Physical Quantities - All the quantities of which laws of physics are

described and which are measurable

Fundamental quantities- The physical quantities which can be

trated as independent of other physical quantities

Derived quantities- The physical quantities which are defined in the

terms of fundamental quantities

These are fundamental quantities

Derived quantities examples- spped, velocity, Acceleration, force ,

energy

Unit- definite amount of a physical quantity is taken as its standard

unit

The measure of a physical quantity=numerical value of unit quantity

SI SYSTEM OF UNIT

abbreviation for ‘Systeme Internationale d’unites’. It is the

modernised and extended form of the metric system. Adopted in

1960, it is now used worldwide

CGS SYSTEM OF UNITS- known as the Gaussian system of units

and is based on centimeter,grams and seconds

SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

1. all non zero digits are isgnificant eg. 39200 (3 s.d)

2. any zero snadwiched beetween non-zero digits is significant

eg. 7.100923(7 s.d), 43901 (5 s.d)

3. any leading zeros are non significant eg-007(1 s.d), 0.0031(2

s.d)

4. If number doesnt have any decimal points then the trailing

zeroes are nit counted as significant eg- 10800(3 s.d)

5. If teh number has a decimal point than the trailing zeroes

become significant eg- 39.500 (5 s.d)

density- measure of how much mass is presnet ina given volume of

any substance.

density= masss/ volume

if an object has more density than water, it will sink

if an object has less density then water, it will float

To calculate volume of a regular object we messures length. For an

irregular object we work out volume using displacemnt method.( the water

thing)

for the elements, the density usually increases with the atomic number. The

substance with teh highest density in teh universe is a collapsed star.

heat- the total thermal enegy if teh vibrating particleparticle in an object. SI

unit is joules(J)

temperature- It gives you an idea about

1. Average energy of the particles in an object

2. the direction of energy transfer

unit is kelvin (K) in SI

thermal energy is always transferred from a higher temperature to a lower

temperature

Absolute zero is at -273C this is when all the vibrations in a particles is 0. We

cant go belwo this temperature ever.

If there are 2 glasses with the same volume but different temperatures then

the glass with the higher temperature has more heat. But if the temperatures

are the same and volumes different then the glass with more volume has

more heat.

a sparkler has temperature of 1000 but one spark does not burn you

because the mass of the spark is very less so even if it has a high

temperature it doesn't have a lot of thermal energy or heat.

Dissipation- loss of energy to the surrounding , the energy spreads out and

is less useful

if the temperature difference is more, the rate of thermal energy transfer

increases making it faster.

FORMS OF ENERGY

1- KINETIC ENERGY

kinetic energy possessed by an object due to its motion

2- THERMAL ENERGY
The energy which comes from the movement of taoms and molecules in an

object

3-RADIANT ENERGY

the energy that travels in the form of waves

examples-light waves, sound waves, radio waves

4-POTENTIAL ENERGY

stored energy possessed by an object due to its position

a) Gravitational Potential energy

energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field

b)Elastic energy

energy stored by objects that are squished or stretched

c)Nuclear energy

energy stored in the nucleus of an atom is nucleur energy. this energy is

released during nucleur fusion and fission

d)Chemical Energy

enegy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules

e)Electrical Energy

energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor

EFFICIENCY % = Total useful form of energy x100

Total input energy

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from

one form to another. (law of conservation of energy)

SANKEY DIAGRAMS

When thermal energy is removed from an hot object we say that the thermal

energy is dissipated

Cold is not an energy store it simply means that there is less thermal energy

When a substance is heated it's vibrations of the particles are faster thus
making the solid expand

a) conduction

transfer of heat beetween substances that are in contact with each other

conduction takes place when particles collide

Solids conduct heat much better than liquids & because particles are closely

packed

metals are good conductors of heat have closely packed particles &

electrons that can move easily in the solid.

conduction transters heat energy from hotter area to a cooler area without

particles moving from one place

Expand occupy more space → volume increases

b) convection

the upward movement of warmer liquid or gas.

convection does not occur in solid, because the are not free to move

It also cannot take place in vaccum

movement around heated gas or liquid is convection current

c)Radiation

The process through which near energy gets transferred without any

medium is called radiation

Heat from the Sun reaches Earth through infrared red

Infrared radiations are radiations are similar to visible light, except that they

are invisible to human eye.

radiation can travel through empty space & any transparent material.

Anything that is warm emits infrared radiation in all directions

Infrared photography captures the radiation given out by the objects

All objects give out thermal energy through radiation

GOOD EMITTERS AND ABSORBERS of radiation

Dark, dull, has a large surface area

BAD EMIITERS AND REFLECTORS of radiation

White or silver, shiny, have small surface area

EVAPORATION- change of state from liquid to gas. occurs at any

temperature

particles in water are miving in random direction. some of them have more

energy than others, some have enough energy to escape from the surface

and become gas particles. As particles escape during evapouration, they

take away some energy away hence cooling the liquid. Some of the particles

can be pulled back into the liquid

Factors affecting the rate of evaporation:

⁃ Temperature- with the increase in temperature more number of particles

get enough energy to go into the vapour state.

⁃ Exposed Surface area- more particles will escape at the same time

⁃ Wind- as the wind blows, it sweeps away the liquid particles abive the

liquid, hence creating more space and more evaporation

⁃ Humidity- with the increase humidity in the air, the higher the evaporatoon

rate.

go through examples guven in the ppt

Highest point in a wave is crest.

Lowest point in a wave is through

Wavelenght- distance beetween 2 crests or distance beetween 2 throughs

OR distance beetween 2 consecutive particles which are inphase

also known as lambda

Frequency- number of waves generated in one second or the number

waves passing one point in one second

unit is hertz(Hz)

Time period- time takes to complete a wave. also can be time taken by a

wave to travel a distance of lambda.

unit is second

Amplitude- the maximum disturbance caused by a wave. It is the distance

of crest or through from the middle

Higher the frequency, higher the pitch as there are more waves passing

through a point in one second.

Larger the amplitude, louder the sound as they waves carry more enegry

with a larger amplitude

a oscilloscope displays waveforms of sound waves.

When two or more waves meet, the effect that is produced is called

interference. the new wave can be bigger or smaller depending on how

the waves meet.

CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE-happens when 2 waves meet in the

same way( crest meets crest and through meets trough). the waves

reinforce

the amplitude lf this is the sum of amplitude

of both waves thus sound becomes

louder

DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE- two

oppsite waves meet (crest meets trough)

the waves cancel each other and the sound

becomes softer