CONTENTS

science
MATHEMATICS-1 Šƒ’–‡” ͳǣ
Algebra
ͳǤͳ ’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”•
ͳǤʹ ‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”œ‡”‘‡•
ͳǤ͵ —ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͳǤͶ ‹• ‡ŽŽƒ‡‘—•‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͳǤͷ ”‹–Š‡–‹ ”ƒ–‹‘•
ͳǤ͸ ‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•
ͳǤ͹ ‡“—‡ ‡ƒ†•‡”‹‡•
ǥͲͳ
ǥͲͷ
ǥͳͻ
ǥʹͺ
ǥͶͶ
ǥ͹͵
ǥ͹ͺ
ͳǤͺ š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ•ƒ†”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ• ǥͺ͹
ͳǤͻ ƒ•‹ •‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ǥͻ͵

Šƒ’–‡”ʹǣ
Number System
ʹǤͳ ”‹‡†‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ǥͳͲ͵
ʹǤʹ ‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‡•–ƒ† › Ž‹ ‹–› ǥͳͳʹ
ʹǤ͵ —„‡”–Š‡‘”› ǥͳʹʹ
ʹǤͶ —”†• ǥ ͳ͵ͻ
ʹǤͷ ‘‰”—‡ ‡‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”• ǥͳͶ͸
ʹǤ͸ ‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”• ǥͳͷͶ
ʹǤ͹ ȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔ ǥͳͷͺ

Šƒ’–‡”͵ǣ
Counting
͵Ǥͳ ‡”—–ƒ–‹‘• ͳ͸ͻ
͵Ǥʹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘• ͳ͹Ͳ
͵Ǥ͵ ‘—–‹‰ˆƒ –‘”• ͳ͹ͳ
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 1 Algebra

1.1 : Operations on Rational Numbers

1. Basic Rules on Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

‘—–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ™ǣƒΪ„α„ΪƒǢƒ„ᄃ
••‘ ‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ™ǣ ƒΪ„Ϊ αƒΪȋ„Ϊ ȌǢȋƒ„Ȍ αƒȋ„ Ȍ
‹•–”‹„—–‹˜‡ƒ™ǣƒ Ϊ„ αȋƒΪ„Ȍ α ȋƒΪ„Ȍ

2. Rules for Removing Brackets

‘”ƒ›”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”•šǡ›ǡ
ȋ‹Ȍ šΪȋ›ȌαšΪ›ǡšΪȋȂ›ȌαšȂ ›Ǣ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ šȂ ȋ›ȌαšȂ ›ǡšȂ ȋȂ›ȌαšΪ›Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ šέȋȂ›ȌαȂ š›Ǣ ȋȂšȌέ›αȂš›ǢȋȂšȌέȋȂ›Ȍαš›Ǣ
ȋȂͳȌ αȂͳˆ‘”‘††ǡ
ȋȂͳȌ αͳˆ‘”‡˜‡Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ‹˜Ȍ ˆ–Š‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘•ƒ”‡‘–œ‡”‘ǡ–Š‡
š š š š š š
 Ǣ  Ǣ Ǥ
› › › › › ›

3. Ingenious Ways for Calculation

Ȉ ƒ‡ƒtelescopic sum „›—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘•ǣ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
 ǡ
ȋ  ͳȌ   ͳ
ͳ ͳ §ͳ ͳ ·
 ǡ
ȋ  Ȍ  ©     ¸¹
¨

ͳ ͳª ͳ ͳ º
 Ǥ
ȋ  ͳȌȋ  ʹȌ ʹ ¬ ȋ  ͳȌ ȋ  ͳȌȋ  ʹȌ »¼
«

Ȉ ›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”—Žƒ‡ǣ
ȋƒά„Ȍʹ αƒʹ άʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹǢ
ƒʹ Ȃ „ʹ αȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒΪ„ȌǢ
ƒ͵ Ϊ„͵ αȋƒΪ„Ȍȋƒʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ϊ„ʹȌǢ
ƒ͵ Ȃ „͵ αȋƒȂ „Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊƒ„Ϊ„ʹȌǡ‡– Ǥ

[1]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 1.1

Ex.1 ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ǣ
ȋͶ u ͹  ʹȌȋ͸ u ͻ  ʹȌȋͺ u ͳͳ  ʹȌǤǤǤǤǤȋͳͲͲ u ͳͲ͵  ʹȌ
Ǥ
ȋͷ u ͺ  ʹȌȋ͹ u ͳͲ  ʹȌȋͻ u ͳʹ  ʹȌǤǤǤǤǤȋͻͻ u ͳͲʹ  ʹȌ

Sol. ”‘ȋΪ͵ȌΪʹαʹ Ϊ͵ΪʹαȋΪͳȌȋΪʹȌˆ‘”ƒ›‹–‡‰‡”ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡

ȋͶ u ͹  ʹȌȋ͸ u ͻ  ʹȌȋͺ u ͳͳ  ʹȌǤǤǤǤǤȋͳͲͲ u ͳͲ͵  ʹȌ
ȋͷ u ͺ  ʹȌȋ͹ u ͳͲ  ʹȌȋͻ u ͳʹ  ʹȌǤǤǤǤǤȋͻͻ u ͳͲʹ  ʹȌ
ȋͷ u ͸Ȍȋ͹ u ͺȌȋͻ u ͳͲȌǤǤǤǤǤȋͳͲͳ u ͳͲʹȌ
αͷέͳͲʹαͷͳͲǤ
ȋ͸ u ͹Ȍȋͺ u ͻȌȋͳͲ u ͳͳȌǤǤǤǤǤȋͳͲͲ u ͳͲͳȌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.2 ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡      Ǥ
͵ ͳͷ ͵ͷ ͸͵ ͻͻ ͳͶ͵
ͳ ͳ§ ͳ ͳ ·
Sol. ‹ ‡  ˆ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ•‘
ȋ  ʹȌ ʹ ©    ʹ ¸¹
¨

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
    
͵ ͳͷ ͵ͷ ͸͵ ͻͻ ͳͶ͵
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
    
ͳ u ͵ ͵ u ͷ ͷ u ͹ ͹ u ͻ ͻ u ͳͳ ͳͳ u ͳ͵
ͳ ª§ ͳ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ ·º ͳ ª ͳº ͸

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

« ¨  ¸  ¨  ¸  ǤǤǤ  ¨  ¸ » u «ͳ  » Ǥ
ʹ ¬© ͳ ͵ ¹ © ͵ ͷ ¹ © ͳͳ ͳ͵ ¹ ¼ ʹ ¬ ͳ͵ ¼ ͳ͵

ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.3    ǤǤǤǤǤ–‘f
ͳǤͶ ͶǤ͹ ͹ǤͳͲ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Sol.    ǤǤǤǤǤ–‘f
ͳǤͶ ͶǤ͹ ͹ǤͳͲ
ͳ§ ͵ ͵ ͵ ·
¨    ǤǤǤǤ–‘ f ¸
͵ © ͳǤͶ ͶǤ͹ ͹ǤͳͲ ¹
ͳ § Ͷ Ȃͳ ͹ Ȃ Ͷ ͳͲȂ͹ ·
¨ u  u ǤǤǤǤ–‘ f ¸
͵ © ͳǤͶ ͶǤ͹ ͹ǤͳͲ ¹
ͳ ª§ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ · º ͳ ͳ
« ¨ ͳȂ ¸  ¨ Ȃ ¸  ¨ Ȃ ¸ ǤǤǤǤ–‘ f » ȋͳȌ Ǥ
͵ ¬© Ͷ ¹ © Ͷ ͹ ¹ © ͹ ͳͲ ¹ ¼ ͵ ͵

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.4 Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋͳȂ ʹ
ȌȋͳȂ ʹ ȌȋͳȂ ʹ ȌǤǤǤȋͳȂ Ȍ‹•
ʹ ͵ Ͷ ʹͲͳͻʹ
ʹͲͳͺ ͳͲͲ9 ͳͲͳͲ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌͳ
ʹͲͳͻ ʹͲͳͻ ʹͲͳͻ

[2]
 Mathematics

§ ͳ ·§ ͳ ·§ ͳ ·§ ͳ· § ͳ ·
Sol. ¨ ͳ  ʹʹ ¸¨ ͳ  ͵ʹ ¸¨ ͳ  Ͷʹ ¸¨ ͳ  ͷʹ ¸ ǤǤǤ ¨ ͳ  ʹͲͳͻʹ ¸
© ¹© ¹© ¹© ¹ © ¹
§ ͳ ·§ ͳ ·§ ͳ ·§ ͳ · § ͳ ·§ ͳ ·
¨ ͳ  ʹ ¸¨ ͳ  ʹ ¸¨ ͳ  ͵ ¸¨ ͳ  ͵ ¸ ǤǤǤ ¨ ͳ  ʹͲͳͻ ¸¨ ͳ  ʹͲͳͻ ¸
© ¹© ¹© ¹© ¹ © ¹© ¹
ͳ ͵ ʹ Ͷ ͵ ͷ ʹͲͳͺ ʹͲʹͲ ͳ ʹͲʹͲ ͳͲͳͲ
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜˜˜ ˜ ˜ Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ͵ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ ʹͲͳͻ ʹͲͳͻ ʹ ʹͲͳͻ ʹͲͳͻ
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵
Ex.5 ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ǣ    ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ͳ u Ͷ Ͷ u ͹ ͹ u ͳͲ ͳͻ u ʹʹ
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵
Sol.    ǤǤǤ 
ͳ u Ͷ Ͷ u ͹ ͹ u ͳͲ ͳͻ u ʹʹ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹͳ
    ǤǤǤ    ͳ
ͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͹ ͹ ͳͻ ͳͻ ʹʹ ʹʹ ʹʹ
͸͸͸͸͸ͷ ͹͹͹͹͹͸
Ex.6 Š‹ Šˆ”ƒ –‹‘‹•Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ ‘” ǫ
͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ
Sol. Method 1 :
͹͹͹͹͹͸ ͸͸͸͸͸ͷ  ͳͳͳͳͳͳ
͹͹͹͹͹ͺ ͸͸͸͸͸͹  ͳͳͳͳͳͳ
  ͸͸͸͸͸ͷ ͹͹͹͹͹͸
‡‘™–Šƒ–‹ˆδǡ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǣ  Ÿ 
  ͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Method 2 :
͸͸͸͸͸ͷ ʹ ͹͹͹͹͹͸ ʹ
αͳȂ Ǣ αͳȂ
͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ͸͸͸͸͸ͷ ͹͹͹͹͹͸
‹ ‡ ε Ÿ ͳȂ δͳȂ Ÿ 
͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ ͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ ͸͸͸͸͸͹ ͹͹͹͹͹ͺ
ͳ
Ex.7 ˆα ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆǫ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
  ǤǤǤ 
ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͺͳ ͳͻͻ͹
Sol. ‹”•–™‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”ˆ‹”•–ǣ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳͺ
  ǤǤǤ     ǤǤǤ 
ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͺͳ ͳͻͻ͹ ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͺͲ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳͺ
  ǤǤǤ  !   ǤǤǤ 
ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͺͳ ͳͻͻ͹ ͳͻͻ͹ ͳͻͻ͹ ͳͻͻ͹ ͳͻͻ͹
ͳͻͺͲ ͳͻͻ͹ ͳ͹
‘  Ÿ ͳͳͲδδͳͳͲ
ͳͺ ͳͺ ͳͺ
Š‡‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹•ͳͳͲǤ

[3]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 1.1
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
1. ‹†–Š‡•—     Ǥ
ͷ u ͹ ͹ u ͻ ͻ u ͳͳ ͳͳ u ͳ͵ ͳ͵ u ͳͷ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
2. ‹†–Š‡•—     Ǥ
ͳͲ ͶͲ ͺͺ ͳͷͶ ʹ͵ͺ

ͳ ʹ ͵ ͷͲ
3. ‹†–Š‡•—    ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ͳͳ ͳ
ʹ Ͷ
ͳʹ ʹ ͳ͵ ͵
ʹ Ͷ ʹ Ͷ
ͳ  ͷͲʹ  ͷͲͶ

4. ‹†–Š‡•—

ͳͳΪͳͻʹΪͳͻͻ͵ΪͳͻͻͻͶΪͳͻͻͻͻͷΪͳͻͻͻͻͻ͸Ϊͳͻͻͻͻͻͻ͹ΪͳͻͻͻͻͻͻͻͺΪͳͻͻͻͻͻͻͻͻͻǤ

ͳʹ ʹʹ ͻʹ
5. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘   ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ͳʹ  ͳͲ  ͷͲ ʹʹ  ʹͲ  ͷͲ ͻʹ  ͻͲ  ͷͲ

6. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡

§ͳ ͳ ͳ ·§ ͳ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ ͳ ·§ ͳ ͳ ͳ ·
¨ ͵  Ͷ  ǤǤǤ  ʹͲʹͲ ¸¨ ͳ  ʹ  ǤǤǤ  ʹͲͳͻ ¸  ¨ ͳ  ͵  Ͷ  ǤǤǤ  ʹͲʹͲ ¸¨ ʹ  ͵  ǤǤǤ  ʹͲͳͻ ¸ Ǥ
© ¹© ¹ © ¹© ¹

ͳ ͳ ͳ
7. ‹†–Š‡•—   ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ͳʹ ͳʹ͵ ͳ  ʹ  ǤǤǤ  ͷͳ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

8. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ͳʹ Ȃ ʹʹ Ϊ͵ʹ Ȃ Ͷʹ ΪǤǤǤȂ ʹͲͳͺʹ ΪʹͲͳͻʹǤ

͵ʹ  ͳ ͷʹ  ͳ ͹ʹ  ͳ ͻͻʹ  ͳ
9. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡    ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
͵ʹ  ͳ ͷʹ  ͳ ͹ʹ  ͳ ͻͻʹ  ͳ

ͳ ͳ ͳ
10. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡   ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ͳu ʹu͵ ʹu͵u Ͷ ͳͲͲ u ͳͲͳ u ͳͲʹ

11. ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–   ͳͲͲ    ͳͲͲ ‹•ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ ‹†

–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   ͳ Ǥ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ 
12. Š‡•—‘ˆ    ǤǤǤ   ‹• ‹‹–•Ž‘™‡•–
ʹu ͵u Ͷ ͵u Ͷ u ͷ Ͷ u ͷu ͸ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ u ͳͷ ͳͶ u ͳͷ u ͳ͸ 

–‡”•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȂ ͷǤ

ͳ ͳ ͵ Ͷ ʹʹ
13. ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„™Š‡”‡    ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ƒǨ „Ǩ ͳǨ ʹǨ ͵Ǩ ʹǨ ͵Ǩ ͶǨ ʹͲǨ ʹͳǨ ʹʹǨ

[4]
 Mathematics

1.2 : Polynomials and their zeroes

Definitions
Monomial : ’”‘†— –‘ˆ—‡”‹ ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒ†Ž‡––‡”•‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡ƒ‘‘‹ƒŽǤ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡƒ
—„‡”‘”ƒŽ‡––‡”ƒŽ‘‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‘‘‹ƒŽǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡͳ͸ǡ͵ʹšǡƒ†ʹƒšʹ›ǡ‡– Ǥ
Coefficient : ‡ƒ Š‘‘‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡’ƒ”– ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ—‡”‹ ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒ†–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•†‡‘–‹‰
‘•–ƒ–•‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹ƒŽǡŽ‹‡͵ʹ‹͵ʹšǡʹƒ‹ʹƒšʹ›ǡ‡– Ǥ
Degree of a Monomial : ƒ‘‘‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ‹†‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•†‡‘–‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹•
ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹ƒŽǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ͵ƒ„šʹ‹•ʹǡƒ†–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ͹ƒͶš›ʹ
‹•͵Ǥ
Polynomial : Š‡•—‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘‘‹ƒŽ•‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽǡ‹–•‡ƒ Š‘‘‹ƒŽ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ
term, –Š‡–‡”‘– ‘–ƒ‹‹‰Ž‡––‡”•‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡–Š‡constant term ‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽǤ Š‡ƒš‹—
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ–‡”•‹–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†degree of the polynomial, ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‹•ʹˆ‘”͵šʹ ΪͶšΪͳǡƒ†ͷˆ‘”ʹšʹ›͵ Ϊʹ›Ǥ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†homogeneous ™Š‡
ƒŽŽ‹–•–‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡†‡‰”‡‡ǡŽ‹‡͵šʹ Ϊš›ΪͶ›ʹǤ
Arrangement of Terms : Š‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡–‡”•‹ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡–‡”• ƒ„‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†
•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‹”†‡‰”‡‡•ƒ”‡‹‡‹–Š‡”ƒ• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡•‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ–‡”
•Š‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ‹ ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ ™Š‡ ‘˜‹‰ ‹–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ š͵›͵ Ȃ ͳ Ȃ ʹš›ʹ Ȃ š͵›
•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ƒ•š͵›͵Ȃ š͵›Ȃ ʹš›ʹ Ȃ ͳ‘”Ȃ ͳȂʹš›ʹ Ȃ š͵›Ϊš͵›͵Ǥ
Like Terms : ™‘–‡”•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Ž‹‡–‡”•‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ǡŽ‹‡‹Ͷƒšʹ›ƒ†ͷ„šʹ›Ǥ
Combining Like Terms : Š‡†‘‹‰ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ•—„–”ƒ –‹‘–‘–™‘Ž‹‡–‡”•ǡ‹–‡ƒ•†‘‹‰–Š‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‘””‡•’‘†‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡‹” ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•Ǥ

‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡͶƒšʹ›Ϊͷ„šʹ›αȋͶƒΪͷ„Ȍšʹ›ƒ†Ͷƒšʹ›Ȃ ͷ„šʹ›αȋͶƒȂ ͷ„Ȍšʹ›Ǥ
Operations on Polynomials
Addition : ††‹‰–™‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ•ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ –ƒ‡ƒŽŽ–‡”•‹–Š‡–™‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ•–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•—Ǣ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘„‹‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‹‡–‡”•‹ˆƒ›Ǣ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒ””ƒ‰‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†–‡”•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡• ‡†‹‰†‡‰”‡‡Ǥ
Subtraction : ‡–ƒ†„‡–™‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡Ȃ ‡ƒ•
ȋ‹Ȍ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡•‹‰•‘ˆƒŽŽ–‡”•‹–‘‰‡–Ȃƒ–ˆ‹”•–Ǣ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ –ƒ‡ƒŽŽ–‡”•‹–Š‡–™‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ†Ȃƒ•–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆȂ Ǣ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‘„‹‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‹‡–‡”•‹ˆƒ›Ǣ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ƒ””ƒ‰‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†–‡”•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”—Ž‡‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
Rule for Removing or Adding Brackets :
Š‡ ”—Ž‡ ˆ‘” ”‡‘˜‹‰ ‘” ƒ††‹‰ „”ƒ ‡–• ‹• –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹˜‡ Žƒ™Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –‘ ”‡‘˜‡ –Š‡
„”ƒ ‡–•‹–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘Ȃ ʹšȋš͵›Ȃ Ͷšʹ›ʹ ΪͶȌǡ–Š‡
Ȃ ʹšȋš͵›Ȃ Ͷšʹ›ʹ ΪͶȌαȂʹšͶ›Ϊͺš͵›ʹ Ȃ ͺšǡ
ƒ†–‘ƒ††ƒ’ƒ‹”‘ˆ„”ƒ ‡–ˆ‘” ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘
Ȃ Ͷšͷ›ʹ Ϊ͸šͶ›Ȃ ͺšʹ›ʹ ƒ†’‹ ‘—––Š‡‹” ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”™‹–Š‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǡ–Š‡
Ȃ Ͷšͷ›ʹ Ϊ͸šͶ›Ȃ ͺšʹ›ʹ αȂʹšʹ›ȋʹš͵›Ȃ ͵šʹ ΪͶ›ȌǤ

[5]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Multiplication :
ȋ‹Ȍ ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒ†ǡ
ƒ˜ ƒ ჏ڐǢȋƒȌ ჏Ǣȋƒ„Ȍ ა„Ǣ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡–™‘‘‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†ǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –‹•–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ǡ–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”—Ž‡•‹ȋ‹ȌǢ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡–™‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†ǡ„›—•‹‰–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹˜‡Žƒ™ǡ‰‡–ƒ•—‘ˆ’”‘†— –•
‘ˆƒ‘‘‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽˆ‹”•–ǡƒ†–Š‡—•‡–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹˜‡Žƒ™ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‰‡–ƒ•—‘ˆ
’”‘†— –•‘ˆ–™‘‘‘‹ƒŽ•Ǣ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ Š”‡‡„ƒ•‹ ˆ‘”—Žƒ‡‹—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ ȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒΪ„Ȍαƒʹ Ȃ „ʹǢ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ȋƒΪ„Ȍʹ αƒʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹǢ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ȋƒȂ „Ȍʹ αƒʹ Ȃ ʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹǤ
Divisions of Polynomials
(I) Long Division : Š‡ ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ —„‡”  ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† „› ƒ ‘Ǧœ‡”‘ ™Š‘Ž‡ —„‡” ǡ ƒ
“—‘–‹‡– “ ƒ† ƒ ”‡ƒ‹†‡” ” ƒ „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ƒ „‡ ™”‹––‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘”
α“Ϊ”ǡ™Š‡”‡Ͳd ”δǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†division
with remainder.
–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‡ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽˆȋšȌ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ƒ‘Ǧœ‡”‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‰ȋšȌ—†‡”–Š‡—•—ƒŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘(long division), –Š‡”‡‹•ƒ“—‘–‹‡–“ȋšȌƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹†‡””ȋšȌǡ
™Š‡”‡–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆȋšȌ‹••—‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆ‰ȋšȌƒ†“ȋšȌǡƒ†–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ”ȋšȌ‹•Ž‡••
–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ‰ȋšȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž– ƒ„‡™”‹––‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”
ˆȋšȌα‰ȋšȌ˜ “ȋšȌΪ”ȋšȌǤ
(II) Synthetic Division: Š‡ –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‘” ‰ȋšȌ α š Ȃ ƒǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ‹• ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ǡ –Š‡ “ȋšȌ ‹• ƒ
’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ™‹–Š†‡‰”‡‡Ȃ ͳ‹ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆȋšȌ‹•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡””‹•ƒ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ”‹–‡
ˆȋšȌაš ΪƒȂ ͳ šȂ ͳ ΪǤǤǤΪƒͳšΪƒͲǡ
“ȋšȌᄐȂ ͳ šȂ ͳ Ϊ„Ȃ ʹ šȂ ʹ ΪǤǤǤΪ„ͳšΪ„ͲǤ
‹ ‡ ˆȋšȌ αȋšȂ ƒȌȋ„Ȃ ͳ šȂ ͳ Ϊ„Ȃ ʹ šȂ ʹ Ϊ˜˜˜˜˜ Ϊ„ͳšΪ„ͲȌΪ”
ᄐȂ ͳ š Ϊȋ„Ȃ ʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ȃ ͳȌšȂ Ž Ϊȋ„Ȃ ͵ Ȃ ƒ„Ȃ ʹȌšȂ ʹ ΪǥΪȋ„Ͳ Ȃ ƒ„ͳȌšȂ ƒ„Ͳ Ϊ”ǡ
„›–Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆˆȓšȌǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
„Ȃ ͳ აǡ„Ȃ ͳ აȂ ͳǡΪƒ„Ȃ ͳǡ˜˜˜˜˜ ǡ„Ͳ αƒͳ Ϊƒ„ͳǡ”αƒͲ Ϊƒ„ͲǤ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘–ƒ„Ž‡‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǣ
ƒ ƒ ƒȂͳ ƒȂʹ ǥ ƒͳ ƒͲ
ΪȌ ƒ„Ȃͳ ƒ„Ȃʹ ǥ ƒ„ͳ ƒ„Ͳ
„Ȃͳ „Ȃʹ „Ȃ͵ ǥ „Ͳ ”

[6]
 Mathematics

(III) Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

Theorem I. The Remainder Theorem: ‘”ƒ› ‘•–ƒ–ƒǡƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽˆȋšȌ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡
t ͳ ƒ„‡™”‹––‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ˆȋšȌαȋšȂ ƒȌ“ȋšȌΪ”ǡ“ȋšȌ‹•ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡Ȃ ͳǡ
ƒ†”αˆȋƒȌǤ
‘”ƒ›‰‹˜‡ ‘•–ƒ–•ƒƒ†„ǡƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽˆȋšȌ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡t ʹ ƒ„‡™”‹––‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”
ˆȋšȌαȋšȂ ƒȌȋšȂ „Ȍ“ȋšȌΪ”ȋšȌǡ™Š‡”‡“ȋšȌ‹•ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡Ȃ ʹǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”
”ȋšȌ‹•œ‡”‘’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘”Šƒ•†‡‰”‡‡ͳ‘”œ‡”‘Ǥ
Theorem II. Š‡ ƒ –‘”Š‡‘”‡ǣ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽˆȋšȌŠƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”ȋšȂ ƒȌ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆˆȋƒȌαͲǤ
Theorem III. ‘”ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ˆȋšȌაš ΪƒȂ ͳ šȂ ͳ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪƒͳšΪƒͲǡ ‹ˆ
“
‹–Šƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”ȋšȂ Ȍǡ™Š‡”‡’ǡ“ƒ”‡–™‘”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ–Š‡“‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ
’
ƒͲǡƒ†’‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆƒǤ
§“·
Proof. ›–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”–Š‡‘”‡ǡˆ ¨ ¸ αͲǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
©’¹
  ͳ
§“· §“· §“·
Ͳა ¨ ¸ ΪƒȂ ͳ ¨ ¸ ΪǤǤǤΪƒͳ ¨ ¸ ΪƒͲ
©’¹ ©’¹ ©’¹
Ͳა“ ΪƒȂ ͳ’“Ȃ ͳ ΪǤǤǤΪƒͳ’Ȃ ͳ “ΪƒͲ’ǡ
Ȃ ƒͲ’ αȋƒ“Ȃ ͳΪƒȂ ͳ’“Ȃ ʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒͳ’Ȃ ͳȌ“ǡ
•‘“ȁƒͲ’ǡ™Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–“ȁƒͲ •‹ ‡ȋ’ǡ“ȌαͳǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
Ȃƒ“ αȋƒȂ ͳ “Ȃ ͳΪƒȂ ͳ’“Ȃ ʹΪǤǤǤΪƒͳ’Ȃ ʹ “ΪƒȌ’Ȃ ͳȌ’ǡ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

•‘’ȁƒ“ǡ™Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•’ȁƒ •‹ ‡ȋ’ǡ“ȌαͳǤ

(IV) The Factorization of Symmetric or Cyclic Polynomials. ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹•
ƒŽŽ‡†symmetric ‹ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡„›ƒ›’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡšΪ›Ϊœǡšʹ Ϊ›ʹ Ϊœʹǡš›œǡ‡– ǤǤ
•›‡–”‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–™‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•šƒ†› ƒ„‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆƒ –‘”‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‘†— –
‘ˆ ˆƒ –‘”• ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  •›‡–”‹  ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ȋš Ϊ ›Ȍǡ š›Ǣ ƒ •›‡–”‹ 
‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š”‡‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•šǡ›ǡœ ƒ„‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆƒ –‘”‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‘†— –‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•
‡š’”‡••‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •›‡–”‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ȋšΪ›ΪœȌǡš›Ϊ›œΪœšǡš›œǤ
’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹• ƒŽŽ‡† › Ž‹ ‹ˆƒˆ–‡” Šƒ‰‹‰ƒŽŽ‹–•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• › Ž‹ ƒŽŽ›
–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡš›Ϊ›œڜšǡšʹ›Ϊ›ʹœΪœʹšǡȋšΪ›Ȍ
ȋ›ΪœȌȋœΪšȌǡ‡– ǤǤ•›‡–”‹ ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ—•–„‡ › Ž‹ ǡ„—––Š‡‹˜‡”•‡‹•‘––”—‡Ǥ
ˆƒ › Ž‹ ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽŠƒ•ƒˆƒ –‘”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘„–ƒ‹‡†„› › Ž‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‹‰‹–•
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”ƒ”‡ƒŽŽˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ
‹•ƒŽ•‘ › Ž‹ Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‹•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ǡ™‡ ƒ ‘•‹†‡”‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‘‡ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ƒ• ‘•–ƒ–•ƒ––Š‡‘‡–ǡ•‘–Šƒ–™‡‰‡– ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ•‹‰Ž‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡
‹–‹•‡ƒ•›–‘ˆ‹†ƒˆƒ –‘”„›—•‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”–Š‡‘”‡ǡƒ†—•‹‰ƒ„‘˜‡ › Ž‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ™‡ ƒ‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ–‘ ‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™ ‘•–ƒ– ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•
–‘„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǧ†‡–‡”‹‹‰‡–Š‘†‹•—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”–Š‹•Ǥ
[7]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 1.2

Ex.1 ƒ –‘”‹•‡ǣ͸šͶ Ȃ ͳͻš͵ Ȃ ʹ͵šʹ ΪͳͲšΪͺ
Sol. ‡–ˆȋšȌα͸šͶ Ȃ ͳͻš͵ Ȃ ʹ͵šʹ ΪͳͲšΪͺ
‘Š‹–ƒ†–”‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǡ™‡ˆ‹†–Šƒ–ˆȋȂͳȌαͲƒ†ˆȋͶȌαͲ
? ȋšΪͳȌƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ȋšȂ ͶȌα‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”ˆȋȌǤ
‘ǡ ȋšΪͳȌȋšȂ ͶȌαšʹ Ȃ ͵šȂ Ͷ‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”ˆȋšȌǤ
‘†‹˜‹†‹‰ˆȋšȌα͸šͶȂ ͳͻš͵ Ȃ ʹ͵šʹ ΪͳͲšΪͺ„›ȋšʹ Ȃ ͵šȂ ͶȌǡ
™‡‰‡–ȋ͸šʹ Ȃ šȂ ʹȌǤ
? ͸šͶ Ȃ ͳͻš͵ Ȃ ʹ͵šʹΪͳͲšΪͺαȋšʹȂ ͵šȂ ͶȌȋ͸šʹȂ šȂ ʹȌ
αȋšΪͳȌȋšȂ ͶȌȋ͸šʹȂ ͶšΪ͵šȂ ʹȌ
αȋšΪͳȌȋšȂ ͶȌȏʹšȋ͵šȂ ʹȌΪͳȋ͵šȂ ʹȌȐ
αȋšΪͳȌȋšȂ ͶȌȋ͵šȂ ʹȌȋʹšΪͳȌ
Ex.2 Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ȋ͵ͶȂ ʹΪʹ͸Ȃ ͵ ΪͳȌ™Š‡”‡Ǯǯ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳ͹Ǥ
‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”Ǥ
Sol. ƒ Ϊ„ ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ƒΪ„‹ˆ‹•‘††Ǥ


Ÿ ƒ Ϊ„ αȋƒΪ„Ȍ o ȋͳȌ

? ͵ ͶȂ ʹ Ϊʹ͸Ȃ ͵ Ϊͳα͵ʹȋʹȂ ͳȌΪʹ͵ȋʹȂ ͳȌΪͳ

αͻʹȂ ͳ ΪͺʹȂ ͳ Ϊͳ

‘™ǡͻʹȂ ͳΪͺʹȂ ͳ ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ Ϊ„
? ƒαͻǡ„αͺƒ†ʹȂ ͳα
—„•–‹–—–‹‰‹ȋͳȌ
Ÿ ͻʹȂ ͳΪͺʹȂ ͳΪͳαȋͳ͹ȌΪͳ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

? Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•ͳǤ
Ex.3 ‘Ž˜‡ǣ š͵ Ȃ ȋšΪͳȌʹαʹͲͲͳ
Sol. ‹˜‡ š͵ Ȃ ȋšΪͳȌʹ αʹͲͲͳ
ƒ††‹‰ͳ‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•
Ÿ š͵ ΪͳȂ ȋšȂ ͳȌʹ αʹͲͲʹ
Ÿ ȋšΪͳȌȋšʹ Ȃ šΪͳȌȂ ȋšΪͳȌʹ αʹͲͲʹ
Ÿ ȋšΪͳȌȋšʹ Ȃ šΪͳȂ šȂ ͳȌαʹͲͲʹ
Ÿ ȋšΪͳȌȋšʹ Ȃ ʹšȌαʹͲͲʹ
Ÿ ȋšΪͳȌšȋšȂ ʹȌαʹͲͲʹ
Ÿ ȋšΪͳȌšȋšȂ ʹȌαͳͶέͳ͵έͳͳ ȏ? ʹͲͲʹαͳͶέͳ͵έͳͳȐ
Ÿ šαͳ͵Ǥ
Ex.4 ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡šͳͲͲ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›šʹ Ȃ ͵šΪʹǤ
Sol. ‡‘™–Šƒ–
‹˜‹†‡†α‹˜‹•‘”έ—‘–‹‡–Ϊ‡ƒ‹†‡” o ȋͳȌ
Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•‘‡†‡‰”‡‡Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡†‹˜‹•‘”
‰‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘” αšʹ Ȃ ͵šΪʹ
αȋšȂ ͳȌȋšȂ ʹȌ
•–Š‡†‹˜‹•‘”‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘††‡‰”‡‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”šΪ
’’Ž›‹‰ȋͳȌ™‡Šƒ˜‡ǡ

[8]
 Mathematics

šͳͲͲ αȋšȂ ͳȌȋšȂ ʹȌȋšȌΪȋšΪȌ o ȋͳȌ

Š‡”‡ȋšȌ‹•–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–
—––‹‰šαͳ‹ȋͳȌ™‡‰‡–
ͳͳͲͲ αȋͳȂ ͳȌȋͳȂ ʹȌȋͳȌΪΪ
Ÿ ͳαΪ
Ÿ Ϊαͳ ǤǤǤȋʹȌ
’—––‹‰šαʹ‹ȋͳȌǡ™‡‰‡–
Ÿ ʹͳͲͲ αȋʹȂ ͳȌȋʹȂ ʹȌȋʹȌΪʹΪ
Ÿ ʹΪαʹͳͲͲ ǤǤǤȋ͵Ȍ
•—„–”ƒ –‹‰ ȋʹȌˆ”‘ȋ͵Ȍ
Ÿ ȋʹΪȌȂ ȋΪȌαʹͳͲͲȂ ͳ
Ÿ αʹͳͲͲ Ȃ ͳ
‘™ǡ•—„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹ȋʹȌ
™‡Šƒ˜‡Ÿ ȋʹͳͲͲȂ ͳȌΪαͳ
Ÿ αʹȂ ʹͳͲͲ
? Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡” αšΪ
αȋʹͳͲͲȂ ͳȌšΪȋʹȂ ʹͳͲͲȌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.5 ‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒǡ „ǡ •ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒΪ„Ϊ αʹ͸ǡ   αʹͺǤ
ƒ „
ƒ „ ƒ „
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ     
„ ƒ „ ƒ
Sol. ‹˜‡ƒΪ„Ϊ αʹ͸ o ȋͳȌ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ ͳ ͳ
  ʹͺ o ȋʹȌ
ƒ „
Ÿ ȋͳȌέȋʹȌ
§ͳ ͳ ͳ·
Ÿ ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍ ¨   ¸ αʹ͸έʹͺ
©ƒ „ ¹
§ ƒ ƒ „ „ ·
Ÿ ¨ ͳ     ͳ     ͳ ¸ α͹ʹͺ
© „ ƒ ƒ „ ¹
§ƒ „ ƒ „·
Ÿ ¨      ¸ Ϊ͵α͹ʹͺ
©„ ƒ „ ƒ¹
ƒ „ ƒ „
Ÿ      α͹ʹͷ
„ ƒ „ ƒ
Ex.6 Š‡—„‡”•ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ͶͻƒΪ͹„Ϊ αʹͺ͸Ǥ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ Ǥ
Sol. ‹˜‡ ͶͻƒΪ͹„Ϊ αʹͺ͸
Ÿ ͹ȋ͹ƒΪ„ȌΪ αʹͺ͸ o ȋͳȌ
—„‡”Ǯ͹ǯ†‹˜‹†‡•͹ȋ͹ƒΪ„Ȍ
? ”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘Ǥ ǤǤα
‡ƒ‹†‡”‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›†‹˜‹†‹‰ʹͺ͸„›Ǯ͹ǯ‰‹˜‡•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”α͸
? α͸Ǥ
[9]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
ͶͻƒΪ͹„Ϊ͸αʹͺ͸
Ÿ ͶͻƒΪ͹„Ϊ͸αʹͺ͸
Ÿ ͶͻƒΪ͹„αʹͺͲ
Ÿ ͹ƒΪ„αͶͲ o ȋʹȌ
Ǯ͹ƒǯ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ǯ͹ǯ
? ”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘Ǥ Ǥα„
‡ƒ‹†‡”‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›†‹˜‹†‹‰ǮͶͲǯ„›͹‰‹˜‡•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”αͷ
? „αͷ
Ÿ ͹ƒα͵ͷˆ”‘ȋʹȌ
? ƒαͷ
? ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ αͳͲͲέͷΪͳͲέͷΪ͸
αͷͲͲΪͷͲΪ͸ αͷͷ͸Ǥ
͵ͳ
Ex.7 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ȋͳȂ šȌȋͳΪšΪšʹ Ϊš͵ΪšͶȌα ƒ†š‹•ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
͵ʹ
‘ˆȋͳΪšΪšʹ ښ͵ΪšͶ ΪšͷȌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Sol. ȋͳȂ šȌȋͳΪšΪšʹ Ϊš͵ ΪšͶȌαͳȂ šͷαͳȂ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ šͷ α ‘”šα Ǥ
͵ʹ ͵ʹ ʹ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ  š ͸
͸Ͷ ͸͵ Ǥ
? ͳΪšΪšʹ ΪǤǤǤΪšͷ α
ͳš ͳ ͵ʹ
ͳ
ʹ
Ex.8 ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ͳΪšΪšʹ Ϊš͵αšͶ ΪšͷǤ
Sol. ͳΪšΪšʹ Ϊš͵ αšͶ Ϊšͷ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ÿ ȋͳΪšȌ˜ ȋͳΪšʹȌαšͶ ˜ ȋͳΪšȌ
Ÿ ȋͳΪšȌ˜ ȋšͶ Ȃ šʹȂ ͳȌαͲ
Ÿ ȋͳΪšȌ˜ ȋͶšͶ ΪͶšʹȂ ͶȌαͲ
Ÿ ȋͳΪšȌ˜ ȏȋʹšʹ Ȃ ͳȌʹȂ ͷȐαͲ
Ÿ šΪͳαͲ‹Ǥ‡ǤšαȂ ͳ‘” ȋʹšʹ Ȃ ͳȌʹ αͷ
ʹšʹ Ȃ ͳαά ͷ
ˆʹšʹ α ͷ Ϊͳ
ͷ ͳ
š r ȋ‘”Ȍ
ʹ
ˆʹšʹ αȂ ͷ ΪͳǡšŠƒ•‘”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
? Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹šǤ
Ex.9 –‹•‘™–Šƒ––Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
šͷ Ϊ͵šͶ Ȃ ͶͲͶͶͳͳͺš͵ Ȃ ͳʹͳ͵ʹ͵͸ʹšʹ Ȃ ͳʹͳ͵ʹ͵͸͵šȂ ʹͲͳͳʹ αͲ
ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†‹•–‹ –”‘‘–•†‘‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ˜‡ǫ
Sol. ‡––Š‡”‘‘–•„‡ͳ d ʹ d ͵ d Ͷ d ͷǤŠ‡–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ ƒ„‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œ‡†ƒ•
ȋšȂ ͳȌȋšȂ ʹȌȋšȂ ͵ȌȋšȂ ͶȌȋšȂ ͷȌαšͷȂ ȋͳ ڐʹ ڐ͵ ڐͶ ڐͷȌšͶΪ ˜ ˜ ˜ Ȃ ͳʹ͵ͶͷǤ
‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ǣͳ ڐʹ ڐ͵ ڐͶ ڐͷ αȂ ͵ƒ†ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ αʹͲͳͳʹǤŠ‡
ͳ αȂ ʹͲͳͳǡʹ α͵ αͶ αȂ ͳǡͷ αʹͲͳͳǤ

[10]
 Mathematics

š › œ ƒ „ š ʹ › ʹ œʹ
Ex.10 —’’‘•‡   ʹ ƒ†   αͲǤ ‹† ʹ  ʹ  ʹ Ǥ
ƒ „ š › œ ƒ „
ʹ
§š › œ· šʹ › ʹ œʹ
ʹ
§ š› ›œ œš · š › œ
ʹ ʹ
š›œ § ƒ „·
Sol. ʹ α¨   ¸    ʹ ¨   ¸ α ʹ
 ʹ
 ʹ
ʹ ¨   ¸Ǥ
©ƒ „ ¹
ʹ
ƒ „ ʹ ʹ
© ƒ„ „ ƒ¹ ƒ „ ƒ„ © œ š › ¹
š ʹ › ʹ œʹ
‘   ʹ ʹǤ
ƒʹ „ʹ
Ex.11 ‡–š„‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ ˆƒαʹͲͳͳšΪͻͻͻ͹ǡ„αʹͲͳͳšΪͻͻͻͺƒ† αʹͲͳͳšΪͻͻͻͻǡˆ‹†
–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ȃ „ Ȃ ƒǤ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡
ͳ
ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ȃ „ Ȃ ƒα ˜ ȏȋƒȂ „Ȍʹ Ϊȋ„Ȃ Ȍʹ Ϊȋ Ȃ ƒȌʹȐ
ʹ
ͳ
α ˜ȏȋȂͳȌʹ ΪȋȂͳȌʹ ΪʹʹȐα͵Ǥ
ʹ
Ex.12 –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ƒ† ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒΪ„α Ȃ ͳƒ†ƒ„α ʹȂ ͹ ΪͳͶǤ
‹†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒʹ Ϊ„ʹǤ
Sol. Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹȂ ȋ Ȃ ͳȌšΪ ʹȂ ͹ ΪͳͶαͲƒ”‡ƒƒ†„ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡”‡ƒŽǤŠ—•–Š‡
†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ
ȋ Ȃ ͳȌʹȂ Ͷȋ ʹȂ ͹ ΪͳͶȌαȂ͵ ʹΪʹ͸ Ȃ ͷͷαȋȂ͵ ΪͳͳȌȋ Ȃ ͷȌʹt ͲǤ
ͳͳ
‘™‡Šƒ˜‡ d d ͷǤ‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•
͵
ƒʹΪ„ʹαȋƒΪ„Ȍʹ Ȃ ʹƒ„
αȋ Ȃ ͳȌʹȂ ʹȋ ʹȂ ͹ ΪͳͶȌ
 αȂ ʹΪͳʹ Ȃ ʹ͹αͻȂ ȋ Ȃ ͸Ȍʹǡ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

™‡•‡‡–Šƒ–ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ ‹•ͺ™Š‡ αͷǤ

Ex.13 ‡–šͲ „‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ȋ”‡ƒŽȌ”‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šͶ Ȃ ͳ͸šȂ ͳʹαͲǤ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ȏͳͲšͲȐǤ
ȋ™Š‡”‡ȏ˜Ȑ‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ˆ— –‹‘Ȍ
Sol. ‹ ‡šͶȂ ͳ͸šȂ ͳʹαšͶΪͶšʹΪͶȂ Ͷȋšʹ ΪͶšΪͶȌαȋšʹȂ ʹšȂ ʹȌȋšʹΪʹšΪ͸Ȍǡ™‡ ‘ Ž—†‡
–Šƒ–šͲ αͳΪ ͵ ƒ†•‘ͳΪ ʹǤͺͻ δšͲ δͳΪ ͵ǤʹͶǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡȏͳͲšͲȐαʹ͹Ǥ
Ex.14 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–
D ΪE ΪJ αͳͶǡ
Dʹ ΪEʹ ΪJʹ αͺͶǡ
D͵ ΪE͵ΪJ͵ αͷͺͶǡ
ˆ‹†ƒšȓDǡEǡJȔǤ
Sol. ‡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ
ȋ–Ȍα–͵ Ϊ„–ʹ Ϊ –Ϊ†Ǥ
—’’‘•‡–Š‡”‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ–ȌαͲƒ”‡šǡ ›ƒ†œǤŠ‡
Ȃ „αšΪ›ΪœαͳͶǡ
ͳ ͳ
αš›ΪšœΪ›œα ȋȋšΪ›ΪœȌʹ Ȃ šʹ Ȃ ›ʹ Ȃ œʹȌα ȋͳͶʹ Ȃ ͺͶȌαͷ͸ ƒ†
ʹ ʹ
š͵ Ϊ›͵ Ϊœ͵ Ϊ͵†αȋšΪ›ΪœȌȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹ Ϊœʹ Ȃ š›Ȃ šœȂ ›œȌǤ
‘Ž˜‹‰ˆ‘”„ǡ ƒ††ǡ™‡‰‡–„αȂͳͶǡ α͵Ͳƒ††αȂ ͸ͶǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ•‹ ‡–͵ Ȃ ͳͶ–ʹ Ϊ͵Ͳ–Ȃ ͸ͶαͲ
‹’Ž‹‡•–αʹ‘”–αͶ‘”–αͺǡ™‡ ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ–ƒšȓDǡEǡJȔαͺǤ
[11]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.15 ”‡ƒŽǦ˜ƒŽ—‡†ˆ— –‹‘ˆ•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘
ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌΪʹˆȋšʹ Ȃ ͵šΪʹȌαͻšʹ Ȃ ͳͷš
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆšǤ ‹†ˆȋͷȌǤ
Sol. ‹˜‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌΪʹˆȋšʹȂ ͵šΪʹȌαͻšʹ Ȃͳͷšǡ
™‡”‡’Žƒ ‡š„›ͳȂ šƒ†‘„–ƒ‹
ˆȋšʹȂ ͵šΪʹȌΪʹˆȋšʹ ΪšȌαͻȋͳȂ šȌʹȂ ͳͷȋͳȂ šȌαͻšʹȂ ͵šȂ ͸Ǥ
Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ˆȋšʹȂ ͵šΪʹȌˆ”‘–Š‡–™‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
͵ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌαͻšʹ ΪͻšȂ ͳʹǡ
–Š‡”‡„› ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌα͵šʹ Ϊ͵šȂ Ͷα͵ȋšʹ ΪšȌȂ Ͷǡ
Š‡ ‡ˆȋͷȌα͵ȋͷȌȂ Ͷαͳͳ
Ex.16 ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒε„ǡʹƒ Ϊʹ„ α͹ͷƒ†ʹȂƒ ΪʹȂ„ αͳʹȂͳǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
‘ˆʹƒȂ „ΪʹǤ
͹ͷ ͳ͹ ͳ
Sol. αȋʹƒ Ϊʹ„ȌȋʹȂƒ ΪʹȂ„ȌαʹΪʹƒȂ „Ϊʹ„Ȃ ƒǤŠ‡ƒƒȂ „Ϊʹ„Ȃ ƒα Ͷ Ǥ
ͳʹ Ͷ Ͷ
‹ ‡ƒε„ǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹ʹƒȂ „αͶǤ‘ʹƒȂ„Ϊʹ αͳ͸
š͵  š  ͳʹͲ
Ex.17 ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•š•— Š–Šƒ– ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
ȋš  ͳȌȋš  ͳȌ
š͵  š  ͳʹͲ ͳʹͲ
Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ– š ʹ Ǥ –‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆȋšʹ Ȃ ͳȌ‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆͳʹͲǤ
ȋš  ͳȌȋš  ͳȌ š ͳ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Š‡šʹ Ȃ ͳαάͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷǡ ͸ǡ ͺǡ ͳͲǡ ͳʹǡ ͳͷǡ ʹͲǡ ʹͶǡ ͵Ͳǡ ͶͲǡ ͸Ͳǡ ͳʹͲǤ
‡ ‡ǡšαͲǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡͳͳǢƒ†ʹΪ͵ΪͶΪͷΪͳͳαʹͷǤ
š›
Ex.18 —’’‘•‡šƒ†›ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰šʹ Ϊ›ʹ Ȃ ʹʹšȂ ʹͲ›ΪʹʹͳαͲǤ ‹† Ǥ
ͳͲ
Sol. ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡ǣȋšȂ ͳͳȌʹ Ϊȋ›Ȃ ͳͲȌʹ αͲǤŠ‡šαͳͳƒ†›αͳͲ
Ex.19 ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ϊ͵šȂ ͳαͲƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šͶ Ϊƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ αͲǡ
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒΪ„ΪͶ ȌʹǤ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘
ȋšʹ Ϊ͵šȂ ͳȌȋšʹ ڏšȂ ȌαšͶ Ϊƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ Ǥ
‘’ƒ”‹‰ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‰‹˜‡͵ڏαͲǡȂ ͳȂ Ϊ͵αƒƒ†Ȃ ͵ Ȃ α„Ǥ‡ ƒ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘•–‘‘„–ƒ‹ƒΪ„ΪͶ αȂ ͹Ǥ
Ex.20 ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††„‡ˆ‘—”†‹•–‹ –’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ȋƒʹͲͳʹ Ȃ ʹͲͳʹȌȋƒʹͲͳʹȂ †ʹͲͳʹȌαʹͲͳͳ
ƒ†ȋ„ʹͲͳʹ Ȃ ʹͲͳʹȌȋ„ʹͲͳʹȂ †ʹͲͳʹȌαʹͲͳͳ
ȋ †ȌʹͲͳʹ  ȋƒ„ȌʹͲͳʹ  ͳͳͳ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͲͲ
Sol. ‡–αƒʹͲͳʹǡα„ʹͲͳʹǡα ʹͲͳʹ ƒ†α†ʹͲͳʹǤŠ‡ƒ†ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ȋšȂ ȌȋšȂ ȌαʹͲͳͳǤŠ—•–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ”‘‘–•ǡαȂ ʹͲͳͳƒ†Ȃ αʹͲͳͳǤ
[12]
 Mathematics

