SCRIPT HIST 112
Slide 1: Hi guys, welcome to our presentation today, and today’s topic is the World War II.
Slide 2: There are 6 main parts that we have to pay at attention to, they are: economic crisis
the rise of fascism, hitler and nazi germany war in europe pacific war aftermath of
WWII and the independence movements in asia and africa.
Silde 3: Now we are going to the first part: the economic crisis.
Slide 4: The Great Depression is a severe worldwide economic depression from 1929 to 1939.
After World War I, most European states hoped to return to the liberal ideal of a market
economy based on private enterprise and largely free of state intervention. But the war had
vastly strengthened business cartels and labor unions, making some government regulation of
these powerful organizations necessary. At the same time, reparations and war debts had
severely damaged the postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur
between 1924 and 1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a
self-regulating market economy merely an illusion.
Slide 5: Then, what destroyed the concept altogether was the Great Depression. There are 2
factors played a main role in the coming of the Great Depression, they are: a downturn in
domestic economics and an international financial crisis created by the American stock market
in 1929. There is a short video explaining this issue detaily. chiếu video “causes fro GD”
Slide 6: For the Great Britain:
Slide 7: For France:
Slide 8: For Germany:
Slide 9: United States:
Slide 10: Japan:
Slide 11: A Zaibatsu Economy:
Slide 12: Shidehara Diplomacy:
Slide 13: In the next part, we are going to find out about The rise of Fancism, Hitler and Nazi
Germany.
Slide 14: To begin with the birth of Fascism, here is a picture of Benito Mussolini, who
bestowed on Italy anh he is the first successful fascist movement in Europe in the early of 20s.
Mussolini began his political career as a socialist. But in 1919, he established a new political
group, the Fascio di Combattimento (FASH-ee-oh dee com-bat-ee-MEN-toh) mean League of
Combat.
Slide 15: Fascio di Combattimento won support from middle-class industrialists fearful of
working-class agitation and large landowners who objected to strikes by farmworkers. In 1920
and 1921, bands of armed Fascists called squadristi (skwah-DREES-tee) were formed and
turned loose to attack socialist offices and newspapers. The movement gained momentum as
Mussolini’s nationalist rhetoric and the middle-class fear of socialism, communist revolution,
and disorder made the Fascists seem more and more attractive.
Slide 16: On October 29, 1922, after Mussolini and the Fascists threatened to march on Rome
if they were not given power, King Victor Emmanuel capitulated and made Mussolini prime
minister of Italy.
Slide 17: By 1926, Mussolini had established the institutional framework for a fascist
dictatorship. All anti-fascist parties were outlawed, and a secret police force was established.
By the end of the year, Mussolini ruled Italy as Il Duce. Mussolini conceived of the fascist state
as totalitarian: “Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State, the synthesis and unity of all
values, interprets, develops and gives strength to the whole life of the people.”
(nói chèn video) The Italian Fascists’ attempt to exercise control over all forms of mass media,
including newspapers, radio, and cinema, so that they could use propaganda as an instrument to
integrate the masses into the state, but it was rarely effective. Most commonly, fascist
propaganda was disseminated through simple slogans, such as “Mussolini is always right,”
plastered on walls all over Italy. Mussolini and the Fascists also attempted to mold Italians into
a single-minded community by developing fascist organizations. Because the secondary
schools maintained considerable freedom from Fascist control, the regime relied more and
more on the activities of youth organizations, known as the Young Fascists, to indoctrinate the
young people of the nation in fascist ideals, especially the need for discipline and preparation
for war. “Woman into the home” became the fascist slogan when the Fascists portrayed the
family as the pillar of the state and women as the basic foundation of the family.
Slide 18: In addition, we are going to enquire about Hitler and Nazi Germany. In 1923, a small
rightist party, known as the Nazis, led by an obscure Austrian rabble-rouser named Adolf
Hitler, tried to seize power in southern Germany in conscious imitation of Mussolini’s march
on Rome in 1922 → the attempt failed → Hitler and the Nazis achieved sudden national
prominence. Within ten years, they had taken over complete power.
