
43. =
dt 8η L Volume of water flowing in one second = 70 cm3/s
As capillaries are joined in series, so (dQ/dt) will be A 2 gh = 70, 1× 2 gh = 70 or 2 × 980 × h = 4900
same for each capillary. ∴ h = 2.5 cm
π Pr 4 π P ′( r / 2) 4 π P ′′( r / 3) 4 Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
Hence, = = 47. If the R be radius of tank and r that of the hole, then
8η L 8η ( L / 2) 8η ( L / 3)
dh dh r 2
So, pressure difference across the ends of 2nd capillary −π R 2 = π r 2 2 gh or − = 2 g dt
dt dt R 2
P′ = 8P
and across the ends of 3rd capillary dh  h − h 
h/ 2

P′′ = 27P t h ∫ 
h = 2


Hence, the correct answer is option (a). ∴ Required ratio 1 =
t2 0 dh  h
44. Velocity of efflux when the hole is at depth h, v = 2 gh
∫h / 2 h 0 − 2 
 
Rate of flow of water from square hole
= 2 −1
=
Q1 a=
1 v1 L2 2 gy Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
Rate of flow of water from circular hole 48. Applying Bernoulli’s theorem at points 1 and 2,
Difference in pressure energy between 1 and 2 = differ-
Q2 = a2 v2 = π R 2 2 g ( 4 y )
ence in kinetic energy between 1 and 2,
According to problem, mg 1 2
Q1 = Q2 or ρ hg + = ρv
A 2
L2 2 gy = π R 2 2 g ( 4 y ) 2mg  mg 
or v = 2 gh + = 2  gh + 
L ρA  ρA
or R =
2π Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
Hence, the correct answer is option (b). h
49. v1 = 2 g   = gh (1)
45. Velocity of liquid through orifice, v = 2 gy and time 2
taken by liquid to reach the ground From Bernoulli’s theorem
h 1
2( h + h − y ) 2( 2h − y ) ρ gh + 2 ρ g   = ( 2 ρ )v22
t= = 2 2
g g ∴ v2 = 2 gh (2)
Horizontal distance covered by liquid v1 1
∴
2( 2h − y ) v2 2
x = vt = 2 gy × = 4 y ( 2h − y )
g Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
50. Take x-axis along the flow and y-axis perpendicular to it.
d( x2 )  
or x2 = 4y(2h – y) ∴ = 8h − 8 y vinitial = viˆ, vfinal = vjˆ
dy 
∴ Dv = vjˆ - viˆ
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.23

 ∴ a2v2 = a1v1
∆v = ( v 2 + v 2 ) = 2v
8 × 10 −4 × 0.15
Force exerted on the pipe = m∆v = S ρ v( v 2 ) = 2Sv 2 ρ ∴ 40 × 10 −8 × v =
60
Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
8 × 10 −4 × 0.15 8 × 15
M or v = = = 5 m/s
54. Volume of the body = 40 × 10 −8 × 60 4 × 6
D1
Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
M
Mass of liquid displaced by body M ′ =   D2 56. Terminal velocity
 D1  2r 2
v= (ρ − σ )g
Viscous force = effective weight of the body 9η
F = Mg – M′g = (M – M′)g Where r = Radius of the sphere, r = Density of the
 MD2   MD2  sphere,
=M −  g = Mg 1 −  η = Coefficient of viscosity, s = Density of liquid
 D1   D1 
∴ v ∝ (ρ – s)
Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
vg (ρg − σ ) 19.5 − 1.5
55. According to equation of continuity = = =2
vs (ρs − σ ) 10.5 − 1.5
(Area a) × (Velocity v) = Constant
∴For tube, (8 × 10 −4 ) × 
0.15  ∴ v=
v g 0.2
 = a1v1 s = = 0.1 m/s
 60  2 2
For holes, (40 × 10–8) × v = a2v2 Hence, the correct answer is option (d).