Ex.21 —’’‘•‡šǡ›ǡœƒ†O ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–

›œα͸Oš
šœα͸O›
š›α͸Oœ
 šʹ Ϊ›ʹ Ϊœʹ αͳ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋš›œOȌȂͳǤ
Sol. —Ž–‹’Ž›‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•„›šǡ›ƒ†œ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
š›œα͸Ošʹ α͸O›ʹ α͸Oœʹ
ͳ ͳ
‹ ‡O z Ͳƒ†šʹΪ›ʹΪœʹ αͳǡ™‡†‡†— ‡–Šƒ–šʹ α›ʹ αœʹ α ǡ •‘šα›αœα
͵ ͵
š›œ š͵ ͳ
ƒ†O α Ǥ
͸šʹ ʹšʹ ͸ ͵
‡ ‡ ȋš›œOȌȂͳ α ȋ ͵Ȍ͵ ͸ ͵ ͷͶ Ǥ
ʹ
Ex.22 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ˆȋšȌ‹•ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡ʹͲͳʹǡƒ†–Šƒ–ˆȋȌα ˆ‘”αͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǥǤǤǡʹͲͳ͵ǡ

ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆʹͲͳͶέˆȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ
Sol. ‡–‰ȋšȌαšˆȋšȌȂ ʹǡŠ‡ ‡‰ȋšȌ‹•ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
‹ ‡‰ȋͳȌα‰ȋʹȌα‰ȋ͵Ȍα˜˜˜˜˜ α‰ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌαͲǡ™‡—•–Šƒ˜‡
‰ȋšȌαOȋšȂ ͳȌȋšȂ ʹȌȋšȂ ͵Ȍ˜˜˜˜˜ ȋšȂ ʹͲͳʹȌȋšȂ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹ
ˆ‘”•‘‡OǤŽ•‘ǡ‰ȋͲȌαȂ ʹαȂ O ˜ ʹͲͳ͵Ǩǡ™‡–Š—•Šƒ˜‡O α ‡ ‡ǡ
ʹͲͳ͵Ǩ
ʹ
‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌα ȋʹͲͳ͵ǨȌαʹͲͳͶ˜ ˆȋʹͲͳͶȌȂ ʹ
ʹͲͳ͵Ǩ
‘ Ž—†‹‰–Šƒ–ʹͲͳͶ˜ ˆȋʹͲͳͶȌαͶ
Ex.23 Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ʹ ڐΪͳ†‹˜‹†‡•ʹͲͳ͵ Ϊ͸ͳǤ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡•
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‹ ‡͵ Ȃ ͳαȋȂ ͳȌȋʹ ڐΪͳȌǡ™‡‘™–Šƒ–ʹ ڐΪͳ†‹˜‹†‡•͵ Ȃ ͳǤ
Ž•‘ǡ•‹ ‡ʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳαȋ͵Ȍ͸͹ͳ Ȃ ͳǡ™‡ƒŽ•‘‘™–Šƒ–ʹ ڐΪͳ†‹˜‹†‡•ʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳǤ•
ʹͲͳ͵ Ϊ͸ͳαʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳΪ͸ʹǡ
™‡—•–Šƒ˜‡–Šƒ–ʹ ڐΪͳ†‹˜‹†‡•ʹͲͳ͵Ϊ͸ͳ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆʹڐΪͳ†‹˜‹†‡•͸ʹǤ
ƒ•‡ȋ‹Ȍǣ ˆʹ ڐΪͳαͳǡ–Š‡αͲǡȂ ͳǤ
ƒ•‡ȋ‹‹Ȍǣ ˆʹ ڐΪͳαʹǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
ƒ•‡ȋ‹‹‹Ȍǣ ˆʹ ڐΪͳα͵ͳǡ–Š‡α͸ǡȂ ͷǤ
ƒ•‡ȋ‹˜Ȍǣ ˆʹ ڐΪͳα͸ʹǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
Š—•ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ”‡ͲǡȂͳǡ͸ǡȂͷǤ ‡ ‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ•“—ƒ”‡•‹•ͳΪ͵͸Ϊʹͷα͸ʹǤ

[13]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.24 —’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•šƒ†›•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘• š͵ Ȃ ͵šʹ Ϊͷšαͳƒ†›͵ Ȃ ͵›ʹ Ϊͷ›αͷǤ
‹†šΪ›Ǥ
Sol. ”‘š͵ Ȃ ͵šʹ Ϊͷšαͳǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ȋšȂ ͳȌ͵ ΪʹȋšȂ ͳȌαȂʹǡ
ƒ†ˆ”‘›͵ Ȃ ͵›ʹ Ϊͷ›αͷǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ȋ›Ȃ ͳȌ͵Ϊʹȋ›Ȃ ͳȌαʹǤ
Š—•ͲαȋšȂ ͳȌ͵ ΪʹȋšȂ ͳȌΪȋ›Ȃ ͳȌ͵ Ϊʹȋ›Ȃ ͳȌ
αȋšΪ›Ȃ ʹȌȋȋšȂ ͳȌʹ Ȃ ȋšȂ ͳȌȋ›Ȃ ͳȌΪȋ›Ȃ ͳȌʹȌΪʹȋšΪ›Ȃ ʹȌ
αȋšΪ›Ȃ ʹȌȋʹΪȋšȂ ͳȌʹ Ȃ ȋšȂ ͳȌȋ›Ȃ ͳȌΪȋ›Ȃ ͳȌʹȌǤ
‘”ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•šƒ†›ǡ™‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•Šƒ˜‡
ȋšȂ ͳȌʹȂ ȋšȂ ͳȌȋ›Ȃ ͳȌΪȋ›Ȃ ͳȌʹt Ͳ
ƒ†–Š—•šΪ› Ȃ ʹαͲǡ‹’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ–šΪ›αʹǤ
Ex.25 Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—””‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ”–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šͶ Ȃ ͳͺš͵ ڍšʹ ΪʹͲͲšȂ ͳͻͺͶ
αͲ‹•Ȃ ͵ʹǤ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
Sol. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†„‡–Š‡ˆ‘—””‘‘–•‘ˆšͶ Ȃ ͳͺš͵ ڍšʹ ΪʹͲͲšȂ ͳͻͺͶαͲ•— Š–Šƒ–
ƒ„αȂ͵ʹǤŠ‡
­ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†αͳͺǡ
°ƒ„Ϊƒ Ϊƒ†Ϊ„ Ϊ„†Ϊ †αǡ
°
®
°ƒ„ Ϊƒ„†Ϊƒ †Ϊ„ †αȂʹͲͲǡ
°̄ƒ„ †αȂͳͻͺͶǤ
‹ ‡ƒ„αȂ ͵ʹƒ†ƒ„ †αȂͳͻͺͶǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ †α͸ʹǤŠ‡ǡˆ”‘ƒ„ Ϊƒ„†Ϊƒ †Ϊ„ †αȂ
ʹͲͲ™‡Šƒ˜‡
Ȃ ʹͲͲαȂ ͵ʹ Ȃ ͵ʹ†Ϊ͸ʹƒΪ͸ʹ„αȂ ͵ʹȋ Ϊ†ȌΪ͸ʹȋƒΪ„ȌǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†αͳͺ‰‹˜‡•–Šƒ–
ƒΪ„αͶǡ Ϊ†αͳͶǤ
”‘ƒ„Ϊƒ Ϊƒ†Ϊ„ Ϊ„†Ϊ †αǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
αƒ„Ϊƒ Ϊƒ†Ϊ„ Ϊ„†Ϊ †αȂ ͵ʹΪƒ Ϊƒ†Ϊ„ Ϊ„†Ϊ͸ʹ
α͵ͲΪȋƒΪ„Ȍȋ Ϊ†Ȍαͺ͸Ǥ
Ex.26 ‘™ƒ›‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘•†‘‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋš͵ Ȃ šȂ ͳȌšΪʹͲͳ͵ αͳŠƒ˜‡ǫ
Sol. ˆšΪʹͲͳ͵αͲǡ–Š‡šαȂ ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ—’’‘•‡šΪʹͲͳ͵z ͲǤŠ‡š͵ Ȃ šȂ ͳαάͳǤ
ˆš͵ Ȃ šȂ ͳαͳǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǣ‹ˆš͵ Ȃ šȂ ͳαȂͳǡ–Š‡šαͲǡͳǡȂͳǤ‹ ‡šΪʹͲͳ͵
‹•‡˜‡ǡšαͳ‘”šαȂ ͳǤ
 –‡”•
ͳ  ͳͲš
Ex.27 ‡–ˆȋšȌα Ǥ‡– ˆ  ˆ u ˆ u˜˜˜u ˆ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ͳͲ  ͳͲͲš
§ͳ· §ͳ· §ͳ· §ͳ·
ˆ ¨ ¸  ˆ ʹ ¨ ¸  ˆ ͵ ¨ ¸  ǤǤǤ  ˆ ͸ͲͲͲ ¨ ¸  ͷͲͲǤ
©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹
ͳ  ͳͲš ͳ ͳ  ͳͲš
Sol. ‡–ˆȋšȌα Ǥ Š‡ˆʹȋšȌαȂ ǡˆ͵ȋšȌα ƒ†ˆͶȋšȌαšǤŠ‡
ͳͲ  ͳͲͲš ͳͲͲš ͳͲ  ͳͲͲš
§ͳ· §ͳ· §ͳ· ª §ͳ· §ͳ· §ͳ· § ͳ ·º
ˆ ¨ ¸  ˆ ʹ ¨ ¸  ǤǤǤ  ˆ ͸ͲͲͲ ¨ ¸ α ͳͷͲͲ «ˆ ¨ ¸  ˆ ʹ ¨ ¸  ˆ ʹ ¨ ¸  ˆ Ͷ ¨ ¸ »
©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹ ¬ ©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹ ©ʹ¹ © ʹ ¹¼
§ ͵ ͳ ͳ ͳ·
αͳͷͲͲ ¨     ¸ ͷͻͷǤ
© ͳͲ ͷͲ ͳͷ ʹ ¹

[14]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – 1.2
1. ‹˜‡͵šʹ Ϊšαͳǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ͸š͵ Ȃ šʹ Ȃ͵šΪͳͲͲǤ
2. ‹˜‡ƒͶ Ϊƒ͵ Ϊƒʹ ΪƒΪͳαͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒʹͲͲͲΪƒʹͲͳͲ ΪͳǤ
3. ˆȋšʹ Ȃ šȂ ͳȌ αƒʹšʹ ΪƒʹȂ ͳšʹȂ ͳΪǤǤǤΪƒͳšʹ ΪƒͳšΪƒͲǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒͲ Ϊƒʹ ΪƒͶ ΪǤǤǤΪƒʹǤ
ƒ „
4. ˆšα ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǤ
„ ƒ ƒ„
5. ‹†ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”ǡ•— Š–Šƒ–ʹͺ ΪʹͳͲ Ϊʹ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”Ǥ
6. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ˆȋšȌ‹•ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡͵ǡƒ†‹–•”‡ƒ‹†‡”•ƒ”‡ʹšȂ ͷƒ†Ȃ͵šΪͶ™Š‡
†‹˜‹†‡†„›šʹ Ȃ ͳƒ†šʹ Ȃ Ͷ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ˆȋȂ͵ȌǤ
7. ƒ –‘”‹œ‡šͶ Ϊ›Ͷ ΪȋšΪ›ȌͶǤ
8. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ˆȋšȌαšʹ ΪƒšΪ„‹•ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•Ǥ ˆˆ‹•ƒ ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”
‘ˆ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•‰ȋšȌαšͶ Ȃ ͵š͵ Ϊʹšʹ Ȃ ͵šΪͳƒ†ŠȋšȌα͵šͶ Ȃ ͻš͵ Ϊʹšʹ Ϊ͵šȂ ͳǡˆ‹†ˆȋšȌǤ
9. ‘”ƒ›‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡǡ’ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽš͵ Ϊš͵ΪͳΪš͵’ΪʹŠƒ•–Š‡
ˆƒ –‘”šʹ ΪšΪͳǤ
10. Š‡ ˆ ȋšȌ α š͵ Ϊ ʹšʹ Ϊ ͵š Ϊ ʹ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† „› ‰ȋšȌ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ ™‹–Š ‹–‡‰‡”
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ǡ–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–ƒ†”‡ƒ‹†‡”ƒ”‡„‘–ŠŠȋšȌǤ ‹˜‡–Šƒ–Š‹•‘–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ǡˆ‹†
‰ƒ†ŠǤ
11. Š‡‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆ‹••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ ‘™ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•†‘‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆȋˆȋšȌȌ
α͸Šƒ˜‡ǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

›
ȋȂʹǡ͸Ȍ ȋͳǡ͸Ȍ
͸
ͷ
Ͷ
͵
ʹ
ͳ
š
Ȃ͹ Ȃ͸ Ȃͷ ȂͶ Ȃ͵ Ȃʹ Ȃͳ
ͳͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹
ʹ
͵
Ͷ
ȋȂ͹ǡȂͶȌ
ͷ
͸
ȋͷǡȂ͸Ȍ

12. —’’‘•‡šȂ ›αͳǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ šͶ Ȃ š›͵ Ȃ š͵›Ȃ ͵šʹ›Ϊ͵š›ʹ Ϊ›ͶǤ

13. ˆšʹ ΪšȂ ͳαͲǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšͶ Ȃ ͵šʹ Ϊ͵Ǥ
14. ˆ–™‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†ǡ„‘–Š„‹‰‰‡”–Šƒͳǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ʹͲͲͷʹ ڏʹ αʹͲͲͶʹ ڐʹǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆΪȂ ʹͲͲǤ

[15]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
15. ‹†ƒ‹–‡‰‡”š–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ šͷ Ȃ ͳͲͳš͵Ȃ ͻͻͻšʹ ΪͳͲͲͻͲͲαͲǤ
16. ‡–šƒ†›„‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– šʹ Ϊ›ʹαʹšȂ ʹ›ΪʹǤ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšʹ Ϊ›ʹȂ ͵ʹ ǫ
ͳ
17. –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–šα Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš͸ Ȃ ʹ ͵šͷ Ȃ šͶ Ϊš͵ Ȃ Ͷšʹ ΪʹšȂ ͵ Ǥ
ʹ ͵
18. ‡–ˆȋšȌαƒͲ ΪƒͳšΪƒʹšʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒšǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‹ ƒ”‡‘‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ‘”‹αͲǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡǤ
ˆȋͳͲȌ  ͵
ˆˆȋͳȌαʹͳƒ†ˆȋʹͷȌα͹ͺ͵ͷ͹ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͲͲ
19. ‡–z „‡–™‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ʹ αΪʹƒ†ʹ αΪʹǤ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶȂ ͵ Ȃ ͵Ǥ
ƒʹ  ͵ƒ  ͵
20. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ•— Š–Šƒ– ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ
ƒ ʹ
–Š‡•‡‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒǤ
21. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ǡšƒ†›ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒšΪ„›α͵ǡƒšʹ Ϊ„›ʹ α͹ǡƒš͵ Ϊ„›͵αͳ͸
ƒ†ƒšͶ Ϊ„›Ͷ αͶʹǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒšͷ Ϊ„›ͷǤ
ʹ
ͳ ͳ ͳ §„ ƒ·
22. ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–   ͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ¨  ¸ Ǥ
ƒ „ ƒ„ ©ƒ „¹

23. ‡––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ‹† Ǥ ȋͶšʹȂ ͶšΪ͵ȌͶȋͶΪ͵šȂ ͵šʹȌʹǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ͸
ͳ
24. ˆ ˆȋšȌ
͵
šʹ  ʹš  ͳ  ͵ šʹ  ͳ  ͵ š ʹ  ʹš  ͳ
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•šǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ˆȋͳȌΪˆȋ͵ȌΪˆȋͷȌΪ˜˜˜˜˜ Ϊˆȋͻͻ͹ȌΪˆȋͻͻͻȌǤ
25. ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡–™‘‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ—’’‘•‡šʹ Ȃ šȂ ͳ‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽƒšͷ Ϊ„šͶ ΪͳǤ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒǤ
26. —’’‘•‡ˆ‹•ƒˆ— –‹‘•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ˆȋšΪšȂͳȌαš͸ ΪšȂ͸ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽšz ͲǤ‡–‡”‹‡ͶͲͲȂ ˆȋ͵ȌǤ
27. —’’‘•‡šͳǡšʹ ƒ†š͵ ƒ”‡”‘‘–•‘ˆȋͳͳȂ šȌ͵ Ϊȋͳ͵Ȃ šȌ͵ αȋʹͶȂ ʹšȌ͵Ǥ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆšͳΪšʹ Ϊš͵ǫ
28. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒΪšʹ αʹͲͲ͸ǡ„Ϊšʹ αʹͲͲ͹ƒ† Ϊšʹ αʹͲͲͺƒ†ƒ„ α͵Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ƒ „ ͳ ͳ ͳ
     Ǥ
„ ƒ ƒ„ ƒ „
š Ͷ  ͸š͵  ʹšʹ  ͳͺš  ʹ͵
29. ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ™Š‡šα ͳͻ  ͺ ͵ Ǥ
šʹ  ͺš  ͳͷ
30. ‡–šǡ›ƒ†œ„‡–Š”‡‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–š›Ϊ›œΪšœαͶǤ ‹†–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡
‘ˆšʹ Ϊ›ʹ ΪœʹǤ

[16]
 Mathematics

31. ‘•‹†‡”’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ȋšȌ‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡ƒ–‘•–͵ǡ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‘•‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‹•ƒ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ

ȓͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ǡͺǡͻȔǤ ˆ–‘–ƒŽ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ••ƒ–‹•ˆ›ȋȂͳȌαȂͻǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†Ȃ ʹͲͲǫ
32. ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒǡ„ǡƒ† ǡ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‰ȋšȌαš͵ Ϊƒšʹ ΪšΪͳͲŠƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹•–‹ –
”‘‘–•ǡƒ†‡ƒ Š”‘‘–‘ˆ‰ȋšȌ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽˆȋšȌαšͶ Ϊš͵ Ϊ„šʹ ΪͳͲͲšΪ Ǥ
ˆȋͳȌ
Šƒ–‹• ǫ
ͻͳ
33. ‡–„‡ƒ —„‹ ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ™‹–ŠȋͲȌαǡȋͳȌαʹǡƒ†ȋȂͳȌα͵Ǥ ˆȋʹȌΪȋȂʹȌα Ǥ
Šƒ–‹• έͷǫ
34. ‡–ƒεͲǡƒ†Ž‡–ȋšȌ„‡ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–‡‰‡” ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–••— Š–Šƒ–
ȋͳȌαȋ͵ȌαȋͷȌαȋ͹Ȍαƒǡƒ†
ȋʹȌαȋͶȌαȋ͸ȌαȋͺȌαȂƒǤ
Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒαͷέǤŠƒ–‹•ǫ
35. ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡šʹͲͲͺ ΪʹͲͲͺšΪʹͲͲͺ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›šΪͳǤ
36. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–šƒ†›ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ȋšΪ›Ȍʹ αʹͷͲͲƒ†š›αͷͲͲǡˆ‹†
š͵  › ͵
–Š‡‡šƒ –˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͲ͵
37. ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡ȋšȂ ͳȌͳͲͲ ΪȋšȂ ʹȌʹͲͲ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›šʹ Ȃ ͵šΪʹǤ
38. ‡–’ȋšȌ„‡ƒ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ™‹–Š”‡ƒŽ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–••— Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒŽšǡ
ʹȋͳΪ’ȋšȌȌα’ȋšȂ ͳȌΪ’ȓšΪͳȌ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ†’ȋͲȌαͺǡ’ȋʹȌα͵ʹǤ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’ȋͶȌǤ
39. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡ‡„‡ˆ‹˜‡—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ
ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ϊ‡αͲǡƒ†
ƒ„ Ϊƒ„†Ϊƒ„‡Ϊƒ †Ϊƒ ‡Ϊƒ†‡Ϊ„ †Ϊ„ ‡Ϊ„†‡Ϊ †‡α͵͵Ǥ
ƒ͵ Ϊ„͵ Ϊ ͵ Ϊ†͵ Ϊ‡͵
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͷͲʹ
ͳͲš
40. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–šƒ†›ƒ”‡„‘–Š‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘›α ǡˆ‹†–Š‡
ͳͲ  š
ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ›ΪʹͲǤ
41. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–šƒ†›ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǣ

šΪš›Ϊ›αʹΪ ͵ ʹ ƒ†šʹ Ϊ›ʹ α͸ǡ –Š‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȁšΪ›Ϊͳȁα ƒ  „ Ǥ

‹†–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆƒƒ†„Ǥ
42. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–›αȋšȂ ͳ͸ȌȋšȂ ͳͶȌȋšΪͳͶȌȋšΪͳ͸Ȍǡˆ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋȂͲǤͳ›ȌǤ
ͳ ͳ
43. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒΪ α„Ϊ Ȃ ʹƒ†ƒȂ „Ϊʹz Ͳǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ„Ȃ ƒΪ„Ǥ
ƒ ͳ „ ͳ
44. ˆȁšȁΪšΪͷ›αʹƒ†ȁ›ȁȂ ›Ϊšα͹ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋšΪ›Ȍ͵Ǥ
[17]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
45. ‡–šͳǡšʹǡš͵ǡšͶ †‡‘–‡–Š‡ˆ‘—””‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘

šͶ ڍšʹ ΪͻͲšȂ ʹͲͲͻαͲǤ

ˆšͳšʹ αͶͻǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
ͳ
46. ‡–š„‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ–šʹ Ȃ ͳͷšΪͳαͲǤ ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆšͶ Ϊ Ǥ
šͶ
47. ˆšǡ›ƒ†œƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–šΪ›Ϊœαͻƒ†š›Ϊ›œΪœšαʹͶǡˆ‹†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆœǤ

48. –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ– ƒ  „ αʹͲǡ™Š‡”‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—’‘••‹„Ž‡

§ ƒȂͷ„ ·
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ¨ ¸Ǥ
© ͳͲ ¹
49. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ͳ͸ͻȋͳͷ͹Ȃ ͹͹šȌʹ ΪͳͲͲȋʹͲͳȂ ͳͲͲšȌʹ αʹ͸ȋ͹͹šȂ ͳͷ͹ȌȋͳͲͲͲšȂ ʹͲͳͲȌǡˆ‹†–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǤ

ȋʹͲʹͲʹ  ʹͲͳͲͲȌȋʹͲͳͲͲʹ  ͳͲͲʹ ȌȋʹͲͲͲʹ  ʹͲͳͲͲȌ

50. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ Ǥ
ͳͲȋʹͲͳͲ͸  ͳͲ͸ Ȍ
„Ϊ Ϊ† ƒΪ Ϊ† ƒΪ„Ϊ† ƒΪ„Ϊ
51. ˆƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– ”ǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡
ƒ „ †
•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ”Ǥ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͷͶͺȀš
52. ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹͷȂʹ α ʹ͸Ȁš Ǥ
ͷ ˜ ʹͷͳ͹Ȁš
53. ‡––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ȋ•Ȍ‘ˆš‹••— Š–Šƒ–ͺš›Ȃͳʹ›ΪʹšȂ ͵αͲ‹•–”—‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†
ȋͳ͸šȌǤ
54. ˆ’ǡ“ƒ†”ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –”‘‘–•‘ˆš͵ Ȃ šʹ ΪšȂ ʹαͲǡ–Š‡’͵ Ϊ“͵ Ϊ”͵ ‡“—ƒŽ•Ǥ
55. ‡–‰ȋšȌαšͷ ΪšͶ Ϊš͵ Ϊšʹ ΪšΪͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‰ȋšͳʹȌ‹•
†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‰ȋšȌǫ
56. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ‹”•ȋǡȌ‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
͵ Ϊ͸ʹ Ϊͷαʹ͹͵ Ϊͻʹ ΪͻΪͳǤ
57. ‘™ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•š•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘͵ʹšΪʹ Ȃ ͵šΪ͵ Ȃ ͵š Ϊ͵αͲǫ
58. ˆ›ΪͶαȋšȂ ʹȌʹǡšΪͶαȋ›Ȃ ʹȌʹǡƒ†šz ›ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšʹ Ϊ›ʹǫ
59. ‘”Š‘™ƒ›‹–‡‰‡”•‹•–Š‡—„‡”šͶ Ȃ ͷͳšʹ ΪͷͲ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǫ

60. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͷȁ š ȁ  ͺ š ʹ  ͳ͸ Ǥ

[18]
 Mathematics

1.3 : Quadratic equations

Definition
1. Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒšʹ Ϊ„š Ϊ αͲ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•™‹–Šƒ z Ͳǡš‹•–Š‡—‘™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
2. ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”D ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”‘‘–‘”•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ αͲ‹ˆ
‹–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤƒȋDȌʹ Ϊ„D Ϊ αͲǤ
3. ‘” –Š‡ “—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ' α „ʹ Ȃ Ͷƒ  ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Basic Methods for Finding Roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0
ʹ
§ „ · Ͷƒ  „ʹ
ȋ‹Ȍ ƒ•‡†‘ ƒš  „š 
ʹ
ƒ¨ š  ¸  ǡ –Š‡”‘‘–•D ƒ†E ƒ„‡‰‹˜‡„›
© ʹƒ ¹ Ͷƒ
„  ' „  '
D ǡE Ǥ
ʹƒ ʹƒ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ›ˆƒ –‘”‹œ‹‰ƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ –‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒȋšȂ ƒͳȌȋƒȂ ƒʹȌǡ–Š‡”‘‘–•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒͳ ƒ†ƒʹǤŽŽ
–Š‡ ‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ „‡ —•‡† Š‡”‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ —Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ‡ǡ
ˆƒ –‘”–Š‡‘”‡ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†ǡ‡– Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‘”“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šƒ„•‘Ž—–‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‹–‹•‡‡†‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”––Š‡–‘‘”ƒŽ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘•„›•—„•–‹–—–‹‘‘”„›’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆš’‹‡ ‡™‹•‡–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡•‹‰•Ǥ
Relation between Discriminant and Existence of Real Roots
1. •‡' –‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•™‹–Š‘—–•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ‹Ȍ ' εͲœ –Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–™‘†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•Ǥ

ȋ‹‹Ȍ ' αͲ œ –Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–™‘‡“—ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ' δͲœ –Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•Ǥ
2. ‡‘‡–”‹ ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ•‹ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ 
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡–Š‡šǦ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡ * ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘›αƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ 
ȋ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ„‘ŽƒȌ™‹–Š–Š‡šǦƒš‹•Ǥ
ȋ‹Ȍ ' εͲœ –Š‡ —”˜‡ * ‹–‡”•‡ –•–Š‡šǦƒš‹•ƒ––™‘†‹•–‹ –’‘‹–•Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ' αͲ œ –Š‡ —”˜‡ * ‹•–ƒ‰‡––‘–Š‡šǦƒš‹•ƒ–‘‡’‘‹–Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ' δͲ œ –Š‡ —”˜‡ * ƒ†–Š‡šǦƒš‹•Šƒ˜‡‘’‘‹–‘ˆ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Relation between Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equation
‹‡–‡ Š‡‘”‡ƒ†‡™–‘ †‡–‹–›ƒ”‡–™‘‹’‘”–ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡
”‘‘–• ƒ† ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ • –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”™‡‘Ž›‡–‹‘‹‡–‡–Š‡‘”‡ƒ†‹–••‘‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Therorem I
ȋ‹‡–‡Š‡‘”‡Ȍ ˆšͳ ƒ†šʹ ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ αͲȋƒz ͲȌǡ–Š‡
­ „
°°šͳ  š ʹ  ƒ
®
°š š ʹ
°̄ ͳ ƒ

[19]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Proof.
›–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”–Š‡‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ αͲȋƒz ͲȌŠƒ•”‘‘–•šͳ ƒ†šʹ ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆ
ƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ αƒȋšȂ šͳȌȋšȂ šʹȌǡ š  Ǥ
š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–Šƒ†•‹†‡›‹‡Ž†•ƒšʹ Ȃ ƒȋšͳ ΪšʹȌšΪƒšͳšʹǡ•‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•
‘ˆ„‘–Š•‹†‡•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ƒ–‘ ‡Ǥ
”ǡ–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ƒ„‡˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒˆ‘””‘‘–•Ǥ
Note: Š‡ ‡–Š‘† —•‡† Š‡”‡ ƒ „‡ —•‡† ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘” ’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹‡–‡ Š‡‘”‡ ˆ‘”
’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡ȋ t ʹȌǤ
Theorem II
ȋ ˜‡”•‡Š‡‘”‡Ȍ ‘”ƒ›–™‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•D ƒ†Eǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
šʹ Ȃ ȋD ΪEȌšΪDE αͲ
Šƒ•D ƒ†E ƒ•‹–•–™‘”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•Ǥ
Š‡’”‘‘ˆ‹•‘„˜‹‘—••‹ ‡–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–Šƒ†•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œ‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”
ȋšȂ DȌȋšȂ EȌǤ
Š‡–Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ αͲ‹•‰‹˜‡ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ǡ„›‹‡–‡Š‡‘”‡ǡ‘–
‘Ž›–Š‡”‘‘–•šͳ ƒ†šʹ ƒ„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ǡ„—–ƒ›‡š’”‡••‹‘•‹šͳ ƒ†šʹ ƒ„‡‰‹˜‡„›ƒǡ
„ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‹•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆšͳ Ϊšʹ ƒ†šͳšʹǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘•
ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡†ǣ
„ʹ ʹ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

šͳʹ  šʹʹ ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍʹ  ʹšͳšʹ  Ǣ
ƒʹ ƒ
'
ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍʹ ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍʹ  Ͷšͳš ʹ
ƒʹ
ͳ ͳ šͳ  š ʹ „Ȁƒ „
  
šͳ š ʹ šͳ š ʹ Ȁƒ

ͳ ͳ § šͳʹ  šʹʹ · ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍʹ  ʹšͳšʹ „ʹ  ʹƒ

 ¨ ʹ ʹ ¸
šͳʹ šʹʹ © šͳ š ʹ ¹ ȋšͳš ʹ Ȍʹ ʹ

šͳ͵ Ϊšʹ͵ αȋšͳ ΪšʹȌȋšͳʹ Ȃ šͳšʹΪšʹʹȌ

͵
§ „· „
 ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍȏȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍ  ͵šͳšʹ Ȑ ¨  ¸  ͵ ʹ Ǥ
ʹ

© ƒ¹ ƒ
ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡™‡“—ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š”‡“—‹”‡†”‘‘–•„›–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡
‹‡–‡–Š‡‘”‡Ǥ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡‹‡–‡Š‡‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‰‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”‘‘–•‘ˆƒ
“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘” ”ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ‘ ‘•–”— –“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•„›—•‹‰–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡‹‡–‡–Š‡‘”‡ ƒ„‡ƒŽ•‘—•‡†
–‘†‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ•‘‡ ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒ‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ǤŠ‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡•„‡Ž‘™™‹ŽŽ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡•‡
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
[20]
 Mathematics

Solved Examples 1.3

ƒ͵  ͳ
Ex.1 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹•ƒ”‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ šȂ ͵αͲǤ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ Ǥ
ƒͷ  ƒ Ͷ  ƒ ͵  ƒ ʹ
Sol. ƒʹ Ȃ ƒȂ ͵αͲ›‹‡Ž†•ƒʹ Ȃ ƒα͵Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ
ƒ͵ Ϊͳ αȋƒΪͳȌȋƒʹ Ȃ ƒΪͳȌ
ƒͷ Ȃ ƒͶ Ȃ ƒ͵ Ϊƒʹαƒʹ ȋƒ͵ Ȃ ƒʹ Ȃ ƒΪͳȌαƒʹ ȏƒʹȋƒȂͳȌȂȋƒȂͳȌȐ
αƒʹ ȋƒȂ ͳȌȋƒʹȂͳȌαƒʹȋƒΪͳȌȋƒȂͳȌʹ
αȋƒΪͳȌȋƒʹ Ȃ ƒȌʹǡ
ƒ͵  ͳ ƒʹ  ƒ  ͳ Ͷ Ͷ
–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ– Ǥ
ƒͷ  ƒ Ͷ  ƒ ͵  ƒ ʹ ƒʹ  ƒ
ʹ
͵ʹ ͻ

‘” “—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ”‘‘– ƒ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›
†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡƒ••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ
Ex.2 ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹šǡšʹ Ȃ ʹȋΪʹȌšΪΪͷαͲ
Šƒ•‘”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–ǡŠ‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ȋȂ ͸Ȍšʹ ȂʹȋΪʹȌšΪΪͷαͲǫ
Sol. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–‹’Ž‹‡•z Ͳƒ†‹–•†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ•‘
ȏȂʹȋΪʹȌȐʹȂͶȋΪͷȌαȂ ͶΪͳ͸δͲǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤεͶǤ
‘”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ
͵
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡z ͸ǡ„‡ ‘‡•Ȃ ͳ͸šΪ͸αͲǡ‹–••‘Ž—–‹‘‹• š Ǥ
ͺ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡ z ͸ǡ–Š‡‹•ƒ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹–•†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡„›

ͶȋΪʹȌʹ Ȃ ͶȋȂ ͸ȌȋΪͷȌαͶȋͳͲΪͶȌεͲȋ εͶȌǡ•‘Šƒ•–™‘†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•
ˆ‘”–Š‹• ƒ•‡Ǥ
Š—•ǡŠƒ•–™‘†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•ˆ‘”–Š‹• ƒ•‡Ǥ
͵
Š—•ǡŠƒ•‘‡”‘‘– š ™Š‡α͸ǡ‘”–™‘†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•™Š‡z ͸Ǥ
ͺ
Ex.3 šͳ ƒ†šʹ ƒ”‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ ΪšȂ ͵αͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
Sol. ›‹‡–‡Š‡‘”‡ǡšͳ Ϊšʹ αȂͳǡšͳšʹ αȂ͵Ǥ‡–α š͵ͳ  Ͷšʹʹ  ͳͻǤ
 š͵ͳ  š͵ʹ  Ͷ šͳʹ  š ʹʹ  ͵ͺ

šͳ  š ʹ ª š ͳ  š ʹ  ͵šͳšʹ º  Ͷ ª šͳ  šʹ  ʹšͳš ʹ º  ͵ͺ
ʹ ʹ

¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
 >ͳ  ͻ@  Ͷ>ͳ  ͸@  ͵ͺ Ͳǡ
  š͵ͳ  š͵ʹ  Ͷ šͳʹ  š ʹʹ

šͳ  šʹ ª šͳ  šʹ  šͳšʹ  Ͷȋšͳ  š ʹ Ȍº
ʹ

¬ ¼
αȋšͳ Ȃ šʹȌȏͳΪ͵Ȃ ͶȐαͲ
Š—•ǡʹαȋΪȌΪȋȂ ȌαͲǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤαͲǤ

[21]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.4 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”‘–Ž‡••–ŠƒȂͳǡ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹šǤ
šʹ ΪʹȋȂ ʹȌšڏʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊ͵αͲŠƒ•–™‘†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•šͳ ƒ†šʹǤ
ȋ‹Ȍ ˆ šͳʹ  šʹʹ ͸ǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ

šͳʹ šʹʹ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ  Ǥ
ͳ  šͳ ͳ  š ʹ

Sol. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–™‘†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–' εͲǡ•‘

' αͶȋȂ ʹȌʹ Ȃ Ͷȋʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊ͵ȌαȂ ͶΪͶεͲǤ
Š—•ǡȂͳd δͳǤ
ȋ‹Ȍ ›‹‡–‡Š‡‘”‡ǡšͳ Ϊšʹ αȂʹȋȂ ʹȌǡšͳšʹ αʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊ͵ǡ•‘
͸ šͳʹ  šʹʹ ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍʹ  ʹšͳšʹ

αͶȋȂ ʹȌʹ Ȃʹȋʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊ͵Ȍαʹʹ Ȃ ͳͲΪͳͲǡ

ͷ r ͳ͹
‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ʹ Ȃ ͷΪʹαͲǡ•‘  Ǥ ‹ ‡Ȃͳ d δͳǡ
ʹ
ͷ  ͳ͹
 Ǥ
ʹ
šͳʹ šʹʹ ȏšͳʹȋͳ  š ʹ Ȍ  š ʹʹȋͳ  šͳ ȌȐ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ 
ͳ  šͳ ͳ  š ʹ ȋͳ  šͳ Ȍȋͳ  š ʹ Ȍ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȏšͳʹ  šʹʹ  šͳš ʹȋšͳ  š ʹ ȌȐ
šͳ šʹ  ȋšͳ  šʹ Ȍ  ͳ

ȏȋʹʹ  ͳͲ  ͳͲȌ  ʹȋʹ  ͵  ͵Ȍȋ  ʹȌȐ

ʹ  ͵  ͵  ʹȋ  ʹȌ  ͳ
ȋʹ͵  ͺʹ  ͺ  ʹȌ
ʹȋʹ  ͵  ͳȌ
ʹ  
ʹ ʹ
§ ͵· ͷ § ͵· ͷ
ʹ¨   ¸  d ʹ¨ ͳ  ¸  ͳͲ•‹ ‡Ȃͳ d δͳǤ
© ʹ¹ ʹ © ʹ¹ ʹ

šͳʹ šʹʹ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ  ‹•ͳͲǤ
ͳ  š ͳ ͳ  šʹ
͵
šʹ
Ex.5 Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ š ȋ š Ȍš ‹•ǣ

Sol. š šʹȀ͵ š šȀʹ

š͵
Ÿ šαͳ‘”šʹȀ͵ αšȀʹŸ šʹ α
ͺ
Ÿ š͵ Ȃ ͺšʹ αͲŸ šʹȋšȂ ͺȌαͲŸ šαͲǡšαͺǤŠ‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•αͺΪͳαͻǤ
[22]
 Mathematics

Ex.6 Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ͷʹǤͷͶǤͷ͸ǤǤǤͷʹš αȋͲǤͲͶȌȂʹͺ ‹•̴̴̴̴̴

Sol. ͷʹǤͷͶǤͷ͸ǤǤǤͷʹš αͷʹΪͶΪ͸ΪǤǤǤǤΪʹš
šȋš ͳȌ
ʹ˜
α ͷʹȋͳΪʹΪ͵ΪǤǤǤΪšȌ α ͷ ʹ

ʹ
š
Ÿ ͷš αȋͲǤͲͶȌȂʹͺ
ʹ
š ͳ ʹͺ
Ÿ ͷš ȋ Ȍ ͷͷ͸
ʹͷ
Ÿ šʹ ΪšȂ ͷ͸αͲ
ȋšΪͺȌȋšȂ ͹ȌαͲ
šα͹Ǥ
Ex.7 šǡ›ǡœƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ȋšΪ›Ȍʹ αͳ͸ǡȋ›ΪœȌʹ α͵͸ǡȋœΪšȌʹ αͺͳǡšΪ›Ϊœε͵ǤŠ‡
—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆȋšΪ›ΪœȌ‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Sol. šΪ›αrͶ ›Ϊœαr͸ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆʹȋšΪ›ΪœȌƒ”‡ͳͻǡͳͳǡ͹ǡͳǡ Ȃͳǡ͹ǡȂͳͳǡȂͳͻǤ
͹ ͳͳ ͳͻ
? šΪ›Ϊœα ǡ ‘” Ǥ šΪ›Ϊœε͵Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
Ex.8 ˆ‘‡”‘‘–‘ˆ ƒ  š  „  š ƒ  „ ‹•ʹͲͳʹǡ–Š‡ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒȂ „‹•
Sol. ƒ š  „ š ƒ  „Ǥ
“—ƒ”‹‰„‘–Š•‹†‡•™‡‰‡–ǡ
ƒ  š  „  š  ʹ ȋƒ  šȌȋ„  šȌ ƒ  „  ʹ ƒ„
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ÿ ʹ ȋƒ  šȌȋ„  šȌ ʹ ƒ„
ȋƒȂ šȌȋ„ΪšȌჄ
ƒ„Ȃ „šΪƒšȂ šʹ Ⴤ
Ÿ šʹ Ϊ„šȂ ƒšαͲ
šȋšΪ„Ȃ ƒȌαͲ
Ÿ šαͲ‘”šαƒȂ „
? ƒȂ „αʹͲͳʹǤ

Ex.9 Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ͳ  ʹͲͲͺ ͳ  ʹͲͲͻ ͳ  ʹͲͳͲ ͳ  ʹͲͳͳ ˜ ʹͲͳ͵ ‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴

Sol. ͳΪʹͲͳͳ˜ʹͲͳ͵αȋʹͲͳʹȂ ͳȌȋʹͲͳʹΪͳȌΪͳ
αȋʹͲͳʹȌʹ
ͳ  ʹͲͳͲ ˜ ʹͲͳʹ αʹͲͳͳ
ͳ  ʹͲͲͻ ˜ ʹͲͳͳ αʹͲͳͲ
ͳ  ʹͲͲͺ ˜ ʹͲͳͲ αʹͲͲͻ

[23]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.10 ’ƒ†“ƒ”‡’”‹‡•Ǥ –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ ’šΪ“αͲŠƒ•†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ
”‘‘–•Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋ’Ϊʹ“Ȍ
Sol. ˆD ƒ†E ƒ”‡–Š‡†‹•–‹ –”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•‘ˆšʹ Ȃ ’š Ϊ“αͲ™Š‡”‡’ǡ“ƒ”‡’”‹‡•ǡ’ʹ Ȃ Ͷ“εͲǤ•
DE α“ ’”‹‡—„‡”ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡D αͳǡE α“‘”D α“ǡE αͳǤ ‡ ‡D ΪE α’‹’Ž‹‡•“α’Ȃ ͳǤ
•„‘–Š“ƒ†’ƒ”‡’”‹‡•ǡ’α͵ǡ“αʹǤ ‡ ‡’Ϊʹ“α͵ΪͶα͹Ǥ
Ex.11 – ‹• ‰‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒǡ „ǡ  ƒ”‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• •— Š –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ “—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ 
‡“—ƒ–‹‘• šʹ Ȃ ʹƒšΪ„αͲǡšʹ Ȃ ʹ„šΪ αͲǡšʹ Ȃ ʹ šΪƒαͲ
ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –ƒ„ Ǥ
Sol. ‡•ŠƒŽŽ•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡ƒα„α αͳ•‘–Šƒ–ƒ„ αͳǤ ”‘
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡‘–‡–Šƒ–ƒʹ Ȃ „αȋšȂ ƒȌʹ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ž‡••–ŠƒƒʹǤ
Š—•ƒʹ Ȃ „d ȋƒȂ ͳȌʹǤŠƒ–‹•„t ʹƒȂ ͳǤ‹‡™‹•‡ t ʹ„Ȃ ͳƒ†ƒt ʹ Ȃ ͳǤ‘„‹‹‰–Š‡•‡
‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒt ͺƒȂ ͹‘”ƒd ͳǤŠ—•ƒαͳǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›„α αͳǤ
Ex.12 ‡– D ƒ† E „‡ –Š‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ “—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ šʹ Ϊ ʹ„š Ϊ „ α ͳǤ ‹† –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•–
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋD Ȃ EȌʹǤ
Sol. ‹ ‡šʹ Ϊʹ„šΪȋ„Ȃ ͳȌαͲǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡DE α„Ȃ ͳƒ†D ΪE αȂ ʹ„ǤŠ‡
ȋƒȂ EȌʹ αȋƒΪEȌʹ Ȃ ͶDE αȋȂʹ„Ȍʹ Ȃ Ͷȋ„Ȃ ͳȌ
αͶȋ„ʹ Ȃ „ΪͳȌαͶȏȋ„Ȃ ͳȀʹȌʹ Ϊ͵ȀͶȐt ͵
Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‘Ž†•‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆ„αͳȀʹǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[24]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – 1.3
1. ‘”™Šƒ–˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ„†‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǣ

ͳͻͺͺšʹ Ϊ„šΪͺͺͻͳαͲƒ†ͺͺͻͳšʹ Ϊ„šΪͳͻͺͺαͲŠƒ˜‡ƒ ‘‘”‘‘–ǫ

2. ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹šŠƒ•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–ǡˆ‹†–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆǤ

ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌšʹ ȂʹȋΪʹȌšΪͳαͲ

3. ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹ šŠƒ•”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒƒ†„Ǥ