Slide 19: At the end of World War I, after four years of service on the western front, Adolf
Hitler went to Munich and decided to enter politics. In 1919, he joined the obscure German
Workers’ Party, one of a number of right-wing extreme nationalist parties in Munich. By the
summer of 1921, Hitler had assumed control of the party, which he renamed the National
Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), or Nazi for short (from the pronunciation of the
first two syllables of the name in German).
Hitler developeded the party into a mass political movement with flags, badges, uniforms, its
own newspaper, and its own police force or party militia known as the SA, the Sturmabteilung
(SHTOORMap-ty-loonk) (Storm Troops).
- Hitler’s own oratorical skills were largely responsible for attracting an increasing number of
followers.
- Hitler’s early speeches warned the German people of a perceived threat of a Bolshevik
revolution in Germany while arguing that the Communist Party of Germany was being aided by
the Jews → Hitler aligned his anti Semitic ideology with his political opponents
Slide 20: Overconfident, Hitler staged an armed uprising against the government in Munich in
November 1923 → the so-called Beer Hall Putsch was quickly crushed → Hitler was sentenced
to prison. During his imprisonment, Hitler also came to the realization that the Nazis would
have to come to power by constitutional means, not by overthrowing the Weimar (VY-mar)
Republic → implied the formation of a mass political party that would actively compete for
votes with the other political parties. After his release from prison, Hitler reorganized the Nazi
Party on a regional basis and expanded it to all parts of Germany. By 1929, the Nazis had a
national party organization.
Slide 21: Going to The rise to Power: Three years later, the Nazi Party had 800,000 members
and had become the largest party in the Reichstag (RYKHSS-tahk). Germany’s economic
difficulties were a crucial factor in the Nazis’ rise to power, unemployment rose dramatically,
from just over 4 million in 1931 to 6 million by the winter of 1932. The Nazis maintained that
they stood aboveclasses and parties. Hitler vowed to create a new Germany free of class
differences and party infighting. His appeal to national pride, national honor, and traditional
militarism struck chords of emotion in his listeners. Increasingly, the right-wing elites of
Germany—the industrial magnates, landed aristocrats, military establishment, and higher
bureaucrats—came to see Hitler as the man who had the mass support to establish a right-wing,
authoritarian regime that would save Germany and their privileged positions from a Communist
takeover.
Slide 22: Under pressure, since the Nazi Party had the largest share of seats in the Reichstag,
President Paul von Hindenburg agreed to allow Hitler to become chancellor (on January 30,
1933) and create a new government. Within two months, Hitler had laid the foundations for the
Nazis’ complete control over Germany. On March 23, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act
by a two-thirds vote → In effect, Hitler became a dictator appointed by the parliamentary body
itself. With their new source of power, the Nazis acted quickly to coordinate all institutions
under Nazi control. The civil service was purged of Jews and democratic elements,
concentration camps were established for opponents of the new regime, the autonomy of the
federal states was eliminated, trade unions were dissolved, and all political parties except the
Nazis were abolished. By the end of the summer of 1933, less than seven months after being
appointed chancellor, Hitler and the Nazis had established the foundations for a totalitarian
state.
Slide 23: When Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934, the office of Reich president was
abolished, and Hitler became sole ruler of Germany. Public officials and soldiers were all
required to take a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler as the “Führer (FYOOR-ur) (leader) of the
German Reich and people.”
Slide 24: and about The Nazi State: Having smashed the parliamentary state, Hitler now felt
that the real task was at hand: to develop the “total state.” Hitler’s goal was the development of
an “Aryan” racial state that would dominate Europe and possibly the world for generations to
come → required a movement in which the German people would be actively involved, not
passively cowed by force. The Nazis pursued the creation of this totalitarian state in a variety of
ways. Mass demonstrations and spectacles were employed to integrate the German nation into a
collective fellowship and to mobilize it as an instrument for Hitler’s policies. These mass
demonstrations, especially the Nuremberg party rallies that were held every September → had
great appeal and usually evoked mass enthusiasm and excitement. In the economic sphere,
Hitler and the Nazis also established control. During their quest for power, the Nazis vowed to
support the interests of the working and middle classes by implementing their twenty-five point
platform, a plan that was antagonistic to big business, financiers, and big department stores.