Previous yeArs’ Questions

1. Bernoulli’s theorem is based on (c) Archimedes’ principle

(a) conservation of mass, energy and momentum (d) Principle of continuity
(b) conservation of momentum [AFMC 2005]
(c) conservation of mass 5. A rectangular block of mass m and area of cross-section
(d) conservation of energy A floats in a liquid of density ρ. If it is given a small ver-
[AFMC 2000] tical displacement from equilibrium it undergoes oscil-
lation with a time period T. Then
2. A rain drop of radius 0.3 mm has a terminal velocity of 1 1
1 m/s in air. The viscosity of air is 18 × 10–5 poise. Then, (a) T ∝ (b) T ∝
A ρ
the viscous force on the drop will be
1
(a) 101.73 × 10–9 N (b) 10.173 × 10–9 N (c) T ∝ (d) T ∝ ρ
(c) 16.695 × 10–9 N (d) 16.95 × 10–9 N m
[AFMC 2002] [AIPMT 2006]
3. Increase in pressure at one point of the enclosed liquid 6. If there were no gravity, which of the following will not
in equilibrium or rest is transmitted equally to all other be there for a fluid?
points of liquid, illustrates (a) Viscosity
(a) buoyant force (b) Pascals’s law (b) Surface tension
(c) gravitational law (d) electrostatic law (c) Pressure
(d) Archimedes’ upward thrust
[AFMC 2003]
[AFMC 2008]
4. An atomiser is based on the application of 7. An air bubble of radius 1 cm rises from the bottom por-
(a) Torricelli’s theorem tion through a liquid of density 1.5 g/cm2 at a constant
(b) Bernoulli’s theorem speed of 0.25 cm/s. If the density of air is neglected,
10.24 ■ Chapter 10

the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is approximately time will it take to be emptied, when half filled with
(in Pa) water?
(a) 13 (b) 130 (a) 9 min (b) 7 min
(c) 1300 (d) 13000 (c) 5 min (d) 3 min
[AFMC 2008] [AFMC 2008]
8. A rectangular vessel, when full of water, takes 10 min to
be emptied through an orifice in its bottom. How much

Answer Keys

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b)

hints And exPlAnAtions for selected Questions

5. Let the body be depressed by distance x from its equi- Since, acceleration ∝ x, so, it is equation of SHM
librium position. The extra upthrust created is xρAg ρ Ag m
which applies to whole body. If a be acceleration cre- So, ω 2 = ⇒ T = 2π
m ρ Ag
ated then,
1
ρ Ag T∝
x ρ Ag = mg ⇒ a = x A
m
Hence, the correct answer is option (a).

Questions from ncert exemPlAr

1. A tall cylinder is filled with viscous oil. A round peb- 2. Which of the following diagrams as shown in fig does
ble is dropped from the top with zero initial velocity. not represent a streamline flow?
From the plot as shown in fig. Indicate the one that
represents the velocity (v) of the pebble as a function (a) (b)
of time (t).

(a) v (b) v
(c) (d)

t t 3. Along a streamline
(a) the velocity of a fluid particle remains constant.
(c) v (d) v (b) the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given
position is constant.
(c) the velocity of all fluid particles at a given instant
is constant.
t t (d) the speed of a fluid particle remains constant.
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.25

4. An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross- and Methyliodideglass is 30 °. A glass capillary is put
section made of two sections with diameters 2.5 cm in a trough containing one of these four liquids. It is
and 3.75 cm. The ratio of the velocities in the two observed that the meniscus is convex. The liquid in the
pipes is trough is
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 3 : 2 (a) water
(c) 3: 2 (d) 2: 3 (b) ethylalcohol
(c) mercury
5. The angle of contact at the interface of water-glass is
(d) methyliodide
0 °, Ethylalcohol-glass is 0 °, Mercury-glass is 140 °

Answer Keys

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

hints And exPlAnAtions for selected Questions

1. When pebble is dropped from the top of cylinder 3. Streamline flow of liquid velocity of each particle at a
viscous force will increase with increase of speed. particular cross section is constant. So velocity is same.
As force is variable so acceleration is also variable. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
So v-t graph will not be straight line. First velocity 5. According to Question, the observed meniscus of liquid
increases and then becomes constant called terminal in a capillary tube is of convex upward which is only
velocity. possible when angle of contact is obtuse.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
10.26 ■ Chapter 10