šʹ ΪʹȋͳΪƒȌšΪȋ͵ƒʹ ΪͶƒ„ΪͶ„ʹ ΪʹȌαͲ

4. ”Ǥ ƒ–‹•‰‘‹‰–‘’‹ –Š”‡‡‘Ǧœ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ƒ†”Ǥƒˆ‹•‰‘‹‰–‘ƒ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡–Š”‡‡
—„‡”•ƒ•–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆƒ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

šʹ Ϊ šΪͲαͲ

”Ǥ ƒ– ™‹• –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‹ˆ ƒ† ‘Ž› ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• –™‘ †‹•–‹ – ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‘Šƒ•ƒ™‹‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǫ
5. ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡†‹•–‹ –‘Ǧœ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‡‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ƒšʹ Ϊʹ„šΪ αͲǡ„šʹ Ϊʹ šΪƒαͲǡƒ† šʹ ΪʹƒšΪ„αͲ ƒ‘–ƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡–™‘‡“—ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•Ǥ
6. ˆš2 ΪšΪͳαͲǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš1999 Ϊš2000Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

7. ‘”š2 ΪʹšΪͷ–‘„‡ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆš4 Ϊ’š2 Ϊ“ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ’ƒ†“Ǥ

„ʹ  ʹ  ƒʹ
8. ˆƒΪ„Ϊ αͲǡˆ‹† Ǥ
„ʹ  ƒ
9. ‘”Š‘™ƒ›”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ™‹ŽŽ š2 ΪʹƒšΪʹͲͲͺαͲŠƒ•–™‘‹–‡‰‡””‘‘–•ǫ
10. ˆšǡ›ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•

š2 Ϊ › š› α͵͵͸ǡ›2 Ϊ š š› αͳͳʹǡ–Š‡šΪ›‡“—ƒŽ•

ƒ„
11. ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒ2 Ϊʹ„2 Ȃ ʹ„ αͳͲͲƒ†ʹƒ„Ȃ 2 αͳͲͲǤŠ‡ ‹•

12. Š‡š‹•”‡ƒŽǡ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲx Ȃ ͳͲͲx ‹•

13. ‹†‹–‡‰‡”•̵ƒ̵ƒ†̵„̵•— Š–Šƒ–ȋš2 Ȃ šȂ ͳȌ†‹˜‹†‡•ƒš17 Ϊ„š16 ΪͳǤ
14. ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ’‘‹–•ȋšǡ›Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰͵š2 Ϊ͵›2 Ȃ Ͷš›ΪͳͲšȂ ͳͲ›ΪͳͲαͲǤ
15. ‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”šǡ›ƒ†œǢ‹ˆš›ΪšΪ›αʹ͵ǡ›œΪ›Ϊœα͵ͳǡœšΪœΪšαͶ͹Ǥ
16. DǡE ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ ’šΪ“αͲǤ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ‹”•ȋ’ǡ“Ȍ
•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š”‘‘–•DʹǡEʹ ‹••–‹ŽŽšʹ Ȃ ’šΪ“αͲǤ
17. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–•šʹ Ȃ ʹšȂ ͳαͲǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͷDͶ ΪͳʹE͵Ǥ
[25]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
18. ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••ǡ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ͳͻ•ʹ Ϊͻͻ•ΪͳαͲǡ–ʹ Ϊͻͻ–ΪͳͻαͲǡƒ†•–zͳǤ ‹†
•–  Ͷ•  ͳ
–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
–
19. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒαͺȂ „ƒ† ʹ ჄȂ ͳ͸ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ƒα„Ǥ
20. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ƒ”‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ ͹šΪͺ αͲǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ε „Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ʹ
 ͵Eʹ ™‹–Š‘—–•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
D
21. ‘–Š”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ ͸͵šΪαͲƒ”‡’”‹‡—„‡”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‹•Ǥ
22. ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•”‡ƒŽ”‘‘–‹šǣ
ȋšȂ ƒȌʹ Ϊȋšʹ Ȃ ͵šΪʹȌʹ αͲǤ
23. ‡–’„‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹ›ʹ Ȃ ͺ›α’Šƒ•‘Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’Ϊ͸ͶǤ
24. ‡–ƒǡ„ƒ† „‡–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡•‹†‡•‘ˆƒ–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ—’’‘•‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡–Š‡”‘‘–•
‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ šʹ ΪͶȋ ΪʹȌαȋ ΪͶȌšǡ
ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡‹•šιǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǤ
25. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ȋšǡ›Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ šʹ Ϊ›ʹ αʹȋšΪ›ȌΪš›ǫ
26. ‡–„‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ͷšʹ  ȋͶ ͵  ͶȌš  ͵  ʹͶ Ͳ ǡ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
27. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ––Š‡–™‘”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ͳ ͳ ʹ
 ʹ  ʹ Ͳ
š  ͳͲš  ʹͻ š  ͳͲš  Ͷͷ š  ͳͲš  ͸ͻ
ʹ

ƒ”‡D ƒ†EǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋȂDEȌǤ

28. ‹†–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ‹”•‘ˆȋšǡ›Ȍ™Š‡”‡šǡ›„‡Ž‘‰•–‘‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
šΪ›αšʹ Ȃ š›Ϊ›ʹǤ

29. ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡–™‘‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ– ͹  Ͷ ͵ ‹•ƒ”‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ ΪƒšΪ„αͲǤ

‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ„Ȃ ƒǤ

30. ‡–’„‡ƒ‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–„‘–Š”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͷšʹȂ ͷ’šΪȋ͸͸’Ȃ ͳȌαͲ

ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’Ǥ

31. —’’‘•‡ƒ ƒ†„ƒ”‡–Š‡ ”‘‘–•‘ˆšʹ Ϊš•‹ D ΪͳαͲ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ††ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ϊš ‘•D Ȃ ͳαͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   ʹ  ʹǤ
ƒʹ „ʹ †

[26]
 Mathematics

32. Š‡œ‡”‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆȋšȌαšʹ Ȃ ƒš Ϊʹƒƒ”‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡

˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒǫ

33. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡƒ† „‡–Š”‡‡†‹•–‹ –‘‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡

”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋšȂ ƒȌȋšȂ „ȌΪȋšȂ „ȌȋšȂ ȌαͲ‹•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆʹǫ

34. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡šƒ –Ž›†‹•–‹ –”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–__ δʹͲͲƒ†ͷšʹ ڍšΪͳʹαͲ

Šƒ•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”šǤŠƒ–‹•ǫ

35. ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆšʹ ΪʹͲͲͲšΪͳαͲƒ†Ž‡– ƒ††„‡–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆšʹ Ȃ ʹͲͲͺšΪͳαͲǤ

‘™‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•αȋƒΪ Ȍȋ„Ϊ ȌȋƒȂ †Ȍȋ„Ȃ †ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‹†•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ

36. ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘

šʹ ΪʹȋΪͷȌšΪȋͳͲͲΪͻȌαͲǡŠƒ•‘Ž›‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

37. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ȋȂ ʹȌ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ͵ʹ Ȃ ʹΪͳͲǤ ‹†–Š‡•—

‘ˆƒŽŽ•— Š˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆǤ

38. ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹȂ šΪʹαͲǤ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒΪȋͳȀ„Ȍƒ†„ΪȋͳȀƒȌ

ƒ”‡–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ ’šΪ“αͲǤŠƒ–‹•ʹ“ǫ

39. Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ ڏšΪαͲŠƒ•”‘‘–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–™‹ ‡–Š‘•‡‘ˆšʹ Ϊ’šΪαͲǡƒ†

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡


‘‡‘ˆǡǡƒ†’‹•œ‡”‘ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ǫ
’

40. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘

ʹͲͲ͵ ͳ
š ͳ Ͳǫ
ʹͲͲͶ š

41. ‘–Š”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ȃ ͸͵šΪαͲƒ”‡’”‹‡—„‡”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ

’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‹•

42. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡‘œ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘š ʹ ΪƒšΪ„αͲŠƒ•

•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒƒ†„Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒȂ „ȌǤ

43. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡƒ† „‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒȂ ͹„Ϊͺ αͶƒ†ͺƒΪͶ„Ȃ α͹Ǥ

Š‡ƒʹ Ȃ „ʹ Ϊ ʹ ‹•

44. Š‡œ‡”‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆȋšȌαšʹ Ȃ ƒš Ϊʹƒƒ”‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡

˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒǫ

[27]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

1.4 : Miscellaneous equations

Linear Equations :
Usual Steps for Solving Equations
ȋ‹Ȍ Remove denominators : Š‡‡ƒ Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡ǤǤǤ
‘ˆ†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”•ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”• ƒ„‡”‡‘˜‡†Ǥˆ–‡””‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡
†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”•ǡ –Š‡ —‡”ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š –‡” ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ™Š‘Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒ‹ 
‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡’—–‹„”ƒ ‡–•Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Remove brackets : ‡ ƒ”‡‘˜‡„”ƒ ‡–•„›—•‹‰–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹˜‡Žƒ™ƒ†–Š‡”—Ž‡•
ˆ‘””‡‘˜‹‰„”ƒ ‡–•Ǥ‘‘–Ž‡ƒ˜‡‘—–ƒ›–‡”‹•‹†‡–Š‡„”ƒ ‡–•ǡƒ† Šƒ‰‡–Š‡•‹‰•
‘ˆeach –‡”‹•‹†‡–Š‡„”ƒ ‡–•‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ̶Ȅ̶•‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡„”ƒ ‡–•Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Move terms : ‘˜‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡–‡”•™‹–Š—‘™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
‘–Š‡”–‡”•–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Principle for moving terms:
™Š‡ ‘˜‹‰ ƒ –‡” ˆ”‘ ‘‡ •‹†‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–• •‹‰ —•– „‡
Šƒ‰‡†ǤŽŽ—‘˜‡†–‡”•‡‡’–Š‡‹”•‹‰•— Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ Combine like terms : ˆ–‡”‘˜‹‰–Š‡–‡”•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‡–‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘„‹‡†ǡ•‘–Šƒ–
–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”
ƒšα„
™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ƒ”‡ ‘•–ƒ–•„—–•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡—‘™Ǥ—‘™ ‘•–ƒ–‹ƒ‡“—ƒ–‹‘
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒparameter
„
ȋ˜Ȍ Normalize the coefficient of x : Š‡ƒz Ͳǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘šα Ǥ ˆƒαͲ„—–
ƒ
„z Ͳǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ˆƒα„αͲǡƒ›”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”šǤ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

™Š‡Ǯƒǯ ‘–ƒ‹•’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡǮƒǯ ƒ‘–„‡‘˜‡†–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–ƒ•†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”—Ž‡••‹–‹•
‘–œ‡”‘ǡƒ†–Š—•‹–‹•‡‡†‡†–‘†‹• —••–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ‘ƒ ƒ•‡„› ƒ•‡„ƒ•‹•Ǥ
Remark : –‹•‘–‡‡†‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–‡’•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”†‡”Ž‹•–‡†•–”‹ –Ž›ǡ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ
System of Simultaneous Linear Equations
ͳǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ–™‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆʹ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”
­ƒͳ š  „ͳ› ͳ ǡ
®
¯ƒʹš  „ʹ› ʹ Ǥ
ʹǤ ‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰‘‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ™‡—•‡ȋ‹Ȍ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•
—•—ƒŽǢȋ‹‹Ȍ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘‡–Š‘†Ǥ ƒ› ƒ•‡•–Š‡‡–Š‘†ȋ‹Ȍ‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
ƒ „
͵Ǥ Š‡ ͳ z ͳ ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘
ƒʹ „ʹ
„  ʹ„ͳ ƒͳ ʹ  ʹ ͳ
šα ͳ ʹ
ǡ ›α
ƒͳ„ʹ  ƒʹ„ͳ ƒͳ„ʹ  ƒʹ„ͳ
ƒͳ „ͳ
ͶǤ Š‡ ͳ
–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•–™‘•ƒ‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•‘‹–Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ
ƒʹ „ʹ ʹ

ƒͳ „ͳ
™Š‡ z ͳ
ǡ–Š‡–™‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ǡ•‘‹–Šƒ•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ƒʹ „ʹ ʹ

[28]
 Mathematics

Important Formulae
Basic Multiplication Formulae
ȋͳȌ ȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒΪ„Ȍαƒʹ Ȃ „ʹǤ
ȋʹȌ ȋƒά„Ȍʹ αƒʹάʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹǤ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋƒά„Ȍȋƒʹ B ƒ„Ϊ„ʹȌαƒ͵ ά„͵Ǥ

Proof.
ȋƒΪ„Ȍȋƒʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ϊ„ʹȌαƒ͵ Ȃ ƒʹ„Ϊƒ„ʹ Ϊƒʹ„Ȃ ƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵ αƒ͵ Ϊ„͵Ǥ
•‡ȋȂ „Ȍ–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡„‹ƒ„‘˜‡ˆ‘”—Žƒǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
ȋƒȂ „Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊƒ„Ϊ„ʹȌαƒ͵ Ȃ „͵Ǥ
ȋͶȌ ȋƒά„Ȍ͵ αƒ͵ ά͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ ά„͵Ǥ
Proof.
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ͵ αȋƒΪ„ȌǤȋƒΪ„Ȍʹ αȋƒΪ„Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹȌ
α ƒ͵ Ϊʹƒʹ„Ϊƒ„ʹ Ϊƒʹ„Ϊʹƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵
αƒ͵ Ϊ͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵Ǥ
•‡ȋȂ „Ȍ–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡„‹ƒ„‘˜‡ˆ‘”—Žƒǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
ȋƒȂ „Ȍ͵ αƒ͵ Ȃ ͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ Ȃ „͵Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋͷȌ ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍʹ αƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ϊʹ„ Ϊʹ ƒǤ

Proof
ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍʹ αȏȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȑʹ ȋƒΪ„ȌʹΪ ȋƒΪ„Ȍ Ϊ ʹ

αƒʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹ Ϊʹƒ Ϊʹ„ Ϊ ʹ

αƒʹΪ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ϊʹ„ Ϊʹ ƒǤ

Generalization of Formulae
ȋͳȌ ȋƒȂ „Ȍȋƒ͵ Ϊƒʹ„Ϊƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵ȌαƒͶ Ȃ „ͶǤ
ȋʹȌ ȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒͶ Ϊƒ͵„Ϊƒʹ„ʹ Ϊƒ„͵ Ϊ„ͶȌαƒͷ Ȃ „ͷǤ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒȂͳ ΪƒȂʹ„ΪǤǤǤǤǤǤΪƒ„Ȃʹ Ϊ„ȂͳȌა Ȃ „ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒŽŽα   Ǥ
Proof.
ȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒȂͳ ΪƒȂʹ„ΪǤǤǤǤǤΪƒ„Ȃʹ Ϊ„ȂͳȌ
αȋƒ ΪƒȂͳ„ΪǤǤǤǤǤΪƒʹ„Ȃʹ Ϊƒ„ȂͳȌȂ ȋƒȂͳ„ΪƒȂʹ„ʹ ΪǤǤǤǤǤΪƒ„Ȃͳ Ϊ„Ȍ
აȂ „Ǥ

[29]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

ȋͶȌ ȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ Ȃ ƒȂʹ„ΪǤǤǤǤǤȂƒ„Ȃʹ Ϊ„ȂͳȌა Ϊ„ˆ‘”‘††α   Ǥ

Proof.
‘”‘††ǡ„›—•‹‰ȋȂ„Ȍ–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡͸‹ȋ͵Ȍǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
ȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ ΪƒȂʹȋȂ„ȌΪƒȂ͵ȋȂ„Ȍʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒȋȂ„ȌȂʹ ΪȋȂ„ȌȂͳȌაȂ ȋȂ͸Ȍǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ ƒȂʹ„ΪƒȂ͵„ʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤȂ ƒ„Ȃʹ Ϊ„ȂͳȌა Ϊ„Ǥ
ȋͷȌ ȋƒͳ Ϊƒʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒȌʹ α ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ǤǤǤ  ƒʹ Ϊ ʹƒͳƒʹ Ϊʹƒͳƒ͵ ΪǤǤǤǤΪʹƒͳƒ Ϊʹƒʹƒ͵ ΪǤǤǤΪʹƒʹƒ ΪǤǤǤΪʹƒȂ ͳƒǤ

Proof.
ȋƒͳ Ϊƒʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒȌʹ
αȋƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ΪǤǤǤǤΪƒȌȋƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ΪǤǤǤǤƒȌ
α ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ǤǤǤ  ƒʹ Ϊʹƒͳƒʹ Ϊʹƒͳƒ͵ΪǤǤǤǤΪǤǤǤǤΪʹƒͳƒǤǤǤǤǤΪʹƒʹƒ͵ΪǤǤǤǤΪʹƒʹƒ ΪǤǤǤΪʹƒ Ȃ ͳƒǤ

Derived Basic Formulae

ȋͳȌ ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ αȋƒά„Ȍʹ ʹƒ„Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ȋƒΪ„Ȍʹ Ȃ ȋƒȂ „Ȍʹ αͶƒ„Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ ƒ͵ ά„͵ αȋƒά„Ȍ͵ ͵ƒ„ȋƒά„ȌǤ
ȋͶȌ ƒ͵ Ϊ„͵ Ϊ ͵ Ȃ ͵ƒ„ αȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ȃ „ Ȃ ƒȌǤ
Proof

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ͵ Ϊ„͵ Ϊ ͵ Ȃ ͵ƒ„
α ȋƒ͵ Ϊ͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵ȌΪ ͵ Ȃ ͵ƒʹ„Ȃ ͵ƒ„ʹ Ȃ ͵ƒ„
α ȋƒΪ„Ȍ͵ Ϊ ͵ Ȃ ͵ƒ„ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍ
αȏȋƒΪ„ȌΪ ȐȏȋƒΪ„Ȍʹ Ȃ ȋƒΪ„Ȍ Ϊ ʹȐȂ ͵ƒ„ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍ
αȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ϊ„ʹ Ȃ ƒ Ȃ „ Ϊ ʹȌȂ ͵ƒ„ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍ
αȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ȃ „ Ȃ ƒȂ ͵ƒ„Ȍ
αȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍȋƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ Ȃ ƒ„Ȃ „ Ȃ ƒȌǤ

[30]
 Mathematics

Solved Examples 1.4

ͳ  ͵š ͳͲ  ͸š
š ʹš 
ͷ š ͹
Ex.1 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͳ   Ǥ
͵ ʹ ʹ
Sol. ‹ ‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹• ‘’Ž‡šˆ”ƒ –‹‘•‹„‘–Š•‹†‡•ǡ‹–‹•„‡––‡”–‘•‹’Ž‹ˆ›
‡ƒ Š•‹†‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‹”•–Ǥ ”‘
ͳ  ͵š
š
ͷ ͷš  ȋͳ  ͵šȌ ͳͷ  ʹš  ͳͳ ͳ͸  ʹš
ͳ ͳ ǡ
͵ ͳͷ ͳͷ ͳͷ
ͳͲ  ͸š
ʹš 
š ͹ š ͳͶš  ȋͳͲ  ͸šȌ ͳͲ  ͳ͵š
  ǡ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ͳͶ ͳͶ
‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
ͳ͸  ʹš ͳͲ  ͳ͵š
ǡ
ͳͷ ͳͶ
ͳͶȋͳ͸Ȃ ʹšȌαͳͷȋͳͲȂ ͳ͵šȌǡ
ʹʹͶȂ ʹͺšαͳͷͲȂ ͳͻͷšǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥͳ͸͹šαȂ͹Ͷǡ
͹Ͷ
? šαȂ Ǥ
ͳ͸͹
š ƒ „ š „ š  ƒ
Ex.2 ˆƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘•–ƒ–•ǡ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘   ͵Ǥ
ƒ „
Sol. ›‘˜‹‰͵‹–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–Šƒ† •‹†‡ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

§ š ƒ „ · § š „ · § š  ƒ ·
¨  ͳ¸  ¨  ͳ¸  ¨  ͳ¸ Ͳ ǡ
© ¹ © ƒ ¹ © „ ¹
š ƒ „ š ƒ „ š ƒ „
  Ͳǡ
ƒ „
§ͳ ͳ ͳ·
ȋšȂ ƒȂ „Ȃ Ȍ ¨   ¸ Ͳ ǡ
© ƒ „¹
ͳ ͳ ͳ
'   εͲǡ? šȂ ƒȂ „Ȃ αͲǡ ‹Ǥ‡ǤšαƒΪ„Ϊ Ǥ
ƒ „
Ex.3 ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒšΪͶα͵šȂ „Šƒ•‘”‡–Šƒͳ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”šǤ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋͶƒΪ͵„ȌʹͲͳͷǤ
Sol. ‡”‡™”‹–‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ȋƒȂ ͵Ȍš αȂ ȋͶΪ„ȌǤŠ‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘”‡
–Šƒͳ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–
ƒȂ ͵αͲǡƒ†ͶΪ„αͲǡ
‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒα͵ǡ„αȂ ͶǤŠ—•ǡȋͶƒΪ͵„ȌʹͲͳͷ αͲʹͲͳͷ αͲǤ
Ex.4 ™‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•†‹ˆˆ‡”„›ͶͳǤŠ‡„‹‰‰‡”—„‡”‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ͵Ͳ–‹‡•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡”
—„‡”’Ž—•ͳͲǤŠ‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡”—„‡”‹•
Sol. ‡––Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•„‡šǡȋͶͳΪšȌǤ
‹˜‡ͶͳΪšε͵ͲšΪͳͲŸ ͵ͳεʹͻšǤ
Ž›šαͳ•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•ʹͻšδ͵ͳǤ

[31]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.5 ˆ–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡†‹• ‘—–•‘ˆƒΨƒ†„Ψƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ–Š‡
™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–†‹• ‘—–ǫ
Sol. ˆͳͲͲ‹•–Š‡ƒ”‡†’”‹ ‡ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒ†‹• ‘—–‘ˆƒΨǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ‡’”‹ ‡‹•ͳͲͲȂ ƒǤˆ–‡”ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰
§ „ · ƒ„
ƒ‘–Š‡”„Ψ–Š‡•ƒŽ‡’”‹ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ȋͳͲͲȂ ƒȌ ¨ ͳ  ¸ αͳͲͲȂ ƒȂ „Ϊ Ǥ
© ͳͲͲ ¹ ͳͲͲ
ƒ„
? ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–†‹• ‘—–‹•ͳͲͲȂ ȏͳͲͲȂ ƒȂ „Ϊ Ȑ
ͳͲͲ
ƒ„
‹Ǥ‡ǤǡƒΪ„Ȃ Ǥ
ͳͲͲ
Ex.6 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͷšȂ ›Ϊ͵œαƒǡ ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ
ͷ›Ȃ œΪ͵šα„ǡ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
ͷœȂ šΪ͵›α ǡ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
Sol. ›ʹέȋ‹ȌΪȋ‹‹ȌȂ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
ʹƒ  „ 
ͳͶšαʹƒΪ„Ȃ ǡ ? šα Ǥ
ͳͶ
›ʹέȋ‹‹ȌΪȋ‹‹‹ȌȂ ȋ‹Ȍǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
ʹƒ   ƒ
ͳͶ›αʹ„Ϊ Ȃ ƒǡ ? ›α Ǥ
ͳͶ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ„›ʹέȋ‹‹‹ȌΪȋ‹ȌȂ ȋ‹‹Ȍǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ʹƒ  ƒ  „
ͳͶœαʹ ΪƒȂ „ǡ ? œα Ǥ
ͳͶ
Ex.7 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ȋšǡ›Ȍǡƒ†ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
šΪȋͳڍȌ›αͲǡ ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋͳȂ ȌšΪ›αͳڍǡ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
ȋͳڍȌšΪȋͳʹȂ Ȍ›αȂ ȋͳڍȌ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
Sol. ‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ„›ȋ‹‹ȌΪȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
ʹšΪͳʹ›αͲǡ ‹Ǥ‡ǤšαȂ͸›Ǥ ǤǤǤȋ‹˜Ȍ
›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ȋ‹˜Ȍ‹–‘ȋ‹Ȍǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ȋȂ ͷȌ›αͲǤ ˆz ͷǡ–Š‡›αͲƒ†•‘šαͲƒŽ•‘Ǥ ”‘
ȋ‹‹Ȍ™‡Šƒ˜‡αȂ ͳǤ
͸ ͵͸
ˆαͷǡȋ‹‹Ȍ›‹‡Ž†•ȋȂ ͶȌȋȂ ͸›ȌΪͷ›α͸ǡ•‘›α ǡšαȂ Ǥ
ʹͻ ʹͻ
­š  › ͷ
°
Ex.8 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ® ›  œ ͸
°œ  š ͹
¯
Sol. ‡––Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•„‡Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ•
šΪ›αͷ ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ
›Ϊœα͸ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
œΪšα͹Ǥ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
ͳ
› ȋȋ‹ȌΪȋ‹‹ȌΪȋ‹‹‹ȌȌǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
ʹ
šΪ›ΪœαͻǤ ǤǤǤȋ‹˜Ȍ
Š‡ȋ‹˜ȌȂ ȋ‹Ȍ›‹‡Ž†•œαͶǢ
ȋ‹˜ȌȂ ȋ‹‹Ȍ›‹‡Ž†•šα͵Ǣ
ȋ‹˜ȌȂ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ›‹‡Ž†•›αʹǤ

[32]
 Mathematics
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.9 ˆšΪ›ΪœαʹͲͲ͹ǡš›Ϊ›œΪœš αͶͲͳͳšz ͳǢ›z ͳǢœz ͳ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   Ǥ
ͳš ͳ› ͳœ
Sol. ȋͳȂ ›ȌȋͳȂ œȌαͳȂ ȋ›ΪœȌΪ›œ ǥȋͳȌ
ȋͳȂ šȌȋͳȂ ›ȌαͳȂ ȋšΪ›ȌΪš› ǥȋʹȌ
ȋͳȂ œȌȋͳȂ šȌαͳȂ ȋœΪšȌΪœš ǥȋ͵Ȍ
ȋͳȌΪȋʹȌΪȋ͵ȌŸ ȋͳȂ ›ȌȋͳȂ œȌΪȋͳȂ œȌȋͳȂ šȌΪȋͳȂ šȌȋͳȂ ›ȌαͲ ǥȋͶȌ
„‡ ƒ—•‡͵Ȃ ʹȋšΪ›ΪœȌΪš›Ϊ›œΪœšα͵Ȃ ʹέʹͲͲ͹ΪͶͲͳͳαͲ
ȋͶȌίȋͳȂ šȌȋͳȂ ›ȌȋͳȂ œȌƒ••—‹‰–Šƒ–šz ͳǢ›z ͳǢœz ͳǫǨ
1 ͳ ͳ
Ÿ   ͲǤ
1 x ͳ  › ͳ  œ
Ex.10 ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ† ƒ† ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ ˆƒȂ ʹ Ϊ‡αͲǡ„Ȃ ʹ Ϊ†αͲǡ Ȃ ʹ†Ϊ‡αͲ–Š‡–Š‡•‡–
‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–—„‡”•ƒ‘‰ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡ‡‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Sol. ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡ‡εͲƒΪ‡αʹ ? Ž‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒƒ†‡Ǥ
Ž•‘ǡ„Ϊ†αʹ  ? Šƒ•–‘„‡„‡–™‡‡„ƒ††Ǥ
ƒ† Ϊ‡αʹ† ? †Šƒ•–‘„‡„‡–™‡‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ
ˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǡƒΪ‡αʹ α„Ϊ†
? ‘–Š„ƒ††Ž‹‡„‡–™‡‡ƒƒ†‡
‘” ƒƒ†‡Ž‹‡„‡–™‡‡„ƒ††
' Ϊ‡αʹ† ? †Ž‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ
ƒ „ † ‡ „ ƒ ‡ †


̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‘–Ǥ‹ ‡†‹•„‡›‘† ƒ†‡

? ƒšǡ‹•‡–‹•ȓƒǡ‡Ȕ
1 ͳ ͳ
Ex.11 ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘  Ǥ
x › ʹͲͳ͵
Sol. šǡ›—•–„‡εʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
‡‡‡†–‘‰‡–›‹–‡”•‘ˆš
1 ͳ ͳ š  ʹͲͳ͵

› ʹͲͳ͵ š ʹͲͳ͵ ˜ š
ʹͲͳ͵ ˜ š ʹͲͳ͵ȋš  ʹͲͳ͵Ȍ  ʹͲͳ͵ʹ ʹͲͳ͵ʹ
› αʹͲͳ͵Ϊ
š  ʹͲͳ͵ š  ʹͲͳ͵ š  ʹͲͳ͵
Š‹•‡ƒ•šȂ ʹͲͳ͵—•–†‹˜‹†‡ʹͲͳ͵ʹ ‡šƒ –Ž›ʹͲͳ͵ʹ α͵ʹ έͳͳʹ έ͸ͳʹ
šȂ ʹͲͳ͵—•–„‡ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ͵ʹ έͳͳʹ έ͸ͳʹ
šȂ ʹͲͳ͵αͳǡ͵ǡͳͳǡ͸ͳǡ͵έͳͳǡͳͳέ͸ͳǡ͵έ͸ͳǡ͵έͳͳέ͸ͳ
͵ʹǡͳͳʹǡ͸ͳʹǡ͵ʹ έͳͳǡ͵ʹ έ͸ͳǡ͵ʹ έͳͳέ͸ͳ
ͳͳʹέ͵ǡͳͳʹέ͸ͳǡͳͳʹ έ͸ͳέǡ͵ǡ͸ͳʹέ͵ǡ͸ͳʹ έͳͳ
͸ͳʹ έͳͳʹ έ͵ǡ͵ʹ έͳͳʹǡ͵ʹ έͳͳʹέ͸ͳǡͳͳʹ έ͸ͳʹ
ͳͳʹ έ͸ͳʹ έ͵ǡ͸ͳʹ έ͵ʹǡ͸ͳʹ έ͵ʹ έͳͳǡ͵ʹ έͳͳʹ έ͸ͳʹǤ
ʹ͹•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”šƒ†–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”›Ǥ
[33]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
ͷ ʹ ͳ͵
Ex.12 ‹˜‡šΪ› ǡ š Ϊ›ʹ ǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšͷ Ϊ›ͷǤ
ʹ Ͷ
Sol. ȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹȌȋš͵ Ϊ›͵Ȍαȋšͷ Ϊ›ͷȌΪȋš›ȌʹȋšΪ›Ȍ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–
ͳ͵ ͷ ͸ͷ § ͳ͵ · ͷ
ȋšͷ  › ͷ Ȍ ȋš  ›Ȍȋš ʹ  › ʹ  š›Ȍ  ȋš›Ȍʹ ¨  š› ¸  ȋš›Ȍʹ Ǥ
Ͷ ʹ ͺ© Ͷ ¹ ʹ
–•—ˆˆ‹ ‡•–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš›ǤŠ‡
ͳª ͳ § ʹͷ ͳ͵ · ͵
š  ›  šʹ  › ʹ º
ʹ
š›  ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ʹ¬ ¼ ʹ ¨© Ͷ Ͷ ¸¹ ʹ
͸ͷ § ͳ͵ ͵ · ͷ ͻ Ͷͷͷ  ͳͺͲ ʹ͹ͷ
šͷ  › ͷ   Ǥ Ǥ
ͺ ¨© Ͷ ʹ ¸¹ ʹ Ͷ ͵ʹ ͵ʹ
Ex.13 ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•šǡ›ǡœ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
­ š› œ ͸
° ʹ
®š  ›  œ ʹ͸
ʹ ʹ

° š͵  › ͵  œ͵ ͻͲ
¯
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš›œƒ†šͶ Ϊ›Ͷ ΪœͶǤ
Sol. ȋšΪ›ΪœȌʹ αȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹ ΪœʹȌΪʹȋš›Ϊ›œΪœšȌ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–
ͳ ͳ
š›Ϊ›œΪœšα ȏȋšΪ›ΪœȌʹȂ ȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹ ΪœʹȌȐα ȏ͸ʹ Ȃ ʹ͸ȐαͷǤ
ʹ ʹ
‹ ‡š͵ Ϊ›͵ Ϊœ͵ Ȃ ͵š›œαȋšΪ›ΪœȌȏȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹ Ϊœʹ Ȃ ȋš›Ϊ›œΪœšȌȐǡ
ͻͲȂ ͵š›œα͸ȏʹ͸Ȃ ͷȐαͳʹ͸ǡ
ͳ
? š›œα ȋͻͲȂ ͳʹ͸ȌαȂͳʹǤ
͵

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

—”–Š‡”ǡ„› ‘’Ž‡–‹‰•“—ƒ”‡•ǡ
αšͶ Ϊ›Ͷ ΪœͶ αȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹ ڜʹȌʹ Ȃ ʹȋšʹ›ʹ Ϊ›ʹœʹ ΪœʹšʹȌ
αʹ͸ʹ Ȃ ʹȏȋš›Ϊ›œΪœšȌʹ Ȃ ʹȋš›ʹœΪ›œʹšΪšʹ›œȌȐ
αʹ͸ʹ Ȃ ʹȏͷʹ Ȃ ʹš›œȋšΪ›ΪœȌȐ
αʹ͸ʹ Ȃ ʹȋʹͷΪʹͶ˜͸Ȍα͸͹͸Ȃ ͵͵ͺα͵͵ͺǤ
Ex.14 ‘” ƒ› ”‡ƒŽ —„‡”• ƒǡ „ ƒ† ǡ ˆ‹† –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ–ƒ‡ǣ
͵ƒʹ Ϊʹ͹„ʹ Ϊͷ ʹ Ȃ ͳͺƒ„Ȃ ͵Ͳ Ϊʹ͵͹Ǥ
Sol. › ‘’Ž‡–‹‰•“—ƒ”‡•ǡ
͵ƒʹ Ϊʹ͹„ʹ Ϊͷ ʹ Ȃ ͳͺƒ„Ȃ ͵Ͳ Ϊʹ͵͹
αȋ͵ƒʹ Ȃ ͳͺƒ„Ϊʹ͹„ʹȌΪȋͷ ʹ Ȃ ͵Ͳ ΪͶͷȌΪͳͻʹ
α͵ȋƒʹ Ȃ ͸ƒ„Ϊͻ„ʹȌΪͷȋ ʹ Ȃ ͸ ΪͻȌΪͳͻʹ α͵ȋƒȂ ͵͸Ȍʹ Ϊͷȋ Ȃ ͵Ȍʹ Ϊͳͻʹt ͳͻʹǤ
Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ͳͻʹ‹•‘„–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡ƒα͵͸ǡ α͵ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‰‹˜‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‹•ͳͻʹǤ
Ex.15 ˆƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†εͲƒ†ƒͶ Ϊ„Ͷ Ϊ Ͷ Ϊ†Ͷ αͶƒ„ †ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ƒα„α α†Ǥ
Sol. ‘Ž—–‹‘‡”‡™”‹–‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒͶ Ϊ„Ͷ Ϊ Ͷ Ϊ†Ͷ Ȃ Ͷƒ„ †αͲǡƒ†—•‡–Š‡
–‡ Š‹“—‡ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‹‰•“—ƒ”‡•ǡ–Š‡
ͲαƒͶ Ϊ„Ͷ Ϊ Ͷ Ϊ†Ͷ Ǧ Ͷƒ„ †
αȋƒͶ Ȃ ʹƒʹ„ʹ Ϊ„ͶȌΪȋ Ͷ Ȃ ʹ ʹ†ʹ Ϊ†ͶȌΪȋʹƒʹ„ʹ Ϊʹ ʹ†ʹ Ȃ Ͷƒ„ †Ȍ
αȋƒʹȂ „ʹȌʹ Ϊȋ ʹ Ǧ †ʹȌʹΪʹȋƒ„Ȃ †Ȍʹǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒʹ Ȃ „ʹ αͲǡ ʹ Ȃ †ʹ αͲǡƒ„Ȃ †αͲǤ
‹ ‡ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†εͲǡ •‘ƒα„ǡ Ȃ †ǡƒ†ƒʹ α ʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒα ǤŠ—•ƒα„α α†Ǥ
[34]
 Mathematics

Ex.16 ‹˜‡ƒΪ„α Ϊ†ƒ†ƒ͵Ϊ„͵ α ͵Ϊ†͵Ǥ”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ƒʹͲͲͻΪ„ʹͲͲͻ α ʹͲͲͻ Ϊ†ʹͲͲͻǤ

Sol. ƒΪ„α Ϊ†›‹‡Ž†•ȋƒΪ„Ȍ͵ αȋ Ϊ†Ȍ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ƒ͵ Ϊ͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵ α ͵ Ϊ͵ ʹ†Ϊ͵ †ʹ Ϊ†͵Ǥ
ƒ͵ Ϊ„͵ α ͵ Ϊ†͵
? ͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ α͵ ʹ†ʹ Ϊ͵ †ʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ͵ƒ„ȋƒΪ„Ȍα͵ †ȋ Ϊ†ȌǤ
ˆƒΪ„α Ϊ†αͲǡ–Š‡„αȂ ƒǡ†αȂ ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ƒʹͲͲͻ Ϊ„ʹͲͲͻ αͲα ʹͲͲͻ Ϊ†ʹͲͲͻ
ˆƒΪ„α Ϊ†z Ͳǡ–Š‡ƒ„α †ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ȋƒȂ „Ȍʹ αȋƒΪ„Ȍʹ Ȃ Ͷƒ„αȋ Ϊ†Ȍʹ Ȃ Ͷ †αȋ Ȃ †ȌʹǤ
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡ƒȂ „α Ȃ †ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ƒΪ„α Ϊ†ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–ʹƒαʹ ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒα ǡƒ†„α†
ƒŽ•‘Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡ƒȂ „αȂ ȋ Ȃ †Ȍǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ƒΪ„α Ϊ†ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–ʹƒαʹ†ǡ‹‡Ǥ ‡ǡƒα†ǡƒ†
„α ƒŽ•‘Ǥ
Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•–”—‡‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Ex.17 ‹†ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ͳʹšΪͷ›αͳʹͷǤ
Sol. ͳʹšαͷȋʹͷȂ ›Ȍ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ͷȁšǤ‡–šαͷǡ–Š‡ͷ›α͸ͷ‰‹˜‡•›αͳ͵ǡ•‘ȋͷǡͳ͵Ȍ‹•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ
•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ› –Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒˆ‘”‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–šαͷΪͷ–ƒ†›αͳ͵Ȃ ͳʹ–ǡ
™Š‡”‡–‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
‹ ‡št ͳǡ•‘–t ͲǤ—–›t ͳ‹’Ž‹‡•–d ͳǡ•‘–αͲ‘”ͳǤ
Š‡–αͲǡ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•šαͷǡ›αͳ͵ǤŠ‡–αͳǡ–Š‡šαͳͲǡ›αͳǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›–™‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
Ex.18 ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•šεͳƒ†›•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹͲͲ͹šȂ ʹͳ›αͳͻʹ͵Ǥ ‹†
–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆʹšΪ͵›Ǥ
Sol. ‹’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘͸͸ͻšα͹›Ϊ͸ͶͳǤŠƒ‰‹‰‹–•ˆ‘”–‘͸͸ͻȋšȂ ͳȌα͹ȋ›Ȃ ͶȌǡ
•‹ ‡šȂ ͳεͲǡ•‘›εͶƒ†–Š‡‹‹—’‘•‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆšƒ†›ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡„›šȂ ͳα͹ǡ
›Ȃ Ͷα͸͸ͻǤŠ—•ǡ
ʹš‹ Ϊ͵›‹ αʹ˜ͺΪ͵˜͸͹͵αʹͲͶ͵Ǥ
Ex.19 ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹͷšΪͳ͵›Ϊ͹œα͸Ǥ
Sol. ‡–ʹͷšΪͳ͵›αǡ–Š‡Ϊ͹œα͸Ǥ‘•‹†‡”ƒ•ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‘‡––‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹͷšΪͳ͵›αǤ‹ ‡ȋȂǡʹȌ‹•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”ȋšǡ›Ȍǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•
‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǣ
šαȂ Ϊͳ͵–ͳǡ›αʹȂ ʹͷ–ͳǡ–ͳ  
‡š–ǡ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ϊ͹œα͸ˆ‘”ȋǡœȌǤ‹ ‡ȋȂͳǡͳȌ‹•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ
•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›
αȂͳΪ͹–ʹǡ ƒ†œαͳȂ –ʹǡ–ʹ  Ǥ
›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‹–‘–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”šƒ†›ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǣ
šαͳΪͳ͵–ͳ Ȃ ͹–ʹǡ›αȂʹȂ ʹͷ–ͳ ΪͳͶ–ʹǡœαͳȂ–ʹǡ–ͳǡ–ʹ  Ǥ
[35]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Ex.20 Š‡†‹‰‹–•ƒǡ„ƒ† ‘ˆƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡” ƒ„ •ƒ–‹•ˆ›ͶͻƒΪ͹„Ϊ αʹͺ͸Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ

†‹‰‹–—„‡” ƒ„ Ǥ
Sol. ›–ƒ‹‰‘†—Ž‘͹–‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ– { ͸ȋ‘†͹ȌǤ
‹ ‡ ‹•ƒ†‹‰‹–ǡ•‘ α͸ǤŠ‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•͹ƒΪ„αͶͲ‘”͹ƒαͶͲȂ „Ǥ
‹ ‡͵ͳd ͶͲȂ „d ͶͲǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡—„‡”͵ͷ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹‹–Š‹•‹–‡”˜ƒŽǡ•‘„
αͷǡƒαͷǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒ„ ͷͷ͸Ǥ
Ex.21 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹšΪʹ›ΪœαŠƒ•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆʹͺ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”ȋšǡ›ǡœȌǤŠ‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•
ȋͳȌͳͶ‘”ͳͷ ȋʹȌͳͷ‘”ͳ͸ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸‘”ͳ͹ ȋͶȌͳͺ‘”ͳͻ
Sol. ‡–—αšΪ›ǡ–Š‡ʹ—ΪœαǤ‘•‹†‡”d ʹƒ•ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‘‡– ˆ‘”•‘Ž˜‹‰šƒ†›Ǥ
‘”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šΪ›α—ǡȋ—Ȃ ͳǡͳȌ‹•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ•‘šα—Ȃ ͳΪ–ͳǡ›αͳȂ –ͳǡ–ͳ  ‹•
–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
‹ ‡št ͳǡ›t ͳǡ•‘ʹȂ —d –ͳ d Ͳǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–ͳ Šƒ•—Ȃ ͳ’‡”‹––‡†˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‰‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡—t ʹǤ
‘™ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹ—ΪœαǤ
œ 
Š‡‹•‡˜‡ǡ–Š‡œ‹•‡˜‡ƒŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡• —  Ǥ Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ— ƒ
ʹ ʹ

–ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ʹ –‘  ͳǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‹•
ʹ

ȋʹ  ͳȌ  ȋ͵  ͳȌ  ǤǤǤǤ  ȋ  ʹȌ ʹͺǤ
ʹ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡


‹ ‡ͳΪʹΪǤǤǤΪ͹αʹͺǡ•‘  ʹ ͹ǡ ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡαͳͺǤ
ʹ
 ͳ
Š‡  α ʹ Ϊ ͳǡ –Š‡ — ƒ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ˆ”‘ ʹ –‘ ǡ •‘ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
ʹ
 ͳ
•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹• ͳ  ʹ  ǤǤǤ  ȋ  ͳȌ ʹͺǤ
ʹ
 ͳ
”‘  ͳ ͹ ™‡Šƒ˜‡αͳ͸Ϊͳαͳ͹ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”‹•Ǥ
ʹ
Ex.22 ‹†ƒŽŽ–”‹’Ž‡•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
ͷšΪ͹›Ϊͷœα͵͹ ǤǤǤȋͳȌ
͸šȂ ›Ȃ ͳͲœα͵ ǤǤǤȋʹȌ
Sol. › ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘‡ ‘‡ ™‹–Š –™‘
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
ʹέȋͳ•–‡“—ǤȌΪȋʹ†‡“—ǤȌ›‹‡Ž†•ͳ͸šΪͳ͵›α͹͹Ǥ
‹ ‡ͳ͸ȋšȂ ͶȌΪͳ͵ȋ›Ȃ ͳȌαͲǡ–Š‡šαͶǡ›αͳ‹•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•
šαͶΪͳ͵–ǡ›αͳȂ ͳ͸–ǡ– Ǥ
‹ ‡›t Ͳǡ– d ͲǤ—–šd Ͳ‹’Ž‹‡•–t Ͳǡ•‘–αͲ‹•–Š‡—‹“—‡’‡”‹––‡†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–ǤŠ—•ǡš
αͶǡ›αͳǡƒ†œαʹ

[36]
 Mathematics
š
ǤǤ
Ex.23 ‡–šȏȐ†‡‘–‡ š š ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–‡”•‘ˆšǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•— Š
ʹʹ
–Šƒ–ͻȏͻȐδ͵ȏȐǫȋ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ͵ȏʹȐα͵͵ αʹ͹Ǣʹȏ͵Ȑα ʹ αͳ͸ǤȌ
Sol. —’’‘•‡ͻȏȐδ͵ȏȐǤ‘–‡–Šƒ–ͻȏȐα͵’ ƒ†͵ȏȐα͵“ ˆ‘”•‘‡‹–‡‰‡”•’ƒ†“ǤŠ—•ǡ
“t ’ΪͳǤ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ
ʹȋͻȏȐȌδ͵ȋͻȏȐȌα͵’Ϊͳ d ͵“ α͵ȏȐǤ
Š‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ ͻȏΪͳȐαȋ͵ʹȌͻȏȐ α͵ʹȋͻȏȐȌ δ͵͵ȏȐ α͵ȏΪͳȐǤ
Š—•ǡͻȏȐδ͵ȏȐ‹’Ž‹‡•ͻȏΪͳȐδ͵ȏΪͳȐǤ –‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ͻȏʹȐαͺͳα͵Ͷ δ͵ȏ͵ȐǤ‘–‹—‹‰
–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡͻȏͻȐδ͵ȏͳͲȐǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ͻȏͻȐε͵ȏͻȐǡŠ‡ ‡–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ͳͲǤ
Ex.24 ˆ ƒ„ † ‹•ƒˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ–ʹȋ ƒ„ † ȌΪͳͲͲͲα † „ƒ ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ǥ
Sol. ‡™”‹–‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ
ƒ „ †
ƒ „ †
 ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
† „ ƒ
‹ ‡ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ†ǡƒ‹•‡˜‡Ǣ•‹ ‡ʹƒΪͳd †d ͻǡƒd ͶǤ‘ƒαʹ‘”ƒαͶǤ
ˆƒαͶǡ–Š‡†t ʹƒΪͳαͻƒ†–Š—•†αͻǢ„—––Š‡–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ†™‘—Ž†„‡ͺz ƒǡƒ
‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘Ǥ
ˆƒαʹǡ–Š‡†t ʹƒΪͳαͷƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ†‹•ʹǢ•‘†α͸ǤŠ‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘”‡†— ‡•–‘
„
„
 ͳ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ „
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹ ƒ•‡•ǣ‡‹–Š‡”ʹ Ϊͳᄃ†ʹ„αͳͲΪ ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‘‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǣ
‘”ʹ ΪͳαͳͲΪ„ƒ†ʹ„ΪͳαͳͲΪ ǡ™Š‹ Š‰‹˜‡•„α αͻǤ
Ex.25 ‹†–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
šʹ  ȋʹͲ  ›Ȍʹ  › ʹ  ȋʹͳ  œȌʹ  œʹ  ȋʹͲ  ™Ȍʹ  ™ ʹ  ȋʹͳ  šȌʹ Ǥ