Although the regime called itself National Socialist, the Nazi economy was only marginally
socialist and did not resemble the Soviet model wherein the Soviets took ownership of all
businesses, banks, and modes of production. Hitler’s primary goal was to align his economic
plan with his ideological objective of creating a pure Aryan nation with Lebensraum (living
space). In order to end the economic crisis of the Great Depression and foster employment,
Hitler instituted a one billion Reichmarks plan for public works projects, most notably the
autobahn, or new highway system. Although the building campaign eased unemployment,
military rearmament contributed far more to solving the unemploymebnt problem. Hitler’s
ideological objective of creating a pure Aryan nation established economic policies that forced
Jewish owners out of business rather than attacking business itself as the socialists had done in
Russia. Aryanization, the policy of the Nazi state to eliminate Jews from the economy, forced
Jews to sell their businesses at lowered rates. Other institutions, such as the Catholic and
Protestant churches, primary and secondary schools, and universities, were also brought under
the control of the Nazi totalitarian state. The creation of the Nazi total state also had an impact
on women, women played a crucial role in the Aryan racial state as bearers of the children who
would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. To the Nazis, the differences between men
and women were natural: men were warriors and political leaders, while women were destined
to be wives and mothers. Nazi ideas determined employment opportunities for women, tthe
Nazis hoped to drive women out of certain areas of the labor market, including heavy industry
or other jobs that might hinder them from bearing healthy children. The Nazi total state was
intended to be an Aryan racial state. From its beginning, the Nazi Party reflected Hitler’s strong
anti-Semitic beliefs. In September 1935, the Nazis announced new racial laws at the annual
party rally in Nuremberg. The Nuremberg laws essentially separated Jews from the Germans
politically, socially, and legally and were the natural extension of Hitler’s stress on the creation
of a “pure” Aryan race. A more violent phase of anti-Jewish activity took place in 1938 and
1939, initiated on November 9–10, 1938, by the infamous Kristallnacht (kri-STAHL-nahkht),
or night of shattered glass. The assassination of a secretary in the German embassy in Paris
became the pretext for a Nazi-led rampage against the Jews in which synagogues were burned,
7,000 Jewish businesses were destroyed, and at least one hundred Jews were killed. 20,000
Jewish males were rounded up and sent to concentration camps. Jews were barred from all
public buildings and prohibited from owning, managing, or working in any retail store. →
Finally, under the direction of the SS, Jews were encouraged to “emigrate from Germany.”
Slide 25: Then, the last one is the Nazi culture: In the 1920s, Weimar (VY-mar) Germany was
one of the chief European centers for modern art. Hitler wanted the Third Reich to stand for a
new cultural model, one that embodied militarism, heroism, Aryan values, and traditional social
mores. No longer was art an expression of individual freedom but a form of propaganda →
German artists now mostly created landscape and still life paintings, portraits, and allegorical
statues with themes that included animals and nature, motherhood, sports, peasant life, military
life, and battle scenes. Nazi values also affected other cultural forms. The Nazi state closely
monitored literature and supported works that emphasized the values of Nazism ( such as
Ernest Jünger’s The Storm of Steel, a memoir of a German soldier during World War I that
stressed military service and sacrifice). In music, an emphasis was placed on “Germanic
composers,” such as the nineteenth-century composer Richard Wagner. A Nazi film office
supported filmmakers willing to push the cause of National Socialism. The propaganda films of
Leni Riefenstahl (LAY-nee REE-fuhn-shtahl), in particular Triumph of the Will, captured
Hitler’s charisma and the effect of the Nazi mass rallies of the 1930s.