AIIMS-ESSENTIALS

Assertion And reAson

In the following questions, a statement of assertion is fol- Reason: According to equation of continuity, product
lowed by a statement of reason. You are required to choose of area and velocity is constant.
the correct one out of the given five responses and mark it as 8. Assertion: A fluid flowing out of a small hole in a ves-
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the sel apply a backward thrust on the vessel.
correct explanation of the assertion. Reason: According to equation of continuity, the prod-
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not uct of area and velocity remain constant.
correct explanation of the assertion. 9. Assertion: Aeroplanes are made to run on the run-
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false. way before take off, so that they acquire the neces-
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. sary lift.
(e) If reason is true but assertion is false. Reason: According to Bernoulli’s theorem, as velocity
increases pressure decreases and vice versa.
1. Assertion: The velocity of the rain drops increases only
upto a limit as they start their journey towards the sur- 10. Assertion: When two boats sail parallel in the same
face of the earth. direction and close to each other, they are pulled
Reason: The rain drops attain terminal velocity in the towards each other.
due course of time, while falling through air. Reason: The viscous drag on a spherical body moving
2. Assertion: The upper surface of the wings of an aero- with speed v is proportional to v.
plane is made convex and the lower surface is made 11. Assertion: The shape of an automobile is so designed
concave. that its front resembles the stream line pattern of the
Reason: The air currents at the top have a smaller veloc- fluid through which it moves.
ity and thus less pressure at the bottom than at the top. Reason: The resistance offered by the fluid is maxi-
3. Assertion: When the stopcock over the U-tube having mum.
a large bubble at its one end and a small bubble at the 12. Assertion: The size of the needle of a syringe controls
other end is opened, air flows from the large bubble to flow rate better than the thumb pressure exerted by a
the small bubble. doctor while administering an injection.
Reason: The pressure inside the large bubble is greater Reason: Flow rate is independent of pressure exerted
than that inside small bubble. by the thumb of the doctor.
4. Assertion: Pascal’s law is the working principle of a 13. Assertion: Sudden fall of pressure at a place indicates
hydraulic lift. storm.
Reason: Pressure is equal to thrust per unit area. Reason: Air flows from higher pressure to lower pres-
5. Assertion: The blood pressure in humans is greater at sure.
the feet than at the brain. 14. Assertion: A rain drop after falling through some
Reason: Pressure of liquid at any point is proportional to height attains a constant velocity.
height, density of liquid and acceleration due to gravity. Reason: At constant velocity, the viscous drag is just
6. Assertion: To empty an oil tank, two holes are made. equal to its weight.
Reason: Oil will come out of two holes so it will be 15. Assertion: Paper pins are made to have pointed end.
emptied faster. Reason: Because pointed pins have very small area due
7. Assertion: The velocity increases, when water flowing to which even for small applied force it exert large pres-
in broader pipe enter a narrow pipe. sure on the surface.

Answer Keys
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a)
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.27

hints And exPlAnAtions for selected Questions

1. Both are true. enters a narrow pipe, the area of cross-section of water
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). decreases therefore the velocity of water increases.
2. The assertion is true but the reasoning is false. Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
The air currents at the top have a larger velocity and 8. Due to small area of cross-section of the hole, fluid flow
thus less pressure at the bottom than at the top. The dif- out of the vessel with a large speed and thus the fluid
ference in pressure on the two sides of the wing pro- possesses a large linear momentum. As no external
duces the uplift. forces acts on the system, in order to conserve linear
momentum, the vessel acquires a velocity in backward
Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
direction or in other words a backward thrust results on
3. Both are false. the vessel.
The air flows from the large bubble to the small bubble. Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
It is because, the pressure inside the small bubble is
9. According to Bernoulli’s theorem, when wind velocity
greater than that inside large bubble.
over the wings is larger than the wind velocity under
Hence, the correct answer is option (d). the wings, pressure of wind over the wings becomes
6. When two holes are made in the tin, air keeps on enter- less than the pressure of wind under the wing’s. This
ing through the other hole. Due to this the pressure provides the necessary lift to the aeroplane.
inside the tin does not become less than atmospheric Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
pressure which happens only when one hole is made. 14. When a body falls through a viscous medium, finally, it
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). attains terminal velocity. At this velocity, viscous force
7. In a stream line flow of a liquid, according to equation on rain drop balances the weight of the body.
of continuity, Av = Constant. Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
Where A is the area of cross-section and v is the veloc- 15. Smaller the area, larger the pressure exerted by a force.
ity of liquid flow. When water flowing in a broader pipe Hence, the correct answer is option (a).