Sol. ••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǡ šʹ  ȋʹͲ  ›Ȍʹ  › ʹ  ȋʹͳ  œȌʹ  œʹ  ȋʹͲ  ™Ȍʹ  ™ ʹ  ȋʹͳ  šȌʹ 
αΪΪΪ
α̵ΪΪ   ̶
d ̵̶α Ͷʹʹ  ͶͲʹ ͷͺǤ
̵ š  ʹͳȂ š ̵
ʹͲȂ ›

ʹͲȂ ™™



œ
›

ʹͳȂ œ 

̶
[37]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.26 ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›

š ͵ Ͷ š ͳ  š  ͺ ͸ š ͳ ͳǤ

ʹ ʹ
Sol. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡”‡™”‹––‡ƒ• š ͳ ʹ  š ͳ ͵ ͳǤ

ˆ š  ͳ t ͵ǡ‹–”‡†— ‡•–‘ š  ͳ Ȃ ʹΪ š  ͳ Ȃ ͵αͳ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ š  ͳ α͵‰‹˜‹‰šαͳͲǤ

ˆ š  ͳ d ʹǡ‹–”‡†— ‡•–‘ʹȂ š  ͳ Ϊ͵Ȃ š  ͳ αͳ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ š  ͳ αʹ‰‹˜‹‰šαͷǤ

ˆʹδ š  ͳ δ͵ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤͷδšδͳͲǡ‹–”‡†— ‡•–‘ š  ͳ Ȃ ʹΪ͵Ȃ š  ͳ αͳ™Š‹ Š‹•–”—‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ

˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš„‡–™‡‡ͷƒ†ͳͲǤ
‡ ‡–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹•ͷΪ͸Ϊ͹ΪͺΪͻΪͳͲαͶͷǤ
Ex.27 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–

 šʹ  Ͷš  ͷ  šʹ  ʹš  ͷ ǡ

ˆ‘””‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆšǡˆ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶǤ

Sol.  ȋš  ʹȌʹ  ȋͲ  ͳȌʹ  ȋš  ͳȌʹ  ȋͲ  ʹȌʹ Ǥ

‡–αȋšǡͲȌǡαȋȂ ʹǡͳȌƒ†αȋȂͳǡʹȌǡ–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ž‡‰–Š•ƒ†Ǥ‹•ƒš‹—™Š‡–Š‡’‘‹–•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‹‡ƒ”ƒ†–Šƒ–‘ —”•
™Š‡αȋȂ ͵ǡͲȌǤ‘

 ȋͳȌʹ  ȋͳȌʹ  ȋ ʹȌʹ  ȋͲ  ʹȌʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ Ǥ

Š—•–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶ αͶǤ

Ex.28 ˆƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ȁƒȂ „ȁαͳǡȁ„Ȃ ȁαͳǡȁ Ȃ ƒȁαʹƒ†ƒ„ α͸Ͳǡˆ‹†–Š‡

ͳ
ªƒ „ ͳ ͳ ͳº
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ «      » Ǥ
¬„ ƒ ƒ„ ƒ „ ¼

ƒ „ ͳ ͳ ͳ ƒʹ  „ʹ  ʹ
 „  ƒ  ƒ„
Sol.     
„ ƒ ƒ„ ƒ „ ƒ„

ȋƒʹ  ʹƒ„  „ʹ Ȍ  ȋ„ʹ  ʹ„  ʹ

Ȍȋ ʹ
 ʹ ƒ  ƒʹ Ȍ
ʹƒ„

ȋƒ  „Ȍʹ  ȋ„  Ȍʹ  ȋ  ƒȌʹ ͳʹ  ͳʹ  ʹʹ ͳ
Ǥ
ʹƒ„ ͳʹͲ ʹͲ

[38]
 Mathematics

ƒ„ ͳ „ ͳ ƒ ͳ
Ex.29 ‡–ƒǡ„ƒ† „‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– ǡ ƒ† Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ƒ„ ͵ „ Ͷ ƒ ͷ

ʹͶƒ„
Ǥ
ƒ„  „  ƒ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
Sol. ƒ‹‰ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ•ǡ ™‡ ˆ‹† –Šƒ–  ͵ǡ  Ͷ ƒ†  α ͷǤ —‹‰ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡
ƒ „ „ ƒ

‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‡‰‡–

§ͳ ͳ ͳ· ƒ„  „  ƒ
ͳʹ ʹ¨   ¸ ʹ u Ǥ
©ƒ „ ¹ ƒ„

ʹͶƒ„
‡ ‡ αͶǤ
ƒ„  „  ƒ

Ex.30 ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡–™‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒšΪȋ„Ȃ ͵ȌαȋͷƒȂ ŽȌšΪ͵„Šƒ•‘”‡–Šƒ

‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲͲƒΪͶ„ǫ

Sol. ‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹

ȋͳȂ ͶƒȌšαʹ„Ϊ͵Ǥ

‹ ‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘”‡ –Šƒ‘‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ȍǡ™‡ —•–

ͳ ͵
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Šƒ˜‡ͳȂ ͶƒαͲƒ†ʹ„Ϊ͵αͲǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒα ƒ†„αȂ Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡͳͲͲƒΪͶ„αͳͻǤ

Ͷ ʹ

Ex.31 ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ „‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒΪ„Ϊ αʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ

͵ƒ  ͳʹ  ͵„  ͳʹ  ͵  ͳʹ  ͳͲͲ Ǥ

Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ–

ȋ ͵ƒ  ͳʹ  ͵„  ͳʹ  ͵  ͳʹȌʹ δ͵ȋ͵ƒΪͳʹΪ͵„ΪͳʹΪ͵ ΪͳʹȌ

αͻȋƒΪ„Ϊ ΪͳʹȌαͻȋʹͲͳ͵ΪͳʹȌαͻέʹͲʹͷǡ

™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‘Ž†•‹ˆ͵ƒΪͳʹα͵„Ϊͳʹα͵ Ϊͳʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒα„α α͸͹ͳǤŠ—•–Š‡ƒ•™‡”

‹•͵έͶͷαͳ͵ͷǤ

[39]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 1.4

š š 
1. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘  ȋ™Š‡”‡z ͲȌǤ
  
ͳ
2. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–Ȃ ʹ‹•–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ šαͷšΪȋȂ ʹȌʹǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘
͵
ʹ
ȋ Ȃ ͳͳΪͳ͹Ȍ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͹

3. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȏͶƒšȂ ȋƒΪ„ȌȐȋƒΪ„ȌαͲǡ™Š‡”‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡ ‘•–ƒ–•Ǥ

4. ˆšƒ†› ƒ–ƒ‡‘Ž›ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡˆ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆȋšǡ›Ȍ’ƒ‹”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ʹšΪͷ›αͳͲͲǤ
§ͳ· ͹ §ͳ· §ͳ·
5. ˆƒǡ„ ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– ƒ  ¨ ¸ Ǣ„  ¨ ¸ ͶǢ  ¨ ¸ ͳ ǡˆ‹†ƒ„ Ǥ
©„¹ ͵ © ¹ ©ƒ¹
6. ˆƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒΪ͹„Ϊ͵ Ϊͷ†αͲǡͺƒΪͶ„Ϊ͸ Ϊʹ†αȂͳ͸ǡ
ʹƒΪ͸„ΪͶ Ϊͺ†αͳ͸ǡ ͷƒΪ͵„Ϊ͹ Ϊ†αȂ ͳ͸–Š‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒΪ†Ȍȋ„Ϊ Ȍα
7. ˆšΪ›αͷš›ǡ›Ϊœα͸›œǡœΪšα͹œšˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšΪ›ΪœǤ
8. ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‹šǣ
ª § ƒ ·º ͵š  ƒ ͳ  Ͷš
͵ « š  ʹ¨ š  ¸ » αʹšƒ†  αͲ
¬ © ͵ ¹¼ ͵ ͸
Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ ‘‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

9. ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”•ƒǡ„ǡ •ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒ„ αͳǡ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹š
ʹƒš ʹ„š ʹš
  ͳǤ
ƒ„  ƒ  ͳ „  „  ͳ ƒ   ͳ
ͳ
10. ˆƒΪͳ α ȋαͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡʹͲͲͺȌƒ†ƒͳ αͳǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒͳƒʹ Ϊƒʹƒ͵ Ϊƒ͵ ƒͶ ΪǤǤǤΪ
ͳ
ͳ
ƒ
ƒʹͲͲͺƒʹͲͲͻǤ
11. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
­š  ›  œ ͷ
°
®›  œ  š ͳ
°œ  š  › ͳͷ
¯
12. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
­š  ›  œ ͳ
°›  œ  — ʹ
°°
®œ  —  ˜ ͵
°—  ˜  š Ͷ
°
°̄˜  š  › ͷ

[40]
 Mathematics
ͳ ʹ ͵
13. ‹˜‡ǣ   Ͳǡ ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ
š › œ

ͳ ͸ ͷ
  Ͳ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
š › œ

š › œ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   Ǥ
› œ š

14. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•

­ͳ ͳ ͳ
°š  ›  œ ʹ
°
°ͳ ͳ ͳ
® 
°› œ  š ͵
°ͳ ͳ ͳ
° 
¯œ š  › Ͷ

15. ‡–ˆ„‡ƒˆ— –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǣ

ȋ‹Ȍ ˆȋͳȌαͳǡƒ†

ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆȋʹȌαέˆȋȌ˜ ˆ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ

ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆȋʹͳͲͲȌαʹͶͻš›ǡ–Š‡–Š‡†‹‰‹–•šƒ†›”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

16. ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•š–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘

ȋ͵š Ȃ ʹ͹Ȍʹ Ϊȋͷš Ȃ ͸ʹͷȌʹ αȋ͵š Ϊͷš Ȃ ͸ͷʹȌʹǤ

17. ‹†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–”‡ƒŽ—„‡”š•— Š–Šƒ–

šʹ  š  ͳ ȁ š ʹ  ȋš  ͳȌȁ
͵ͷš  ʹͷͲǤ
ʹ

18. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡„ƒŽŽ•‹ƒ„‘šǡƒ†–Š‡„ƒŽŽ•ƒ”‡—„‡”‡†ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤ ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡

„ƒŽŽ• ‹• ”‡‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‘šǡ ƒ† ‹– –—”• ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”• ‘ –Š‡
”‡ƒ‹‹‰„ƒŽŽ•‹–Š‡„‘š‹•ͷͲͶͺǤ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘–Š‡„ƒŽŽ”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡„‘š‹•ǡ
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ

19. Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•„‡–™‡‡Ͳƒ†ͳͲͷ Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–•—‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͺ‹•–Š‡

ˆ‹†ͷȋͷͲͲȂ ȌǤ

20. ‡ˆ‹‡ƒˆ— –‹‘‘–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•”‡ —”•‹˜‡Ž›„›ˆȋͳȌαʹǡˆȋȌαˆȋȂ ͳȌΪͳ‹ˆ‹•

‡˜‡ǡƒ†ˆȋȌαˆȋȂ ʹȌΪʹ‹ˆ‹•‘††ƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳǤŠƒ–‹•ˆȋʹͲͳ͹ȌȂ ʹͲͲͲǫ

[41]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
͵š  ›
21. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–šƒ†›ƒ”‡‘œ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– αȂʹǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
š  ͵›
Ͷ
§ š  ͵› ·
¨ ¸ ǫ
© ͵š  › ¹
22. ƒ‹ ƒ†”‘˜‡Š‡”‡™ ƒ”‘ƒ–”‹’ˆ‘”ƒ™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆŠ‘—”•ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ͷͷ‹Ž‡•’‡”
Š‘—”Ǥ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹’ǡƒ„ ‹Ž‡•™‡”‡†‹•’Žƒ›‡†‘–Š‡‘†‘‡–‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ„ ‹•
ƒ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”™‹–Šƒt ͳƒ†ƒΪ„Ϊ d ͹Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹’ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‘†‘‡–‡”
•Š‘™‡† „ƒ‹Ž‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹǫ
ʹ ʹ
23. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–šƒ†›†‹•–‹ –‘œ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– š  › ǡ™Šƒ–‹•Ͷͷš›Ȃ Ͷͷǫ
š ›

24. ‡ƒŽ—„‡”•šƒ†›•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ϊ›ʹ αͳͲšȂ ͸›Ȃ ͵ͶǤŠƒ–‹•ȋšΪ›ȌͶǫ

25. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡƒ† „‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒΪ„Ϊ αʹǡƒ†ƒ ʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ αͳʹǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
’
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒš‹—ƒ†‹‹—’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ ‹• ™‹–Š ‘’”‹‡’ƒ†“Ǥ
“

Šƒ–‹•ȋ’Ϊ“ʹȌ ǫ
26. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡƒ† „‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•™‹–Šƒt „t •— Š–Šƒ–ƒʹ Ȃ „ʹ Ȃ ʹ Ϊƒ„αʹͲͳͳƒ†
ƒʹ Ϊ͵„ʹ Ϊ͵ ʹ Ȃ ͵ƒ„Ȃ ʹƒ Ȃ ʹ„ αȂͳͻͻ͹ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒίͳͳǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

27. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ƒ†‡„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•™‹–ŠƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ϊ‡αʹͲͳͲǡƒ†Ž‡–„‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‘ˆ
–Š‡•—•ƒΪ„ǡ„Ϊ ǡ Ϊ†ǡƒ††Ϊ‡ǤŠ‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆαͳͳέ’ǤŠƒ–‹•’ǫ
28. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ˆȋšΪ͵Ȍα͵šʹ Ϊ͹šΪͶƒ†ˆȋšȌαƒšʹ Ϊ„šΪ ǤŠƒ–‹•ȋƒΪ„Ϊ ȌͶǫ
29. ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡŽ‡–ˆȋȌαͶ Ȃ ͵͸Ͳʹ ΪͶͲͲǤŠ‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆˆȋȌ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡
’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•ƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”’“”ǤŠƒ–‹•’Ϊ”ǫ
30. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡƒ†‡„‡†‹•–‹ –‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ȋ͸Ȃ ƒȌȋ͸Ȃ „Ȍȋ͸Ȃ Ȍȋ͸Ȃ †Ȍȋ͸Ȃ ‡ȌαͶͷǤŠƒ–
‹•ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ϊ‡ǫ
31. ‡–ǡ„‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ͳδd Ǥ‡ˆ‹‡

§ ͳ· § ͳ · § ͳ · § ͳ·
ˆȋǡȌ ¨ ͳ  ¸ u ¨ ͳ  ¸ u ¨ͳ  ¸ u ǤǤǤ u ¨ ͳ  ¸ Ǥ
© ¹ ©  ͳ¹ © ʹ¹ © ¹


ˆαˆȋʹǡʹͲͶͻȌΪˆȋ͵ǡʹͲͶͻȌΪˆȋͶǡʹͲͶͻȌΪǤǤǤΪˆȋʹͲͶͻǡʹͲͶͻȌǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
͸Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
32. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȋƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰    ͳ
ƒ „ †
™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒδ„δ 䆋•

[42]
 Mathematics

33. ‘”‹–‡‰‡”•ƒͳǡǤǤǤǡƒ  ȓͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤǡͻȔǡ™‡—•‡–Š‡‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒͳƒ ʹ ǤǤǤƒ  –‘†‡‘–‡–Š‡—„‡”

ͳͲȂͳ ƒͳ ΪͳͲȂʹ ƒʹ ΪǤǤǤΪͳͲƒȂ ͳ ΪƒǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‡ƒαʹƒ†„αͲǡ ƒ„ †‡‘–‡•–Š‡

ʹ
—„‡”ʹͲǤ ‹˜‡–Šƒ– ƒ„ „ ƒ† ƒ „ ȋ„ƒȌʹ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„Ϊ Ǥ

34. –‹•‘™–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡’ƒ‹”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒƒ†„•— Š–Šƒ–ƒd „ƒ†

ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊͺƒ„αʹͲͳͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„Ǥ
§ ͳ · § ʹ · § ͵ · § ʹͲͳͲ ·
ʹͲͳͲ ˆ¨ ¸ ˆ¨ ¸ ˆ¨ ¸  ǤǤǤ  ˆ ¨ ¸
š ʹͲͳͳ ¹ © ʹͲͳͳ ¹ © ʹͲͳͳ ¹ © ʹͲͳͳ ¹
35. ‡–ˆȋšȌα Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ©
š ʹͲͳͲ
 ȋͳ  šȌʹͲͳͲ ͳͷ

ͳ ͳ
36. ˆ š  šʹ  ͳ  ʹͲ ǡ–Š‡‹ˆ šʹ  š Ͷ  ͳ   ǡˆ‹†ȏȐǤ
š  š ͳ ʹ
š  šͶ  ͳ
ʹ

37. ˆšƒ†›‘Ǧœ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ȁšȁΪ›α͵ ƒ†ȁšȁ›Ϊš͵ αͲǡ –Š‡ˆ‹†ȁšȂ ›ȁǤ

38. ‘™ƒ›†‹•–‹ –‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
šΪʹ›ΪͶœαͳʹ
š›ΪͶ›œΪʹšœαʹʹ
š›œα͸
39. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ȋšǡ›Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǫ
šΪ͵›α͵
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȁȁšȁȂ ȁ›ȁȁαͳ
40. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆšαȁʹšȂ ȁ͸ͲȂ ʹšȁȁǫ
41.  ƒ ͷͲǦ“—‡•–‹‘ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ Š‘‹ ‡ ƒ–Š ‘–‡•–ǡ •–—†‡–• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ Ͷ ’‘‹–• ˆ‘” ƒ ‘””‡ –
ƒ•™‡”ǡͲ’‘‹–•ˆ‘”ƒƒ•™‡”Ž‡ˆ–„Žƒǡƒ†Ȃͳ’‘‹–ˆ‘”ƒ‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ•™‡”Ǥ ƒ•˜‹†‡”ǯ•
–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡‘–Š‡ ‘–‡•–™ƒ•ͻͻǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒš‹——„‡”‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ•˜‹†‡”
‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ•™‡”‡† ‘””‡ –Ž›ǫ

[43]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

1.5 : Arithmetic ratios

A. Percentage

(i) If an object’s price is increased or decreased by x% and the other factor is increased
or decreased by y% then, the net effect is given by

ª xy º
Net effect = « x + y + %„
¬ 100 »¼

Remember that the percentages (x % and y %) are taken with positive or negative
sign according as there is increase or decrease in the factor.
(ii) If the net effect is nil, i.e., there is no loss or no gain, then the above formula become
100x
y= .
100+ x
Ex.1 ˆ•ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆƒ’‡”•‘‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳͲΨƒ†ʹͲΨ•— ‡••‹˜‡Ž›–Š‡ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹
Š‹••ƒŽƒ”›ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡šαͳͲǡ› α ʹͲ

§ ͳͲέ ʹͲ ·
?Š‡‡–Ψ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡•ƒŽƒ”› α ¨ ͳͲΪʹͲΪ Ψ ͵ʹΨ
ͳͲͲ ¸¹

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

©
Ex.2 Š‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆƒ ‘‘†‹–›ˆ‹”•–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ʹͲΨ–Š‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳͲΨ–Š‡™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡
‡– Šƒ‰‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆ ‘‘†‹–›Ǥ

§ ʹͲέȋȂͳͲȌ ·
Sol. ‡”‡šαʹͲǡ›αȂͳͲ–Š‡‡–’‡” ‡– Šƒ‰‡‹’”‹ ‡‹• α ¨ ʹͲȂͳͲΪ Ψ ͺΨ
© ͳͲͲ ¸¹

‡”‡•‹‰‹•ȋژ‡ȌŠ‡ ‡–Š‡‡–‹•ȋژ‡Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹’”‹ ‡Ǥ

Ex.3 ˆ’”‹ ‡‘ˆ ‘‘†‹–›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ʹͲΨƒ†–Š‡„›͵ͲΨ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡‡– Šƒ‰‡‹’”‹ ‡ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡šαʹͲǡ›α͵Ͳ

§ ȂʹͲέȂ͵Ͳ ·
?‡–Ψ Šƒ‰‡‹• α ¨ ȂʹͲȂ͵ͲΪ Ψ ͶͶΨ
© ͳͲͲ ¸¹

ª 100.x º
(iii) If A’s income is x% more than that of B, B’s Income is less than that of A by « »%
¬ 100 + x ¼

ª 100.x º
(iv) If A’s income is x% less than that of B, B’s income is more than that of A by « »%
¬ 100 – x ¼

[44]
 Mathematics

Ex.4 ˆŠƒ‹Ž‡†”ƒǯ•ƒŽƒ”›‹•ʹͲ؏‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ—”‡†”ƒǡ–Š‡Š‘™— Š’‡” ‡–‹••ƒŽƒ”›

‘ˆ—”‡†”ƒŽ‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆŠƒ‹Ž‡†”ƒǤ
Sol. ‡”‡šαʹͲ
§ š ·
? ‡“—‹”‡†•™‡”α ¨ έͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ
© ͳͲͲښ ¹
ʹͲ
α u ͳͲͲΨ ͳ͸Ǥ͸͸Ψ
ͳʹͲ
Ex.5 ˆǯ•‹ ‘‡‹•͵ͲΨŽ‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆǯ•‹ ‘‡ǡ–Š‡Š‘™— Š’‡” ‡–‹•ǯ•‹ ‘‡
‘”‡–Šƒǯ•‹ ‘‡Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡šα͵Ͳ
§ š ·
? ‡“—‹”‡†•™‡”α ¨ έͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ
© ͳͲͲǦš ¹
§ ͵Ͳ ·
α ¨ uͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ ͶʹǤͺΨ
© ͹Ͳ ¹
(v) If A is x% of C and B is y% of C then
x
A = ×100% of B
y
Ex.6 ˆ‹•ʹͲΨ‘ˆƒ†‹•ʹͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™Šƒ–’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‹•‘ˆ
š ʹͲ
Sol. α u ͳͲͲ έͳͲͲαͺͲΨ ‘ˆ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

› ʹͷ
(vi) If the price of a commodity increase by p%, then the reduction in consumption so as
§ p ·
not to increase the expenditure is ¨ ×100 ¸ % .
© 100 + p ¹
(vii) If the price of a commodity decrease by p%, then the increase in consumption so as
§ p ·
not to decrease the expenditure is ¨ ×100 ¸ % .
© 100–p ¹
Ex.7 ˆ–Š‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡„›ʹͷΨǤ ‹†Š‘™— Š’‡” ‡–‹–• ‘•—’–‹‘„‡”‡†— ‡†
•‘ƒ•‘––‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ
§ ’ · ʹͷ
Sol. ¨ έͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ α u ͳͲͲΨ ʹͲΨ
© ͳͲͲΪ’ ¹ ͳʹͷ
Ex.8 ˆ ’”‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘‘†‹–› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ „› ʹͷΨǤ ‹† Š‘™ — Š ’‡” ‡– ‹–• ‘•—’–‹‘ „‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‘ƒ•‘–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ
§ ’ · ʹͷ ͳ
Sol. ¨ έ ͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ α u ͳͲͲΨ α͵͵ Ψ
© ͳͲͲȂ’ ¹ ͳͲͲȂʹͷ ͵

[45]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
(viii) If two numbers are, respectively, x% and y% more than a third number, then the first
§ 100 + x · § 100 + y ·
number. is ¨ ×100 ¸ % of the second and the second is ¨ ×100 ¸ % of the
© 100 + y ¹ © 100 + x ¹
first.
(ix) If two numbers are, respectively, x% and y% less than a third number, then the first
§ 100 – x · § 100 – y ·
number is ¨ ×100 ¸ of the second and the second is ¨ ×100 ¸ of the first.
© 100 – y ¹ © 100 – x ¹
Ex.9 ™‘—„‡”•ƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ʹͲΨƒ†ͷͲ؏‘”‡–Šƒƒ–Š‹”†—„‡”ǤŠƒ–’‡” ‡–‹•
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡šαʹͲƒ†›αͷͲ
§ ͳͲͲ  š ·
? ‹”•–—„‡”α ¨ ¸ έͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†
© ͳͲͲ  › ¹
§ ͳͲͲ  ʹͲ ·
α ¨ ¸ έͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹Ǥ‡ǤǡͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ǥ
© ͳͲͲ  ͷͲ ¹
Ex.10 ™‘—„‡”•ƒ”‡ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ͵ʹΨƒ†ʹͲΨŽ‡••–Šƒƒ–Š‹”†—„‡”ǤŠƒ–’‡” ‡–‹•
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡šα͵ʹƒ†›αʹͲ
§ ͳͲͲ Ȃ š ·
? ‹”•–—„‡”α ¨ ¸ έͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†
© ͳͲͲ Ȃ › ¹
§ ͳͲͲ Ȃ ͵ʹ ·
α ¨ ¸ έͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹Ǥ‡ǤǡͺͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

© ͳͲͲ Ȃ ʹͲ ¹
(x) If the original (present) population of a town is P, then the population (P 0) after n
n
§ r ·
years at an annual increase of r% is given by P0 = P ¨ 1+ .
© 100 ¸¹
(xi) If the present population is P, then the population n years ago at an annual increase
P
of r% is given by P0 = n
.
§ r ·
¨ 1 + 100 ¸
© ¹
(xii) If the population increases by x% during the first year, by y% during the second
year, by z% during third year, the population after three years will be
§ x ·§ y ·§ z ·
P¨1 + ¸¨ 1+ ¸¨ 1+ .
© 100 ¹© 100 ¹© 100 ¸¹
Ex.11 Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‘™‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ͳͲΨƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ˆ‹–•’”‡•‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹•ͳʹͲͲͲͲǡ™Šƒ–
™‹ŽŽ‹–„‡‹ʹ›‡ƒ”•–‹‡Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡αͳʹͲͲͲͲǡ”αͳͲǡαʹǤ
? ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒˆ–‡”ʹ›‡ƒ”•
 ʹ
§ ” · ª ͳͲ º ͳͳͲ ͳͳͲ
α ¨ ͳΪ ¸ ͳʹͲͲͲͲ «ͳ  » ͳʹͲͲͲͲέ έ ͳͶͷʹͲͲ
© ͳͲͲ ¹ ¬ ͳͲͲ ¼ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
[46]
 Mathematics

Ex.12 Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‘™‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆʹͲΨƒ—ƒŽŽ›†—‡–‘‡š ‡••‹˜‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ˆ’”‡•‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹•ͳͶͶͲͲͲǡˆ‹†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–™‘›‡ƒ”ƒ‰‘Ǥ
 ͳͶͶͲͲͲ ͳͶͶͲͲͲ
Sol. α ͳͲͲͲͲͲ Ǥ
§ ” ·

§ ʹͲ ·
ʹ
ͳʹͲ ͳʹͲ
š
¨ ͳΪ ͳͲͲ ¸ ¨ ͳ  ͳͲͲ ¸ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
© ¹ © ¹
Ex.13 Š‡‹ ‘‡‘ˆƒ‡•Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ „›ͳͲΨǡʹͲΨƒ†͵ͲΨ•— ‡••‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‹†
Šƒ‰‡‹Š‹•‹ ‘‡ǡ‹ˆ’”‡•‡–‹ ‘‡‹•ͳͷͲͲͲͲ•Ǥ’‡”ƒ—Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡šαͳͲǡ›αʹͲǡœα͵ͲǤ
αͳͷͲͲͲͲ
‘ǡ’‡” ‡– Šƒ‰‡‹‹ ‘‡
§ š ·§ › ·§ œ ·
¨ͳ  ¸¨ ͳ ¸¨ ͳ ¸
© ͳͲͲ ¹© ͳͲͲ ¹© ͳͲͲ ¹

ª§ ͳͲ ·§ ʹͲ ·§ ͵Ͳ · º
αͳͷͲͲͲͲͲέ «¨ ͳ  ¸¨ ͳ ¸¨ ͳ ¸»
¬© ͳͲͲ ¹© ͳͲͲ ¹© ͳͲͲ ¹ ¼
ͳͳͲ ͳʹͲ ͳ͵Ͳ
αͳͷͲͲͲͲͲέ u u α•Ǥʹͷ͹ͶͲͲ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
Ex.14 Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹• ͷͷͲͲǤ ˆ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽ‡• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• „› ͳͳΨ ƒ† –Š‡
—„‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• „› ʹͲΨǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ „‡ ‘‡• ͸͵͵ͲǤ ‹† –Š‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡•‹–Š‡–‘™Ǥ
Sol. ‡–š‹•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‡
? ȋͷͷͲͲȂ šȌ‹•ˆ‡ƒŽ‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
š u ͳͳͳ ȋͷͷͲ  šȌ u ͳʹͲ
 α͸͵͵Ͳ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
 ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰™‡‰‡–šα͵ͲͲͲ
‘ˆ‡ƒŽ‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘αʹͷͲͲ
(xiii) If the present price an article is P, then price P0 after n years at an annual decrease
n
§ r ·
of r% is given by P0 = P ¨ 1 – ¸
© 100 ¹
(xiv) If the present price is P, then the price n years ago (at an annual decrease of r %) is
P
given by P0 = n
§ r ·
¨ 1 – 100 ¸
© ¹

[47]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.15 Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‹–›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆͳͲΨƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ –•’”‡•‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹•
ͻͲǤͷͳŽƒ •ǤŠ‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘͵›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘™ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›Ǥ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ǡαͻͲǤͷͳǡ”αͳͲƒ†α͵
? Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘͵›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘
 ͻͲǤͷͳ ͻͲͷͳ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
 ͵
α u u u α͸ͺŽƒ •
§ ” · § ͳͲ · ͳͲͲ ͳͳͲ ͳͳͲ ͳͳͲ
¨ ͳ  ͳͲͲ ¸ ¨ ͳ  ͳͲͲ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
Ex.16 „—‹Ž†‹‰™‘”–Š•Ǥͳ͵͵ǡͳͲͲ‹• ‘•–”— –‡†‘Žƒ†™‘”–Š•Ǥ͹ʹǡͻͲͲǤˆ–‡”Š‘™ƒ›
›‡ƒ”• ™‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š „‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹ˆ Žƒ† ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– ͳͲΨ ’ǤƒǤ ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰
†‡’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡•ƒ–ͳͲΨ’ǤƒǤǫ
 
§ ͳͲ · § ͳͲ ·
Sol. ͹ʹͻͲͲ¨ ͳ  ¸ ͳ͵͵ͳͲͲu¨ ͳ  ¸
© ͳͲͲ ¹ © ͳͲͲ ¹
 
§ ͳͳ · § ͳͲ · ͳ͵͵ͳͲͲ ͳ͵͵ͳ
?¨ ¸ š ¨ ¸
© ͳͲ ¹ © ͻ ¹ ͹ʹͻͲͲ ͹ʹͻ
 ͵
§ ͳͳ · § ͳͳ ·
?¨ ¸ ¨ ͻ¸ Ÿ  Ÿ͵
© ͻ¹ © ¹
(xv) If the value of a number is first increased by x% and later decreased by x%, the net

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

x2
change is always a decrease which is equal to %.
100
Ex.17 ‹ Šƒ‡Ž•‘Ž†–™‘ǤǤ•‡–•ˆ‘”•Ǥ͵͸ͲͲ‡ƒ Š‰ƒ‹‹‰ʹͲΨ‘‘‡ƒ†Ž‘‘•‹‰ʹͲΨ‘–Š‡
‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‰ƒ‹‘”Ž‘••’‡” ‡–Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡šαʹͲ
ʹ ʹ
§ š · § ʹͲ ·
‘ǡ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‘•• ¨ ¸ Ψ ¨ ¸ Ψ ͶΨ Ǥ
© ͳͲ ¹ © ͳͲ ¹

[48]
 Mathematics

B. Ratio and Proportion

Ratio
”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–™‘“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•„›†‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ –‹•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‘‡“—ƒ–‹–›„‡ƒ”•–‘
ƒ‘–Š‡” ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ ƒ‰‹–—†‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ• ™Šƒ– ’ƒ”– ‘‡ “—ƒ–‹–› ‹• ‘ˆ
ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ƒ›„‡‘ˆ•ƒ‡‹†‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‡™‡ ‘•‹†‡”
–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–Ͷͷ‰‘ˆƒ„ƒ‰‘ˆ”‹ ‡–‘–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–ʹͻ‰‘ˆƒ„ƒ‰‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”™‡ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰
–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒ‡‹†„—–™Š‡™‡–ƒŽ‘ˆƒŽŽ‘––‹‰ʹ ”‹ ‡–„ƒ–•–‘ͷ•’‘”–•‡ǡ™‡ƒ”‡
‘•‹†‡”‹‰“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†•Ǥ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡•ƒ‡‹†Ǥ
ƒ
ˆƒƒ†„ƒ”‡–™‘—„‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‘„‹• ‘”ƒ y „ƒ†‹• †‡‘–‡†„›ƒ ǣ„ǤŠ‡ –™‘
„
“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ ‘’ƒ”‡†ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–‡”•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†
͵
–‡” ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘•‡“—‡–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ͵ ǣ ͷ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ™‹–Š ƒ–‡ ‡†‡– ͵ ƒ†
ͷ
‘•‡“—‡–ͷǤ
Notes:
ͳǤ ”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ—„‡”ǡ•‘–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡›—•–„‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡
•ƒ‡—‹–•Ǥ
ʹǤ ”ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ„‘–Š‘ˆ‹–•–‡”•ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†‘”†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‡—„‡”Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹ Ͷ ͸
Š—•ǡ α α ‡– Ǥ
͵ ͸ ͻ

Types of ratios
(i) Duplicate Ratio : Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡•‘ˆ–™‘—„‡”•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡–™‘—„‡”•Ǥ
͵ʹ ͻ ͵
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ʹ
‘” ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
Ͷ ͳ͸ Ͷ

(ii) Triplicate Ratio : Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —„‡•‘ˆ–™‘—„‡”•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡–”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

–™‘—„‡”•Ǥ
͵͵ ʹ͹ ͵
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ͵
‘” ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡–”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
Ͷ ͸Ͷ Ͷ

(iii) Sub–duplicate Ratio : Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ –™‘ —„‡”• ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ •—„Ǧ
†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘—„‡”•Ǥ
͵ ͻ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹•–Š‡•—„Ǧ†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
Ͷ ͳ͸

[49]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
(iv) Sub–triplicate Ratio : Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ –™‘ —„‡”• ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ •—„Ǧ
–”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘—„‡”•Ǥ
ʹ ͺ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹•–Š‡•—„Ǧ–”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
͵ ʹ͹
(v) Inverse Ratio or Reciprocal Ratio : ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ ‡†‡– ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ”ƒ–‹‘
‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”’Žƒ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‡™”ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǤŠ—•ǡ‹ˆƒǣ„
ͳ ͳ
„‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ǣ ‘”„ǣƒ‹•‹–•‹˜‡”•‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ „
͵ ͷ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹•–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
ͷ ͵
(vi) Compound Ratio : Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–•–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡–•
‘ˆ–™‘‘”‘”‡‰‹˜‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ‘’‘—†”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡ‹ˆƒǣ„ƒ† ǣ†ƒ”‡–™‘
‰‹˜‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ ǣ„†‹•–Š‡ ‘’‘—†”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
͵ Ͷ ͷ ͵έͶέͷ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ˆ ǡ ƒ† „‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‹” ‘’‘—†”ƒ–‹‘‹• ǡ–Šƒ–
Ͷ ͷ ͹ Ͷέͷέ͹
͵
‹•ǡ Ǥ
͹
Proportion
Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–™‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†’”‘’‘”–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ
ˆ α ǡ–Š‡ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡‹’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ†™‡™”‹–‡ƒǣ „ǣǣ ǣ†ǤŠ‹•‹•”‡ƒ†ƒ•Dzƒ
„ †

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹•–‘„ƒ• ‹•–‘†dzǤ
͵ ͸
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•‹ ‡ α ǡ™‡™”‹–‡͵ǣͶǣǣ͸ǣͺƒ†•ƒ›͵ǡͶǡ͸ƒ†ͺƒ”‡‹’”‘’‘”–‹‘Ǥ
Ͷ ͺ
ƒ
ƒ Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽǤƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††ƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ
„ †
•‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‹”†ƒ†ˆ‘—”–Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
‡”‡ƒǡ†ƒ”‡‘™ƒ•‡š–”‡‡•ƒ†„ǡ ƒ”‡‘™ƒ•‡ƒ•Ǥ
ˆˆ‘—”“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‹’”‘’‘”–‹‘ǡ–Š‡
(i) Product of means = Product of extremes
For example, in the proportion a : b :: c : d, we have bc = ad.
”‘†— –‘ˆ‡ƒ•

ƒ ǣ„ǣ ǣ ǣ†

”‘†— –‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡•

[50]
 Mathematics

From this relation, we see that if any three of the four quantities are given, the fourth
can be determined.
Fourth proportional
If a : b :: c : x, x is called the fourth proportional of a, b, c.
a c b ×c
We have = or, x = .
b x a
b ×c
Thus, fourth proportional of a, b, c is .
a
Ex.1 ‹†ƒˆ‘—”–Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡—„‡”•ʹǡͷǡͶǤ
Sol. ‡–š„‡–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡
ʹ Ͷ
ʹǣͷǣǣͶǣš‘” Ǥ
ͷ š
ͷu Ͷ
šα αͳͲǤ
ʹ
Third proportional
If a : b:: b : x, x is called the third proportional of a, b.
a b b2 b2
We have = or x = . Thus, third proportional of a, b is .
b x a a
Ex.2 ‹†ƒ–Š‹”†’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡—„‡”•ʹǤͷǡͳǤͷǤ
Sol. ‡–š„‡–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹǤͷ ͳǤͷ
ʹͷǣͳǤͷǣǣͳǤͷǣš‘” Ǥ
ͳǤͷ š
ͳǤͷ u ͳǤͷ
šα αͲǤͻ
ʹǤͷ
Mean proportional
If a : x :: x : b, x is called the mean or second proportional of a, b.
a x
We have = or x2 = ab or x = ab .
x b
? Mean proportional of a and b is ab .
We also say that a, x, b are in continued proportion.
Ex.3 ‹†–Š‡‡ƒ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ„‡–™‡‡Ͷͺƒ†ͳʹǤ
Sol. ‡–š„‡–Š‡‡ƒ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽǤŠ‡ǡ
Ͷͺ š
Ͷͺǣšǣǣšǣͳʹ‘”
š ͳʹ
‘”ǡ šʹ αͷ͹͸‘”ǡšαʹͶǤ
ƒ
ˆ α ǡ–Š‡
„ †
[51]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
a+b c+d
(i) = (Componendo)
b d
a–b c–d
(ii) = (Dividendo)
b d
a+b c+d
(iii) = (Componendo and dividendo) {a z b, c z d}
a–b c–d
a c a+c a–c
(iv) = Ÿ = {b z d}
b d b+d b–d
’
Ex.4 Š‡•—‘ˆ–™‘—„‡”•‹• ƒ†–Š‡‹”“—‘–‹‡–‹• Ǥ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
“
Sol. ‡––Š‡—„‡”•„‡šǡ›Ǥ
‹˜‡ šΪ›α ǤǤǤȋͳȌ
š ’
ƒ†ǡ ǤǤǤȋʹȌ
› “
š ’
?
š› ’“
š ’
Ÿ ȏ•‹‰ȋͳȌȐ
’“
’
Ÿ šα Ǥ
’“
’ “
›α Ȃ šα Ȃ
’“ ’“

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

(i) If two numbers are in the ratio of a : b and the sum of these numbers is x, then these
ax bx
numbers will be and , respectively.
a+ b a+ b
OR
If in a mixture of x litres. two liquids A and B are in the ratio of a : b, then the
ax bx
quantities of liquids A and B in the mixture will be litres and litres,
a+ b a+ b
respectively.
(ii) If three numbers are in the ratio of a : b : c and the sum of these numbers is x, then
ax bx cx
these numbers will be , and , respectively.
a+ b+c a+ b+c a+ b+c
Ex.5 ™‘—„‡”•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͶǣͷƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—„‡”•‹•ʹ͹Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–™‘
—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡ƒαͶǡ„αͷƒ†šαʹ͹Ǥ
ƒš Ͷ u ʹ͹
? Š‡ˆ‹”•–—„‡”α ͳʹ
ƒ  „ Ͷ ͷ
„š ͷ u ʹ͹
ƒ†ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡” α ͳͷ Ǥ
ƒ  „ Ͷ ͷ

[52]
 Mathematics

Ex.6 Š”‡‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͵ǣͶǣͺƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—„‡”•‹•ͻ͹ͷǤ ‹†–Š‡

–Š”‡‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡ƒα͵ǡ„αͶǡ αͺƒ†šαͻ͹ͷǤ
ƒš ͵ u ͻ͹ͷ
? Š‡ˆ‹”•–—„‡” α ͳͻͷ Ǥ
ƒ „ ͵ Ͷͺ
„š Ͷ u ͻ͹ͷ
Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡” α ʹ͸Ͳ Ǥ
ƒ „ ͵ Ͷ ͺ
š ͺ u ͻ͹ͷ
ƒ†ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†—„‡” α ͷʹͲ Ǥ
ƒ „ ͵ Ͷ ͺ
If two numbers are in the ratio of a : b and difference between these numbers is x,
then these numbers will be
ax bx
(i) and , respectively (where a > b)
a–b a–b
ax bx
(ii) and , respectively (where a < b).
b–a b–a
Ex.7 ™‘—„‡”•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͶǣͷǤ ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡—„‡”•‹•ʹͶǡ–Š‡
ˆ‹†–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡ƒαͶǡ„αͷƒ†šαʹͶǤ
ƒš Ͷ u ʹͶ
? Š‡ˆ‹”•–—„‡”α ͻ͸ Ǥ
„ƒ ͷͶ
„š ͷ u ʹͶ
ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡”α ͳʹͲ Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

„ƒ ͷͶ
(i) If a : b = n1 : d1 and b : c = n2 : d2, then
a : b : c = (n1 u n2) : (d1 u n2) : (d1 u d2)
(ii) If a : b = n1:d1, b : c = n2 : d2
and c : d = n3 : d3, then
a : b : c : d = (n1 u n2 u n3) : (d1 u n2 u n3) : (d1 u d2 u n3) : (d1 u d2 u d3).
Ex.8 ˆǣα͵ǣͶƒ†ǣαͺǣͻǡˆ‹†ǣǣǤ
Sol. ‡”‡ͳ α͵ǡʹ αͺǡ†ͳ αͶƒ††ʹ αͻǤ
ǣ ǣαȋͳ u ʹȌǣȋ†ͳ u ʹȌǣȋ†ͳu †ʹȌ
 αȋ͵u ͺȌǣȋͶu ͺȌǣȋͶ u ͻȌ
αʹͶǣ͵ʹǣ͵͸‘”͸ǣͺǣͻǤ
Ex.9 ˆǣαʹǣ͵ǡǣαͶǣͷƒ†ǣα͸ǣ͹ǡˆ‹†ǣǤ
Sol. ‡”‡ͳ αʹǡʹ αͶǡ͵ α͸ǡ†ͳ α͵ǡ†ʹ αͷ ƒ††͵ α͹Ǥ
? ǣǣǣαȋͳ u ʹ u ͵Ȍǣȋ†ͳ u ʹ u ͵Ȍǣȋ†ͳ u †ʹ  ͵Ȍǣȋ†ͳ u †ʹ u †͵Ȍ
αȋʹu Ͷu ͸Ȍǣȋ͵u Ͷu ͸Ȍǣȋ͵u ͷu ͸Ȍǣȋ͵u ͷu ͹Ȍ
αͶͺǣ͹ʹǣͻͲǣͳͲͷ‘”ͳ͸ǣʹͶǣ͵Ͳǣ͵ͷǤ
Š—•ǡ ǣαͳ͸ǣ͵ͷǤ
[53]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
The ratio between two numbers is a:b, If x is added to each of these numbers, the
ratio becomes c : d. The two numbers are given as:
ax(c – d) bx(c – d)
and
ad – bc ad – bc
Explanation :
‡––™‘—„‡”•„‡ƒƒ†„Ǥ
ƒ  š
‹˜‡
„  š †
Ÿ ƒ†Ϊ†šα„ Ϊ š
Ÿ ȋƒ†Ȃ „ Ȍαšȋ Ȃ †Ȍ
šȋ  †Ȍ
Ÿ α
ƒ†  „
ƒšȋ  †Ȍ „šȋ  †Ȍ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡–™‘—„‡”•ƒ”‡ ƒ†
ƒ†  „ ƒ†  „
The ratio between two numbers is a : b. If x is subtracted from each of these numbers,
the ratio becomes c : d. The two numbers are given as :
ax(d – c) bx(d – c)
and
ad – bc ad – bc
Explanation :
‡––Š‡–™‘—„‡”•„‡ƒƒ†„Ǥ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ  š
‹˜‡ Ÿ ƒ†Ȃ š†α„ Ȃ š
„  š †
Ÿ ȋƒ†Ȃ „ Ȍαšȋ†Ȃ Ȍ
šȋ†  Ȍ
Ÿ α Ǥ
ƒ†  „
ƒšȋ†  Ȍ „šȋ†  Ȍ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡–™‘—„‡”ƒ”‡ ƒ† Ǥ
ƒ†  „ ƒ†  „
Ex.10 ‹˜‡–™‘—„‡”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͵ǣͶǤ ˆͺ‹•ƒ††‡†–‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ–Š‡‹””ƒ–‹‘
‹• Šƒ‰‡†–‘ͷǣ͸Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–™‘—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡
ƒǣ„α͵ǣͶǡ ǣ†αͷǣ͸ƒ†šαͺǤ
ƒšȋ  †Ȍ ͵ u ͺ u ȋͷ  ͸Ȍ
? Š‡ˆ‹”•–—„‡”α α αͳʹ
ƒ†  „ ȋ͵ u ͸  Ͷ u ͷȌ
„šȋ  †Ȍ
ƒ†ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡”α
ƒ†  „
Ͷ u ͺ u ȋͷ  ͸Ȍ
α αͳ͸Ǥ
ȋ͵ u ͸  Ͷ u ͷȌ

