Week

2 :

Subject &
Ducks
Predicates
Sentence

paddle NP
S

VIP
I subject) (predicate
Max
coughed The
gigantic ducks paddling
were
The ducks are
paddling away away furiously
The gigantic ducks paddling away (subject) (predicate)
-

were

juriously
* Phrase marker term :

S
A node sisters = B-C
Up
·

mother = A P - -
B C ·

daughter = B c -

Those gigantic ducks were

paddling away furiously
(subject) (predicate)

S B
Subjects : NP
Predicates VP :

* Noun phrase and verb phrase :

YP

otherp
MP
other
up
VP
 13) Head , modifiers and complements :

a) Head :

The head
of a phrase is the element that the phrase is centered on . It is the one essential-
or
obligatory -

element in that phrase .

Ex : The man who is
walking down the street Head Phrases

Two rather dubious

jokes N NP

love to the moon and back Y YP

you
beside a stream A AP

Alt phrases have a head ! ADY AdvP

PP PP

NP
up
PP

Adu
VP

*
Specifier :

·
Determiners auxiliaries and
, degree words function as specifiers .

Semantically specifiers help to make the

meaning of the head more precise.
·
,

NP YP AP PP

Det N Adva Y Qual A Qual P

Ex: The
young lady might have known extremely
, ,
important. very quite , ,
more

too ,
so , some what
, .
Categories Function Example
Det Specifier of N a,an ,
the this that
, , ,
some
Aux Specifier of V have be will , , ,
can

quite almost less

Deg SpecifiersAAP very , , ,
more ,

b) Complement :

A complement provide
·

information about entices and locations

of the head.
When head demands a
further expression that further obligatory is
a
expression
·
,

said to be the complement of the head.

 English complements are attached to the
·
In ,
right of the head.
Ex Gift the predator
:

91 , P
want it
Phil h C
into the
garage dreads M H
Canada
map of
affectionate cats

c) Modifier 100 % adjs are modifiers

: Noun :

optional element that describes head.

An a
property of the
·

Ex & rather
:

dubious jokes.
modifier head
eat the cake
head
hungrily .
modifier

↓ Categories :

· Lexical categories :

Ex : N , V , A , Ady , D, . . .

Phrasal
·

categories :

EX : NP UP AP , AdvP
,
, ,
PR
, . .

Example
bi g
:ina selhe
,

Head
* Noun and nown phrases :

Nouns have 4 subcategories Proper us Common and Count : us Mass

-

Pronouns stand in place of complete Noun Phrases (MPs)

 ·

Definite pronouns : she/her it IIme , , ,

we /us you
they them
, ,

ourselves etc...
·

Reflexive (definite) pronouns :

myself itself , , ,

indefintepronouns someone :
something ,
anything , anyone, . .

· Demonstrative pronouns : This that these those , , ,

Interrogative (questions) pronouns who which what :

, ,

· Possessive pronouns mine yours his hers ours theirs

:
, , , , ,

(One
The
·

impersonal pronouns :
one
usually enjoys one's birthday) .
(You"can also be used
impersonally (
· Note :

#) It is the category of the head that determines the phrase as whole

category of the a

(masculine
2) The head noun that determines the number (sing. or plu )
. and the gender
fenzinine or neutral) of the Noun Phrase as a whole.
The books in a shelf NP (plural)
Ex :
big :

clever plans
(3) two
extremely clever they them
-

sh] an
extremely it plan -

mother-she her
[5] Kim's
very proud ,

him
[6] Kim's
very proud father-he . ,

* Phrase marker :

M
Two Phrase-b
X
Phrase -

c N

plans
X

extremely clever
(s) eating the plums is grinning broadly .
The man

(9) The mother

of the solist in the violin concerts was
very proud.
=>
singular noun
⑧
Week
# Adjectives and adverbs
3:
:

Degree adverbs functions modifiers of adjectives as within adjective phrases.

·

Example : more ,
most less
, ,
least ,
very qui
te , ,
so ,
too rather
, extremely , ,
slightly ,
hardly
,
highly moderately completely increasingly incredibly
, , , , ,
etc...
·

Identify the adjs and advs

* and adverb phrases

Adjective phrases :

·
AP/Adup can be a single adjective/adverb or a whole phrase
Example of Ap cold hot very cold extremely important
,
· :

, , , --
·

Example of Advp very so very oddly quite frankly,

:
, , ,
. .

hot he more important

frank
+ - +

A up
Adv AduD
A
A
I I 1

hot
frankly Adv important

more
* Adjectives :

-
interesting +
akwardly interesting
A
A AduB A

Adv interesting
I

interesting
akwardly
*
Degree advebs :

Deg Deg
too, quite ,
extremely perfectly
,

rather incredibly entirely

,
very ,
so ,
 -

Construct a labelled phrase marker of the following phrase "more obviously :

artificial "
(1) suspiciously clever :