Previous yeArs’ Questions

section - i (Assertion-reAson tyPe) Reason: The resistance offered by the fluid is maxi-
mum.
In the following questions, a statement of assertion is [AIIMS 1994]
followed by a statement of reason. You are required to 2. Assertion: 1 Machine parts are jammed in winter.
choose the correct one out of the given five responses and Reason: The viscosity of lubricant used in machine
mark it as parts increase at low temperatures.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the [1995]
correct explanation of the assertion. 3. Assertion: Specific gravity of a fluid is a dimensionless
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not quantity.
correct explanation of the assertion. Reason: It is the ratio of density of fluid to the density
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false. of water.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. [2005]
(e) If reason is true but assertion is false. 4. Assertion: For Reynold number Re > 2000, the flow of
fluid is turbulent.
1. Assertion: The shape of an automobile is so designed Reason: Inertial forces are dominant compared to the
that its front resembles the streamline pattern of the viscous forces at such high Reyonld numbers.
fluid through which it moves.
[2005]
10.28 ■ Chapter 10

5. Assertion: A thin stainless steel needle can lay floating 3. A column of mercury of length h = 10 cm is contained
on a still water surface. in the middle of a narrow horizontal tube of length 1 m
Reason: Any object floats when the buoyancy force closed at ends. The air in both halves of the tube is under
balances the weight of the object. a pressure of both halves of the tube is under a pressure
[2006] of Po = 76 cm of mercury. The tube is now slowly made
6. Assertion: A needle placed carefully on the surface of vertical. The distance moved by mercury will be
water may float, whereas a ball of the same material (a) 4.5 cm (b) 3.0 cm
will always sink. (c) 2.5 cm (d) 1.2 cm
Reason: The buoyancy of an object depends both on [2000]
the material and shape of the object. 4. For liquid to rise in a capillary tube, the angle of contact
[2008] should be
7. Assertion: Water kept in an open vessel will quickly (a) acute (b) obtuse
evaporate on the surface of the moon. (c) right (d) None of these
Reason: The temperature at the surface of the moon is [2001]
much higher than boiling point of water. 5. Scent sprayer is based on
[2010] (a) Charle’s law (b) Archimedes principle
8. Assertion: Turbulence is always dissipative. (c) Boyle’s law (d) Bernoulli’s theorem
Reason: High Reynold number promotes turbulence. [2002]
[2012] 6. The property utilized in the manufacture of lead shots is
9. Assertion: When height of a tube is less than liquid rise (a) specific weight of liquid lead
in the capillary tube, the liquid does not overflow. (b) compressibility of liquid lead
Reason: Product of radius of meniscus and height of (c) specific gravity of liquid lead
liquid in capillary tube always remains constant. (d) surface tension of liquid lead
[2014] [2002]
10. Assertion: The stream of water flowing at high speed 7. Bernoulli’s equation is consequence of conservation
from a garden hose, pipe tends to spread like a fountain (a) energy (b) linear momentum
when held vertically up but tends to narrow down when (c) angular momentum (d) mass
held vertically down. [2003]
Reason: In any steady flow of an incompressible fluid, 8. A lead shot of 1 mm diameter falls through a long col-
the volume flow rate of the fluid remains constant. umn of glycerine. The variation of its velocity v with
[2015] distance covered is represented by
v v

section - ii (multiPle choice

(a) (b)
Questions tyPe)
distance distance
1. Viscous force exerted by the liquid flowing between covered covered
two plates in a streamline flow depends upon the v v
(a) area of the plates
(b) pressure of the liquid (c) (d)
(c) temperature of the liquid
(d) level of the liquid surface distance distance
covered covered
[1997] [2003]
2. Rocket engines lift a rocket from the earth surface,
because hot gases with high velocity 9. A sphere of mass M and radius R is falling in a viscous
(a) react against the rocket and push it up fluid. The terminal velocity attained the falling object
(b) push against the air will proportional to
(c) push against the earth (a) R2 (b) R
(d) heat up the air which lifts the rocket (c) 1/R (d) 1/R2
[1998] [2004]
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.29