[54]
 Mathematics

Ex.11 Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –™‘ —„‡”• ‹• ͷ ǣͻǤ ˆ ‡ƒ Š —„‡” ‹• †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ͷǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ‘‡•
ͷǣͳͳǤ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒǣ„αͷǣͻǡ ǣ†αͷǣͳͳƒ†šαͷǤ
ƒšȋ†  Ȍ ͷ u ͷ u ȋͳͳ  ͷȌ
? Š‡ˆ‹”•–—„‡”α α αͳͷ
ƒ†  „ ȋͷ u ͳͳ  ͻ u ͷȌ
„šȋ†  Ȍ ͻ u ͷ u ȋͳͳ  ͷȌ
ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡” α αʹ͹Ǥ
ƒ†  „ ȋͷ u ͳͳ  ͻ u ͷȌ
If the ratio of two numbers is a : b, then the numbers that should be added to each of
ad – bc
the numbers in order to make this ratio c : d is given by .
c–d
Explanation:
‡––Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—„‡”„‡šǤ
ƒš
‹˜‡ Ÿ ƒ†Ϊš†α„ Ϊš
„ š †
Ÿ šȋ†Ȃ Ȍα„ Ȃ ƒ†
ƒ†  „
‘” šα Ǥ
†
If the ratio of two number is a : b, then the number that should be subtracted from
bc – ad
each of the numbers in order to make this ratio c : d is given by .
c–d
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Explanation:
‡––Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—„‡”„‡šǤ
ƒš
‹˜‡ Ÿ ƒ†Ȃ š†α„ Ȃ š
„š †
„  ƒ†
Ÿ šȋ Ȃ †Ȍα„ Ȃ ƒ† ‘” šα Ǥ
†
Ex.12 ‹†–Š‡—„‡”–Šƒ–—•–„‡•—„–”ƒ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ͷǣ͸–‘ƒ‡‹–‡“—ƒŽ
–‘ʹǣ͵Ǥ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒǣ„αͷǣ͸ƒ† ǣ†αʹǣ͵Ǥ
? Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—„‡”
„  ƒ† ͸ u ʹ  ͷu ͵
͵Ǥ
† ʹ͵
Ex.13 ‹†–Š‡—„‡”–Šƒ–—•–„‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ͳͳǣʹͻ–‘ƒ‡‹–‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͳͳǣʹͲǤ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒǣ„αͳͳǣʹͻƒ† ǣ†αͳͳǣʹͲǤ
? Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—„‡”
ƒ†  „ ͳͳ u ʹͲ  ʹͻ u ͳͳ
ͳͳǤ
† ͳͳ  ʹͲ

[55]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
There are four number a, b, c and d.
The number that should be subtracted from each of these number so that the
ad – bc
remaining numbers may be proportional is given by .
(a + d)–(b+ c)
Explanation:
‡–š„‡–Š‡•—„–”ƒ –‡†ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”•ƒ”‡ƒȂ šǡ„Ȃ šǡ Ȃ šƒ††Ȃ šǤ
ƒš š
‹˜‡
„š †š
Ÿ ȋƒȂ šȌȋ†Ȃ šȌαȋ„Ȃ šȌȋ Ȃ šȌ
Ÿ ƒ†Ȃ šȋƒΪ†ȌΪšʹ α„ Ȃ šȋ„Ϊ ȌΪšʹ
Ÿ ȋ„Ϊ ȌšȂ ȋƒΪ†Ȍšα„ Ȃ ƒ†
„  ƒ† ƒ†  „
? š
ȋ„  Ȍ  ȋƒ  †Ȍ ȋƒ  †Ȍ  ȋ„  Ȍ
The number that should be added to each of these numbers so that the new numbers
bc  ad
may be proportional is given by .
(a + d)  (b+ c)
Explanation

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‡–š„‡ƒ††‡†–‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Š‡‡™—„‡”•ƒ”‡ƒΪšǡ„Ϊšǡ Ϊšƒ††ΪšǤ
ƒš š
‹˜‡ Ǥ
„ š †š
Ÿ ȋƒΪšȌȋ†ΪšȌαȋ„ΪšȌȋ ΪšȌ
Ÿ ƒ†ΪšȋƒΪ†ȌΪšʹα„ Ϊšȋ„Ϊ ȌΪšʹ
Ÿ ȋƒΪ†ȌšȂ ȋ„Ϊ Ȍšα„ Ȃ ƒ†Ǥ
„  ƒ†
š
ȋƒ  †Ȍ  ȋ„  Ȍ
Ex.14 ‹† –Š‡ —„‡” •—„•–”ƒ –‡† ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”• ͷͶǡ ͹ͳǡ ͹ͷ ƒ† ͻͻ Ž‡ƒ˜‡• –Š‡
”‡ƒ‹†‡”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽǤ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒαͷͶǡ„α͹ͳǡ α͹ͷƒ††αͻͻǤ
ƒ†  „ ͷͶ u ͻͻ  ͹ͳ u ͹ͷ
Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—„‡”α ͵Ǥ
ȋƒ  †Ȍ  ȋ„  Ȍ ȋͷͶ  ͻͻȌ  ȋ͹ͳ  ͹ͷȌ

[56]
 Mathematics

C. Unitary method, Time and Work

(i) If ‘A’ can do a piece of work in n days, then at a uniform rate of working ‘A’ will finish
th
§1·
¨n¸ work in one day.
© ¹
1
(ii) If of a work is done by ‘A’ in one day, then ‘A’ will take n days to complete the full work.
n
th
§1·
(iii) If ‘A’ does ¨ ¸ of a work in one hour then to complete the full work, ‘A’ will take n hrs.
©n¹
(iv) If ‘A’ does three times faster work than ‘B’, then ratio of work done by A and B is 3 :
1 and ratio of time taken by A and B is 1 : 3.
(v) A, B and C can do a piece of work in T 1, T2 and T3 days, respectively. If they have
worked for D1, D2 and D3 days, respectively, then
D1
Amount of work done by A =
T1
D2
Amount of work done by B =
T2
D3
and, Amount of work done by C =
T3
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

D1 D2 D3
Also, the amount of work done by A, B and C together = + + .
T1 T2 T3
which will be equal to 1, if the work is complete.
If A can do a piece of work in X days and B can do the same work in Y days, then both
XY
of them working together will do the same work in days.
X+Y
Ex.1  ƒˆ‹‹•Šƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”„›™‘”‹‰ƒŽ‘‡‹͸†ƒ›•ƒ†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽ‘‡ǡ ƒ
ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”‹ͳʹ†ƒ›•Ǥ ˆ„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡‹Š‘™ƒ›†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡
™‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡α͸ƒ†αͳʹǤ
? ‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡƒ†™‹ŽŽ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”‹
 ͸ u ͳʹ
α †ƒ›•α †ƒ›•ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡͶ†ƒ›•Ǥ
 ͸  ͳʹ
If A, B, and C, while working alone, can complete a work in X, Y and Z days,
XYZ
respectively, then they will together complete the work in days.
XY + YZ + ZX
[57]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.2 ǡƒ† ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ͳͲǡͳͷƒ†ͳͺ†ƒ›•ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›
†ƒ›•™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡αͳͲǡαͳͷƒ†αͳͺǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡™‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹

α †ƒ›•
    
ͳͲ u ͳͷ u ͳͺ
α †ƒ›•
ͳͲ u ͳͷ  ͳͷ u ͳͺ  ͳͺ u ͳͲ
ʹ͹ͲͲ ͳ
‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘”ǡ Ͷ †ƒ›•ǡ
͸ͲͲ ʹ
Two persons A and B, working together, can complete a piece of work in X days. If A,
working alone, can complete the work in Y days, then B, working alone, will
XY
complete the work in days.
YX
Ex.3 ƒ†™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–ƒ‡ͳͷ†ƒ›•–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”Ǥ ˆƒŽ‘‡ ƒ†‘–Š‹•
™‘”‹ʹͲ†ƒ›•ǡŠ‘™Ž‘‰™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡αͳͷƒ†αʹͲǤ
 ͳͷ u ʹͲ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ‘‡™‹ŽŽ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”‹ †ƒ›•α α͸Ͳ†ƒ›•Ǥ
 ʹͲ  ͳͷ
If A and B, working together, can finish a piece of work in X days, B and C in Y days, C
and A in Z days, then

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

§ 2XYZ ·
(i) A, B and C working together, will finish the job in ¨ ¸ days.
© XY + YZ + ZX ¹
§ 2XYZ ·
(ii) A alone will finish the job in ¨ ¸ days.
© XY + YZ  ZX ¹
§ 2XYZ ·
(iii) B alone will finish the job in ¨ ¸ days.
© YZ + ZX  XY ¹
§ 2XYZ ·
(iv) C alone will finish the job in ¨ ¸ days.
© ZX + XY  YZ ¹
Ex.4 ƒ† ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ͳʹ†ƒ›•Ǥƒ†‹ͳͷ†ƒ›•ǡƒ†‹ʹͲ†ƒ›•Ǥ ‘™Ž‘‰
™‘—Ž†‡ƒ Š–ƒ‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›–‘†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡αͳʹǡαͳͷƒ†αʹͲǤ
ʹ
? ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ†‘–Š‡™‘”‹α
    
ʹ u ͳʹ u ͳͷ u ʹͲ
Ÿ †ƒ›•
ͳʹ u ͳͷ  ͳͷ u ʹͲ  ʹͲ u ͳʹ
͹ʹͲͲ
‘” ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ͵Ͳ†ƒ›•Ǥ
ʹͶͲ
[58]
 Mathematics

ʹ
ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ†‘–Š‡™‘”‹α †ƒ›•
    
ʹ u ͳʹ u ͳͷ u ʹͲ
Ÿ †ƒ›•
ͳͷ u ʹͲ  ʹͲ u ͳʹ  ͳʹ u ͳͷ
͹ʹͲͲ
‘” ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡʹͲ†ƒ›•Ǥ
͵͸Ͳ
ʹ
ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ†‘–Š‡™‘”‹α †ƒ›•
    
ʹ u ͳʹ u ͳͷ u ʹͲ
Ÿ †ƒ›•
ʹͲ u ͳʹ  ͳʹ u ͳͷ  ͳͷ u ʹͲ
͹ʹͲͲ
‘” ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ͸Ͳ†ƒ›•Ǥ
ͳʹͲ
If A can finish a work in X days and B is k times efficient than A, then the time taken
X
by both A and B working together to complete the work is .
1+ k
If A and B working together can finish a work in X days and B is k times efficient than
A, then the time taken by
(a) A, working alone, to complete the work is (k + 1) X.
§ k +1 ·
(b) B, working alone, to complete the work is ¨ ¸ X.
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

© k ¹
Ex.5 ƒ”„ƒ•ƒŽ ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ʹͶ†ƒ›•Ǥ ˆƒ•‹ƒŽ™‘”•–™‹ ‡ƒ•ˆƒ•–ƒ• ƒ”„ƒ•
ƒŽǡŠ‘™Ž‘‰™‘—Ž†–Š‡›–ƒ‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡™‘”™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡αʹͶƒ†αʹǤ
? ‹‡–ƒ‡„›Šƒ”„ƒ•ƒŽƒ†ƒ•‹ƒŽǡ™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”
§  ·
α ¨ ¸ †ƒ›•Ǥ
©ͳ ¹
§ ʹͶ ·
α ¨ ¸ †ƒ›•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡͺ†ƒ›•Ǥ
©ͳʹ¹
Ex.6 ƒ†–‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹͵†ƒ›•Ǥ ˆ†‘‡•–Š”‹ ‡ƒ•— Š™‘”ƒ•‹
‰‹˜‡–‹‡ǡˆ‹†Š‘™Ž‘‰ƒŽ‘‰™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡–‘†‘–Š‡™‘”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡α͵ƒ†α͵Ǥ
? ‹‡–ƒ‡„›ǡ™‘”‹‰ƒŽ‘‡ǡ–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”
§  ͳ· § ͵ͳ ·
¨  ¸  ¨ ͵ ¸ ͵ Ͷ †ƒ›•Ǥ
© ¹ © ¹

[59]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
If A working alone takes ‘a’ days more than A and B together. B working alone takes
‘b’ days more than A and B together, then the number of days taken by A and B,
working together, to finish a job is given by ab .
Ex.7 ƒŽ‘‡™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡ͺŠ”•‘”‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡Œ‘„–Šƒ‹ˆ„‘–Šƒ†™‘”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ˆ
ͳ
™‘”‡†ƒŽ‘‡ǡŠ‡–‘‘ Ͷ Š”•‘”‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡Œ‘„–Šƒƒ†™‘”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
ʹ
Šƒ––‹‡™‘—Ž†–Š‡›–ƒ‡‹ˆ„‘–Šƒ†™‘”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǫ
ͻ
Sol. ‡”‡ƒαͺƒ†„α Ǥ
ʹ
? ‹‡–ƒ‡„›ƒ†ǡ™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
ͻ
α ƒ„ †ƒ›•α ͺ u ‘”͸†ƒ›•Ǥ
ʹ
If A is k times more efficient than B and is therefore able to finish a work in A days
less than B, then
k
(i) A and B, working together, can finish the work in days.
k 1
2

(ii) A, working alone, can finish the work in days.

k 1
k
(iii) B, working alone, can finish the work in days.

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

k 1
Ex.8 ‹•–Š”‹ ‡ƒ•‰‘‘†ƒ™‘”ƒƒ•ƒ†–ƒ‡•ͳͲ†ƒ›•Ž‡••–‘†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”–Šƒ
–ƒ‡•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‹‡‹™Š‹ ŠƒŽ‘‡ ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡α͵ƒ†A αͳͲǤ
? ‹‡–ƒ‡„›ǡ™‘”‹‰ƒŽ‘‡ǡ–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”
 ͵ u ͳͲ
α †ƒ›• α †ƒ›• αͳͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ
 ͳ ͵ͳ
a c
If A can complete part of work in X days, then part of the work will be done in
b d
b×c × X
days.
a ×d
Ex.9  ƒ†‘–Š”‡‡Ǧˆ‘—”–Š‘ˆƒ™‘”‹ͳʹ†ƒ›•Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›†ƒ›• ƒŠ‡ˆ‹‹•Š‘‡Ǧ‡‹‰Š–Š‘ˆ
–Š‡™‘”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡ƒα͵ǡ„αͶǡαͳʹǡ αͳƒ††αͺǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ›•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ˆ‹‹•Š‘‡Ǧ‡‹‰Š–Š‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”
„u u  Ͷ u ͳ u ͳʹ
= ʹ †ƒ›•Ǥ
ƒu† ͵u ͺ

[60]
 Mathematics

There are two groups of people with same efficiency. In one M 1 persons can do W1
works in D1 time and in the other M2 persons can do W2 works in D2 time. The
relationship between the two groups is given by
M1D1W2 = M2D2W1
There are two groups of people with same efficiency. In one M 1 persons can do W1
works in D1 time working t1 hrs a day and M2 persons can do W2 works D2 time
working t2 hrs a day. The relationship between the two groups is given by
M1D1t1W2 = M2D2t2W1.
Ex.10 ˆͳͲ’‡”•‘• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡–™‘Ǧˆ‹ˆ–Š•‘ˆ™‘”‹ͺ†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡”•‘•
”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰™‘”‹ͳʹ†ƒ›•Ǥ
ʹ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ ͳ αͳͲǡʹ α ǡͳ αͺ
ͷ
͵
ʹ αǫǡʹ α ǡʹ αͳʹǤ
ͷ
? ͳͳʹ αʹʹͳ
͵ ʹ
Ÿ ͳͲu ͺu αʹ u ͳʹu
ͷ ͷ
Ÿ ʹ αͳͲǤ
Ex.11 ˆͳͲ’‡”•‘• ƒ —–ʹͲ–”‡‡•‹͵†ƒ›•™‘”‹‰ͳʹŠ”•ƒ†ƒ›ǤŠ‡ǡ‹Š‘™ƒ›†ƒ›• ƒ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹͶ’‡”•‘• —–͵ʹ–”‡‡•™‘”‹‰ͶŠ”•ƒ†ƒ›ǫ
Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ǡ ͳ αͳͲǡͳ αʹͲǡͳ α͵ǡ–ͳ αͳʹ
ʹ αʹͶǡʹα͵ʹǡʹ αǫǡ–ʹ αͶ
? ͳͳ–ͳʹ αʹʹ–ʹͳ
Ÿ ͳͲu ͵u ͳʹu ͵ʹαʹͶu ʹ u Ͷu ʹͲ
Ÿ ʹ α͸†ƒ›•Ǥ
If a men and b women can do a piece of work in n days, then c men and d women
§ nab ·
can do the work in ¨ ¸ days.
© bc + ad ¹
Ex.12 ͳʹ‡‘”ͳͷ™‘‡ ƒ†‘ƒ™‘”‹ͳͶ†ƒ›•Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›†ƒ›•ǡ͹‡ƒ†ͷ™‘‡
™‘—Ž† ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡ƒα ͳʹǡ„αͳͷǡαͳͶǡ α͹ƒ††αͷǤ
ƒ„ § ͳͶ u ͳʹ u ͳͷ ·
‡“—‹”‡†—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ›• †ƒ›•
„  ƒ† ¨© ͳͷ u ͹  ͳʹ u ͷ ¸¹
ͳ͸ͺ ͵
α †ƒ›•‘” ͳͷ †ƒ›•Ǥ
ͳͳ ͳͳ
[61]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 1.5

Ex.1 ˆͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•‡š ‡‡†•–Š‡ʹͷΨ‘ˆ‹–„›ͷͶǤ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”Ǥ

ƒ› ˜ƒŽ—‡
Sol. ᐗ„‡”ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ„ƒ•‡—„‡”Ȍ
‹–•”ƒ–‡Ψ‘ˆ —„‡”
‡”‡ǡͷͶ•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆȋͶͲΨƒ†ʹͷΨ‘ˆ—„‡”Ȍ
ͷͶ
Ÿ ᐗ„‡”
ȋͶͲ  ʹͷȌΨ
ͷͶ
Ÿ u ͳͲͲ α͵ͲͲ
ͶͲ  ʹͷ
Ex.2 ͳΨ‘ˆ—„‡”ͳ ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹΨ‘ˆ—„‡”ʹǤ ‹†™Šƒ–’‡” ‡–‘ˆͳ ‹•ʹ ǫ
ʹ
Sol. ? ‡“—‹”‡†’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡α u ͳͲͲΨ
ͳ
ͳ ʹ § ʹ ͳ ·
–‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ– u ͳ u ʹ ¨? ¸
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ © ͳ ʹ ¹
ʹ § ·
—––‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ǡ™‡ˆ‹†–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡α ¨ ͳ u ͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ
ͳ © ʹ ¹
§ ·
? ʹ ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ ¨ ͳ u ͳͲͲ ¸ Ψ‘ˆͳ
© ʹ ¹

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ ͳ
Ex.3 Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆƒ™‘”‡”‹ —Ž›–‘–Šƒ–‹ —‡™ƒ• ʹ ǣʹ Ǥ›™Šƒ–Ψ™ƒ•–Š‡•ƒŽƒ”›
ʹ Ͷ
‘ˆ —Ž›‘”‡–ŠƒƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —‡ǫŽ•‘ˆ‹†„›™Šƒ–ΨǡƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —‡™ƒ•Ž‡••–Šƒ‘ˆ —Ž›Ǥ
ͷ
Sol. ‡–ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —Ž› š
ʹ
ͻ
ƒ†ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —‡α š
Ͷ
‡”‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‹•‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡•ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —‡‘”–Š‡ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —Ž›Ǥ
‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —Ž›‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ —‡„›’‡” ‡– u ͳͲͲ Ǥ
ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —‡
§5 9·
¨2  4¸x
© ¹ u 100 1
11 %
9 9
x
4
ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —‡‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ —Ž›„›’‡” ‡–
§ͷ ͻ·
‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ¨ ʹ  Ͷ ¸š
u ͳͲͲ © ¹ u ͳͲͲ ͳͲΨ
ƒŽƒ”›‘ˆ —Ž› ͷ
š
ʹ

[62]
 Mathematics

Ex.4 Š‡•‹†‡‘ˆƒ•“—ƒ”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•„›’Ψǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†„›™Šƒ–Ψ†‘‡•‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ǫ

Sol. —’’‘•‡ǡ•‹†‡‘ˆƒ•“—ƒ”‡α„
”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡α„ʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ”‡•—Ž–αš ‡”‡ǡ„‘–Š•‹†‡•ƒ”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›’Ψ
š›
‡–Ψ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ”‡ƒαšΪ›Ϊ ǡ™Š‡”‡ǡšα›αΪ’
ͳͲͲ
’ʹ ’ʹ
Ÿ ‡–Ψ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ”‡ƒα’Ϊ’Ϊ αʹ’Ϊ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
§ ’ʹ ·
‡ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡„› ¨ ʹ’  ¸Ψ
© ͳͲͲ ¹
Note: Š‹•ˆ‘”—Žƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ ‹” Ž‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›’Ψ–Š‡‹–•
§ § ’ʹ · ·
ƒ”‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„› ¨ ʹ’  ¨ ¸ ¸Ψ Ǥ
© © ͳͲͲ ¹¹
Ex.5 Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›™ƒ‰‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳͷΨǡƒ†ƒ’‡”•‘‘™‰‡–••Ǥʹ͵’‡”†ƒ›ǤŠƒ–™ƒ•Š‹•
†ƒ‹Ž›™ƒ‰‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ǫ
 ”‡ƒ•‡††ƒ‹Ž› ™ƒ‰‡ ʹ͵
Sol. ”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ‹Ž›™ƒ‰‡α έͳͲͲα έͳͲͲαʹͲ
ͳͲͲ  Ψ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ͳͳͷ
Note ǣ  ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡—•‡ȋǦȌ˜‡•‹‰ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡Ψ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ
Ex.6 •–—†‡–’ƒ••‡•Š‹•‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šͷͳͷƒ”•ǡŠƒ˜‹‰• ‘”‡†͵Ψƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‹‹—Ǥ
ˆŠƒ†‘„–ƒ‹‡†͹ͳͲƒ”•ǡ™Šƒ–Ψ™‘—Ž†Š‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‹‹—ǫ
ƒ”•‘ˆ ͳͲͲ  Ψƒ„‘˜‡‹‹—‘ˆ
Sol.
ƒ”•‘ˆ ͳͲͲ  Ψƒ„‘˜‡‹‹—‘ˆ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

͹ͳͲ ͳͲͲ  
Ÿ   Ͷʹ Ψ
ͷͳͷ ͳͲͲ  ͵
‡ ‡‰‡–•ͶʹΨƒ„‘˜‡‹‹—
‘–‡ǣǦ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡Ψƒ”•‹•„‡Ž‘™‹‹—ǡˆ‘”—Žƒ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ǥ
ƒ”•‘ˆ ͳͲͲ  Ψ„‡Ž‘™‹‹—‘ˆ
‡‡„‡”ǡ 
ƒ”•‘ˆ ͳͲͲ  Ψƒ„‘˜‡‹‹—‘ˆ
ƒ”•‘ˆ ͳͲͲ r Ψƒ„‘˜‡Ȁ„‡Ž‘™‹‹—‘ˆ
ƒ”•‘ˆ ͳͲͲ r Ψƒ„‘˜‡Ȁƒ„‘˜‡‹‹—‘ˆ
Ex.7 Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”‘ˆ„‘›•ƒ†‰‹”Ž•‹ƒ• Š‘‘Ž‹•͵ǣʹǡ‹ˆʹͲΨ‘ˆ„‘›•ƒ†ʹͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹”Ž•
ƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‹‰• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ǡˆ‹†–Š‡Ψ‘ˆ• Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•™Š‘
ȋƒȌŠ‘Ž†• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ ȋ„Ȍ†‘‘–Š‘Ž†• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’
Sol. ‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’Š‘Ž†‡”•
αȋ‘›•έΨ„‘›•™Š‘ƒ”‡• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’Š‘Ž†‡”•ȌΪȋ ‹”Ž•έΨ ‹”Ž•™Š‘ƒ”‡• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’Š‘Ž†‡”•Ȍ
§ ͵ · § ͵ ·
¨ ʹ  ͵ u ʹͲ ¸  ¨ ͵  ʹ u ʹͷ ¸ ʹʹΨ
© ¹ © ¹
§ ͵ · § ͵ ·
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’Š‘Ž†‡”• ¨ ʹ  ͵ u ͺͲ ¸  ¨ ʹ  ͵ u ͹ͷ ¸ ͹ͺ
© ¹ © ¹
ȋ‹ ‡ͳͲͲȂ ʹͲαͺͲǡͳͲͲȂ ʹͷα͹ͷȌ
[63]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.8 ”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ•ʹ’‡”‰‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒƒ–‘’—” Šƒ•‡Ͷ‰‘”‡•—‰ƒ”ˆ‘”•Ǥͳ͸ǡ ‹†–Š‡
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‹ ‡‘ˆ—‰ƒ”Ǥ
Sol. ‡”‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡‹•ˆ‹š‡†ȋα•Ǥͳ͸Ȍǡ„—–ƒ•”ƒ–‡”‡†— ‡•ȋ„›•ǤʹȀ‰Ȍǡ•‘ǡ–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ
•—‰ƒ”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ȋ„›Ͷ‰ǤȌ‡–‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‹ ‡„‡•šȀ‰Ǥ
š’‡†‹–—”‡ š’‡†‹–—”‡
Ϊ Šƒ‰‡‹“—ƒ–‹–›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
š ‡™ ”ƒ–‡
ͳ͸ ͳ͸
Ÿ Ͷ Ÿ šʹ Ȃ ʹšȂ ͺαͲ
š š ʹ
Ÿ ȋšȂ ͶȌȋšȂ ʹȌαͲ
Ÿ šαͶ‘”Ȃʹ
‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡ژ‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‹ ‡α•Ͷ’‡”‰Ǥ
Ex.9 ˆͳͲΨ‘ˆƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›„‹ŽŽ‹•†‡†— –‡†Ǥ•Ͷͷ‹••–‹ŽŽ–‘„‡’ƒ‹†Ǥ ‘™— Š™ƒ•–Š‡„‹ŽŽǫ
Sol. ‡”‡•Ͷͷ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ȋͳͲͲǦͳͲȌΨ‘ˆ–Š‡„‹ŽŽ‹ ‡ͻͲΨ‘ˆ„‹ŽŽαͶͷ
Ͷͷ
Ÿ ͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ„‹ŽŽα šͳͲͲ ͷͲ
ͻͲ
‡ ‡–Š‡„‹ŽŽ™ƒ•ͷͲǤ
Ex.10 Š‡™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒ†„ƒ‰‹•ͶͲ‰Ǥ ƒŠ—””›ǡ‹–™ƒ•™‡‹‰Š‡†ƒ•ͶͲǤͺ‰Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‡””‘”
’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
ƒŽ•‡™‡‹‰Š–   –—ƒŽ ™‡‹‰Š– ͶͲǤͺ  ͶͲ
Sol. Ψ””‘”α έͳͲͲ α έͳͲͲαʹΨ
 –—ƒŽ ™‡‹‰Š– ͶͲ
? Š‡‡””‘”‹•ʹΨ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ex.11 Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”‘ˆ„‘›•ƒ†‰‹”Ž•‹ƒ• Š‘‘Ž‹•Ͷǣ͵Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͶͺͲ„‘›•‹–Š‡• Š‘‘Žǡ
ˆ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‰‹”Ž•‹–Š‡• Š‘‘ŽǤ
Sol. Ͷǣ͵αͶͺͲǣš
͵ u ͶͺͲ
Ÿ šα α͵͸Ͳ‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
Ͷ
Ex.12 Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–™‘—„‡”•‹•͵ǣͷǤ ˆ‡ƒ Š—„‡”‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›Ͷǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•
ʹǣ͵Ǥ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”Ǥ
Sol. ‡––Š‡—„‡”•„‡͵šƒ†ͷšǡ
͵š  Ͷ ʹ
Ÿ
ͷš  Ͷ ͵
Ÿ šαͶ
? —„‡”•ƒ”‡ͳʹƒ†ʹͲǤ
Ex.13 Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ†‹‡•–‘‰‡–•ƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–›™ƒ•ͳǣʹǡ„—–™Š‡ʹŽƒ†‹‡•ƒ†ʹ‰‡–•
Ž‡ˆ–ǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•ͳǣ͵Ǥ ‘™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–›ǫ
Sol. ‡––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ†‹‡•αšǡ–Š‡ –Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‰‡–•αʹš
š ʹ ͳ
•’‡”“—‡•–‹‘ǡ Ÿ šαͶ
ʹš  ʹ ͵
? ‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’”‡•‡–αšΪʹšα͵έͶαͳʹǤ

[64]
 Mathematics

Ex.14 „ƒ‰ ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‡“—ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‘‡”—’‡‡ǡͷͲ’ƒ‹•‡ƒ†ʹͷ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆ

–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‹••͵ͷǡŠ‘™ƒ› ‘‹•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–›’‡ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
Sol. ‡”‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–›’‡‘ˆ ‘‹‹••ƒ‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ™‡ƒ›™”‹–‡ǡ
‘–ƒŽ ƒ‘—–
—„‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–›’‡‘ˆ ‘‹
— ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ‘‹
͵ͷ
? —„‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–›’‡‘ˆ ‘‹α
ͳ  ͲǤͷ  ͲǤʹͷ
αʹͲ ‘‹•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–›’‡Ǥ
Ex.15 Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆǡƒ†‹•ͻͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‹š›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡‹–Š‡
”ƒ–‹‘ͳǣʹǣ͵ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆǫ
Sol. ȋΪΪȌǯ•ƒ‰‡͸›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘αͻͲȂ ͸u ͵α͹ʹ
͵
? ǯ•ƒ‰‡͸›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘α u ͹ʹα͵͸
ȋͳ  ʹ  ͵Ȍ
ǯ•’”‡•‡–ƒ‰‡α͵͸Ϊ͸αͶʹ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
Ex.16 Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡—„‡”•‹•ͷ͵ʹƒ†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ•
ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†‹•͵ǣʹǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡”ǫ
‹”•– —„‡” ͵ ͵ ͻ
Sol. u
‡ ‘† —„‡” ʹ ͵ ͸
‡ ‘† —„‡” ͵ ʹ ͸
ȏƒ‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†—„‡”•ƒ‡‹„‘–Š–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ͸Ȑƒ†α u
Š‹”† —„‡” ʹ ʹ Ͷ
? ‹”•–ǣ‡ ‘†ǣŠ‹”†αͻǣ͸ǣͶ
? ȋͻšȌʹ Ϊȋ͸šȌʹ ΪȋͶšȌʹαͷ͵ʹȋ‰‹˜‡Ȍ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ͵͵šʹ αͷ͵ʹŸ šαʹ

‡ ‘†—„‡”‹•͸šαͳʹǤ
Ex.17 „ƒ‰ ‘–ƒ‹•ͳ”—’‡‡ǡˆ‹ˆ–›’ƒ‹•‡ǡ–™‡–›ˆ‹˜‡’ƒ‹•‡ƒ†–‡’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•‹–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘
ͳǣ͵ǣͷǣ͹Ǥ ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ‘—–‹••ʹʹǤʹͷǡˆ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘‹•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‹†Ǥ
Sol. ‡––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘‹•„‡šǡ͵šǡͷšǡ͹š”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•ͳ”—’‡‡ǡˆ‹ˆ–›’ƒ‹•‡ǡ–™‡–›ˆ‹˜‡’ƒ‹•‡
ƒ†–‡’ƒ‹•‡Ǥ‹ ‡
—„‡”‘ˆ ‘‹u ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ‘‹‹”—’‡‡α‘—–‹”—’‡‡•
ͳ ͳ
‘™ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͷͲ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹‹”—’‡‡α ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆʹͷ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹‹”—’‡‡α
ʹ Ͷ
ͳ
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹‹”—’‡‡α
ͳͲ
ª § ͳ· § ͳ· § ͳ ·º
? «ȋš u ͳȌ  ¨ ͵š u ʹ ¸  ¨ ͷš u Ͷ ¸  ¨ ͹š u ͳͲ ¸ »
¬ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹¼
ͺͻš
αʹʹǤʹͷŸ αʹʹǤʹͷŸ šαͷ
ʹͲ
? —„‡”‘ˆ”—’‡‡αͷu ͳαͷ
—„‡”‘ˆͷͲ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹α͵šαͳͷ
—„‡”‘ˆʹͷ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹αͷšαʹͷ
—„‡”‘ˆͳͲ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹α͹šα͵ͷǤ

[65]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.18 ’‡”•‘†‹•–”‹„—–‡•Š‹•’‡•ƒ‘‰ˆ‘—”ˆ”‹‡†•ǡǡƒ†‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ ǣ ǣ ǣ ǤŠƒ–
͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸
‹•–Š‡‹‹——„‡”‘ˆ’‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’‡”•‘•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ǫ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
Sol. ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡•αǣǣǣα ǣ ǣ ǣ
͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸
αʹͲǣͳͷǣͳʹǣͳͲ
‡–—„‡”‘ˆ’‡•‰‹˜‡–‘ǡǡǡƒ”‡ʹͲšǡͳͷšǡͳʹšǡͳͲš
‘ǡ‹‹——„‡”‘ˆ’‡•ȋˆ‘”šαͳȌ
αʹͲΪͳͷΪͳʹΪͳͲαͷ͹
Ex.19 ‹•–™‹ ‡ƒ•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ•ǡƒ†ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•ʹͲ†ƒ›•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–ŠƒǤ ‹†—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ›•
”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•„›Ǥ
ȋͳȌʹͲ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͶͲ†ƒ›• ȋ͵ȌͳͲ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌ͵Ͳ†ƒ›•
Sol. ‡– ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡™‘”‹š†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡•ʹš†ƒ›•–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ
 ‘”†‹‰–‘‰‹˜‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•ʹͲ†ƒ›•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–Šƒ‹Ǥ‡ǤʹšȂ šαšαʹͲ†ƒ›•Ǥ
‘ǡ ƒˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•‹ʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒ† ƒˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡•ƒ‡–ƒ•‹ͶͲ†ƒ›•Ǥ
Ex.20 ‹•–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ƒ•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ•ƒ†ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•͵ʹ†ƒ›•ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆǤ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ
†ƒ›•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•‹ˆ„‘–Šƒ”‡™‘”‹‰•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ
ȋͳȌͳͳ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͳʹ†ƒ›• ȋ͵Ȍͳ͵†ƒ›• ȋͶȌͳͶ†ƒ›•
Sol. ‡–”‡“—‹”‡•š†ƒ›•–Š‡
”‡“—‹”‡•͵š†ƒ›•
͵šȂ šα͵ʹ
Ÿ ʹšα͵ʹ
Ÿ šαͳ͸†ƒ›•

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‘ǡ ͵šαͶͺ†ƒ›•
? ‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡› ƒˆ‹‹•Š
ͳ ͳ Ͷ ͳ
Ÿ  ’ƒ”–α ’ƒ”–
ͳ͸ Ͷͺ Ͷͺ ͳʹ
Š—•ͳʹ†ƒ›•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡–ƒ•Ǥ
Ex.21 ‹‘† ƒ†‘ʹͷΨ‘ˆƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†ƒ›•™‹ŽŽŠ‡–ƒ‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡
™‘”–‡–‹‡•ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͷͲ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌʹͷͲ†ƒ›• ȋ͵ȌʹͲͲ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌͳͺͲ†ƒ›•
ͳ
Sol. ʹͷΨ’ƒ”–‘” ’ƒ”–‹ͷ†ƒ›•
Ͷ
ͷ
–Š‡ͳ’ƒ”–‹ αʹͲ†ƒ›•
ͳȀ Ͷ
? †ƒ›•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–‡–‹‡•™‘”
αʹͲu ͳͲαʹͲͲ†ƒ›•
Ex.22 ͸‡ ƒ†‘’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ͳʹ†ƒ›•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›‡ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘†‘–Š‡™‘”‹ͳͺ†ƒ›•ǫ
ȋͳȌ͵‡ ȋʹȌ͸‡ ȋ͵ȌͶ‡ ȋͶȌʹ‡
Sol. ‡”‡ƒέƒ›α͸u ͳʹα͹ʹ
͹ʹ
u ͳͺα͹ʹǡα αͶ
ͳͺ
[66]
 Mathematics

Ex.23 Ͷ‡ƒ†͵™‘‡ˆ‹‹•ŠƒŒ‘„‹͸†ƒ›•Ǥ†ͷ‡ƒ†͹™‘‡ ƒ†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Œ‘„‹

Ͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ ‘™Ž‘‰™‹ŽŽͳƒƒ†ͳ™‘‡–ƒ‡–‘†‘–Š‡™‘”ǫ
§ʹ· §ͳ· §ͳ· § ͹ ·
ȋͳȌ ʹʹ¨ ¸ †ƒ›• ȋʹȌ ʹͷ¨ ¸ †ƒ›• ȋ͵Ȍ ͷ ¨ ¸ ȋͶȌ ͳʹ¨ ¸ †ƒ›•
©͹¹ ©ʹ¹ ©͹¹ © ʹʹ ¹
Sol. ‡–ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡•’ƒ”–‹ƒ†ƒ›ƒ†™‘‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡•™’ƒ”–‹ƒ†ƒ›–Š‡
ͳ
ͶΪ͵™α ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ
͸
ͳ
ͷΪ͹™α ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
Ͷ
ƒˆ–‡”•‹’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰™‡‰‡–
ͷ
ʹͲΪͳͷ™α
͸
ʹͲΪʹͺ™αͳ
ͳ
‘ͳ͵™α
͸
ͳ
™α ǤǤǤǤȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
͹ͺ
ͷ
ˆ”‘ȋ‹ȌƬȋ‹‹‹Ȍ™‡‰‡–ǡα
ͳͷ͸
ͷ ͳ ͹
Ϊ™α 
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳͷ͸ ͹ͺ ͳͷ͸
ͳͷ͸ ʹ
‘‹–”‡“—‹”‡ †ƒ›•α ʹʹ Ǥ
͹ ͹
Ex.24 ˆͺ„‘›•ƒ†ͳʹ™‘‡ ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ʹͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›†ƒ›• ƒ–Š‡™‘”
„‡†‘‡„›͸„‘›•ƒ†ͳͳ™‘‡™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͷ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͳͲ†ƒ›•
ȋ͵Ȍͳʹ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌƒ‘–„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†
ͳ
Sol. ͺΪͳʹ™α ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ
ʹͷ
‘™–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡
͸Ϊͳͳ™αǫ
–„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ͳ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹–™‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
Ex.25  ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ͳͲ†ƒ›•ƒ† ƒ†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”‹ʹͲ†ƒ›•Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’
‘ˆǡ–Š‡›ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡™‘”‹ͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ ‘™Ž‘‰™‹ŽŽ‹––ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡™‘”ǫ
ȋͳȌʹͲ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͳͲ†ƒ›• ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͷ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌͳͷ†ƒ›•

[67]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
Sol. ‘”†‘‡„›‹ͳ†ƒ›α  
ͷ ͳͲ ʹͲ ʹͲ
Š‹•‹•ǯ•‘‡†ƒ›™‘”•‘ʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–ƒ•
Ex.26  ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ʹͲ†ƒ›•Ǥ ‡™‘”ƒ–‹–ˆ‘”ͷ†ƒ›•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡•‹–‹ͳͲ‘”‡
†ƒ›•Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›†ƒ›•™‹ŽŽƒ†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡™‘”ǫ
ȋͳȌͺ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͳͲ†ƒ›• ȋ͵Ȍͳʹ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌ͸†ƒ›•
ͳ
Sol. ǯ•‘‡†ƒ›™‘”α
ʹͲ
ͳ ͳ
ͷ†ƒ› ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ uͷ α’ƒ”–
ʹͲ Ͷ
͵
”‡ƒ‹‹‰™‘”α ’ƒ”–
Ͷ
͵
? ˆ‹‹•Š ’ƒ”–‹ͳͲ†ƒ›•
Ͷ
ͳͲ ͶͲ
? ˆ‹‹•Šͳ’ƒ”–‹ †ƒ›•
͵Ȁ Ͷ ͵
–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡› ƒˆ‹‹•Š‹–‹
ͳ ͳ
ͺ†ƒ›•
ͳ ͵ ͳ

ʹͲ ͶͲ ͺ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ex.27 Šƒ•Š‹ ƒ†‘ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹ʹͷ†ƒ›•ƒ†‹•Š‹ ƒ†‘‹–‹ʹͲ†ƒ›•ǤŠ‡›™‘”ˆ‘”ͷ†ƒ›•
ƒ†–Š‡Šƒ•Š‹‰‘‡•ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›‘”‡†ƒ›•™‹ŽŽ‹•Š‹ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡™‘”ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͲ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͳʹ†ƒ›• ȋ͵ȌͳͶ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
ͳ
Sol. Šƒ•Š‹ǯ•†ƒ›•™‘”α
ʹͷ
ͳ
‹•Š‹†ƒ›•™‘”α
ʹͲ
ͳ ͳ ͻ
–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡› ƒˆ‹‹•Š  ’ƒ”–‹ƒ†ƒ›
ʹͷ ʹͲ ͳͲͲ
ͻ Ͷͷ
? ‘”‹ͷ†ƒ›• uͷ α’ƒ”–
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
ͷͷ
’ƒ”–‹•”‡ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ‹•Š‹ ƒˆ‹‹•Š‹–‹
ͳͲͲ
§ ͷͷ ·
¨ ͳͲͲ ¸
© ¹ αͳͳ†ƒ›•
§ ͳ ·
¨ ʹͲ ¸
© ¹

[68]
 Mathematics

Ex.28 ƒ‘Œ–ƒ‡•–™‹ ‡ƒ•— Š–‹‡ƒ•Œƒ›ƒ†–Š”‹ ‡ƒ•— Šƒ•‹Œƒ›–‘ˆ‹‹•Šƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ

™‘”Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡™‘”‹ͳ†ƒ›ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡–‹‡–ƒ‡„›ƒ‘Œ–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡
™‘”ǫ
ȋͳȌ͸†ƒ›• ȋʹȌ͵†ƒ›• ȋ͵Ȍʹ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
Sol. ǣǣ
αʹǣͳǣʹȀ͵‘”͸ǣ͵ǣʹ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‡–ƒ‘Œ–ƒ‡•͸š†ƒ›•ǡŒƒ›–ƒ‡•͵š†ƒ›•ƒ†‹Œƒ›ʹš†ƒ›•–Š‡   ͳ
͸š ͵š ʹš
ͳ ªͳ ͳ ͳº
  ͳ
š «¬ ͸ ͵ ʹ »¼
ͳ
α ͳǡ ‘šα ͳ
š
ƒ‘Œ™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡͸†ƒ›•Ǥ
Ex.29 ƒˆ‘”––Š‡”‡™ƒ••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”ʹͲͲ•‘Ž†‹‡”•ˆ‘”͵ͳ†ƒ›Ǥˆ–‡”ʹ͹†ƒ›•ͳʹͲ•‘Ž†‹‡”•
Ž‡ˆ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”–Ǥ ‘” Š‘™ ƒ› ‡š–”ƒ †ƒ›• ™‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† Žƒ•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰
•‘Ž†‹‡”•ǫ
ȋͳȌͳʹ†ƒ›• ȋʹȌͳͲ†ƒ›• ȋ͵Ȍͺ†ƒ›• ȋͶȌ͸†ƒ›•
Sol. ƒu ƒ›αƒέƒ›
ʹͲͲu ͵ͳα͸ʹͲͲ
ˆ–‡”ʹ͹†ƒ›•
ʹͲͲu ʹ͹αͷͶͲͲƒǤ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ›‹•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†
”‡ƒ‹‹‰αͺͲͲ
ƒέƒ›αͺͲͲ
ͺͲέƒ›αͺͲͲ
ƒ›αͳͲ
Ex.30 —’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆʹͲͳͳ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹ƒƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–
ͳͲͲͲ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‰‹˜‡ƒ›ͳͲͳͳ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͳͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡
š
ƒŽ‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‹• ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‹•šǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ͳͲͲ
–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ǫ
Sol. 10
–‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͳͲͲͲˆ‡ƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ—’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘”‡–Šƒ
ͳͲͲͲˆ‡ƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǤŠ‡™‡–ƒ‡ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆͳͲͲͳˆ‡ƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ†ƒ††ƒ›
ͳͲ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ –Š‹• ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ͳͲͳͳ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‹–Š ƒ– ‘•– ͳͲ ƒŽ‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘–”ƒ†‹ –• –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‡šƒ –Ž› ͳͲͲͲ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽ‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹•ʹͲͳͳȂ ͳͲͲͲαͳͲͳͳǤ

[69]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 1.5
1. ƒ”—ƒ†ƒ›ƒ”—‹‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘•‘ƒ ‹” —Žƒ”–”ƒ ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰ƒ–†‹ƒ‡–”‹ ƒŽŽ›
‘’’‘•‹–‡ ’‘‹–•Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‹”•– ‡‡– ƒˆ–‡” ƒ”— Šƒ• ”— ͳͲͲ ‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‡› ‡š– ‡‡– ƒˆ–‡”
ƒ›ƒ Šƒ• ”— ͳͷͲ ‡–‡”• ’ƒ•– –Š‡‹” ˆ‹”•– ‡‡–‹‰ ’‘‹–Ǥ ƒ Š ‰‹”Ž ”—• ƒ– ƒ ‘•–ƒ–
•’‡‡†ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ ‹‡–‡”•ƒˆ–‡”†‹˜‹†‹‰‹–„›ͳͲǫ
2. Š‡–™‘†‹‰‹–•‹—‹Žǯ•ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‹ƒ‡•Šǯ•ƒ‰‡ǡ„—–‹”‡˜‡”•‡‘”†‡”Ǥ
ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•—‹Ž™‹ŽŽ„‡–™‹ ‡ƒ•‘Ž†ƒ•ƒ‡•Š™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹
–Š‡‹” —””‡–ƒ‰‡•ǫ
3. ”‹˜‹‰ƒ–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡†ǡƒ˜‹–ƒ—•—ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡•ͳͺͲ‹—–‡•–‘†”‹˜‡ˆ”‘Š‡”Š‘—•‡–‘
Š‡”‘–Š‡”ǯ•Š‘—•‡Ǥ‡†ƒ›ƒ˜‹–ƒ„‡‰‹•–Š‡†”‹˜‡ƒ–Š‡”—•—ƒŽ•’‡‡†ǡ„—–ƒˆ–‡”†”‹˜‹‰

‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›ǡ•Š‡Š‹–•ƒ„ƒ†•‘™•–‘”ƒ†”‡†— ‡•Š‡”•’‡‡†„›ʹͲ’‡”Š‘—”ǤŠ‹•
͵
–‹‡–Š‡–”‹’–ƒ‡•Š‡”ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆʹ͹͸‹—–‡•Ǥƒ˜‹–ƒ‹•‘™ •ˆƒ”ˆ”‘Š‡”‘–Š‡”ǯ•

Š‘—•‡ǤŠƒ–‹• ǫ
ͷ
4. –‘–ƒ—‡”ƒ’ǡ͸ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡’Žƒ›•‘ ‡”ǡ͵ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡•™‹ǡƒ†
ͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‡”’Žƒ›‡”••™‹Ǥ‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–™Š‘Ž‡’‡” ‡–ǡ™Šƒ–’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ
•™‹‡”•’Žƒ›•‘ ‡”ǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