A A
AduP A
- I
AduP
I
A
AdvD Adv
artificial Adv
I
clever

Adr obviously suspicionly

more

(2) quite delicious (3) so

very touchy
A
Adup A Adop A
11 X I

Adv delicious
I AduP Adr touchy
quite Adr very

go

* Coordinate phrases :

Example moderately cheap and extremely

:
nasty
-
Coordinate APS
(2) hot and
4)
Stuffy and too not too
stuffy
* Ap - -
Adup and
Ap and
↑
AP
I A AP
X
AD
I

A AduP A Adv A and A AduB A

A
too not
I
11 I I I

stuffy Adv
I
hot
stuffy adv
I
not
stuffy
too tog
 * Practice :

(1) rather but exciteda () slowly andvery carefullyor

nervous
very

and
Ap AB Adv Adup
X
AduP
11
A Adup
I
A
I
stowly AduP
11
Adv

Adv Adv excited

I
nervous
I
Adv carefully
rather
very very
very touchy
(3) so

AduP A
X I

AduB
I
Adr touchy
Adr very

Prepositions and prepositional phrases :

the relation between a preposition and a following Moun phrase is a head-complement

relation I

Ex : beside a stream
PP

P ND -

I - -
- -

beside a stream - -
-
- - - -

-
-
- - - -

- - -

-
 (a) for you and Pete

rM
and Name
for Pro
you
refe

(b) very nervous but

very excited (c) slowly andvery carefula

AP
A AP Adv and AduB

stuly Adv

AdvDA
AdvP

I
Adexcited adv
I
carejulty
very very very
(d) Fernandez drank and smoked cheroots
brandy
NP VP
I

name up and VP
X
Fernandez vD v Mp
I
drank in smoked
m
cheroots
brandy
 (e) Hebert broke the printer and I had to mend it.

I
S and S

MB UP
mp VP

Name Pro
I

Hebert broke the printer # had to mend it

4) now
andin the future
and PP
P
now PNP
I

the
in
future
(a) So very
touchy
Adup AP

Adv AduD A

(b) So completely stupid AP so Adr touchy

AduP AP
I
very
Adu Adup A

so Adv stupid.
completely
 (a) odd
very very
Ap

AduP AP
I

Adv AduP A
I I
I

Adr odd
very I

<) Verb phrasesery

*
types of verbs :

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs A full Up must contain Lexical

a verb and it
go ,
eat study
,
, . .

may
have , ,
be, . . .

may contain
Auxiliary verbs.

* About lexical verbs :

Lexical rebs take some verbal

·

if not all of the inflections-s ,

-ing ,
-ed ,
-en

·
Ex :

plays playing played

, , ; writes ,
writting ,
written .

In UPS
containing only a lexical verb that verb will
carry a
present or past meaning
.
·

*
Types of Lexical verbs :

- Transitive 11 complement)
-
Intrastive (O complement-MP)
-
Dihanstive (a complements Np NP) -
+

- Intensive (1 complement MP/AP/PP) -

-
ComplexMansitive /I complements MP Ap(pp) -
+

-
Prepositional
=> Lexical verbs are sub-categorized according to what other
elements must appear with them in the UP In other words They are .

are
sub-categorized in terms of complements they
what demand.
① Intransitive verbs : 10 complement)
An intransitive verb is one that does not require any
·

further constituent as a
sister in the Up (no complement)
·
Ex : laugh ,
smile die work
, ,
 ·
Amar sighed S

NB UP
I I

Name V
I Linhans (
Amar I

sighed
① transitive verbs (1 :

complement MP) -

·
A hansitive verb requires a
single NP to complement it. This NP functions as the verb's
direct object
·
Ex : admire maintain love like.
, , ,

·
Phil dreads affectionate cats.
S

NP VP
I

Name U NP
I
(aps)
Phil I

dreads
affectionate cats

inhans
trans

intrans

trans

intrans

hans
4) The ducks paddled the lake
across
NP Up

V PP
The ducks [inhans]
I P MP
padded &

across the lake

() He paddled the raft across the lake.
S

NP VP

pro VP PP
I

He V NP D MP
[-hans]
I

the lake
paddled the
raff
arcross
(3) Morgan is
reflecting quietly
S

me
UP

Adva
vp

Morgan Aux v

[intans]

is
reflecting quietly
(4) The glass reflected Max's
ugly mug
S

NP VP

V NP
the glass [trans]
I

reflected Max's
ugly mug
(5) The samouar broke.