10. In old age arteries carrying blood in the human body

A B
become narrow resulting in an increase in the blood
pressure. This follows from the blood pressure. This
follows from
(a) Pascal’s law
(b) Stoke’s law L 2L
(c) Bernoulli’s principle
(d) Archimedes principle
[2004] (a) water levels in both sections A and B go up.
(b) water level in section A goes up and that in B comes
11. An object is immersed in a fluid. In order that the object down.
becomes invisible, it should (c) water level in section A comes down and that in B it
(a) behave as a perfect reflector goes up.
(b) absorb all light falling on it (d) water levels remain same in both sections.
(c) have refractive index one [2005]
(d) have refractive index exactly matching with that of
the surrounding fluid. 15. By sucking through a straw, a student can reduce the
pressure in his lungs to 750 mm of Hg (density = 13.6
[2004] g/cm3). Using the straw, he can drink water from a glass
12. For a constant hydraulic stress on an object, the frac- upto a maximum depth of
tional change in the object’s volume (DV/V) and its bulk (a) 10 cm (b) 75 cm
modulus (B) are related as (c) 13.6 cm (d) 1.36 cm
∆V ∆V 1 [2006]
(a) ∝B (b) ∝
V V B 16. A liquid is kept in a cylindrical vessel which is being
rotated about a vertical axis through the centre of the
∆V ∆V circular base. If the radius of the vessel is r and angu-
(c) ∝ B2 (d) ∝ B −2
V V lar velocity of rotation is ω, then the difference in the
[2005] heights of the liquid at the centre of the vessel and the
edge is
13. A candle of diameter d is floating on a liquid in a cylin-
drical container of diameter D (D >> d) as shown in rω r 2ω 2
(a) (b)
figure. If it is burning at the rate of 2 cm/h then the top 2g 2g
of the candle will
ω2
(c) 2grω (d)
2gr 2
L [2010]
17. A capillary tube of radius r is immersed in water and
L
water rises in it to a height h. The mass of water in the
capillary tube is 5 g. Another capillary tube of radius 2r
d
is immersed in water. The mass of water that will rise in
D
this tube is
(a) 2.5 g (b) 5.0 g
(a) remain at the same height (c) 10 g (d) 20 g
(b) fall at the rate of 1 cm/h
[2010]
(c) fall at the rate of 2 cm/h
(d) to up at the rate of 1 cm/h 18. Water is flowing with velocity 4 m/s in a cylinder of
diameter 8 cm, it is connected to a pipe with it end tip
[2005]
of diameter 2 cm, calculate the velocity of water at this
14. A given shaped glass tube having uniform cross section free end.
is filled with water and is mounted on a rotatable shaft (a) 4 m/s (b) 8 m/s
as shown in figure. If the tube is rotated with a constant (c) 32 m/s (d) 64 m/s
angular velocity ω when
[2011]
10.30 ■ Chapter 10

19. Pressure head in Bernoulli’s equation is (a) 30 (b) 20

(c) 15 (d) 12
Pρ P
(a) (b) [2013]
g ρg
22. Determine the height above the dashed line XX′ attained
(c) ρg (d) Pρg by the water stream coming out through the hole is situ-
[2011] ated at point B in the diagram given below. Given that
h = 10 m, L =2 m and d = 30 °.
20. A spherical body of diameter D is falling in viscous
medium. Its terminal velocity is proportional to
(a) Vt ∝ D1/2 (b) Vt ∝ D3/2 h
(c) Vt ∝ D2
(d) Vt ∝ D5/2
L α = 30º
[2012] X′ B X

21. In a cylinder their are 60 g Ne and O2. If pressure of (a) 10 m (b) 7.1 m
mixture of gases in cylinder is 30 bar then in this cylin- (c) 5 m (d) 3.2 m
der partial pressure of O2 is (in bar) [2015]

Answer Keys

Section - I (Assertion-Reason Type)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)

Section - II (Multiple Choice Questions Type)

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (d)

hints And exPlAnAtions for selected Questions

section - i (Assertion-reAson tyPe) 4. Reynold’s number represents the ratio of the inertial
force is refer as inertia (mass of moving fluid) per unit
1. The resistance offered by the fluid should be minimum area to the viscous force per unit area. When Re > 2000,
with that shape. the flow is often turbulent in that case internal force
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). dominate viscous force.
3. Specific gravity is former name of relative density and Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
relative density is the density of a substance divided by
the density of water. 5. A thin stainless steel needle on a still water may floats
∴ Specific gravity = relative density due to surface tension as upward force due to surface
tension balances the weight of the needle.
density of substance
= = dimensionless Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
density of water
Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.31