5. ‹–ƒ†ƒŠ—Žƒ”‡ʹͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ’ƒ”–ǤŠ‡›„‹‡–‘™ƒ”†‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹–Š‹––”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰
–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ƒ•ˆƒ•–ƒ•ƒŠ—Žǡƒ†–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”
’‡”‹—–‡Ǥˆ–‡”ͷ‹—–‡•ǡ‹–•–‘’•„‹‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒˆŽƒ––‹”‡ƒ†™ƒ‹–•ˆ‘”ƒŠ—ŽǤˆ–‡”
Š‘™ƒ›‹—–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡–‹‡–Š‡›•–ƒ”–‡†–‘„‹‡†‘‡•ƒŠ—Ž”‡ƒ Š‹–ǫ
6. ‡•–‡”†ƒ›ƒ†”‘˜‡ͳŠ‘—”Ž‘‰‡”–ŠƒŠ›ƒƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†ͷ‹Ž‡•’‡”Š‘—”ˆƒ•–‡”
–ŠƒŠ›ƒǤƒ•Š†”‘˜‡ʹŠ‘—”•Ž‘‰‡”–ŠƒŠ›ƒƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†ͳͲ‹Ž‡•’‡”Š‘—”
ˆƒ•–‡”–ŠƒŠ›ƒǤƒ†”‘˜‡͹Ͳ‹Ž‡•‘”‡–ŠƒŠ›ƒǤ ˆƒ•Š†”‘˜‡š‘”‡–Šƒ
š
Š›ƒ–Š‡ˆ‹† Ǥ
ͳͲ
7. Š‡ƒš‡ƒˆƒ‹Ž› ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”ǡƒˆƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ†•‘‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•ʹͲǡ–Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”‹•Ͷͺ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”
ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡‹•ͳ͸Ǥ ‘™ƒ› Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǫ
8.  –‡ƒ Š‡” ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ –‡•– –‘ ƒ Žƒ•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ͳͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ”‡ Œ—‹‘”• ƒ† ͻͲΨ ƒ”‡
•‡‹‘”•ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ‘”‡‘–Š‡–‡•–™ƒ•ͺͶǤŠ‡Œ—‹‘”•ƒŽŽ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡• ‘”‡ǡƒ†
–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹‘”•™ƒ•ͺ͵ǤŠƒ–• ‘”‡†‹†‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—‹‘”•”‡ ‡‹˜‡‘–Š‡
–‡•–ǫ

[70]
 Mathematics

9. –Š‡ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ•‹†‡†•–ƒ”•Š‘™ǡ–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•ǡǡǡƒ†ƒ”‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›–Š‡—„‡”•͵ǡͷǡ
͸ǡ͹ǡƒ†ͻƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹–Š‹•‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡•—•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ––Š‡‡†•‘ˆ

–Š‡ Ž‹‡ •‡‰‡–• ǡǡǡ ƒ†  ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹  •‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‘–
‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹–Š‹•‘”†‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹††Ž‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ǫ


 

 

10. ƒ„‘—‰Š––™‘’ƒ‹–‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡•‘Ž†–Š‡ˆ‘”͵ͲͲ”—’‡‡•‡ƒ ŠǤ ‡ƒ†‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‹–‘ˆ

ʹͲΨˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ‹–‹‰ǡ„—–ƒŽ‘••‘ˆʹͲΨˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǥ–ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
’”‘ˆ‹–‘”Ž‘••‹”—’‡‡•Ǥ
11. ƒ Š˜ƒŽ˜‡ǡǡƒ†ǡ™Š‡‘’‡ǡ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•™ƒ–‡”‹–‘ƒ–ƒƒ•‹–‘™ ‘•–ƒ–”ƒ–‡Ǥ‹–Š
ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡˜ƒŽ˜‡•‘’‡ǡ–Š‡–ƒˆ‹ŽŽ•‹ͳŠ‘—”ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›˜ƒŽ˜‡•ƒ†‘’‡‹––ƒ‡•ͳǤͷ
Š‘—”ǡƒ†™‹–Š‘Ž›˜ƒŽ˜‡•ƒ†‘’‡‹––ƒ‡•ʹŠ‘—”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹—–‡•”‡“—‹”‡†
™‹–Š‘Ž›˜ƒŽ˜‡•ƒ†‘’‡‹•
12. ‘Š‹–Šƒ•ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆʹ͵ ‘‹•ǡ ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆͷǦ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•ǡͳͲǦ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•ǡƒ†ʹͷǦ’ƒ‹•‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‘‹•Ǥ ‡Šƒ•͵‘”‡ͳͲǦ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•–ŠƒͷǦ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•ǡƒ†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠ‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘

‹•͵ʹͲ’ƒ‹•‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ›‘”‡ʹͷǦ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•†‘‡•‘Š‹–Šƒ˜‡–ŠƒͷǦ’ƒ‹•‡ ‘‹•ǫ
13. ƒ‡‡”†”‘˜‡ͻ͸‹ͻͲ‹—–‡•Ǥ ‹•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–͵Ͳ‹—–‡•™ƒ•͸Ͳ
’Šȋ‹Ž‘‡–‡”’‡”Š‘—”Ȍǡƒ†Š‹•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡††—”‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘†͵Ͳ‹—–‡•™ƒ•͸ͷ’ŠǤ
Šƒ–™ƒ•Š‹•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†ǡ‹’Šǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–͵Ͳ‹—–‡•ǫ
14. ˜‡”›™‡‡ƒ‡•Š’ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ‘˜‹‡–‹ ‡–ƒ†ƒ•‘†ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡Ǥƒ•–™‡‡ǡ
ƒ‡•Šǯ•ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡™ƒ•—’‡‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘•–‘ˆŠ‹•‘˜‹‡–‹ ‡–™ƒ•ʹͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
„‡–™‡‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆŠ‹••‘†ƒǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆŠ‹••‘†ƒ™ƒ•ͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
„‡–™‡‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆŠ‹•‘˜‹‡–‹ ‡–Ǥ‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–™Š‘Ž‡’‡” ‡–ǡ™Šƒ–ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ
†‹†ƒ‡•Š’ƒ›ˆ‘”Š‹•‘˜‹‡–‹ ‡–ƒ†•‘†ƒǫ
15. ƒ‹ƒ•‡–‘ˆˆ‘Š‡”„‹ › Ž‡–‘˜‹•‹–Š‡”ˆ”‹‡†ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†‘ˆͳ͹‹Ž‘‡–‡”•
’‡”Š‘—”ǤŠ‡•Š‡Šƒ†‰‘‡ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–‘Š‡”ˆ”‹‡†ǯ•Š‘—•‡ǡƒ–‹”‡™‡–ˆŽƒ–ǡƒ†
•Š‡™ƒŽ‡†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›ƒ–ͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•’‡”Š‘—”Ǥ ƒŽŽ‹– –‘‘Š‡”ͶͶ‹—–‡•–‘
”‡ƒ ŠŠ‡”ˆ”‹‡†ǯ•Š‘—•‡Ǥ ˆƒ‹ƒŠƒ†–‘™ƒŽˆ‘”š‹Ž‘‡–‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ͸šǤ

[71]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
16.  ”—‰ ‹• ƒ†‡ ™‹–Š –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ž‘”• ƒ• •Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›
‘Ž‘”‡† ”‡‰‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǤŠ‡‹‡””‡ –ƒ‰Ž‡‹•‘‡ˆ‘‘–™‹†‡ǡƒ†
‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•Šƒ†‡†”‡‰‹‘•‹•ͳˆ‘‘–™‹†‡‘ƒŽŽˆ‘—”•‹†‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‹ˆ‡‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡‹‡””‡ –ƒ‰Ž‡ǫ

ͳ ͳ ͳ

17. ™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ƒƒŒ™ƒ•–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ƒ•‘Ž†ƒ•Š‹• ‘—•‹ƒ˜‡‡Ǥ™‘›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ–ǡ

ƒƒŒ™ƒ•ˆ‘—”–‹‡•ƒ•‘Ž†ƒ•ƒ˜‡‡Ǥ Š‘™ƒ››‡ƒ”•™‹ŽŽ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ‰‡•„‡
ʹǣͳǫ
18. ‹•ŠƒŠƒ•ͳʹ ‘‹•ǡ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒͷǦ ‡– ‘‹‘”ƒͳͲǦ ‡– ‘‹ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‡šƒ –Ž›ͳ͹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘‡‘”‘”‡‘ˆŠ‡” ‘‹•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›ͳͲǦ ‡–
‘‹•†‘‡•‹•ŠƒŠƒ˜‡ǫ
š
19. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡–‘ˆƒŽŽˆ”ƒ –‹‘• ǡ™Š‡”‡šƒ†›ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
›
‘™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–‹ˆ„‘–Š—‡”ƒ–‘”ƒ††‡‘‹ƒ–‘”
ƒ”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳͲΨǫ
20. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–Ͷ ‘™•‰‹˜‡ͳͲ‰ƒŽŽ‘•‘ˆ‹Ž‹ʹ†ƒ›•Ǥ––Š‹•”ƒ–‡ǡŠ‘™ƒ›‰ƒŽŽ‘•‘ˆ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹Ž™‹ŽŽͷ ‘™•‰‹˜‡‹Ͷ†ƒ›•ǫ
21. ƒ”‹†”‹˜‡•ˆ”‘Š‹•Š‘‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”’‘”––‘ ƒ– ŠƒˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ ‡†”‹˜‡•͵ͷ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š‘—”ǡ
„—–”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡•–Šƒ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ͳŠ‘—”Žƒ–‡‹ˆŠ‡ ‘–‹—‡•ƒ––Š‹••’‡‡†Ǥ ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Š‹••’‡‡†
„›ͳͷ’‡”Š‘—”ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”’‘”–ƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡•͵Ͳ‹—–‡•‡ƒ”Ž›Ǥ ˆ–Š‡

†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹”’‘”–ƒ†Š‹•Š‘‡‹•Ǥ ‹† Ǥ
͹
22. ‹˜›ƒ†”‘˜‡Š‡”‡™ ƒ”‘ƒ–”‹’ˆ‘”ƒ™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆŠ‘—”•ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ͷͷ’‡”Š‘—”Ǥ
––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹’ǡƒ„ ™‡”‡†‹•’Žƒ›‡†‘–Š‡‘†‘‡–‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ„ ‹•ƒ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–
—„‡”™‹–Šƒt ͳƒ†ƒΪ„Ϊ d ͹Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹’ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‘†‘‡–‡”•Š‘™‡† „ƒ
ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹǫ
23. „ƒ•‡–„ƒŽŽ–‡ƒǯ•’Žƒ›‡”•™‡”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘ͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–™‘Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•ƒ†ͶͲΨ‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ͷͶ’‘‹–•ǤŠ‡›ƒ––‡’–‡†ͷͲ؏‘”‡–™‘Ǧ’‘‹–
•Š‘–•–Šƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•†‹†–Š‡›ƒ––‡’–ǫ
24. – –ƒ‡• —˜‹ ͸Ͳ •‡ ‘†• –‘ ™ƒŽ †‘™ ƒ ‡• ƒŽƒ–‘” ™Š‡ ‹– ‹• ‘– ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ‘Ž›
ʹͶ•‡ ‘†•–‘™ƒŽ†‘™–Š‡‡• ƒŽƒ–‘”™Š‡‹–‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ ‘™ƒ›•‡ ‘†•†‘‡•‹–
–ƒ‡—˜‹–‘”‹†‡†‘™–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡• ƒŽƒ–‘”™Š‡•Š‡Œ—•–•–ƒ†•‘‹–ǫ
25. ƒ”‡‡ƒ™ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ”‘—†ƒ–”ƒ ƒ–‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡†‡˜‡”›†ƒ›ǤŠ‡•‹†‡•
‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ ƒ”‡•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ǡƒ†–Š‡‡†•ƒ”‡•‡‹ ‹” Ž‡•ǤŠ‡–”ƒ Šƒ•™‹†–Š͸‡–‡”•ǡƒ†‹–
–ƒ‡•Š‡”͵͸•‡ ‘†•Ž‘‰‡”–‘™ƒŽƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ –Šƒƒ”‘—†–Š‡
S
‹•‹†‡‡†‰‡Ǥ ˆƒ”‡‡ƒǯ••’‡‡†‹‡–‡”•’‡”•‡ ‘†‹• ǡˆ‹†Ǥ

[72]
 Mathematics

1.6 : Logarithms
Definitions and Results
DEFINITION 1 ˆƒz ͳƒ†šƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡ–Š‡™‡•ƒ›–Šƒ–›‹•–Š‡Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š ‘ˆ š
–‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡ƒǡ™”‹––‡›αŽ‘‰ƒ šǡ™Š‡š‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ”ƒ‹•‡†–‘–Š‡’‘™‡”›ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ
›αŽ‘‰ƒ šœ šαƒ›Ǥ
‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Šˆ— –‹‘–‘ƒ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
•‘‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ
RESULT 1 ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”ƒz ͳǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ͳ
Ž‘‰ƒ ͳαͲǡŽ‘‰ƒ ƒαͳǡƒ†Ž‘‰ƒ αȂ ͳǤ
ƒ
RESULT 2 ˆƒz ͳƒ†šƒ†›ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•™‹–ŠŽ‘‰ƒ šαŽ‘‰ƒ ›ǡ–Š‡šα›Ǥ
RESULT 3 ˆƒz ͳǡ„z ͳǡšƒ†›ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒ†”‹•ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ǡ–Š‡
Ȉ ƒŽ‘‰ƒ š š Ȉ Ž‘‰ ƒ ƒ ” ”
Ȉ Ž‘‰ƒȋš›ȌαŽ‘‰ƒ šΪŽ‘‰ƒ › Ȉ Ž‘‰ƒ š” α”Ž‘‰ƒ š
§š·
Ȉ Ž‘‰ƒ ¨ ¸ αŽ‘‰ƒ šȂ Ž‘‰ƒ ›Ǥ
©›¹
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒz ͳǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–’”‘’‡”–›‹‡•—Ž–͵•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–
šα ƒ Ž‘‰ƒ š Ǥ
ˆǡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ „ z ͳǡ –Š‡ ™‡ ƒ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‡ „ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡š’”‡••‹‘ –‘
’”‘†— ‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ž‘‰„ šαŽ‘‰„ ƒŽ‘‰ƒ š αŽ‘‰ƒ š˜ Ž‘‰„ ƒǤ

‹˜‹†‹‰„‘–Š•‹†‡•„›Ž‘‰ƒ„‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ
RESULT 4 ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒz ͳƒ†„z ͳǡƒ†ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”š™‡Šƒ˜‡
Ž‘‰ „ š
Ž‘‰ ƒ š Ǥ
Ž‘‰ „ ƒ
Š‹• ”‡•—Ž– ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š ˆ— –‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ‘”Ǣ ƒ› ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•
•‹’Ž›ƒ —Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆƒ›‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Šˆ— –‹‘•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”—Žƒ™Š‡šα„ǡ•‹ ‡‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡Ž‘‰„ šαŽ‘‰„ „αͳǤ
RESULT 5 ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒz ͳƒ†ƒ†„z ͳǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ͳ
Ž‘‰ƒ „α
Ž‘‰ „ ƒ
‘–Š‡””‡•—Ž– ‘ ‡”‹‰Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•–Šƒ–‹•‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›‡‡†‡† ‘ ‡”•–Š‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡•
™Š‡–Š‡Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š–‘ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹„ƒ•‡”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ
 ͸ —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ z ͳ ‹• ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ —„‡”Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘‰ƒ „ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ ‹–‡‰‡”
ȋ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”Ȍǡ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆ„αƒ ”ǡ™Š‡”‡”‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ȋ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ
™Š‡”‡”‹•ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”ȌǤ
‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŽ‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‡ƒ Š
‹˜‡”•‡ˆ— –‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘Ǥ
[73]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 1.6

Ex.1 —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–͵α˜ ʹ” ƒ†–Šƒ–ͳͷα˜ Ͷ”ǤŠƒ–‹•”ǫ
ȋͳȌȂ Ž‘‰ʹ ͷ ȋʹȌŽ‘‰ͷ ʹ ȋ͵ȌŽ‘‰ͳͲ ͷ ȋͶȌŽ‘‰ʹ ͷ
Sol. (4)
ˆ™‡•‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”‹–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘͵α˜ ʹ” ƒ†•—„•–‹–—–‡–Š‹•˜ƒŽ—‡‹–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ͳͷα˜ Ͷ”ǡ
™‡Šƒ˜‡
͵ ͵
α ”
ǡ •‘ͳͷα ” ˜ Ͷ”α͵˜ ʹ”Ǥ
ʹ ʹ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ʹ” αͳͷȀ͵αͷǡƒ†”αŽ‘‰ʹ ͷǤ
Ex.2 —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–Ž‘‰š›͵ αͳƒ†Ž‘‰šʹ›αͳǤŠƒ–‹•Ž‘‰š›ǫ
ͳ ͳ ͵
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌͲ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ʹ ʹ ͷ
Sol. (4)
Š‡„ƒ•‹ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‰‹˜‡
ͳαŽ‘‰š›͵ αŽ‘‰šΪ͵Ž‘‰›ƒ†ͳαŽ‘‰šʹ›αʹŽ‘‰šΪŽ‘‰›Ǥ
—Ž–‹’Ž› –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ „› ʹ ƒ† •—„–”ƒ – –Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ ‘†
‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘’”‘†— ‡ͳαͷŽ‘‰›ǤŠ‡
ͳ ʹ ͵
Ž‘‰›α ǡ Ž‘‰šαͳȂ ͵Ž‘‰›α ǡ ƒ†Ž‘‰š›αŽ‘‰šΪŽ‘‰›α Ǥ
ͷ ͷ ͷ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ex.3 ‘”ƒŽŽ‹–‡‰‡”•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒͳǡ†‡ˆ‹‡
ͳ
ƒ α Ǥ
Ž‘‰  ʹͲͲʹ
‡–„αƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ΪƒͶ Ϊƒͷ ƒ† αƒͳͲ Ϊƒͳͳ Ϊƒͳʹ Ϊƒͳ͵ ΪƒͳͶǤŠƒ–‹•„Ȃ ǫ
ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌȂʹ ȋʹȌȂͳ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ʹͲͲʹ ͳͲͲͳ
Sol. (2)
™‡ ƒ”‡Ǧ‡š’”‡••ƒ ƒ•
ͳ
ƒ α αŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ Ǥ
Ž‘‰  ʹͲͲʹ
‘ „Ȃ αƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ΪƒͶ Ϊƒͷ Ȃ ƒͳͲ Ȃ ƒͳͳ Ȃ ƒͳʹ Ȃ ƒͳ͵ Ȃ ƒͳͶ
αŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ʹΪŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͵ΪŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͶΪŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͷȂ Ž‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͳͲ
Ȃ Ž‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͳͳȂ Ž‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͳʹȂ Ž‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͳ͵Ȃ Ž‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ͳͶ
ʹ˜͵˜ Ͷ ˜ͷ
αŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ Ǥ
ͳͲ ˜ ͳͳ ˜ ͳʹ ˜ ͳ͵ ˜ ͳͶ
ͳ ͳ
‘ „Ȃ αŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ αŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ αȂ Ž‘‰ʹͲͲʹ ʹͲͲʹǡ ƒ†„Ȃ αȂͳǤ
ͳͳ ˜ ͳ͵ ˜ ͳͶ ʹͲͲʹ
[74]
 Mathematics

Ex.4 –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–šƒ†›ƒ”‡–™‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–šεͳƒ†›εͳǤ ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–

Ž‘‰ š ʹͲͳͳڎ‘‰ › ʹͲͳͳ
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
Ž‘‰ š› ʹͲͳͳ
Sol. 04
Ž‘‰ š ʹͲͳͳ  Ž‘‰ › ʹͲͳͳ § Ž‘‰ʹͲͳͳ Ž‘‰ʹͲͳͳ · § Ž‘‰ š› ·
¨  ¸˜¨ ¸
Ž‘‰ š› ʹͲͳͳ © Ž‘‰ š Ž‘‰ › ¹ © Ž‘‰ʹͲͳͳ ¹

§ ͳ ͳ · Ž‘‰ š Ž‘‰ ›
¨  ¸ ˜ ȋŽ‘‰šΪŽ‘‰›Ȍ ʹ 
© Ž‘‰ š Ž‘‰ › ¹ Ž‘‰ › Ž‘‰ š

t Ͷȋ—•‹‰t Ȍǡ
ƒ†–Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹•ƒ––ƒ‹‡†™Š‡Ž‘‰šαŽ‘‰›ǡ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ž›ǡšα›Ǥ
ʹŽ‘‰͵ š
Ex.5 —’’‘•‡šα ͵ ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšʹǤ
Sol. 81
ƒ‹‰Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Šǡ™‡‰‡–Ž‘‰͵ šα ʹ  Ž‘‰͵ š Ǥ ‡–›αŽ‘‰͵šǤŠ‡‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”

›α ʹ  › ‹•ʹǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡šα͵ʹ αͻƒ†šʹ αͺͳǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[75]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 1.6
1. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–
Ž‘‰ʹȋŽ‘‰͵ȋŽ‘‰ͷȋŽ‘‰͹ ȌȌȌαͳͳǤ
‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‹‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆǫ
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ
2. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–
Ž‘‰ʹȋŽ‘‰ʹȋŽ‘‰ʹ šȌȌαʹǤ
‘™ƒ›†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡„ƒ•‡ǦͳͲ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”šǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͹ ȋ͵Ȍͻ ȋͶȌͳͳ
3. ‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•„Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–Ž‘‰„ ͹ʹͻ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǫ
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ
4. ʹ
‡–ˆȋȌαŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹ  ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ‡ˆ‹‡
αˆȋͳͳȌΪˆȋͳ͵ȌΪˆȋͳͶȌǤ
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹•–”—‡ǫ
ȋͳȌεͳ ȋʹȌαͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳδδʹ ȋͶȌαʹ
5. ͵ ʹ
‘”•‘‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒƒ†„ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͺš ΪͶƒš Ϊʹ„šΪƒαͲǡŠƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹•–‹ –
’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‘‘–•ǡƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‡ǦʹŽ‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‹•ͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒǫ
ȋͳȌȂ ʹͷ͸ ȋʹȌȂ ͸Ͷ ȋ͵ȌȂͺ ȋͶȌ͸Ͷ

6. ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ†‡ˆ‹‡
­Ž‘‰ ǡ ‹ˆŽ‘‰ ͺ ‹•”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ˆȋȌα ® ͺ
¯Ͳǡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ
ͳͻͻ͹
Šƒ–‹• ¦ ˆȋȌǫ
αͳ

ͷͷ ͷͺ
ȋͳȌŽ‘‰ͺ ʹͲͶ͹ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
͵ ͵
7. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
    ǤǤǤ  ǫ
Ž‘‰ ʹ ͳͲͲǨ Ž‘‰͵ ͳͲͲǨ Ž‘‰ Ͷ ͳͲͲǨ Ž‘‰ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲǨ
ȋͳȌͲǤͲͳ ȋʹȌͲǤͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌʹ
8. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—
αŽ‘‰ͳͲȋ–ƒͳιȌΪŽ‘‰ͳͲȋ–ƒʹιȌΪǤǤǤΪŽ‘‰ͳͲȋ–ƒͺͺιȌΪŽ‘‰ͳͲȋ–ƒͺͻιȌǫ
ͳ §ͳ · ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌͲ ȋʹȌ Ž‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ͵ ¸ ȋ͵Ȍ Ž‘‰ ͳͲ ʹ ȋͶȌ Ž‘‰ͳͲ ͵
ʹ ©ʹ ¹ ʹ ʹ
ƒ „
9. ‡–ƒt „εͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ž‘‰ƒ ΪŽ‘‰„ ǫ
„ ƒ
ȋͳȌȂ ʹ ȋʹȌͲ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌ͵
10. Š‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ”‡ƒŽ —„‡”• š ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š Ž‘‰ʹͲͲͶȋŽ‘‰ʹͲͲ͵ȋŽ‘‰ʹͲͲʹȋŽ‘‰ʹͲͲͳ šȌȌȌ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ‹•
ȓšȁšε ȔǤ ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ȋʹͲͲšȌʹͲͲ›ǡ–Š‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš›
[76]
 Mathematics

11. ‘”•‘‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒƒ†„ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͺš͵ ΪͶƒšʹ Ϊʹ„šΪƒαͲǡŠƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹•–‹ –

ƒ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‘‘–•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‡ǦʹŽ‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‹•ͷǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ǫ
ͺ
ƒ
12. ˆŽ‘‰ȋš›͵Ȍαͳƒ†Ž‘‰ȋšʹ›Ȍαͳǡ ˆŽ‘‰ȋš›Ȍα –Š‡ƒΪ„αǫ
„
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
13. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ǣ     Ǥ
Ž‘‰ʹ ͳʹ ͷ Ž‘‰͵ ͳʹ ͷ Ž‘‰ Ͷ ͳʹ ͷ Ž‘‰ͷ ͳʹ ͷ Ž‘‰͸ ͳʹ ͷ
14. Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ž‘‰͵šͶαŽ‘‰ʹšͺǡ™Š‡”‡š‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”‘–Š‡”–Šƒ
ͳ ͳ ’
‘” ǡ ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ• ™Š‡”‡’ƒ†“ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǤŠƒ–‹•’Ϊ“ǫ
͵ ʹ “
15. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŽ‘‰͵͹ǤŽ‘‰ͷͻǤŽ‘‰͹ͳͳǤŽ‘‰ͻͳ͵ǤǤǤǤŽ‘‰ʹͳʹͷǤŽ‘‰ʹ͵ ʹ͹‹•šǤ ‹†šʹǤ
ͳ

16. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ȋ͸ʹͷŽ‘‰ͷ ʹͲͳͷ ȌͶ ‹•ƒˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹– —„‡”ǤŠƒ–‹• ǫ
͵ͳ
Š‡’α ¦  ͳ  Žǡ–Š‡—„‡”‡’ ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘™‡”‘ˆʹ–Šƒ–‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ
͸
17.
‡’‹•ʹǤŠƒ–‹•ǫ
18. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡“˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ›Ž‘‰ͳͲȋšȂ ͶͲȌΪŽ‘‰ͳͲȋ͸ͲȂ šȌδʹǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ“ǫ
19. ‡–  ε ͳ ƒ†  ε ͳ „‡ ‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ˆ‘” š ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ͺȋŽ‘‰šȌȋŽ‘‰šȌȂ ͹Ž‘‰šȂ ͸Ž‘‰šȂ ʹͲͳ͵αͲ‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠƒ–
‹•Ϊǫ
20. Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘͹šΪ͹ αͺš ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”šαŽ‘‰„͹͹ǤŠƒ–‹•ʹͳ„ǫ
21. šαƒ„ ȋƒ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
Ž‘‰ ʹ š  Ž‘‰ʹ š  Ž‘‰ Ͷ ȋšʹ Ȍ ΪŽ‘‰ͺȋš͵ȌΪŽ‘‰ͳ͸ȋšͶȌαͶͲǤŠƒ–‹•ƒ„ȋƒʹ†‹‰‹–—„‡”Ȍǫ
22. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–†‹•–‹ –ˆ‘—”Ǧ–—’Ž‡•ȋƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†Ȍ‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”•™‹–Š
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒŽ‘‰ͳͲʹΪ„Ž‘‰ͳͲ͵Ϊ Ž‘‰ͳͲͷΪ†Ž‘‰ͳͲ͹αʹͲͲͷǤŠƒ–‹•ʹͷέ–ǫ
23. ‡–„‡–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠŽ‘‰ ͳͲȋšΪ›Ȍαœƒ†
Ž‘‰ͳͲȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹȌαœΪͳǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒŽ —„‡”• ƒ ƒ† „ •— Š –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ‘”†‡”‡† –”‹’Ž‡•
ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ‹™‡Šƒ˜‡š͵ Ϊ›͵ αƒǤͳͲ͵œ Ϊ„ǤͳͲʹœǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶȋƒΪ„Ȍǫ
ͳ ͺ
24. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•š–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ͵  Ž‘‰ š  Ǥ
͵ ͵
25. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ ƒ† ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
  Ǥ
§ · §ƒ· §„·
ͳ  Ž‘‰ ƒʹ„ ¨ ¸ ͳ  Ž‘‰ „ʹ ¨ ¸ ͳ  Ž‘‰ ʹƒ ¨ ¸
©ƒ¹ ©„¹ © ¹
§ šʹ · §ͻ·
26. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•šǡ™Š‡”‡šz ͻǡ•— Š–Šƒ– Ž‘‰ š ¨ ¸  ͸  Ž‘‰͵ ¨ ¸ Ǥ
ͻ©
͵¹ ©š¹
Š‡”‡šȋͳǡͳͲͲȌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
27. ˆƒε„εͳƒ†  ͳʹʹͻǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ  Ǥ
Ž‘‰ ƒ „ Ž‘‰ „ ƒ Ž‘‰ ƒ„ „ Ž‘‰ ƒ„ ƒ
ͳͲ š›
28. ˆšǡ›εͲǡŽ‘‰› šΪŽ‘‰š ›α ƒ†š›αͳͶͶǡ–Š‡ ‹•
͵ ʹ ͵
ͳ
29. ˆ„εͳǡšεͲƒ† ȋʹšȌŽ‘‰ ʹ  ȋ͵šȌŽ‘‰ ͵ αͲǡ–Š‡ ‹•
„ „

[77]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

1.7 : Sequence and series

Definitions
›ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ—„‡”• ™‡•‹’Ž›‡ƒƒ‘”†‡”‡†™ƒ›‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ‘„‡‘”‡
’”‡ ‹•‡ǡ™‡—•‡–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ— –‹‘Ǥ
DEFINITION 1
sequence ‘ˆ—„‡”•‹•ƒˆ— –‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ••‹‰•–‘‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†‹•–‹ –—„‡”Ǥ
Š‡—„‡”ƒ••‹‰‡†„›–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”‹• ‘‘Ž›†‡‘–‡†—•‹‰ƒ•—„• ”‹’–ǡ
•— Šƒ•ƒǤŠ‡•‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡terms ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ
DEFINITION 2
series ‘ˆ—„‡”•‹•ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›ƒ††‹‰–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ
•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ—„‡”•ͳǡͶǡ͹ǡǤǤǤǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ǤǤǤ
ȋ ƒŽŽ‡†‡ŽŽ‹’•‹•Ȍ‹•—•‡†–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡ ‘–‹—‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‡”†‡• ”‹„‡†
„›–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‡™–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ ˆ™‡†‡‘–‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”„›ƒͳǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡƒͳ αͳǡ–Š‡
ƒʹ αͶǡƒ͵ α͹ǡƒ†‹ˆ–Š‡’ƒ––‡” ‘–‹—‡•ǡ‹–‹•‘–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ƒ α͵Ȃ ʹǤ
Š‡•‡”‹‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ȓƒȔŠƒ•‹–•ˆ‹”•––‡”•
ͳ αƒͳ αͳǡ
ʹ αƒͳ Ϊƒʹ αͳΪͶαͷǡ
ƒ† ͵ αƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ αͷΪ͹αͳʹǤ
ˆ‘—”’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‹• ‘””‡ –ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ•Š‘™Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•‡”‹‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†
™‹–Š–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡Šƒ•

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

͵ʹ 
 α  Ǥ
ʹ ʹ
DEFINITION 3
arithmetic sequence ȋƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ȌȓƒȔ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ αƒΪ
ȋȂ ͳȌ†ˆ‘”•‘‡ ‘•–ƒ–•ƒƒ††z Ͳƒ†‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠ‡—„‡”†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
–Š‡ ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡–Šƒ–™‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’”‹‘”–‘–Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‹•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š
ˆ‹”•––‡”ƒαͳƒ† ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†α͵ǤŠ‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”•‘ˆƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ 
•‡“—‡ ‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†—•‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –ǡ–Šƒ–
ͳ
ͳΪʹΪ˜˜˜˜˜˜Ϊα ȋΪͳȌǤ
ʹ
‘”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šƒ αƒΪȋȂ ͳȌ†™‡Šƒ˜‡
ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ
αƒΪȋƒΪ†ȌΪȋƒΪʹ†ȌΪ ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪȋƒΪȋȂ ͳȌ†Ȍ
α˜ ƒΪ†ȋͳΪʹΪ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪȋȂ ͳȌȌ
†
αƒΪ ȋȂ ͳȌǤ
ʹ
Š‹•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡•—Ž–Ǥ

[78]
 Mathematics

RESULT 1 ˆȓƒȔ‹•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šˆ‹”•––‡”ƒƒ† ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†ǡ–Š‡


ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ α ȋʹƒΪȋȂ ͳȌ†ȌǤ
ʹ
‹ ‡ʹƒΪȋȂ ͳȌ†αƒΪȋƒΪȋȂ ͳȌ†Ȍαƒͳ Ϊƒǡ–Š‹•”‡•—Ž–ƒŽ•‘‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡
ˆ‹”•––‡”•‘ˆƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡‹•–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†Žƒ•––‡”•Ǥ
RESULT 2 ˆȓƒȔ‹•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šˆ‹”•––‡”ƒƒ† ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†ǡ

–Š‡ ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ α ȋƒͳ ΪƒȌǤ
ʹ
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•—Ž–‘ —”•™Š‡–Š‡ ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•ͳǤ –Š‹• ƒ•‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ ƒͳ α

ˆ‘”•‘‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡƒ αΪȂ ͳǡƒ†ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ ΪΪƒ αΪȋΪͳȌΪΪȋΪȂ ͳȌα ȋʹΪȂ ͳȌǤ
ʹ
Š‡‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ–›’‡‘ˆ•‡“—‡ ‡–Šƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‘ —”•‹•–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ
DEFINITION 4
geometric sequence ȓƒȔ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”„›ƒ αƒ˜ ”Ȃ ͳǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‹•
ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†”‹•ƒ ‘•–ƒ––Šƒ–‹•‡‹–Š‡”Ͳ‘”ͳǤŠ‡—„‡””‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ‘‘
”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”•‘ˆƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡Šƒ•ƒ‹ ‡ˆ‘”„—–™‡‡‡†–‘™‘”ƒ„‹–
Šƒ”†‡”–‘•Š‘™‹––Šƒ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ‡– †‡‘–‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
–‡”•‘ˆƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ȓƒȔ–Šƒ–Šƒ•ˆ‹”•––‡”ƒƒ† ‘‘”ƒ–‹‘”ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ
 αƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊƒ”Ȃ ͳǤ
ˆ™‡—Ž–‹’Ž›‡ƒ Š•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘„›”ƒ†•—„–”ƒ ––Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

’”‡ ‡†‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘™‡‘„–ƒ‹
 Ȃ ” αȋƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ”Ȃ ͳȌȂ ”ȋƒΪƒ”ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ”Ȃ ͳȌ
αȋƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ”Ȃ ͳȌȂ ȋƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊƒ”Ȍ
αƒΪȋƒ”Ȃ ƒ”ȌΪȋƒ”ʹ Ȃ ƒ”ʹȌΪ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊȋƒ”Ȃ ͳȂ ƒ”Ȃ ͳȌΪƒ”
αƒȂ ƒ”Ǥ
‘ ȋͳȂ ”Ȍ ᐠȂ ” αƒȂ ƒ” αƒȋͳȂ ”ȌǤ
Š‹•‰‹˜‡•—•ƒ•—ˆ‘”—Žƒˆ‘”ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡”‹‡•Ǥ
RESULT 3 ˆȓƒȔ‹•ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šˆ‹”•––‡”ƒƒ† ‘‘”ƒ–‹‘”ǡ–Š‡
ͳ  ”
ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊƒ αƒ Ǥ
ͳ”
Š‹•ˆ‘”—ŽƒŠƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘™Š‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ȁ”ȁδͳǤ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ”
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ͳƒ•„‡ ‘‡•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›Žƒ”‰‡ǡƒ†
ͳͲ ƒ
ƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ Ϊƒ”͵ ˜ ˜ ˜ αƒ Ǥ
ƒ ” ͳ”
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ʹ ͵
ͳ §ͳ· §ͳ· ͳ ͳ ͵
ͳ   ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  ǤǤǤ Ǥ
͵ ©͵¹ ©͵¹ ͳ  ͳ Ȁ͵ ʹȀ͵ ʹ

[79]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 1.7

Ex.1 Š‡ •— ‘ˆ ͳͺ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• ‹• ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ – •“—ƒ”‡Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•–
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‹••—ǫ
ȋͳȌͳ͸ͻ ȋʹȌʹʹͷ ȋ͵Ȍʹͺͻ ȋͶȌ͵͸ͳ
Sol. (2)
ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‹•†‡‘–‡†ƒǡ–Š‡–Š‹•ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š ‘‘
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†αͳŠƒ•–Š‡•—
ƒΪȋƒΪͳȌΪ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪȋƒΪͳ͹ȌαͳͺƒΪȋͳΪʹΪ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊͳ͹Ȍ
ͳ
αͳͺƒΪ ȋͳ͹˜ ͳͺȌαͻȋʹƒΪͳ͹ȌǤ
ʹ
‘”–Š‡•—–‘„‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ǡ–Š‡–‡”ʹƒΪͳ͹—•–„‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ›‹•’‡ –‹‘ǡ
™‡ ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‹•ˆ‹”•–‘ —”•™Š‡ƒαͶǤŠ‹•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡‹‹ƒŽ•—ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ͻ˜ ʹͷαʹʹͷǤ
Ex.2 ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘–‡”•‹•͹ƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹š–‡”•‹•ͻͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘—”–‡”•ǫ
ȋͳȌʹͺ ȋʹȌ͵ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͷ ȋͶȌͶͻ
Sol. (1)
‡–ƒ†‡‘–‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ƒ†”†‡‘–‡–Š‡ ‘‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡
•–ƒ–‡† ‘†‹–‹‘•‹’Ž›–Šƒ–
͹αƒΪƒ”
ƒ†–Šƒ– ͻͳαƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ Ϊƒ”͵ Ϊƒ”Ͷ Ϊƒ”ͷ
αȋƒΪƒ”ȌȋͳΪ”ʹ Ϊ”ͶȌα͹ȋͳΪ”ʹ Ϊ”ͶȌǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ͳ͵αͳΪ”ʹ Ϊ”Ͷ
ƒ† Ͳα”Ͷ Ϊ”ʹ Ȃ ͳʹαȋ”ʹ ΪͶȌȋ”ʹ Ȃ ͵ȌǤ
‡ ‡”ʹ α͵ǡƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘—”–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‹•
ƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ Ϊƒ”͵ αȋƒΪƒ”ȌȋͳΪ”ʹȌα͹ȋͳΪ͵ȌαʹͺǤ
Ex.3 ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡ „‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
ȋ‹Ȍ ƒͳ αͳǡƒ†
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ƒʹ α˜ ƒ ˆ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒʹͳͲͲǫ
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹͻͻ ȋ͵ȌʹͳͲͲ ȋͶȌʹͶͻͷͲ
Sol. (4)
‘’—–‹‰ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡”•‰‹˜‡•
ƒʹ αƒʹ˜ ͳ αͳ˜ ƒͳ αͳαʹͲǡ
ƒʹʹ αƒͶ αƒʹ˜ʹ αʹ˜ ƒʹ αʹαʹͳǡ
ƒʹ͵ αƒͺ αƒʹ˜Ͷ αͶ˜ ƒͶ αͺαʹͳΪʹǡ
ƒ† ƒʹͶ αƒͳ͸ αƒʹ˜ͺ αͺ˜ ƒͺ α͸ͶαʹͳΪʹΪ͵Ǥ
–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ˆ”‘–Š‹••ƒ’Ž‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”™‡Šƒ˜‡
ƒʹ αʹͳΪʹژ ˜ ˜ΪȋȂ ͳȌ αʹȋȂ ͳȌȀʹǤ

[80]
 Mathematics

‹†— –‹‘ƒ”‰—‡– ‘ˆ‹”•–Šƒ––Š‹•ˆ‘”—ŽƒŠ‘Ž†•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ‘•‡‡

–Š‹•ǡ ˆ‹”•– ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡” Š‘Ž†• ™Š‡  ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ˆ‡™ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–‹–‹•–”—‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡
ƒʹΪͳ αƒʹ˜ʹ αʹ ˜ ƒʹ αʹ ˜ ʹȋȂ ͳȌȀʹ αʹΪȋȂ ͳȌȀʹ αʹȋΪͳȌȀʹǡ
‘‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘–”—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ—•–„‡–”—‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡‡••‡ ‡‘ˆƒ’”‘‘ˆ„›ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ‹†— –‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‡
ƒʹͳͲͲ αʹȋͻͻ˜ ͳͲͲȌȀʹ αʹͶͻͷͲǤ
͵ƒ   ͳ
Ex.4 ‡–ƒͳ α͵ǡƒ††‡ˆ‹‡ƒΪͳ α ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ ‹†ƒʹͲͳͳȉ
ƒ  ͵
Sol. 03
͵š  ͳ
͵ ͳ
͵š  ͳ š  ͵ ͵š  ͵  š  ͵ š ͵
‡–ˆȋšȌα Ǥ Š‡ˆȋˆȋšȌȌα Ǥ
š ͵ ͵š  ͳ ͵š  ͳ  ͵š  ͵ ͵š  ͳ
 ͵
š ͵
͵š  ͳ
 ͵
š  ͵ ͵š  ͳ  ͵š  ͵ ͳ
ˆȋˆȋˆȋšȌȌȌα Ǥ ‘ˆȋˆȋˆȋˆȋˆȋˆȋšȌȌȌȌȌȌαšǤ
͵š  ͳ ͵š  ͵  š  ͵ š
͵ ͳ
š ͵
‹ ‡ʹͲͳͲα͸έ͵͵ͷǡƒʹͲͳͳ α ˆȋˆȋˆ ˜˜˜ ˆȋˆ ȋ͵ȌȌ ˜ ˜ ˜ ȌȌα͵Ǥ
ʹͲͳͲ ‘’‹ •
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ex.5 ”‡ƒŽǦ˜ƒŽ—‡†ˆ— –‹‘ˆ•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌΪʹˆȋšʹ Ȃ ͵šΪʹȌαͻšʹ Ȃ ͳͷšǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ

”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆšǤ ‹†ˆȋͷȌǤ
Sol. 11
‹˜‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌΪʹˆȋšʹȂ ͵šΪʹȌαͻšʹ Ȃͳͷšǡ
™‡”‡’Žƒ ‡š„›ͳȂ šƒ†‘„–ƒ‹
ˆȋšʹȂ ͵šΪʹȌΪʹˆȋšʹ ΪšȌαͻȋͳȂ šȌʹȂ ͳͷȋͳȂ šȌαͻšʹȂ ͵šȂ ͸Ǥ
Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ˆȋšʹȂ ͵šΪʹȌˆ”‘–Š‡–™‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
͵ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌαͻšʹ ΪͻšȂ ͳʹǡ
–Š‡”‡„› ˆȋšʹ ΪšȌα͵šʹ Ϊ͵šȂ Ͷα͵ȋšʹ ΪšȌȂ Ͷǡ
Š‡ ‡ˆȋͷȌα͵ȋͷȌȂ Ͷαͳͳ
Ex.6 Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡Žƒ•–ʹ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡•—ͳΪͳͳΪͳͳͳΪǥΪ ͳͳͳǤǤǤͳͳͳ ǫ
ʹͲͳͶ †‹‰‹–•

Sol. 44
ƒ•–†‹‰‹–ǣʹͲͳͶo Ͷ
‡ ‘†Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–ǣʹͲͳ͵ΪʹͲͳαʹʹͳͶo Ͷ
? –Š‡Žƒ•–ʹ†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡ͶͶǤ
[81]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 1.7
1. ‰”‘ ‡”ƒ‡•ƒ†‹•’Žƒ›‘ˆ ƒ•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡–‘’”‘™Šƒ•‘‡ ƒ ƒ†‡ƒ ŠŽ‘™‡””‘™Šƒ•
–™‘‘”‡ ƒ•–Šƒ–Š‡”‘™ƒ„‘˜‡‹–Ǥ ˆ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ› ‘–ƒ‹•ͳͲͲ ƒ•ǡŠ‘™ƒ›”‘™•ƒ”‡
–Š‡”‡ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵Ȍͻ ȋͶȌͳͲ
2. Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†ˆ‘—”–Š–‡”•‘ˆƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ƒ”‡ʹƒ†͸ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
‹•ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‹”•––‡”ǫ
ʹ ͵ ͵
ȋͳȌ  ͵ ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ ͵
͵ ͵
3. ‹‰—”‡•Ͳǡͳǡʹǡƒ†͵ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆͳǡͷǡͳ͵ǡƒ†ʹͷ‘‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰—‹–•“—ƒ”‡•ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
ˆ–Š‡’ƒ––‡”™‡”‡ ‘–‹—‡†ǡŠ‘™ƒ›‘Ǧ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰—‹–•“—ƒ”‡•™‘—Ž†–Š‡”‡„‡‹
‹‰—”‡ͳͲͲǫ

‹‰—”‡Ͳ
‹‰—”‡ͳ
‹‰—”‡ʹ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹‰—”‡͵

ȋͳȌͳͲǡͶͲͳ ȋʹȌͳͻǡͺͲͳ ȋ͵ȌʹͲǡʹͲͳ ȋͶȌ͵ͻǡͺͲͳ

4. ‡–ͳǡͶǡǤǤǤƒ†ͻǡͳ͸ǡǤǤǤ„‡–™‘ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡–‹•–Š‡—‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
ʹͲͲͶ–‡”•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†‹•–‹ –—„‡”•ƒ”‡‹ǫ
ȋͳȌ͵͹ʹʹ ȋʹȌ͵͹͵ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͻͳͶ ȋͶȌ͵ͻʹͶ
5. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒ „‡ƒˆ‹‹–‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š ƒͶ Ϊƒ͹ ΪƒͳͲ αͳ͹ǡ ƒͶ Ϊƒͷ Ϊƒ͸ Ϊƒ͹ Ϊƒͺ
Ϊƒͻ ΪƒͳͲ Ϊƒͳͳ Ϊƒͳʹ Ϊƒͳ͵ ΪƒͳͶ α͹͹ ƒ†ƒ αͳ͵ǤŠƒ–‹•ǫ
ȋͳȌͳ͸ ȋʹȌͳͺ ȋ͵ȌʹͲ ȋͶȌʹʹ
6. •‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ˆ‘”•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™Š‘•‡ˆ‹”•––‡”‹•ͻǤ ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”‹•— Šƒ‰‡†ǡʹ‹•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‡”ǡƒ†ʹͲ‹•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†
–‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡–Š”‡‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰—„‡”•ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹”†–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǫ
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌͶ ȋ͵Ȍ͵͸ ȋͶȌͶͻ
7. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ—„‡”•ǣͶǡ͹ǡͳǡͺǡͻǡ͹ǡ͸ǡǤǤǤǤ ‘”εʹǡ–Š‡–Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
•‡“—‡ ‡‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’”‡˜‹‘—•–‡”•Ǥ‡–  †‡‘–‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‘”™Š‹ Š εͳͲǡͲͲͲǫ
ȋͳȌͳͻͻʹ ȋʹȌͳͻͻͻ ȋ͵ȌʹͲͲͳ ȋͶȌʹͲͲʹ