MP UP

↓
[inhans]

The samovar broke

(6) Anna broke the samovan

NP UB
I

Name V NP
[hans]
Anna I

broke the samovar

 Week 4:
③ Prepositional verbs : (1 complement-pp)
* PC : PP
functioning as a complement
-

Prepositional verbs :
complemented by a prepositional phrase
-

Example : deals with ,

look at refer to etc.
, ,

UP
NP
Name V PP
[prep]

Max glanced at the

falling acrobat

④Intensive verbs : (1 Complement MP/AP/PP) -

Intensive verbs require a

single complement which can take ,
the form of AP NP,
or pp
-

Ex become seem
-
:
, ,
appear ,
turn ,
look ,
taste , feel ,
smell sound
,

the complement of an intensive verb functions as a SUBJECT-PREDICATIVE

(33) Ed is rather extravagant (AP)
(34) Sigmund was an auctioneer (NP)
(35) Oscar and the First Mate were in the engine room (pp)
Ex : She feels sad.

= get affected by the verbs

-

she became a worker. doesn't

She is in the
living room .

*
Difference between transitive (v NP) + & Intensive (v + NP)
Sigmun was an auctioneer .

Subject Predicative

Sigmun spotted an auctioneer -

> direct object

· An intensive verb takes a subject-predicative .

· A transitive verb takes a direct object.

 *
Difference between Intensive (u pp) +

andPrepositional (v pp) +
SP
a Think was at the palace
&

DO .

DO >
subject predicative
-

SP
b Think glanced at the palace
DO
.

&

Complement
.

-
S P .

S P .

D8.

*
Prep (V PP) Intensive (V pp)
+
,
+
;
Intrans (v pp) +

a Think was at the

palace
=> Intensive (subject predicative -
PP is a complement)
b .
Think glanced at the palace
Prepositional complement-PP is a complement
=>

.
c Think fell at the palace
=> Optional
modifier Intransitive
-

⑤ Ditransitive verbs 12 complements Mp mp) :

-

Ditransitive verbs require & MPs as complements

These MPs function as the direct object or in direct object
-

Example give : send offer show

·

, , ,

* William
gave Millie some bleach
S

NB UP
I

Name V NP MP
I
[Ditrans]
William I

Millie beach
G are some
-
In Ups that contain a ditransitive v : the indirect object NP corresponds to app
phrase in a position following the direct object.
gave some bleach
* William to Millie
 S

MP up
I
Marte V NP PP Ditrans

&
[Ditrans] Ditran
Ditrans

William I

to tilee
gave some Ditrans

⑧ complex transitive verbs :

(J comps -
MP + AP/NP(PP)
-

Complex
hansitive verbs take two complements : a direct object (NP) and an
object-predicative (the predicative
-
can be Ap MP ,
or PP)
Jack finds his jokes extremely funnya (AP)

&
·
own

they theirspokesperson (MP) Object-predicative

·
·
made Stella

·
Liza put the liquor under her bed (pp .

·
Jack finds his jokes extremely funny
S

NB VP

V MB AP
Jack [complex]
I

finds his jokes

extremely funny
*
Difference between Ditrans (v + NP +
MP) and Complex trans (v + NP + NP)
Complex · Nhi found What an
amazing companion.
That an amazing companion)
is

Ditrans Whi found what an

amazing companion .

i O I
d 8
.

found an amazing companion

.
Summary :

I
Function
-

categories
-
NO complement · [intrans]
ONE complement · [trang] MPs only d O .

n
<prep] PPs only PC

-
·
[intens] Ap , ND or PP g .
P
TWO complements · [ditrans] MP + MP or MP + PP if +
do
-
[complex) MD + Ap or MP or PP do + op

~
[20mpe
[intrans 1 0
[Ditrans]-
.

S v S P
[Inters]
.

dO

stans]
trans]-
.

[S .
P
- [inters]
dO
.

[trans]
dO
.

0 .
0 scomplex>
iO d O-

[Ditrans
compea
.

Stand P
0 .

PC
[ J
PC
preps Jintran ~

2 7 (prep]-
.

3) ·
intransitive : Jim's attempt at the stew smelled.
·
transitive : The nervous customer smelled Jim's attempt at the stew.
·
intensive : Jim's attempt at the stew smelled rather strange.
 Nicholas
a .

(elt] (strangelyeuphoric? [intens

S

NP UP

V AP
[intens]
AdiP A

Nicholas felt Adv euphoric

,

strangely
b. The local
gattery lends as the materials. -> [ditrans]
S

MP VP

v NP
[ditrans]
MP MP

The local gallery lends us the materials

of the overnight deteriorated= Cintras

left
.
c The condition cares out

NP

v
·

[intrans]
I

The condition of the cake deteriorated

d .

They voted the Grand

Master
out
of office. > (complex]

MP up

V NP PP

[complex]

They
voted the Grand out
of office
Master
.
e A bucket
of water revived that particular patient .
- (trans]
S

NP VP

U NB
[trans]
I

A bucket
of
water revived that particular patient
f . The Venetians submitted to Napoleon's demands. [prep]
S

NP up

V PP

prep]
<

The Venetians submitted to Napoleon's demands