6. A needle placed carefully on the surface of water may Figure (a) shows the horizontal position and figure (b)
float due to surface tension as upward force due to sur- shows the vertical position of the tube.
face tension balances the weight of the needle. But these When the tube is horizontal, the volume of air at the two
upward force due to surface tension are very small as sides of mercury column = 0.45 × α, where α is the area
compared to weight of ball. Also the weight of liquid of cross-section of the tube.
displaced by the ball immersed in liquid is less than the
The pressure of air at each side = 76 cm of Hg
weight of the ball, hence ball sinks into the liquid.
= 0.76 m of Hg
Hence, the correct answer is option (c).
7. Water would evaporate quickly because there is no Now, for the vertical position of the tube, let the mercury
atmosphere on moon, due to which surface temperature be displaced by x metre.
of moon is much higher than earth (maximum surface Then, the volume of the air at the upper part
temperature of moon is 123 °). = (0.45 + x)α
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). If the new pressure of air at the upper part be P1, then
2T 2T from Boyle’s law, we get
9. h = ⇒ hR =
Rdg dg 0.76 × 0.45 × α = P1 × (0.45 + x) × α
∴ hR = Constant 0.76 × 0.45
or P1 = (1)
Hence, when the tube is of insufficient length, of cur- 0.45 + x
vature radius of the liquid meniscus increases. So, as to
Volume of air at the lower part of the tube
maintain the product hR a finite constant.
= (0.45 – x)α
That is, as h decrease, R increase and the liquid meniscus
became more and more flat, but the liquid does not overflow. If the new pressure of air at the lower part of the tube
Hence, the correct answer is option (d). = (0.45 – x)α
10. As we know that, If the new pressure of air at this part be P2, then apply-
ing Boyle’s law, we get
Av = constant (equation of continuity)
0.76 × 0.45 × α = P2 × (0.45 – x) × α
1
A∝ 0.76 × 0.45
v or, P2 = (2)
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). 0.45 − x
Now, obviously, P2 > P1 and the difference in pressure
section - ii (multiPle choice between the lower and upper parts of the tube, i.e., (P2
– P1) will be due to the mercury column of 0.1 m in its
Questions tyPe) vertical position.
dv ∴ P2 – P1 = 0.1 (3)
1. Viscous force (F) = η A × ∝ A (Where A is the area
dx From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
of the plates).
0.76 × 0.45 0.76 × 0.45
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). P2 − P1 = −
0.45 − x 0.45 + x
2. Rocket propulsion is based on the principle of Newton’s
third law, that is every action has equal and opposite (0.76 × 0.45)(0.45 + x ) − (0.76 × 0.45)(0.45 − x )
=
reaction. (0.45) 2 − x 2
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). 0.76 × 0.45 × 2 x
3. 0.45 m = (4)
0.45 m (0.45) 2 − x 2
P1 0.45 + x
Now, from Eqs. (3) and (4),we get
P P
0.76 × 0.45 × 2 x
= 0.1
(0.45) 2 − x 2
0.1 m
Figure (a) or x2 + 6.84x – 0.2025 = 0
P2 0.45 – x
−6.84 ± (6.84) 2 − 4 × 1× (0 − 0.2025)
or x =
Figure (b) 2 ×1
10.32 ■ Chapter 10