[82]
 Mathematics

8. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ȓƒȔ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›
ƒͳ αʹǡƒ†ƒΪͳ ა Ϊʹǡ™Š‡t ͳǤ
Šƒ–‹•ƒͳͲͲǫ
ȋͳȌͻͻͲͲ ȋʹȌͻͻͲʹ ȋ͵ȌͻͻͲͶ ȋͶȌͳͲͳͲͲ
9. Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒͳǡƒʹǡƒ͵ǡǤǤǤŠƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–
ƒΪʹ ა ΪƒΪͳǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽt ͳǤ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒ͹ αͳʹͲǤŠƒ–‹•ƒͺǫ
ȋͳȌͳʹͺ ȋʹȌͳ͸ͺ ȋ͵Ȍͳͻ͵ ȋͶȌͳͻͶ
10. •‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ˆ‘”•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘™‹–Šƒˆ‹”•––‡”‘ˆͻǤ ˆ
ʹ ‹• ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† –‡” ƒ† ʹͲ ‹• ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ –Š‹”† –‡”ǡ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰
—„‡”• ˆ‘” ƒ ‰‡‘‡–”‹  ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –Š‹”†
–‡”‹–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǫ
11. –Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ʹͲͲͳǡʹͲͲʹǡʹͲͲ͵ǡǤǤǤǡ‡ƒ Š–‡”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡–Š‹”†‹•ˆ‘—†„›•—„–”ƒ –‹‰–Š‡
’”‡˜‹‘—• –‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ –‡”• –Šƒ– ’”‡ ‡†‡ –Šƒ– –‡”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡
ˆ‘—”–Š–‡”‹•ʹͲͲͳΪʹͲͲʹȂʹͲͲ͵αʹͲͲͲǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ʹͲͲͶ–Š –‡”‹–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡ǫ
12. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ—„‡”•ǣͶǡ͹ǡͳǡͺǡͻǡ͹ǡ͸ǡǤǤǤǤ ‘”εʹǡ–Š‡–Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
•‡“—‡ ‡‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’”‡˜‹‘—•–‡”•Ǥ‡–†‡‘–‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ ˆ•ƒŽŽ‡•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‘”εͳͲǡͲͲͲ‹•ƒ„ †–Š‡ˆ‹†
ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†ǣ
ͳ͸ ͳͲͺ
13. ‡–šƒ†›„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ  Ϊš›ǫ
š ›
14. ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹ˆ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

   ǤǤǤ  ͷǤ
Ͷ ͷ ͷ ͸ ͸ ͹    ͳ
15. ‘•‹†‡”ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ȓƒȔ†‡ˆ‹‡†„›
ƒ
ƒͳ αͳƒ†ƒΪͳ α ˆ‘”t ͳǤ
ͳ  ƒ 
ͳ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ȃ ʹͲͲͻͲͲͲǤ
ƒ ʹͲͲͷ
16. ƒ‡• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†ˆ‹†•–Šƒ––Š‡•—‹•ͷͲͷ͵Ǥ ˆ
Š‡Šƒ• ‘—–‡†‘‡‹–‡‰‡”–™‹ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‘‡‹•‹–ǫ
17. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ʹͳͲͲȂ ȋšΪͳȌȋšΪʹͲͲ͸Ȍȏ   ǤǤǤ  Ȑǫ
ȋš  ͳȌȋš  ʹȌ ȋš  ʹȌȋš  ͵Ȍ ȋš  ʹͲͲͷȌȋš  ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ
18. —’’‘•‡ƒ †‡‘–‡•–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒʹ αͶͻǡƒ͵ αͶ͵ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒͳ Ϊ
ƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ΪǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤΪƒʹͲͲ͹ ‹•‰‹˜‡„›šǤ ‹†•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆšǤ
ͳ  ƒ ͳ
19. •‡“—‡ ‡ȓƒȔ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›ƒͳ αʹǡƒ α ǡt ʹǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋͳͳͲͲΪʹͲͲͺƒʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ
ͳ  ƒ ͳ
ͳͲͲ

20. ˆ–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ¦ 
 ͳ
ǡ™Š‡”‡”ƒ‰‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ‹•ǡˆ‹†
ͷͲ
Ǥ

[83]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
21. Š‡•—‘ˆƒ‹ˆ‹‹–‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡”‹‡•‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‡”‹–Š‡
•‡”‹‡•‹•ͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǫ
22. ‡–ƒδ„δ „‡–Š”‡‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ǡ ‹•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒ†ƒǡ ǡ„‹•ƒ
‰‡‘‡–”‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲ ǫ
23. Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ Šƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–‡”„‡‰‹‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡–Š‹”†‹•
–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•–™‘ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ αȂʹ ڐȂͳ ˆ‘”t ͵Ǥ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ͻ αͳͳͲƒ†
͹ αͶʹǤŠƒ–‹•Ͷǫ
24. Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡Ž‘‰ͳʹͳ͸ʹǡͳ‘‰ͳʹšǡŽ‘‰ͳʹ›ǡŽ‘‰ͳʹœǡŽ‘‰ͳʹͳʹͷͲ‹•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǤŠƒ–
š
‹• ǫ
ͳͲ
25. Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒ‰Ž‡•‘ˆ“—ƒ†”‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘Ǥ”‹ƒ‰Ž‡•
ƒ†ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”™‹–Š‘ᑃ†‘α‘Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡•‹‡ƒ Š
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–™‘–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘Ǥ †‡‰”‡‡•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡

•—‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ‰Ž‡•‘ˆ‹•ǤŠƒ–‹• ǫ
͵
26. ™‘ ‘Ǧ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‡“—‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‹”•– –‡”•Ǥ ƒ Š
•‡“—‡ ‡ Šƒ• –Š‡ ’”‘’‡”–› –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š –‡” „‡‰‹‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –Š‹”† ‹• –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‡˜‹‘—• –™‘ –‡”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‡˜‡–Š–‡” ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š •‡“—‡ ‡ ‹• Ǥ Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ǤŠƒ–‹•ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

27. Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘—”–‡”•‘ˆƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ƒ”‡’ǡͻǡ͵’Ȃ “ǡƒ†͵’Ϊ“ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—
‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲͳͲ–Š –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ǫ
28. ‡–ƒΪƒ”ͳ Ϊƒ”ͳʹ Ϊƒ”ͳ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤƒ†ƒΪƒ”ʹ Ϊƒ”ʹʹ Ϊƒ”ʹ͵ ΪǤǤǤǤǤ„‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ˆ‹‹–‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ 
•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”•™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‹”•––‡”ǤŠ‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡”‹‡•‹•”ͳǡƒ†
–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†•‡”‹‡•‹•”ʹǤŠƒ–‹•͵ͳȋ”ͳ Ϊ”ʹȌ ǫ
29. ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡”•‘ˆƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‹•ǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡
–Š‡ƒ•™‡”™Š‡ʹͲͲͺ–Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͷͷǫ
30. Š‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡”‹‡•ƒΪƒ”Ϊƒ”ʹ ΪǤǤǤǤŠƒ•ƒ•—‘ˆ͹ǡƒ†–Š‡–‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰‘††’‘™‡”•
‘ˆ”Šƒ˜‡ƒ•—‘ˆ͵ǤŠƒ–‹•ͳͲȋƒΪ”Ȍǫ
31. ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ š  ͳͶͶ  ͹ʹʹ  š Ǥ
ͻͻ
ȋ ͳȌ ͳ
32. ˆα ¦ ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲǤ
 ͳ ȋ  ͳȌȋ   ͳ   Ȍ
33. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡƒ͵ǡǤǤǤ „‡–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡–‘͹ͷǡ™Š‡”‡
ƒͳ δƒʹ δƒ͵ δ˜˜˜ǤȋŠ‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ƒ”‡ǣƒͳ αͳǡƒʹ αʹǡƒ͵ αͶǡƒͶ α͹ǡƒͷ αͺǤȌ
Š‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒʹͲͲͺ ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•’ͳͲ͵ Ϊ“ͳͲʹ Ϊ”ͳͲΪ•Ǥ ‹†ȋ’Ϊ“Ϊ”Ϊ•Ȍ

[84]
 Mathematics

34. ‹˜‡–Šƒ– šΪȋͳΪšȌʹ ΪȋͳΪšȌ͵ΪǤǤǤΪȋͳΪšȌ αƒͲ ΪƒͳšΪƒʹšʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒšǡ

™Š‡”‡‡ƒ Šƒ” ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǡ”αͲǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡǤ
ȋ  ͳȌ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•— Š–Šƒ–ƒͲ Ϊƒʹ Ϊƒ͵ ΪƒͶ ΪǤǤǤΪƒȂ ʹ ΪƒȂ ͳ α͸ͲȂ Ǥ
ʹ
ƒ  ͳ
35. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒΪͳ α ǡ™Š‡”‡αͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤƒ†ƒͲ αƒͳ αͳǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
ͳ  ƒ  ͳƒ 

§ ͳ ·
¨ ʹ u ͳͲ 
Ͷ
¸Ǥ
© ƒͳͻͻƒʹͲͲ ¹
36. —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ȋ—Ȍ ‹• ƒ •‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ —„‡”• •ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ — Ϊ ʹ α ʹ— Ϊ ͳ Ϊ —ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–
—͵ αͻƒ†—͸ αͳʹͺǤŠƒ–‹•—ͷǫ
37. ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– –‡”•‘ˆƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‹•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡
•“—ƒ”‡”‘‘–‘ˆʹͲͲͺ–Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ǫ
38. ˆ‹‹–‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•Šƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•ƒ†—‹–•†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ
‡ƒ Š–‡”•ƒ”‡ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡Š—†”‡†•ƒ†–‡•†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡š––‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡–‡•
ƒ†—‹–•†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––‡”ƒ”‡ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡Š—†”‡†•ƒ†–‡•†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
–‡”Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•— Šƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‹‰Š–„‡‰‹™‹–Š–‡”•ʹͶ͹ǡͶ͹ͷǡƒ†͹ͷ͸ƒ†‡†
™‹–Š–Š‡–‡”ͺʹͶǤ‡–„‡–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡–‡”•‹–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–
’”‹‡—„‡”–Šƒ–ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‹˜‹†‡•ǫ
39. ‘™ƒ›‘Ǧ•‹‹Žƒ”–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰Ž‡•™Š‘•‡†‡‰”‡‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –’‘•‹–‹˜‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹–‡‰‡”•‹ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǫ
ƒ  ͳ
40. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤ„‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š ƒͳ αʹƒʹ α͵ƒ†ƒ α ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”
ƒ  ʹ
t ͵Ǥ Šƒ–‹•ƒʹͲͲ͸ǫ
41. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡ ǡ„‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
Ǥ ƒͳ αͳǡƒ†
Ǥ ƒʹ α˜ ƒ ˆ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǮǯ‹ˆƒʹͳͲͲ αʹǤ
42. ‡–ͳǡͶǡ˜˜˜˜˜ ƒ†ͻǡͳ͸ǡ˜˜˜˜˜ „‡–™‘ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡–‹•–Š‡—‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
ʹͲͲͶ–‡”•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ—’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ǯǯ†‹•–‹ –—„‡”•‹•‡–Ǯǯǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†
–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǮǯǤ
43. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ȓƒȔ‹•ƒƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊ˜˜˜˜˜ ΪƒͳͲͲ αͳͲͲƒ†ƒͳͲͳ ΪƒͳͲʹ Ϊ
˜˜˜˜ ΪƒʹͲͲ αʹͲͲǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳͲ͵ȋƒʹȂ ƒͳȌǫ
44. ‡–ȓƒȔ„‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒͳ αͳƒ†ƒΪ ჏ڃΪǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†ǤŠ‡ƒͳʹ ‹•
[85]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
45. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤƒ „‡ƒˆ‹‹–‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š
ƒͶ Ϊƒ͹ ΪƒͳͲ αͳ͹ƒ†ƒͶ Ϊƒͷ Ϊƒ͸ ΪǤǤǤǤǤǤΪƒͳʹ Ϊƒͳ͵ ΪƒͳͶ α͹͹Ǥ
ˆƒ αͳ͵ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
46. —’’‘•‡šǡ›ǡœ‹•ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š ‘‘”ƒ–‹‘”ƒ†š z ›Ǥ ˆšǡʹ›ǡ͵œ‹•ƒ
ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ǡʹ͹”‹•ǫ
47. Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ ͳǡʹǡͳǡʹǡʹǡͳǡʹǡʹǡʹǡͳǡʹǡʹǡʹǡʹǡͳǡʹǡʹǡʹǡʹǡʹǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆͳǯ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†
„›„Ž‘ •‘ˆʹ̵•™‹–Šʹ̵•‹–Š‡–Š „Ž‘ Ǥ
Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͳʹ͵Ͷ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡‹•
48. ‡ˆ‹‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒͳǡƒʹǡƒ͵ǡǤǤǤ„›ƒͳ αͳƒ† ƒ͵ͳ ͻͻƒ͵ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽt ͳǤŠ‡

ȋƒͳͲͲȌͳȀ͵͵ ‡“—ƒŽ•
49. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‡”•‹ƒǤǤȋ”‹–Š‡–‹ ”‘‰”‡••‹‘Ȍ‹•‡˜‡ǤŠ‡•—•‘ˆ–Š‡‘††ƒ†
‡˜‡Ǧ—„‡”‡†–‡”•ƒ”‡ʹͶƒ†͵Ͳ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––‡”‡š ‡‡†•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–„›ͳͲǤͷǡ
–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‡”•‹–Š‡ǤǤ‹•
50. ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡”‹‡•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡–‡”•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Šƒ†ˆ‘—”–Š–‡”•‹•
ͷ͹͸ǡƒ†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†ˆ‹”•––‡”•‹•ͻǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•
‘ˆ•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹••‡”‹‡•ǫ
51. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒʹͲͳͺ „‡ƒ•–”‹ –Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–
ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ ΪȉȉȉΪƒʹͲͳͺ αʹͲͳͺʹͲͳͺǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡ ƒ͵ͳ  ƒ͵ʹ  ǤǤǤ  ƒ͵ʹͲͳͺ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›͸ǫ
52. ˆ— –‹‘ˆ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†”‡ —”•‹˜‡Ž›„›ˆȋͳȌαˆȋʹȌαͳƒ†ˆȋȌαˆȋȂ ͳȌȂ ˆȋȂ ʹȌڐˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
‹–‡‰‡”•t ͵ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȏˆȋʹͲͳͺȌȂ ʹͲͲͲȐǫ
53. ‡ˆ‹‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡”‡ —”•‹˜‡Ž›„› Ͳ αͲǡ ͳ αͳǡƒ†  α–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡ Ȃͳ Ϊ Ȃʹ ‹•
†‹˜‹†‡†„›͵ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽt ʹǤŠ—• –Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡•–ƒ”–•ͲǡͳǡͳǡʹǡͲǡʹǤǤǤǤŠƒ–‹• ʹͲͳ͹ Ϊ ʹͲͳͺ Ϊ
ʹͲͳͻ Ϊ ʹͲʹͲ Ϊ ʹͲʹͳ Ϊ ʹͲʹʹ Ϊ ʹͲʹ͵ Ϊ ʹͲʹͶǫ

54. Š‡•—‘ˆƒ‹ˆ‹‹–‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡”‹‡•‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‡”‹–Š‡

•‡”‹‡•‹•ͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǫ
55. ‘™ƒ›ˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ„ †ǡ™‹–Šƒz ͲǡŠƒ˜‡–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ––Š‡–Š”‡‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–
‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ„δ„ δ †ˆ‘”ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡ǫ‡•— Š—„‡”‹•Ͷ͸ͻʹǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒαͶǡ„α͸ǡ αͻǡƒ††αʹǤ
56. Š‡’”‘†— –ȋͺȌȋͺͺͺǤǤǤͺȌǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†ˆƒ –‘”Šƒ•†‹‰‹–•ǡ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•
Šƒ˜‡ƒ•—‘ˆͳͲͲͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋͳͲͲͲȂ Ȍǫ
57. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ—„‡”•ȓͳǡͳͲǡͳͲʹǡͳͲ͵ǡǤǤǤͳͲͳͲȔǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
•‡––‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”–‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‹• Ž‘•‡•––‘™Š‹ Š‹–‡‰‡”ǫ

[86]
 Mathematics

1.8 : Exponentials and radicals

Exponents and Bases
Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’™‘”‹‰†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
Ȉ ˆ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†ƒ‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•›„‘Ž
  –‹‡•

ƒ α ƒ ˜ ƒ ˜˜˜ ƒ
”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆƒǤ –Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒǡ–Š‡—„‡”ƒ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡
base ƒ†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡exponent ‘”’‘™‡”Ǥ
Ȉ ˆ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡principal nth root ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ƒǡ™”‹––‡ƒͳȀ α

ƒ ǡ ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–”‡ƒŽ—„‡”„•— Š–Šƒ–ƒα„ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†•— Šƒ—„‡”‡š‹•–•Ǥ— Šƒ
—„‡”‡š‹•–•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•™Š‡ƒt ͲǤ—–™Š‡ƒδͲǡ‹–‡š‹•–•‘Ž›ˆ‘”‘††
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
Š‡•›„‘Ž  ƒ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒradical ™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‡šƒ†”ƒ†‹ ƒ†ƒǤ ˆ–Š‡‹†‡šαʹ™‡
™”‹–‡ ʹ ƒ •‹’Ž›ƒ• ƒ ǡ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡”‘‘–‘ˆƒǤ ˆ–Š‡‹†‡šα͵ǡ™‡ ƒŽŽ ͵ ƒ –Š‡ —„‡”‘‘–‘ˆ
ƒǤ
Ȉ ˆ’ƒ†“ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•™‹–Š‘ ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ†α’Ȁ“ǡ–Š‡™‡†‡ˆ‹‡
’
“
ƒ αƒ’Ȁ“ α ƒ Ǥ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Šƒ– “
ƒ ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†Ǥ

Ȉ Š‡‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”ǡƒ†ƒ ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ†‘œ‡”‘ǡ™‡†‡ˆ‹‡
ͳ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒȂα  Ǥ
ƒ
Exponential Functions
‘ †‡ˆ‹‡ ƒ exponential function ™‡ ‡‡† –‘ ‡š–‡† –Š‡ ‡š’‘‡– ‘ ‡’– –‘ ’‡”‹– –Š‡
‡š’‘‡– –‘ –ƒ‡ ‘ ƒ› ”‡ƒŽ —„‡” ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ  ‘’Ž‡–‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡š–‡•‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡•
ƒŽ —Ž—•–‘†‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ǡ•‘™‡™‹ŽŽ•‹’Ž›ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–‹– ƒ„‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”‹Ž› ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ƒ
ƒ‡”–Šƒ–‹• ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‰‹˜‡Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›
™‹–Š–ƒ‹‰”‘‘–•‘ˆ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡—„‡”•ǡ–Š‡„ƒ•‡ƒ‘ˆƒ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ••—‡†–‘
„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡƒ†–‘•‹’Ž‹ˆ›ƒ––‡”•™‡ƒŽ•‘•’‡ ‹ˆ›–Šƒ–ƒz ͳǤ
Š‹•’”‘†— ‡•‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‰”ƒ’Š••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‘•‡•Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–
™‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‡ƒεͳǡ–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆˆȋšȌαʹšǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–™Š‡ƒδͳǡ –Š‡‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ
ˆȋšȌα͵Ȃš αȋͳȀ͵Ȍš Ǥ
› ›

ˆȋšȌαʹš ͵
ʹ
ˆȋšȌαȋͳȀ͵Ȍš

Ȃͳ š Ȃͳ š

[87]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Basic Rules of Exponents
RESULT 1 —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒεͲƒ†„εͲǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›’ƒ‹”‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•šƒ†›ǣ
ͳ
Ȉ ƒͲ αͳ ȈƒȂ š α š
ƒ
Ȉ ƒš ˜ ƒ› αƒšΪ› ȈȋƒšȌ› αƒš›
š š
ƒš §ƒ· ƒ
Ȉ ›
αƒšȂ › Ȉ ¨ ¸ š
ƒ ©„¹ „
Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™†‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
RESULT 2 ˆƒεͲƒ†„εͲǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”™‡Šƒ˜‡
ƒ 
ƒ
Ȉ 
ƒ„ 
ƒ „ Ȉ 
„ 
„
Ȉ  
ƒ 
ƒ Ȉ 
ƒ ƒ Ȁ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‡”–ƒ‹ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ”‡ ™Š‡ ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ• ƒ†
”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•Ǥ
Ȉ Š‡ƒαͲƒ†šεͲ™‡†‡ˆ‹‡ƒš αͲǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡ƒƒ†šƒ”‡„‘–ŠͲǡ™‡†‘‘–†‡ˆ‹‡ƒšǤ
Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹• —••‡†‹ ƒŽ —Ž—•ǡ„—–›‘— ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡—•–„‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›
„›‘–‹‰–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”š™‡Šƒ˜‡„‘–ŠͲš αͲ„—–šͲ αͳǤ
Ȉ Š‡ƒδͲ™‡ ƒ•‘‡–‹‡•†‡ˆ‹‡ƒš ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ǡ„—–‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•Ǥ ˆš‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǡ
ƒš ‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ ‘””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆšǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒš ‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”†‡’‡†•
‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆšǤ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆšα’Ȁ“ǡ™Š‡”‡’ƒ†“ƒ”‡‘œ‡”‘

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹–‡‰‡”•™‹–Š‘ ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ–Š‡
­ “
° ƒ ’ ȋ “ ƒ Ȍ’ ǡ ‹ˆ“‹•‘††Ǣ
ƒ’Ȁ“ α ®
°̄—†‡ˆ‹‡†ǡ ‹ˆ“‹•‡˜‡Ǥ
ʹ
‘ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡȋȂ ͺȌʹȀ͵ α ͵
ȋ ͺȌ αȋȂ ʹȌʹ αͶǡ„—–ȋȂ ͺȌ͵Ȁʹ ‹•‘–†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡
‹–™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡–ƒ‹‰–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡”‘‘–‘ˆƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡—„‡”Ǥ
The Binomial Theorem
Result 1 The Binomial Theorem: ‘” ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ‹” ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ —„‡”• ƒ ƒ† „ ƒ† ‡ƒ Š ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‹–‡‰‡”™‡Šƒ˜‡
§· §· §· §·
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ α ¨ ¸ ƒ„ͲΪ ¨ ¸ ƒȂ ͳ„ͳ Ϊ ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊ ¨ ¸ ƒȂ „ Ϊ ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊ ¨ ¸ ƒͲ„ǡ
©Ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹ ©¹ ©¹
§· Ǩ
™Š‡”‡ ¨ ¸
©¹ Ǩȋ  ȌǨ
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ„‹‘‹ƒŽ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ – †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ —„‡”‘ˆ †‹•–‹ – ™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡
‘„Œ‡ –•ˆ”‘ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –•Ǥš’ƒ†‹‰ƒ†•‹’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰‰‹˜‡•
ȋ  ͳȌ Ȃ ʹ ʹ Ǩ
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ ა ڐƒȂ ͳ„Ϊ ƒ „ ژ ˜ ˜Ϊ ƒȂ „ژ ˜ ˜Ϊ„Ǥ
ʹ Ǩȋ  ȌǨ
[88]
 Mathematics

‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‡α͵–Š‡‹‘‹ƒŽŠ‡‘”‡‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–
§͵· §͵· §͵· §͵·
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ͵ α ¨ ¸ ƒ͵  ¨ ¸ ƒʹ„  ¨ ¸ ƒ„ʹ  ¨ ¸ „͵
©Ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹ © ʹ¹ ©͵¹
͵Ǩ ͵ ͵Ǩ ʹ ͵Ǩ ͵Ǩ ͵
α ƒ  ƒ „ ƒ„ʹ  „
͵Ǩ˜ ͲǨ ʹǨ˜ ͳǨ ͳǨ˜ ʹǨ ͲǨ˜ ͵Ǩ
͸ ͵ ͸ ʹ ͸ ͸ ͵
α ƒ  ƒ „ ƒ„ʹ  „
͸˜ ͳ ʹ˜ ͳ ͳ˜ ʹ ͳ˜ ͸
αƒ͵ Ϊ͵ƒʹ„Ϊ͵ƒ„ʹ Ϊ„͵Ǥ
– ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ •‡‡ ™Š› –Š‡ ‹‘‹ƒŽ Š‡‘”‡ ‹• –”—‡ǡ •‹ ‡ ‹– ˆ‘”• ƒ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡
„‹‘‹ƒŽ‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–™‡™”‹–‡’”‘†— –•‘ˆȋƒΪ„Ȍ‹ˆƒ –‘”‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•
  –‹‡•

ȋƒΪ„Ȍ α ȋȋƒ  „Ȍȋƒ

„Ȍȋ  „Ȍȋƒ
„Ȍȋ  „Ȍ ˜˜˜ ȋƒ
ȋ  „ȌǤ
„Ȍ
Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ•—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ–‡”ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘••‹„Ž‡™ƒ›
–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ Š‘‘•‡ƒƒ‘”„ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”•‹–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”‡†ˆ‘”Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ˆ
™‡ Š‘‘•‡ƒˆ”‘‡ƒ Šˆƒ –‘”ȋ•‘™‡ Š‘‘•‡Ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡„ǯ•Ȍ–Š‡™‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡–‡”ƒǤ ˆ™‡
Š‘‘•‡ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡„ǯ•ˆ”‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”ƒ†ƒǯ•ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•–ǡ–Š‡™‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‡”•‹
–Š‡•—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒȂ ͳ „Ǥ ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”
ƒȂ „ ‹•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡„ǯˆ•ˆ”‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•ǤŠ‡
„‹‘‹ƒŽ‘–ƒ–‹‘‰‹˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡”•Ǥ
Š‡„‹‘‹ƒŽ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–••ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǥ ”‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘
§· Ǩ §  ·
™‡ ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ– ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸Ǥ
©  ¹ Ǩȋ  ȌǨ ©    ¹
§  · §  · §   ͳ·
Ž•‘ǡ™Š‡δ™‡Šƒ˜‡ ¨ ¸  ¨
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

¸ ¨ ¸Ǥ
©  ¹ ©   ͳ¹ ©   ͳ¹
Š‹•”‡•—Ž–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–
§· §  · Ǩ Ǩ Ǩȋȋ  ͳȌ  ȋ  ȌȌ
¨ ¸¨ ¸  α
©  ¹ ©   ͳ ¹ Ǩȋ  ȌǨ ȋ  ͳȌǨȋ    ͳȌǨ ȋ  ͳȌǨȋ  ȌǨ
Ǩȋ  ͳȌ ȋ  ͳȌǨ §   ͳ·
α α ¨ ¸Ǥ
ȋ  ͳȌǨȋȋ  ͳȌ  ȋ  ͳȌȌǨ ȋ  ͳȌǨȋȋ  ͳȌ  ȋ  ͳȌȌǨ ©   ͳ ¹
Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‰‹˜‡•—•–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”Pascal’s triangle. Š‡–ŠŽ‹‡‹–Š‡–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡‰‹˜‡
—•–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆƒƒ†„‹–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆȋƒΪ„Ȍ ǣ
ȋƒΪ„ȌͲ ǣ ͳ
ͳ
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ ǣ ͳ ͳ
ʹ
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ ǣ ͳ ʹ ͳ
͵
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ ǣ ͳ͵͵  ͳ
Ͷ
ȋƒΪ„Ȍ ǣ ͳ Ͷ ͸ Ͷ ͳ

•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡–Šƒ–‹••‘‡–‹‡•—•‡ˆ—Žǡ„—–‘–Ž‹‡Ž›™‘”–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ǡ‹•–Šƒ–

§ ʹ ·  ȋʹ  ͳȌȋʹ  ͵Ȍ ˜˜˜ ͵ ˜ ͳ
¨ ¸ ʹ
©¹ Ǩ

[89]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 1.8

Ex.1 —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–εͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ͵  ͵  ͵  ǫ
ȋͳȌͳȀʹ͹ ȋʹȌͳȀͻ ȋ͵ȌͳȀ͵ ȋͶȌͳ͵Ȁʹ͹
Sol. (4)
‡ˆ‹”•–”‡™”‹–‡–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘—•‹‰‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
͵ ͳȀ͵ ͳȀ͵
Š‡ ͵ ͵    ˜ ͳȀ͵

αͳȀ͵ȋͳȀ͵ȌȋͳȀ͵ȌȋͳȀ͵ȌȋͳȀ͵ȌȋͳȀ͵Ȍ
αͳȀ͵ ˜ ͳȀͻ ˜ ͳȀʹ͹ αͳȀ͵ΪͳȀͻΪͳȀʹ͹Ǥ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ͵
‹ ‡   ™‡Šƒ˜‡ ͵  ͵  ͵  αͳ͵Ȁʹ͹Ǥ
͵ ͻ ʹ͹ ʹ͹
Ex.2 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆš͹ ‹–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ ȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌͶǫ
ȋͳȌȂͳʹ ȋʹȌȂͺ ȋ͵Ȍ͸ ȋͶȌͺ
Sol. (2)
‹”•–™”‹–‡
ȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌͶ αȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌ˜ ȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌ˜ ȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌ˜ ȋͳΪʹšǤšʹȌǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘™‡”‘ˆ
š‹•šͺǡ™Š‹ Š‘ —”•„› Š‘‘•‹‰Ȃšʹ ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ‘‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡–‡”š͹ǡ
™‡‡‡†–‘ Š‘‘•‡Ȃšʹ ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ†ʹšˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘—”–ŠǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”†‹•–‹ –
™ƒ›•–‘ƒ‡–Š‹• Š‘‹ ‡ǡ‘‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Šˆƒ –‘”ǡ•‘–Š‡š͹ –‡”‹–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ͷ˜ ȋʹšȌ˜ ȋȂšʹȌ͵ αȂ ͺš͹Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•‹•‘–ƒ†‹”‡ –ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘‹ƒŽŠ‡‘”‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡‰‹˜‡•
ȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌͶ αȋȋͳΪʹšȌΪȋȂ šʹȌȌͶ
αȋͳΪʹšȌͶ ΪͶȋͳΪʹšȌ͵ȋȂšʹȌΪ͸ȋͳΪʹšȌʹȋȂšʹȌʹ ΪͶȋͳΪʹšȌȋȂšʹȌ͵ ΪȋȂšʹȌͶǤ
Ž›ͶȋͳΪʹšȌȋȂšʹȌ͵ αͶš͸ Ȃ ͺš͹ Šƒ•ƒ–‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰š͹ǡ•‘–Š‡ƒ•™‡”‹•Ȃ ͺǤ

›–Š‡‡”‘Ǧ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ˆ‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆš͹ ‹–Š‹• ’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ
‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡ͺ‹•–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡œ‡”‘•‘ˆȋšȌαȋͳΪʹšȂ šʹȌͶ αȋšʹ Ȃ ʹšȂ ͳȌͶǤ
’’Ž›‹‰–Š‹••ƒ‡”‡•—Ž––‘–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽšʹ Ȃ ʹšȂ ͳ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡œ‡”‘•‘ˆ
–Š‹•’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ‹•–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”–‡”ǡ•‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡œ‡”‘•‘ˆšʹ Ȃ ʹšȂ ͳ‹•ʹǤ
‡ ‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡œ‡”‘•‘ˆȋšȌ‹• Ȃ ͶȋʹȌαȂ ͺƒ†–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆš͹ ‹•Ȃ ͺǤ
Ex.3 —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ƒ„ ᄃƒ†–Šƒ–„αͻƒǤŠƒ–‹•ƒǫ
ͳ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ͻ ͻ ȋ͵Ȍ ͵ ͻ ȋͶȌ Ͷ ͵
ͻ
Sol. (4)
‹ ‡ ™‡ ‡‡† –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ƒǡ ™‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡™”‹–‡ –Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ„ α „ƒ ƒ• ƒ α „ƒȀ„Ǥ ‘™
•—„•–‹–—–‡„αͻƒ–‘‰‹˜‡
ƒα„ƒȀ„ αȋͻƒȌƒȀȋͻƒȌ αȋͻƒȌͳȀͻǡ•‘ƒͻ αͻƒǤ
‡ ‡ ƒͺ αͻƒ†ƒαͻͳȀͺ αȋ͵ʹȌͳȀͺ α͵ʹȀͺ α͵ͳȀͶ α Ͷ ͵ Ǥ
[90]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – 1.8

1. Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ͶͶ ˜ ͻͶ ˜ Ͷͻ ˜ ͻͻ •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–‘™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǫ

ȋͳȌͳ͵ͳ͵ ȋʹȌͳ͵͵͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͵͸ͳ͵ ȋͶȌ͵͸͵͸
ͳͷ͵Ͳ
2. Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–‘™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǫ
Ͷͷͳͷ
ʹ
§ͳ·
ȋͳȌ ¨ ¸ ȋʹȌͳ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͳͷ ȋͶȌͷͳͷ
©͵¹
3. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹ˆʹʹͲͲ͹Ȃ ʹʹͲͲ͸Ȃ ʹʹͲͲͷΪʹʹͲͲͶ α˜ʹʹͲͲͶǫ
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ
š› › š
4. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–šε›εͲǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ• ǫ
› › šš
š› › š
§š· §š·
ȋͳȌȋšȂ ›Ȍ›Ȁš ȋʹȌ ¨ ¸ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌ ¨ ¸
©›¹ ©›¹

ͺͳͲ  ͶͳͲ
5. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ǫ
ͺͶ  Ͷͳͳ

ȋͳȌ ʹ ȋʹȌͳ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ʹ ȋͶȌͳʹʹȀ͵

6. ‡–ˆȋšȌαšȋšΪͳȌ ȋšΪʹȌȋšΪ͵ȌǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ˆȋͲȌΪˆȋȂͳȌΪˆȋȂ ʹȌΪˆȋȂ ͵Ȍǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͺ ͳͲ
ȋͳȌͲ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌ
ͻ ͻ
7. Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘
ͷͶͺȀš
ʹͷȂʹ α ǫ
ͷʹ͸Ȁš ˜ ͳ͹Ȁš
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ͵ ȋ͵Ȍͷ ȋͶȌ͸
8. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒεͲƒ†„εͲǤ‡ˆ‹‡”–‘„‡–Š‡—„‡”–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•™Š‡„‘–Š–Š‡„ƒ•‡ƒ†
–Š‡‡š’‘‡–‘ˆƒ„ ƒ”‡–”‹’Ž‡†Ǥ—’’‘•‡‘™–Šƒ–™‡™”‹–‡”Ⴤ ˜ š„ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
‡š’”‡••‹‘•”‡’”‡•‡–•šǫ
ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌ͵ƒʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹ͹ƒʹ ȋͶȌʹƒ͵„
9. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•š–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ› ȋʹš Ȃ ͶȌ͵ ΪȋͶš Ȃ ʹȌ͵ αȋͶš Ϊʹš Ȃ ͸Ȍ͵ǫ
ͷ ͹
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌ
ʹ ʹ
10. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–͸Ͳƒ α͵ƒ†͸Ͳ„ αͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳʹȋͳȂ ƒȂ „ȌȀȋʹȂ ʹ„Ȍǫ
ȋͳȌ ͵ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ͷ ȋͶȌ͵

[91]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
11. ‡–ƒ „‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆš ‹–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆȋŽΪʹšȌͳͲͲǡ™Š‡”‡Ͳd d ͳͲͲǤ ‹†–Š‡
—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•”ǣͲd ”d ͻͻ•— Š–Šƒ–ƒ” 䃔ΪͳǤ
12. ‡–ƒǡ„‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆš ‹–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ
ȋšΪͳȌΪȋšΪͳȌʹ ΪȋšΪͳȌ͵ ΪȋšΪͳȌͶ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪȋšΪͳȌͻͻǤ
‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȏƒͶȀƒ͵ȐǤ
13. ‡–ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤ„‡ƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒͳ αʹƒ†ˆ‘”t ͳ
ͳ  ƒ
ƒ ͳ Ǥ
ͳ  ƒ
‡–‡”‹‡͵ͲέƒʹͲͲͺǤ
14. ‘”•‘‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǡ™Š‡ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†ΪͳȌ ‹•‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ†Ž‹‡–‡”•ƒ”‡
‘„‹‡†ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹• ‡šƒ –Ž› ͳͲͲͳ –‡”• –Šƒ– ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘—”
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒǡ„ǡ ǡƒ††ǡ‡ƒ Š–‘•‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘™‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•ǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[92]
 Mathematics

1.9 : Basics of statistics

Definitions
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”•ǡȓƒ ͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒȔǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•–‘
†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ
DEFINITION 1
Š‡ Arithmetic Mean ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ  —„‡”• ƒͳǡƒʹǡ ǤǤǤǡ ƒ ‹• –Š ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
—„‡”•
ƒ  ƒ  ˜˜˜  ƒ 
”‹–Š‡–‹ ‡ƒα ͳ ʹ Ǥ

ˆ–‡–Š‹•‹••‹’Ž› ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‡ƒ‘”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹  ‡ƒ –‡ŽŽ• –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”•ǡ ‹– ƒ› ‘– •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›
†‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•ͲǡͲǡͲǡ
ƒ†ͳͲͲ‹•ʹͷǡ„—–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•‹• Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡‡ƒǤ
DEFINITION 2
‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”•ȓƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒȔǡ™‹–Šƒͳ d ƒʹ d ˜ ˜ ˜ d ƒǤ
Ȉ Š‡median ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‹•–Š‡‹††Ž‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘™Š‡‹•‘††ǡƒ†‹•
–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‹††Ž‡–‡”•™Š‡‹•‡˜‡Ǥ
Ȉ Š‡mode ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‹•–Š‡–‡”ȋ•Ȍ–Šƒ–‘ —”‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›Ǥ
 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› —•‡† ‹ •–ƒ–‹•–‹  ‘”‹‡–‡†
’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ
DEFINITION 3
Š‡range ‘ˆƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ȓƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒȔ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ž‘•‡† ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ –Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• –Š‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
‘‘‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ–‘—” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒͳ αͲǡƒʹ αͲǡƒ͵ αͲǡƒ†ƒͶ αͳͲͲǡ™‡•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡†‹ƒ‹•
Ͳǡ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒʹ ƒ†ƒ͵ǤŠ‡‘†‡‹•ƒŽ•‘Ͳǡƒ†–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹•ͳͲͲȂ ͲαͳͲͲǤ
‘”ƒ‘”‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ȓʹǡ͵ǡ͵ǡ͹ǡͺǡͳͳȔǤŠ‹••‡–Šƒ•
ʹΪ͵Ϊ͵Ϊ͹ΪͺΪͳͳ ͵Ͷ ͳ͹ ͵Ϊ͹
‡ƒα ǡ‡†‹ƒα ͷǡ
͸ ͸ ͵ ʹ
‘†‡α͵ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡αͳͳȂ ʹαͻǤ
Results:
‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†”‡•—Ž–• ‘ ‡”•–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡ƒƒ†
–Š‡•—‘ˆƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”•Ǥ
RESULT 1 ‘”–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•ƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒ ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊƒ α˜ ‡ƒǤ
–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”™‡•ƒ™•‘‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰”‡•—Ž–•ƒ„‘—–ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ƒ†‰‡‘‡–”‹ 
•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ —•‡ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•—Ž–• –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ
‘ ‡’–•‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡™Š‡–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”•Šƒ’’‡•–‘ ‘‡ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
–›’‡•‘ˆ•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ ‹”•– ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ

[93]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
RESULT 2 ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—„‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šˆ‹”•––‡”
ƒǡƒ† ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†Ǥ

ͳ
Ȉ Š‡‡ƒƒ†‡†‹ƒƒ”‡„‘–ŠƒΪ ȋȂ ͳȌ†Ǥ
ʹ

Ȉ Š‡‘†‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡–‡”•‹–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ

‘•Š‘™–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡ”‡ ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–

 ƒΪȋƒΪ†Ȍژ ˜ ˜ΪȋƒΪȋȂ ͳȌ†ȌᐃچȋͳΪʹΪ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪȋȂ ͳȌȌ

†
αƒΪ ȋȂ ͳȌǤ
ʹ

ͳ
‹˜‹†‹‰„›‰‹˜‡•–Š‡‡ƒǡƒΪ ȋȂ ͳȌ†Ǥ Š‡‹•‘††–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡‹††Ž‡–‡”‘ˆ
ʹ

–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ǤŠ‡‹•‡˜‡ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‹††Ž‡–‡”•Ǥ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ•‡

‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‘†‡Ǥ
Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡•‹•‘–ƒ• ‘ ‹•‡ǡ‘”ƒ•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†Ǥ
RESULT 3 ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡  —„‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‰‡‘‡–”‹  •‡“—‡ ‡ ™‹–Š ˆ‹”•– –‡” ƒ ƒ†

‘‘”ƒ–‹‘”ǡ™Š‡”‡ȁ”ȁz ͳǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ ͳ  ”
Ȉ Š‡‡ƒ‹• ˜ Ǥ
 ͳ”

ƒȋͳΪ”Ȍ ȋȂ ʹȌȀʹ

Ȉ Š‡‡†‹ƒ‹•ƒ”ȋȂ ͳȌȀʹ ‹ˆ‹•‘††ǡƒ†‹• ” ‹ˆ‹•‡˜‡Ǥ
ʹ

Ȉ Š‡‘†‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡–‡”•‹–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ

‘•Š‘™–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•—Ž–ǡ”‡ ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”™‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡

–‡”•‹–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‹•

ͳȂ”  ƒ ͳ  ”
ƒΪƒ”Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ Ϊƒ”ȋȂ ͳȌ αƒ˜ ǡ •‘ǡ‡ƒα ˜ Ǥ
ͳ”  ͳ”

Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ ƒ† ‘†‡ †‡’‡† ‘ –Š‡ •‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹–•
ƒ‰‹–—†‡ǤŠ‡ ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡–‘‘•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘„‡‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ

[94]
 Mathematics

Solved Examples 1.9

Ex.1 Š‡•—‘ˆͶͻ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‹•͹ͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹”‡†‹ƒǫ

ȋͳȌ͹ ȋʹȌ͹ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ͹͵ ȋͶȌ͹Ͷ
Sol. (3)
‡– ƒ †‡‘–‡ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹ ‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡› ˆ‘” ƒ
ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Š ‘‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†αͳǤ ‡ ‡–Š‡‡ƒƒ†‡†‹ƒƒ”‡–Š‡
•ƒ‡™‹–Š˜ƒŽ—‡
͹ͷ ͹ͷ
‡†‹ƒα‡ƒα ͹͵Ǥ
Ͷͻ ͹ʹ
Ex.2 ”•Ǥ ‰ƒ˜‡ƒ‡šƒ‹ƒƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • Žƒ••‘ˆˆ‹˜‡•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡‡–‡”‡†–Š‡• ‘”‡•‹
”ƒ†‘‘”†‡”‹–‘ƒ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†–Š‡ Žƒ••ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒˆ–‡”‡ƒ Š• ‘”‡
™ƒ•‡–‡”‡†Ǥ”•Ǥ ‘–‹ ‡†–Šƒ–ƒˆ–‡”‡ƒ Š• ‘”‡™ƒ•‡–‡”‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•
ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠ‡• ‘”‡•ȋŽ‹•–‡†‹ƒ• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡”Ȍ™‡”‡͹ͳǡ͹͸ǡͺͲǡͺʹǡƒ†ͻͳǤŠƒ–™ƒ•
–Š‡Žƒ•–• ‘”‡”•Ǥ ‡–‡”‡†ǫ
ȋͳȌ͹ͳ ȋʹȌ͹͸
ȋ͵ȌͺͲ ȋͶȌͺʹ
Sol. (3)
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘• ‘”‡•‡–‡”‡†‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡• ‘”‡•—•–„‘–Š„‡

‡˜‡‘”„‘–Š„‡‘††Ǥ
ˆ–Š‡›™‡”‡–Š‡–™‘‘††• ‘”‡•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡›™‘—Ž†ƒ††–‘͹ͳΪͻͳαͳ͸ʹǤ‹ ‡ͳ͸ʹ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡
„›͵ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†• ‘”‡ƒ††‡†™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡• ‘”‡•™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ—–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰• ‘”‡•ǡ͹͸ǡͺͲǡƒ†
ͺʹ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵Ǥ•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘• ‘”‡• ‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡‘††
• ‘”‡•Ǥ
‡ ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘• ‘”‡•ƒ††‡†—•–„‘–Š„‡‡˜‡Ǥ‹ ‡͹͸ΪͺͲαͳͷ͸ǡƒ†ͺͲΪͺʹαͳ͸ʹ
ƒ”‡„‘–Š†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ǡ„—–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡͹ͳǡͻͳƒ†ͺʹ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ‹” Š‘•‡
‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡‹–Š‡”͹͸ƒ†ͺͲ‘”ͺͲƒ†ͺʹǤ‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘‹–‡‰‡”• Š‘•‡—•–
Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ͹͸ ƒ† ͺʹǡ ƒ† ͹͸ Ϊ ͺʹ α ͳͷͺ Šƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ‹†‡” ‘ˆ ʹ ™Š‡ †‹˜‹†‡† „› ͵Ǥ
‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†‹–‡‰‡” Š‘•‡—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆͳ™Š‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›͵ǡƒ†
‘ˆ–Š‘•‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ǡ‘Ž›ͻͳŠƒ•–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–• ‘”‡••‡Ž‡ –‡†—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
͹͸ǡͺʹǡƒ†ͻͳǤ‹ ‡–Š‹••—‹•‘††ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š—„‡” Š‘•‡—•–„‡–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰‘††
—„‡”͹ͳǤ‘–‡–Šƒ–͹͸ΪͺʹΪͻͳΪ͹ͳα͵ʹͲ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͶǤ ‡ ‡–Š‡Žƒ•–• ‘”‡ Š‘•‡
—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ͺͲǤ

[95]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 1.9

1. ‹š—„‡”•ˆ”‘ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ‹‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡͹ǡͺǡ͵ǡͷǡͻǡƒ†ͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹ƒ‘ˆƒŽŽ‹‡—„‡”•‹–Š‹•Ž‹•–ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ ȋͶȌͺ
2. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡
ͳǡȂ ʹǡ͵ǡȂ ͶǡͷǡȂ ͸ǡǤǤǤǡ
™Š‘•‡–Š–‡”‹•ȋȂ ͳȌΪͳ ˜ ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ʹͲͲ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ǫ
ȋͳȌȂ ͳ ȋʹȌȂ ͲǤͷ ȋ͵ȌͲ ȋͶȌͲǤͷ
3. •’‡ƒ‡”–ƒŽ‡†ˆ‘”•‹š–›‹—–‡•–‘ƒˆ—ŽŽƒ—†‹–‘”‹—Ǥ™‡–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡
Š‡ƒ”†–Š‡‡–‹”‡–ƒŽƒ†–‡’‡” ‡–•Ž‡’––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡–‹”‡–ƒŽǤ ƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”
Š‡ƒ”†‘‡–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒŽƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”ŠƒŽˆŠ‡ƒ”†–™‘–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒŽǤ Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹—–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒ”†„›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǫ
ȋͳȌʹͶ ȋʹȌʹ͹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ͳ ȋͶȌ͵͵
4. ŽŽ–Š‡•–—†‡–•‹ƒƒŽ‰‡„”ƒ Žƒ••–‘‘ƒͳͲͲǦ’‘‹––‡•–Ǥ ‹˜‡•–—†‡–•• ‘”‡†ͳͲͲǡ‡ƒ Š
•–—†‡– • ‘”‡† ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͸Ͳǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ • ‘”‡ ™ƒ• ͹͸Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡
—„‡”‘ˆ•–—†‡–•‹–Š‡ Žƒ••ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͲ ȋʹȌͳͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳʹ ȋͶȌͳ͵