or x = 0.029, –6.87. 11. If the refractive index of two media are same, the sur-
Negative value of x is discarded as it is absurd. face of separation does not produce refraction or reflec-
tion which helps in visibility.
∴ x = 0.029 = 2.9 cm.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
So, mercury will be displaced by 2.9 cm (nearly).
1
Hence, the correct answer is option (b). 12. Bulk modulus ∝
∆V /V
5. A scent sprayer is an example of fall in pressure due Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
to increase in velocity. Also as per Bernoulli’s theorem
13. Initial weight of the candle = Weight of liquid displace
that datum head, pressure head and velocity head of a
flowing liquid is constant. Therefore scent sprayer is ρCVCg = ρL. (volume displaced)g
based on Bernoulli’s theorem. d
2
d2
Hence, the correct answer is option (d). ρC π   2 L = ρ L π Lg
2 2
6. The property utilized in the manufacture of lead shots ρC 1
is surface tension of liquid lead. In this process, molten = (1)
ρL 2
lead is made to pass through a sieve from a high tower
and allowed to fall in water. The molten lead particles, when 2 cm has burnt, total length = 2L – 2
while descending, assume a spherical shape and solid- But ρC(2L – 2) = ρL(L – x)
ify in this form, before falling into water. ρC2(L – 1) = 2ρC(L – x) (Using Eq. (1))
Hence, the correct answer is option (d). ∴ x = 1 cm.
8. Initially due to the action of gravity, the lead shot will Outside also it has decreased 1 cm as the total decrease
move with increasing velocity for some time. Then due is 2 cm. The level of the candle comes down at half the
to the viscosity of the glycerine column, the lead shot rate of burning.
will attain a constant terminal velocity. As initially, Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
there is some upthrust on the shot due to glycerine the 14. A B
increase of velocity will not be fully linear. So the varia- ω
tion is shown by plot (a). H2
H1
Hence, the correct answer is option (a).
4 L1 L2
9. Stoke’s law: 6π rη v = π r 3 ( ρ − σ ) g
3 Due to rotation about the axis OO′, a force is acting on
∴ v∝r. 2
the liquid column AB outwards, pushing up the liquid
M column on the right. This centrifugal force acting on the
As M is given, ρ = small element dx of area of cross-section dx, distant x
4 3
πr from the axis is
3
But as r3 increases, M also increases and ρ is constant dm ω2x = Adxρω2x
∴ v, the terminal velocity ∝ r2. The total force due to column of length L (=AB) is
L
Hence, the correct answer is option (a). L2
10. According to continuity theorem as av = constant as ∫ Aρω 2 ⋅ xdx = Aρω 2
0
2
area increases velocity decreases. So when blood flows Pressure at B
from narrow arteries to wider one, velocity decreases. Aω 2 L2
According to Bernoulli’s principle, = Atmospheric pressure + h1 ρ g +
A 2
1
P + ρ v 2 = Constant Pressure at B due to liquid column on the right hand
2 side = atmospheric pressure + h2ρg
a1 a2 Net pressure due to the left hand side = pressure at B
narrow arteries due to liquid column
As velocity decreases, pressure increases. Thus when L2
atm. pressure + h1 ρ g + ρω 2
arteries become narrow, blood pressure increases. 2
Hence, the correct answer is option (c). = atm. pressure + h2ρg
 Fluid Mechanics ■ 10.33

ω 2 L2 ′
∴ m ∝ r, Hence, m = 2r = 2
∴ h2 – h1 = H0 = .
2g m r
Here ∴ m′ = 2m = 2 × 5 g = 10 g.
ω 2 L22 ω 2 L12 Hence, the correct answer is option (c)
H2 = , H1 =
2g 2g 18. Here, v1 = 4 m/s, A1 = π r12 = 16p ×10–4 m2, A2 = π r22 =
⋅ ⋅

As ω is the same, and L2 > L1, H2 > H1. p × 10–4 m2

But both will go up. Av
Using, A1v1 = A2v2 ∴ v2 = 1 1
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) A2

15. Pressure difference between lungs and atmosphere = 16π × 10 −4 × 4

= 64 m/s
760 mm – 750 mm = 10 mm = 1 cm of Hg. π × 10 −4
Pressure difference = 1 × 13.6 × g = l × 1 × g of water Velocity of water at free end, v2 = 64 m/s
That is, one can draw from a depth of 13.6 cm of water. Hence, the correct answer is option (d)
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) 19. Bernoulli’s equation is
16. From Bernoulli’s theorem, 1
P + ρ gh + ρ v 2 = a Constant,
2
1 1
PA + dv A2 + dghA = PB + dv B2 + dghB P 1 v2
2 2 or +h+ = Constant,
Here, hA = hB ρg 2 g
1 1 P
∴ PA + dv A2 = PB + dv B2 Here, is called pressure head.
2 2 ρg
ω Hence, the correct answer is option (b)
P 20. Terminal velocity Vt ∝ D2
h Hence, the correct answer is option (c)
r B
A C
22. Let the velocity at point B is vB.
From conservation total mechanical energy,
1
mg[h – L sin α] = mv B2
1 2
PA − PB = d  v B2 − v A2 
2   1
⇒ v B2 = 2g(h –L sinα) = 2 g 10 − 2 × 
Now, vA = 0, vB = rω and PA – PB = hdg  2
1 2 2 r 2ω 2 ⇒ v B = 18g
2

∴ hdg = dr ω or h =
2 2g Now, let maximum height attained by water stream,
be (H)
Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
v B2 sin 2 α
2S cos θ H = L sin θ +
17. h = 2g
rρ g
2
Mass of water in the first tube, 1
18 g  
⇒ H = 2× +
1  2  = 1 + 18 = 3.25 m
 2S cos θ  2π rS cos θ
m = π r 2 hρ = π r 2 ×  × ρ = 2 2g 8
 rρ g  g Hence, the correct answer is option (d)