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

5. –Š‡•‹š–Šǡ•‡˜‡–Šǡ‡‹‰Š–Šǡƒ†‹–Š„ƒ•‡–„ƒŽŽ‰ƒ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ǡƒ’Žƒ›‡”• ‘”‡†ʹ͵ǡ
ͳͶǡ ͳͳǡ ƒ† ʹͲ ’‘‹–•ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‡” ’‘‹–•’‡”Ǧ‰ƒ‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• Š‹‰Š‡” ƒˆ–‡” ‹‡
‰ƒ‡•–Šƒ‹–™ƒ•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡‰ƒ‡•Ǥ ‡”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒˆ–‡”–‡‰ƒ‡•™ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ
ͳͺǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–—„‡”‘ˆ’‘‹–••Š‡ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡• ‘”‡†‹–Š‡–‡–Š‰ƒ‡ǫ
ȋͳȌʹ͸ ȋʹȌʹ͹ ȋ͵Ȍʹͺ ȋͶȌʹͻ
6. Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š”‡‡—„‡”•‹•ͳͲ‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ†ͳͷŽ‡••–Šƒ–Š‡
‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ǤŠ‡‡†‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡—„‡”•‹•ͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹”•—ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌʹͲ ȋ͵Ȍʹͷ ȋͶȌ͵Ͳ
7. Š‡‡ƒǡ‡†‹ƒǡ—‹“—‡‘†‡ǡƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‡“—ƒŽ–‘
ͺǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ– ƒ„‡ƒ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͳ ȋʹȌͳʹ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͵ ȋͶȌͳͶ
8. Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡ƒͳǡƒʹǡƒ͵ǡǤǤǤǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•ƒͳ αͳͻƒ†ƒͻ αͻͻǤŽ•‘ǡƒ ‹•–Š‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ‡ƒ‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ȃ ͳ–‡”•™Š‡‡˜‡”t ͵ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒʹǫ
ȋͳȌͷͻ ȋʹȌ͹ͻ ȋ͵Ȍͻͻ ȋͶȌͳ͹ͻ
9. ‘”’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†•— Š–Šƒ–ΪͳͲδΪͳǡ„‘–Š–Š‡‡ƒƒ†–Š‡‡†‹ƒ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡–ȓǡΪͶǡΪͳͲǡΪͳǡΪʹǡʹȔƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǤŠƒ–‹•Ϊǫ

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 Mathematics

10. Ž‹•–‘ˆʹͲͳͺ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡‘†‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ —”•‡šƒ –Ž›ͳͲ–‹‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ•–

—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ– ƒ‘ —”‹–Š‡ Ž‹•–‹• ƒ –Š”‡‡†‹‰‹– —„‡”š›œǤŠƒ–‹•
ȋ›ΪœȌʹǫ
11. ǡǡƒ”‡–Š”‡‡’‹Ž‡•‘ˆ”‘ •ǤŠ‡‡ƒ™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ •‹‹•ͶͲ‰ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ
–Š‡”‘ •‹‹•ͷͲ‰ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ •‹–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†’‹Ž‡•ƒ†‹•Ͷ͵‰ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ •‹–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†’‹Ž‡•ƒ†‹•ͶͶ‰ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–
’‘••‹„Ž‡‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ •‹–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†’‹Ž‡•ƒ†ǫ
12. ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ–Š‡šƒǡͳͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•‰‘–͹Ͳ’‘‹–•ǡʹͷΨ‰‘–ͺͲ’‘‹–•ǡʹͲΨ‰‘–ͺͷ
’‘‹–•ǡͳͷΨ‰‘–ͻͲ’‘‹–•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‰‘–ͻͷ’‘‹–•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
‡ƒƒ†–Š‡‡†‹ƒ• ‘”‡‘–Š‹•‡šƒǫ
13. Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ȋƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ‡ƒȌƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ‰”‘—’ ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ†‘ –‘”•ƒ†Žƒ™›‡”•‹•ͶͲǤ ˆ
–Š‡ †‘ –‘”• ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ͵ͷ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ™›‡”• ͷͲ ›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ
†‘ –‘”•–‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ™›‡”•‹•ǣͳǤ ‹†Ǥ
14. ƒ•–›‡ƒ”—‹–ƒ–‘‘͹ƒ–Š–‡•–•ƒ†”‡ ‡‹˜‡†͹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–• ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ Šƒ‹–‡‰‡”„‡–™‡‡
ͻͳƒ†ͳͲͲǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡Ǥˆ–‡”‡ƒ Š–‡•–•Š‡‘–‹ ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡”–‡•–• ‘”‡•™ƒ•ƒ

‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‡”• ‘”‡‘–Š‡•‡˜‡–Š–‡•–™ƒ•ͻͷǤ ˆŠ‡”• ‘”‡‘–Š‡•‹š–Š–‡•–™ƒ•Ǥ ‹† Ǥ
Ͷ
15. Š‡‡ƒǡ‡†‹ƒǡƒ†‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‡͹†ƒ–ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡•͸ͲǡͳͲͲǡšǡͶͲǡͷͲǡʹͲͲǡͻͲƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‡“—ƒŽ–‘
šǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1.1
ͳ ͷ ͳʹ͹ͷ ͳͲͲͻ
1. 2. 3. 4. ʹʹʹʹʹʹʹͳ͹ͷ 5. ͻ 6. 
ͳͷ ͵Ͷ ʹͷͷͳ ʹͲʹͲ
ʹͷ Ͷͻ ʹͷ͹ͷ
7. 8. ʹͲ͵ͻͳͻͲ 9. Ͷͻ 10. 11. ͷͲ 12. ͻͷ
ʹ͸ ͳͲͲ ͳͲ͵Ͳʹ
13. ʹͶ

EXERCISE - 1.2
ͳ  ȋ ͳȌ ­ͳǡ ‡˜‡ ͳ
1. ͻͻ 2. ͵ 3. ® 4. ‘”  ͳ 5. αͳͲ
ʹ ¯Ͳǡ ‘†† ʹ
6. ͷ͵ 7. ʹȋšʹ Ϊ›ʹ Ϊš›Ȍʹ 8. ˆȋšȌαšʹ Ȃ ͵šΪͳ
10. ‰ȋšȌαšʹ ΪšΪͳǡŠȋšȌαšΪͳ 11. Ͳ͸ 12. Ͳͳ 13. Ͳʹ 14. ͳͳ
15. ͳͲ 16. Ͳ͸ 17. Ͳʹ 18. ͷͳ 19. ͲͲ 20. Ͳͺ 21. ʹͲ
22. Ͳͷ 23. ͺͳ 24. Ͳͷ 25. Ͳ͵ 26. ͹ͺ 27. ͵͸ 28. Ͳͳ
29. Ͳͷ 30. ͲͶ 31. ʹͲ 32. ͹͹ 33. ͹Ͳ 34. ͸͵ 35. Ͳͳ
36. ͷͲ 37. Ͳͳ 38. ͸Ͷ 39. ͻͻ 40. ͳͷ 41. Ͳ͸ 42. ͻͲ
43. Ͳʹ 44. ʹ͹ 45. Ͳ͹ 46. ʹ͹ 47. Ͳͷ 48. ͷͲ 49. ͵ͳ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

50. ͳͲ 51. Ͳʹ 52. Ͳ͵ 53. ʹͶ 54. ͲͶ 55. Ͳ͸ 56. ͲͲ
57. Ͳʹ 58. ͳͷ 59. ͳʹ 60. ͲͲ

EXERCISE - 1.3
ͷ ͳ
1. „ᏠͳͲͺ͹ͻ 2. ͿȂ 3. ƒαͳǡ„α 
Ͷ ʹ
4. ”Ǥ ƒ–Šƒ•ƒ™‹‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰› 6. Ȃ ͳ 7. ’α͸ǡ“αʹͷ 8. ʹ
ͳ
9. ͺ 10. ʹͲ 11. ʹ 12. 13. ƒαͻͺ͹ǡ„αȂ ͳͷͻ͹
Ͷ
14. ȋšǡ›ȌαȋȂͳǡͳȌ 15. ȋͷǡ͵ǡ͹Ȍ‘”ȋȂ ͹ǡȂ ͷǡȂ ͻȌ
16. ͵’ƒ‹”•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǣȋͲǡͲȌǡȋͳǡͲȌƒ†ȋʹǡͳȌ
ͶͲ͵  ͺͷ ͳ͹
17. ͳ͸ͻ 18. Ȃ ͷ 19. ƒα„αͶ 20. 21. Ͳͳ 22. Ͳ͵
ͺ
23. ͷ͸ 24. ͻͲ 25. Ͳ͸ 26. ͳʹ 27. ͵ͻ 28. Ͳ͸ 29. Ͳͷ
30. ͹͸ 31. Ͳͳ 32. ͳ͸ 33. ͵͵ 34. ͹ͺ 35. ͳͷ 36. ͻͲ
37. ͷͳ 38. Ͳͻ 39. Ͳͺ 40. Ͳͳ 41. Ͳͳ 42. Ͳ͵ 43. Ͳͳ
44. ͳ͸
[98]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 1.4

­‹ˆ ƒ  „ Ͳ
° 

­ ʹ °Š‡ ‘•‘Ž ǡ
° ǡ z °‹ˆ ƒ  „ z Ͳ
1. š ®    2.Ȃ ͳ 3. š ® 4. ͻ
°‘•‘Ž ǡ   °Š‡šα ƒΪ„ ǡƒ z Ͳ
¯ ° ƒ
°
¯ ‘•‘Ž ǡƒ Ͳ
ͳ͵ ͳ ͳ
5. ͳ 6. Ȃ ͳ͸ 7. 8. šαȂ ‹•ƒ ‘‘•‘Ž—–‹‘ 9.
ͳʹ ͵ ʹ
ʹͲͲͺ
10. 11. šα͹ǡ›αͷǡœαȂ͵ 12. šαͲǡ›α͸ǡœα͹ǡ—α͵ǡ˜αȂͳ
ʹͲͲͻ
ʹ͵ ʹ͵ ʹ͵
13. Ȃ ͳ 14. šα ǡ›α ǡœα 15. ͷͲ 16. Ͳ͹ 17. ʹͷ 18. Ͳʹ
ͳͲ ͸ ʹ
19. ʹͷ 20. ͳͺ 21. ͳ͸ 22. ͵͹ 23. Ͷͷ 24. ͳ͸ 25. ʹͷ
26. ʹ͵ 27. ͸ͳ 28. ͳ͸ 29. ͳͲ 30. ʹͷ 31. ͳ͸ 32. Ͳ͸
33. ͳͺ 34. Ͷʹ 35. ͸͹ 36. ͷͳ 37. Ͳ͵ 38. Ͳ͸ 39. Ͳ͵
40. ͻʹ 41. ʹͻ

EXERCISE - 1.5
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

1. ͵ͷ 2. ͳͺ 3. ʹ͹ 4. ͷͳ 5. ͸ͷ 6. ͳͷ 7. Ͳ͸
8. ͻ͵ 9. ͳʹ 10. ʹͷ 11. ͹ʹ 12. Ͳʹ 13. ͸͹ 14. ʹ͵
15. ͳ͹ 16. Ͳʹ 17. ͲͶ 18. Ͳͷ 19. Ͳͳ 20. ʹͷ 21. ͵Ͳ
22. ͵͹ 23. ʹͲ 24. ͶͲ 25. Ͳ͵

EXERCISE - 1.6

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͳ ͵ ͵ ͳ ʹ

10. ͳʹ 11. ͵ʹ 12. Ͳͺ 13. Ͳʹ 14. ͵ͳ 15. ͵͸ 16. ͸ͷ

17. ͳ͸ 18. ͳͺ 19. ͳʹ 20. ʹͶ 21. ʹͷ 22. ʹͷ 23. ͷͺ
24. ʹͷ 25. Ͳ͵ 26. ͹ͻ 27. ͵ͷ 28. ͳ͵ 29. Ͳ͸

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE - 1.7

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. Ͷ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͷ

10. Ͷͻ 11. ͲͲ 12. ʹͺ 13. ͵͸ 14. Ͷͺ 15. ͳͳ 16. Ͳ͵

17. ͻͷ 18. ʹͶ 19. ͻ͸ 20. ͷͲ 21. ͲͶ 22. ʹͲ 23. ͳͲ
24. ʹ͹ 25. ͺͲ 26. ͷʹ 27. ͳ͵ 28. ͵ͳ 29. ͹͵ 30. ʹͷ
31. ͵Ͷ 32. ͳͳ 33. ʹͲ 34. Ͳͷ 35. ͻͻ 36. ͷ͵ 37. ͸͵
38. ͵͹ 39. ͷͻ 40. Ͳ͵ 41. ͳͺ 42. ͳͶ 43. ͳͲ 44. ͹ͺ
45. ͳͺ 46. Ͳͻ 47. ͳ͸ 48. ͻͻ 49. Ͳͺ 50. ʹ͵ 51. ͲͶ
52. ͳ͹ 53. Ͳͻ 54. ͲͶ 55. ͳ͹ 56. Ͳͻ 57. Ͳͻ

EXERCISE - 1.8
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. ͵ Ͷ ͵ Ͷ ʹ Ͷ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ʹ

11. ͸͹ 12. ͳͻ 13. ͳͲ 14. ͳͶ

EXERCISE - 1.9

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. Ͷ ʹ Ͷ Ͷ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ

9. ʹͳ 10. Ͷͻ 11. ͷͻ 12. Ͳͳ 13. Ͳʹ 14. ʹͷ 15. ͻͲ

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 ̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Mathematics

[101]
[102]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

 2 Number System

2.1 : Prime decomposition

Basic Knowledge
1. Terms
Ȉ Prime number : ’”‹‡—„‡”‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒͳƒ†‘Ž›†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡
„›ͳƒ†‹–•‡ŽˆǤ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›‘ˆ•ƒ›‹‰–Š‹•‹•–Šƒ–ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”‹•ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”
™‹–Š‡šƒ –Ž›–™‘ˆƒ –‘”•ȋͳƒ†‹–•‡ŽˆȌ
Ȉ The smallest prime number : ʹǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ‡˜‡—„‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž›‡˜‡’”‹‡—„‡”Ǥ
Ȉ Theorem 1 : Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‹ˆ‹‹–‡ƒ›’”‹‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Ȉ Theorem 2 : Š‡”‡‹•‘‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’”‹‡—„‡”Ǥ
Ȉ Composite number : Š‡ƒ—„‡”Šƒ•‘”‡–Šƒ–™‘ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
ƒ ‘’‘•‹–‡—„‡”Ǥ
 Ȉ Relatively prime : ˆ –™‘ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‘‘ ˆƒ –‘” ‡š ‡’– ͳǡ –Š‡ –™‘
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡͶƒ†ͻƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡Ǥ
2. Method to determine a prime number
Theorem 3 (The square root rule) : ˆ̵ƒ̵‹•‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‹‡—„‡”•Ž‡••
–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ ƒ ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”Ǥ

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 2.1

Ex.1 ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‹‡—„‡”•Ž‡••–ŠƒͷͲǤ
Sol. ‹ ‡ͺ‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ε ͷͲ ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‹‡—„‡”•Ž‡••–Šƒͺƒ”‡ǣ͹ǡͷǡ͵ƒ†ʹǤ
Step 1 : ‡ƒ‡ƒ Šƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹ˆ–›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋͳȂ ͷͲȌǣ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ
ͳͳ ͳʹ ͳ͵ ͳͶ ͳͷ ͳ͸ ͳ͹ ͳͺ ͳͻ ʹͲ
ʹͳ ʹʹ ʹ͵ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹ͸ ʹ͹ ʹͺ ʹͻ ͵Ͳ
͵ͳ ͵ʹ ͵͵ ͵Ͷ ͵ͷ ͵͸ ͵͹ ͵ͺ ͵ͻ ͶͲ
Ͷͳ Ͷʹ Ͷ͵ ͶͶ Ͷͷ Ͷ͸ Ͷ͹ Ͷͺ Ͷͻ ͷͲ
Step 2 : ‡‘˜‡ͳǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•‘–’”‹‡ǣ
ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ
ͳͳ ͳʹ ͳ͵ ͳͶ ͳͷ ͳ͸ ͳ͹ ͳͺ ͳͻ ʹͲ
ʹͳ ʹʹ ʹ͵ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹ͸ ʹ͹ ʹͺ ʹͻ ͵Ͳ
͵ͳ ͵ʹ ͵͵ ͵Ͷ ͵ͷ ͵͸ ͵͹ ͵ͺ ͵ͻ ͶͲ
Ͷͳ Ͷʹ Ͷ͵ ͶͶ Ͷͷ Ͷ͸ Ͷ͹ Ͷͺ Ͷͻ ͷͲ
Step 3 : ƒ”‡ ʹǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‡˜‡ ’”‹‡Ǥ ‘™ ”‡‘˜‡ ‡˜‡”›
—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆʹǤ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ͹ ͻ
ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳͷ ͳ͹ ͳͻ
ʹͳ ʹ͵ ʹͷ ʹ͹ ʹͻ
͵ͳ ͵͵ ͵ͷ ͵͹ ͵ͻ
Ͷͳ Ͷ͵ Ͷͷ Ͷ͹ Ͷͻ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Step 4 : ƒ”‡͵ǤŠ‡”‡‘˜‡ƒŽŽ—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ͵Ǥ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ͹
ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳ͹ ͳͻ
ʹ͵ ʹͷ ʹͻ
͵ͳ ͵ͷ ͵͹
Ͷͳ Ͷ͵ Ͷ͹ Ͷͻ
Step 5 : ƒ”‡–Š‡‡š–’”‹‡—„‡”ͷǤ‘™”‡‘˜‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆͷǤ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ͹
ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳ͹ ͳͻ
ʹ͵ ʹͻ
͵ͳ ͵͹
Ͷͳ Ͷ͵ Ͷ͹ Ͷͻ
Step 6 : ƒ”‡–Š‡Žƒ•–’”‹‡—„‡”͹Ǥ‡‘˜‡–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ͹Ǥ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ͹
ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳ͹ ͳͻ
ʹ͵ ʹͻ
͵ͳ ͵͹
Ͷͳ Ͷ͵ Ͷ͹
‡Šƒ˜‡Œ—•–”‡‘˜‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–’”‹‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͷͲǤŠ‡–ƒ„Ž‡
ƒ„‘˜‡•Š‘™•ƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‹‡—„‡”•Ž‡••–ŠƒͷͲǤ
Š‡‡–Š‘†™‡—•‡†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†the sieve methodǤ
[104]
 Mathematics

Ex.2 ‘™ƒ›’”‹‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡„‡–™‡‡ ͷͳ ƒ† ͸ͲͲ ǫ

Sol. ‡––Š‡’”‹‡—„‡”„‡’Ǥ
ͷͳ d ’d ͸ͲͲ
‹ ‡͹ʹ αͶͻδ ͷͳ ǡ’‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ͹Ǥ
‹ ‡ʹͷʹ α͸ʹͷε ͸ͲͲ ǡ’‹••ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒʹͷ
‡Ž‘‘ƒ–ƒŽŽ’”‹‡—„‡”„‡–™‡‡ͺ–‘ʹͶǢͳͳǡͳ͵ǡͳ͹ǡͳͻƒ†ʹ͵ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ͷ‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ
Ex.3 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’”‹‡—„‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳʹͲǫ
Sol. ͳʹͳȋͳͳ× ͳͳȌǡͳʹʹȋ‡˜‡—„‡”Ȍǡͳʹ͵ȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ȌǡͳʹͶȋ‡˜‡—„‡”Ȍǡͳʹͷȋ—Ž–‹’Ž‡
‘ˆͷȌǡƒ†ͳʹ͸ȋ‡˜‡—„‡”Ȍƒ”‡‘–’”‹‡Ǥ–Š‡‡š–‹•ͳʹ͹Ǥ
‡‘™–Šƒ–ͳͳʹ αͳʹͳδͳʹ͹δͳͶͶαͳʹʹǤ‡‘Ž›‡‡†–‘–‡•–‹ˆͳʹ͹‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǡ͹ǡ
ͷǡ͵ƒ†ʹǤ‡ƒ”‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ͳʹ͹‹•‡‹–Š‡”†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹǡ‘”͵‘”ͷǤ‡‘Ž›‡‡†–‘†‹˜‹†‡
ͳʹ͹„›͹ƒ†ͳͳǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
ͳʹ͹α͹× ͹Ϊͳ
ͳʹ͹αͳͳ× ͳͳΪ͸
‘ǡͳʹ͹‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’”‹‡—„‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳʹͲǤ
3. First 46 prime numbers (up to 200)
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͷ’”‹‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͳͲͲǤ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ͹
ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳ͹ ͳͻ
ʹ͵ ʹͻ
͵ͳ ͵͹
Ͷͳ Ͷ͵ Ͷ͹
ͷ͵ ͷͻ
͸ͳ ͸͹
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

͹ͳ ͹͵ ͹ͻ
ͺ͵ ͺͻ
ͻ͹
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͳ’”‹‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ͳͲͳ–‘ʹͲͲǤ
ͳͲͳ ͳͲ͵ ͳͲ͹ ͳͲͻ
ͳͳ͵
ͳʹ͹ ͳ͵ͳ
ͳ͵͹ ͳ͵ͻ
ͳͶͻ
ͳͷͳ ͳͷ͹
ͳ͸͵ ͳ͸͹
ͳ͹͵ ͳ͹ͻ
ͳͺͳ
ͳͻͳ ͳͻ͵ ͳͻ͹ ͳͻͻ
4. Some properties :
Ȉ Property 1
’”‹‡—„‡”’ ƒ‘Ž›„‡™”‹––‡ƒ•’× ͳǤ
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡƒ’”‹‡—„‡”’ ƒ‘Ž›„‡†‹˜‹†‡†ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ”‡ƒ‹†‡”ǡ„›‹–•‡Žˆ
ƒ†ͳǤ
ˆ’‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ƒ†’Ꮠǡ–Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘—„‡”•ƒ†—•–„‡ͳ
ƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”‘‡—•–„‡’Ǥ

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.4 ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”š•— Š–Šƒ–ǡ™Š‡͸Ͷ‹•–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‹–ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•
‹•ƒ•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”ǡƒ†™Š‡ʹͷ‹•ƒ††‡†–‘‹–ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”Ǥ
š  ͸Ͷ ʹ ½
Sol. ¾ Ÿ ʹ Ȃ ʹ αͺͻ Ÿ ȋȂ ȌȋΪȌαͺͻ
š  ʹͷ ʹ ¿
‹ ‡ͺͻ‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ƒ†ΪεȂ ǡ
   ͺͻ½
¾ Ÿ αͶͷǡαͶͶǡ
 ͳ ¿
šαͶͷ2 Ȃ ʹͷαʹͲͲͲ
Ex.5 ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ„Ȃ ‹ˆƒ͵ α„ʹǡ ʹ ᆃ††Ȃ ƒαͷǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‹ ‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡŽ‡–ƒ͵ α„ʹ α–͵×ʹ α–͸ǡ™‡‰‡–ǣƒα–ʹ ƒ†„α–͵
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†Ȃ αͷ ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ• ʹ Ȃ –ʹ αͷ‘”ȋ Ȃ –Ȍȋ Ϊ–Ȍαͷ
‹ ‡ͷ‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ƒ† Ϊ–ε Ȃ –ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ǣ
 – ͷ½
¾Ÿ α͵ǡ–αʹ
 – ͳ¿
„Ȃ αʹ3 Ȃ ͵αͷ
Ex.6 ••—‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒͷ α„Ͷǡ ͵ α†ʹ ƒ† Ȃ ƒαͳͻǤ ‡–‡”‹‡
†Ȃ „Ǥ
Sol. ‹ ‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡŽ‡–ƒͷ α„Ͷ αͷέͶ αʹͲǡ™‡‰‡–ǣƒαͶ ƒ†„αͷǤ
‡– ͵ α†ʹ α͵έʹ α͸ǡ™‡‰‡–ǣ αʹ ƒ††α͵Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Ȃ ƒαͳͻ ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ•ʹ Ȃ Ͷ αͳͻ‘”ȋȂ ʹȌȋΪʹȌαͳͻ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹ ‡ͳͻ‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ƒ†Ϊʹ εȂ ʹǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ǣȂ ʹ αͳƒ†Ϊʹ αͳͻ
‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ†ǡ™‡‰‡–ǣα͵ƒ†αͳͲǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†α͵ αͳͲ͵ αͳͲͲͲǡƒ†„αͷ α͵ͷ αʹͶ͵Ǥ‘†Ȃ „αͳͲͲͲȂ ʹͶ͵α͹ͷ͹Ǥ
Ȉ Property : 2
ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•ƒ‘††—„‡”ǡ–Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•
—•–„‡ʹǤ
Ex.7 Š‡•—‘ˆ–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•͵ͻǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –ǫ
Sol. ‹ ‡ –Š‡ •— ‹• ƒ ‘†† —„‡”ǡ ‘‡ ’”‹‡ —„‡” —•– „‡ ʹǤ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‘‡ ‹• –Š‡
͵ͻȂ ʹα͵͹ǤŠ‡’”‘†— –‹•ʹ× ͵͹α͹Ͷ
Ex.8 Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•ʹͲͳͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”’”‹‡—„‡”ǫ
Sol. ‡––Š‡–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•„‡šƒ†›ƒ†šδ›Ǥ
‹ ‡›Ȃ šαʹͲͳͳǡš—•–„‡ʹƒ†›αʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
Ex.9 Š‡•—‘ˆ–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•ͶͻǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’”‹‡
—„‡”•ǫ
Sol. ‡––Š‡–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•„‡šƒ†›ƒ†šδ›Ǥ
‹ ‡›ΪšαͶͻǡš—•–„‡ʹƒ†›αͶ͹Ǥ
ͳ ͳ Ͷͻ

Ͷ͹ ʹ ͻͶ
[106]
 Mathematics

Ex.10 Š”‡‡’”‹‡—„‡”•’ǡ“ƒ†”•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ’ړᔃ†ͳδ’δ“Ǥ

‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’Ǥ
Sol. ‹ ‡ ’ǡ “ ƒ† ” ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ’”‹‡ —„‡”•ǡ ” —•– „‡ ƒ ‘†† —„‡” ƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘
—„‡”•’ƒ†“—•–„‡ʹǤ
‹ ‡ͳδ’δ“ǡ’αʹǤ
Ex.11 ™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•’ƒ†“•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ’αΪƒ†“Ꮠǡ™Š‡”‡
„‘–Šƒ†ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’“ Ȃ “’Ǥ
Sol. ‹ ‡“‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ƒ†“Ꮠǡ‘”—•–„‡ͳǤ
‡–αͳǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡“ᐃ†’αͳڐαͳΪ“Ǥ
’
Ex.12 ‹† ǡ™Š‡”‡„‘–Š’ƒ†“ƒ”‡’”‹‡—„‡”•ǡ‹ˆ͵’Ϊͷ“α͵ͳǫ
͵“  ͳ

Sol. ‹ ‡͵’Ϊͷ“α͵ͳǡ͵’‘”ͷ“—•–„‡‡˜‡•‹ ‡–™‘‘††—„‡”•†‘‘–•—–‘ƒ‘††‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ

Case I : ˆ͵’‹•‡˜‡ǡ’—•–„‡ʹǤ‡–Š‡Šƒ˜‡ͷ“α͵ͳȂ ͵× ʹαʹͷŸ “αͷ
’ ʹ ͳ
͵“  ͳ ͵ u ͷ  ͳ ͺ

Case II : ˆͷ“‹•‡˜‡ǡ“—•–„‡ʹǤ‡–Š‡Šƒ˜‡͵’α͵ͳȂ ͷ× ʹαʹͳ Ÿ ’α͹

’ ͹
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ
͵“  ͳ ͵ u ʹ  ͳ

Ex.13 ‘”Š‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹•ʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊʹƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ǫ

Sol. ‡‘™–Šƒ–ʹ Ȃ ͵ΪʹαȋȂ ͳȌȋȂ ʹȌ‹•ƒ’”‹‡‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆ
Case I : ȋȂ ͳȌαͳƒ†ȋȂ ʹȌ‹•ƒ’”‹‡
Ȃ ͳαͳŸ αʹƒ†ȋȂ ʹȌαͲ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒ’”‹‡
Case II : ȋȂ ʹȌαͳƒ†ȋȂ ͳȌ‹•ƒ’”‹‡Ǥ
Ȃ ʹαͳŸ α͵ƒ†ȋȂ ͳȌαʹ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ’”‹‡Ǥ
Case III : ȋȂ ͳȌαȂͳƒ†ȋȂ ʹȌ‹•ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†ȁȋȂ ʹȌȁ‹•ƒ’”‹‡
Ȃ ͳαȂͳŸ αͲ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†™‡†‘‘–‡‡†–‘˜‡”‹ˆ›Ǥ
Ȃ ʹǤ
Case IV : ȋȂ ʹȌαȂͳƒ†ȋȂ ͳȌ‹•ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†ȁȋȂ ͳȌȁ‹•ƒ’”‹‡
Ȃ ʹαȂͳŸ αͳƒ†ȋȂ ͳȌαͲ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊʹ‹•’”‹‡‘Ž›™Š‡α͵Ǥ

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.14 Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š”‡‡’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•ˆ‹˜‡–‹‡•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‹‡—„‡”•ƒ†‹–
‹•ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͷǤ ‹†–Š‡•‡’”‹‡—„‡”•Ǥ

Sol. ‹ ‡–Š‡’”‘†— –‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͷǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‹‡—„‡”•—•–„‡ͷǤ

‡–’ƒ†“„‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”–™‘’”‹‡—„‡”•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ǣͷ’“αͷȋ’Ϊ“ΪͷȌ

Ÿ ’“Ȃ ’Ȃ “Ϊͳα͸Ÿ ȋ’Ȃ ͳȌȋ“Ȃ ͳȌα͸αʹ× ͵αͳ× ͸Ǥ

ˆ’Ȃ ͳαʹƒ†“Ȃ ͳα͵ǡ“αͶ‹•‘–ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”™Š‹ Š‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

ˆ’Ȃ ͳαͳƒ†“Ȃ ͳα͸ǡ’αʹƒ†“α͹Ǥ
Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•ȋʹǡͷǡ͹Ȍ

Ex.15 ‘”ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†ͳͲͲ‹•ƒ•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”ǡ

ƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†ͳ͸ͺ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”Ǥ
Sol. ‡–š„‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ

šΪͳͲͲα›ʹ ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ

šΪͳ͸ͺαœʹ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
ȋ‹‹ȌȂ ȋ‹Ȍ

œʹ Ȃ ›ʹ α͸ͺ Ÿ ȋœȂ ›ȌȋœΪ›Ȍα͸ͺαʹʹ × ͳ͹

‹ ‡ͲδœȂ ›δœΪ›ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

œ› ͳ ½ œ› ʹ ½ œ› Ͷ ½
¾ ¾ ¾
œ  › ʹ u ͳ͹ ¿
ʹ
œ  › ʹ u ͳ͹¿ œ  › ͳ͹ ¿

•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡•‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ›αͳ͸ǡœαͳͺƒ†šαͳͷ͸

Ex.16 –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ††ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”’‘•‹–‹˜‡’”‹‡—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡•‡

ˆ‘—” ’”‹‡ —„‡”• ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ ͷͷ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ ‹† –Š‡
•ƒŽŽ‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Ϊ „ Ϊ  Ϊ †Ǥ ȋ‡ƒ”ǣ Š‡ ˆ‘—” —„‡”• ƒǡ „ǡ ǡ † ƒ”‡ ‘–

‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›†‹•–‹ –ǤȌ
Sol. Š‡•—‘ˆͷͷ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‹•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ȋͷͷέͷ͸ȌȀʹαͳͷͶͲǤ‡––Š‡‹††Ž‡

—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•„‡šǤŠ‡–Š‡’”‘†— –ƒ„ †αͷͷšαͷ˜ ͳͳ˜ šǤ

‘™‡Šƒ˜‡ͷͷšt ͳͷͶͲƒ†–Š—•št ʹͺǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†‹•ƒ––ƒ‹‡†™Š‡

šαͷȋ͹ȌǤŠ—•–Š‡ƒ•™‡”‹•ͷΪͳͳΪͷΪ͹αʹͺǤ

[108]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – 2.1

1. ˆƒΪ„Ϊ α͸͸ƒ†ƒ„Ϊ„ Ϊ ƒαͳͲ͹ͳǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ƒ† ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ’”‹‡—„‡”•ǡˆ‹†–Š‡

˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ„ Ǥ
ȋͳȌͳͲͲ͹ ȋʹȌʹͺ͹͸ ȋ͵Ȍͳͺͺ͸ ȋͶȌͳ͹͸ͷ
2. Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡǡȂ ƒ†Ϊƒ”‡ƒŽŽ’”‹‡—„‡”•ǤŠ‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘—”
’”‹‡•‹•
ȋͳȌ˜‡ ȋʹȌ‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ ȋ͵Ȍ”‹‡ ȋͶȌ‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹
3. ‘”Š‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ‹•ƒ4 Ȃ ͵ƒ2 Ϊͻƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͹ ȋ͵Ȍ͸ ȋͶȌʹ
4. ˆ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒͳǡ–Š‡4 ΪͶ‹•ƒ̴̴̴̴̴̴—„‡”Ǥ
ȋͳȌ‘’‘•‹–‡ ȋʹȌ‘’‘•‹–‡‘††—„‡”
ȋ͵Ȍ‘’‘•‹–‡‡˜‡—„‡” ȋͶȌ”‹‡
5. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”šˆ‘”™Š‹ Šš2 Ȃ šΪͷ‹•‘–ƒ’”‹‡ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͹ ȋ͵Ȍ͸ ȋͶȌͳ͵
6. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•– ‘’‘•‹–‡—„‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›’2 Ȃ ’Ȃ ͳ™Š‡”‡’‹•ƒ’”‹‡ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͷͷ ȋʹȌͳͷ͹ ȋ͵Ȍͳͷ͸ ȋͶȌͳͷͶ
7. ‘‡’”‹‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡ͳ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡ǡƒ•‹Ͷ2 Ϊͳαͳ͹Ǥ ‘™ƒ›’”‹‡•’d
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳͲͲƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‘’α2 Ϊͳǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͹ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌʹ͵
8. ‘™ƒ›’”‹‡—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ› ͵ͲͲ δšδ ͹ͲͲ ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ—„‡”• ȋʹȌ͵—„‡”• ȋ͵Ȍʹ—„‡”• ȋͶȌͳ—„‡”
ͷͳ ͳ ͳ ͷ
9. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ’”‹‡—„‡”•ȋ’ǡ“Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘    ™‹ŽŽ„‡
ͳͲͲ ’ “ ͸

ȋͳȌͶͻ ȋʹȌʹͶ ȋ͵ȌͷͲ ȋͶȌͶͺ

10. Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ  ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š ȋ3 Ȃ ͺ2 Ϊ ʹͲ Ȃ ͳ͵Ȍ ‹• ƒ ’”‹‡
—„‡”‹•
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌͳ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ
11. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•̵̵ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š͵Ȃ ͶǡͶȂ ͷƒ†ͷȂ ͵ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ’”‹‡•‹•
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌ‹ˆ‹‹–‡
12. ǡƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ‹”•ȋǡȌˆ‘”™Š‹ Š2 ڐ2 ΪʹȂ ʹͲͳ͵Ȃ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȃ ʹͲͳͶαͲ‹•Ǥ
ȋͳȌʹͲͲͲ ȋʹȌʹͲͳ͵ ȋ͵ȌͳͲʹ͵ ȋͶȌʹͲͲ͹

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13. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ– ȋ„Ȃ ƒȌʹ Ȃ Ͷȋ„Ȃ Ȍȋ Ȃ ƒȌαͲǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
„
‘ˆ Ǥ
ƒ
14. —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ’ ƒ† “ ƒ”‡ ’”‹‡ —„‡”• ȋ’ ε “Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘
šʹȂ ͻͻšΪαͲˆ‘”•‘‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’Ȃ “ǫ
15. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡’”‹‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆʹȂ ͳʹΪʹ͹ǡ™Š‡”‡”ƒ‰‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‹–‡‰‡”•ǫ
16. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆȋΪͳȌȋΪ͵ȌȋΪͷȌȋΪ͹ȌȋΪͻȌˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǫ
17. ‡–„‡–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”•‘–Š‡”–Šƒʹǡ͵‘”ͷǤŠ‡
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
‹ˆ‹‹–‡ •—               ǤǤǤǤǤ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ• ‘ˆ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳʹ ͳͷ ͳ͸ ͳͺ ʹͲ

–Š‡ ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ ƒ„‡ ‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ• ǡ™Š‡”‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡

‹–‡‰‡”•ǤŠƒ–‹•Ϊǫ
18. ‘”•‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”ͳͳͲ͵ Šƒ•ͳͳͲ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”†‹˜‹•‘”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰

ͳƒ†–Š‡—„‡”ͳͳͲ͵ǤŠ‡—„‡”ͺͳͶ Šƒ˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”†‹˜‹•‘”•ǤŠƒ–‹• ǫ
ͷ
19. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‹‹——„‡”‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ’‘‹–‡‡†‡†–‘‡š’”‡••

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻ
–Š‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ•ƒ†‡ ‹ƒŽǫ
ʹʹ͸ǤͷͶ
20. ‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆʹʹͶ Ȃ ͳǫ
21. ‡–„‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•–™‘•ƒŽŽ‡•–ˆƒ –‘”•‹•Ͷƒ†–Š‡•—
§·
‘ˆ‹–•–™‘Žƒ”‰‡•–ˆƒ –‘”•‹•ʹͲͶǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ¨ ¸ Ǥ
©͵¹
22. ‡–αȓͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤǡʹͲȔ„‡–Š‡•‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ʹͲǤ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡
•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–‡šƒ –Ž›‡‹‰Š–‡‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆǡƒ†
–Š‡‘Ž›–™‘—„‡”•ˆ”‘–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–ˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆƒ”‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡
•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
23. ƒ†ƒ”‡–™‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‘ˆ”‡˜‡”•‡‘”†‡”ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ͳʹ͵ƒ†͵ʹͳȌ•— Š–Šƒ–
αͳͶͶ͸ͻʹͳ͸͵ͲǤ‘™–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆΪ‹•‰‹˜‡ƒ•ƒ„Ͷ„ƒǤ ‹†–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆƒƒ†„Ǥ
24. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆȋʹͲͲͺ͵ Ϊȋ͵έʹͲͲͺέʹͲͲͻȌΪͳȌʹǤ
25. ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‹‡—„‡”Ž‡••–ŠƒͷͲͲͲ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ Ȃ ͳǡ™Š‡”‡ƒƒ†ƒ”‡
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡƒ†‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳǤ

[110]
 Mathematics

26. ‡–ˆ„‡ƒ”‡ƒŽǦ˜ƒŽ—‡†ˆ— –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡”—Ž‡ˆȋšȌαš͵ Ϊ͵šʹ Ϊ͸šΪͳͶ†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡

‘ˆšǤ –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡–™‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ˆȋƒȌαͳƒ†ˆȋ„ȌαͳͻǤ ‹†–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒΪ„ȌʹǤ
27. ‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒǡ„ǡƒ†ʹͲͲͻǡ™‹–Šƒ δ„δ ʹͲͲͻǡˆ‘”ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ •‡“—‡ ‡™‹–Šƒ
‹–‡‰‡””ƒ–‹‘ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒǫ
28. ‘”εͲǡŽ‡– k αͳͲǤǤǤͲ͸Ͷǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡œ‡”‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ͳƒ†–Š‡͸Ǥ‡–ȋȌ„‡–Š‡
—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆʹ‹–Š‡’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ kǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋȌǫ
29. —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ–  ƒ†  ƒ”‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• •— Š –Šƒ– ͹ͷ α ͵Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ‹‹—
’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆΪǫ
30. ‡–„‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ‡šƒ –Ž›͵†‹•–‹ –’”‹‡—„‡”•ǡ†ǡ‡ǡƒ†
ͳͲ†Ϊ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡†ƒ†‡ƒ”‡•‹‰Ž‡†‹‰‹–•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ
31. Š‡†‹‰‹–•ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ǡƒ†ͻƒ”‡—•‡†–‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘—”–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–’”‹‡—„‡”•ǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ Š
†‹‰‹–—•‡†‡šƒ –Ž›‘ ‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘—”’”‹‡—„‡”•‹•‰‹˜‡„›ͳͲǤ ‹†
–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
32. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘—–‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǣ
Dz ˆ‹•ƒ‘††’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”–Š‡•—‘ˆ™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•‹•Ͷƒ†‘‡‘ˆ™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•‹•Ͳǡ
–Š‡‹•’”‹‡Ǥdz
33. Š”‡‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡‡ƒ Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ’”‘†— –‘ˆʹ͹ͲͲͲǡƒ†ƒ”‡’ƒ‹”™‹•‡
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹”‡ƒ–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”ǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

34. ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹•‹ ‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”™‹–Š‡šƒ –Ž›ˆ‘—”’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•

ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ͳƒ†Ȍ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”†‹˜‹•‘”•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘Ǥ ‘™ƒ›—„‡”•
‹–Š‡•‡–ȓʹͲͳͲǡʹͲͳͳǡʹͲͳʹǡǤǤǤǡʹͲͳͻȔƒ”‡‹ ‡ǫ
ƒ͵  „͵ ͹͵
35. ‡–ƒƒ†„„‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡‹–‡‰‡”•™‹–Šƒε„εͲƒ† ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒȂ „ǫ
ȋƒ  „Ȍ͵ ͵

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2.2 : Divisibility test and cyclicity

Basic Knowledge
̶‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „›̶ ‡ƒ• ̶™Š‡ ›‘— †‹˜‹†‡ ‘‡ —„‡” „› ƒ‘–Š‡” —„‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹• ƒ
™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”̶Ǥ̶‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›̶ƒ†̶ ƒ„‡‡˜‡–Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†„›̶‡ƒ–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š‹‰Ǥ
Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘• ƒ„ ǡƒ„ ƒ†ƒ„ ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ǡ ƒ„ Ⴤ αͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ ǤŠ‡›”‡’”‡•‡–
ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•— Šƒ• ʹ͵Ͷ αʹ͵Ͷ αʹ͵ͶǤ
Divisibility Rules
• Divisibility rule for 2, 4, 8 and 16 :
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹ‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹȋʹͳȌǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷ‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͶȋʹʹȌǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͺ‹ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͺȋʹ͵ȌǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳ͸‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳ͸ȋʹͶȌǤ
Ex.1 ‘”™Šƒ–†‹‰‹–ȋ•Ȍš™‹ŽŽ„‡͹Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”͵šš͸ššʹ„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷǫ
Sol. ͳǡ͵ǡͷǡ͹ƒ†ͻ
Š‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”šʹ‡‡†•–‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷ„›–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡”—Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
—„‡”•™‘”ǣͳʹǡ͵ʹǡͷʹǡ͹ʹƒ†ͻʹ
Ex.2 ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”• ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–•ʹǡͶǡͷǡ͸ƒ†͹•— Š
–Šƒ–‘†‹‰‹–•”‡’‡ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ˆ‘—”ǫ
Sol. ͵͸
Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‡‡†•–‘„‡‡˜‡‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡—„‡”–‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͶǤ‘™‡Ž‹•–ƒŽŽ
–Š‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷǣͷʹǡ͹ʹǡʹͶǡ͸Ͷǡͷ͸ƒ†͹͸–‘„‡–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

–Š‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡͵× ʹα͸™ƒ›•–‘ƒ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”–™‘†‹‰‹–•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ
͸× ͸α͵͸•— ŠͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•Ǥ
Ex.3 ˆͶ„Ϊʹ Ϊ†α͵ʹǡ‹•–Š‡ͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”ƒ„ ††‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͺǫ
Sol. ‡•
‡—•–†‡–‡”‹‡‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͺǤ
„ †αͳͲͲ„ΪͳͲ Ϊ†αͻ͸„Ϊͺ ΪȋͶ„Ϊʹ Ϊ†Ȍαͻ͸„Ϊͺ Ϊ͵ʹαͺȋͳʹ„Ϊ ΪͶȌ
„ †‹•‹ˆƒ –ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͺǤ‘ƒ„ †‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͺǤ
Ȉ Divisibility rule for 5, 25, 125 and 625 :
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͷ‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͷ(51)Ǥ
 —„‡” ‹• †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „› ʹͷ ‹ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ †‹‰‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡” ˆ‘” ƒ —„‡” –Šƒ– ‹•
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͷ(52)Ǥ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹͷ‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ˆ‘”ƒ—„‡”–Šƒ–‹•
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹͷ(53)Ǥ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͸ʹͷ‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ˆ‘”ƒ—„‡”–Šƒ–‹•
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͸ʹͷ(54)Ǥ
Ex.4 Š‡ˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”͸ͷ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͷǤ ‘™ƒ›•— Šˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
Sol. ȋ͸ʹʹͷƒ†͸͹͹ͷȌ
ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͷǡ ͷ •Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͷǤ
ʹͷ× ͳαʹͷƒ†ʹͷ× ͵α͹ͷ

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 Mathematics

Ex.5 Š‡ •‹šǦ†‹‰‹– —„‡” ͹ͳ͵ ͷ ‹• †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„› ͳʹͷǤ ‘™ ƒ› •— Š •‹šǦ†‹‰‹– —„‡”• ƒ”‡
–Š‡”‡ǫ
Sol. ȋ͹ͳ͵ͳʹͷǡ͹ͳ͵͵͹ͷǡ͹ͳ͵͸ʹͷƒ†͹ͳ͵ͺ͹ͷȌ
ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹͷǡ  ͷ •Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹͷǤ
ͳʹͷ× ͳαͳʹͷǡͳʹͷ× ͵α͵͹ͷǡͳʹͷ× ͷα͸ʹͷƒ†ͳʹͷ× ͹αͺ͹ͷǤ
Ȉ Divisibility rule for 3 and 9
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵‹ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵Ǥ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͻ‹ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͻǤ
Ex.6 Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‹‰‹–• ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ –Š‡ „Žƒ ‹ Ͷ͹̴̴̴ ʹͳ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡
”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ǫ
Sol. ‡––Š‡†‹‰‹–„‡šǤ
ͶΪ͹ΪšΪʹΪͳαͳͶΪš
Ÿ šαͳǡͶƒ†͹‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ͳͶΪš–‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵
Š‡•—‹•ͳΪͶΪ͹αͳʹ
Ex.7 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–†‹‰‹–™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡„–‘ƒ‡–Š‡—„‡”Ͷ͵͹ǡ„͵ʹ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ǫ
Sol. ͶΪ͵Ϊ͹Ϊ„Ϊ͵ΪʹαͳͻΪ„
Ÿ „αʹǡͷƒ†ͺ
Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ„•— Š–Šƒ–Ͷ͵͹ǡ„͵ʹ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵‹•ͺǤ
Ex.8 Š‡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹– —„‡”ʹƒ͵‹• ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡ —„‡”͵ʹ͸–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹– —„‡”
ͷ„ͻǤ ˆͷ„ͻ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͻǡ–Š‡ƒΪ„‡“—ƒŽ
Sol. Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆͷ„ͻ—•–„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͻǡͷΪ„ΪͻαͳͶΪ„ǡ„—•–„‡ͶǤ
ʹƒ͵Ϊ͵ʹ͸αͷͶͻ Ÿ ʹƒ͵αͷͶͻȂ ͵ʹ͸αʹʹ͵ ƒαʹ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒΪ˜αʹΪͶα͸
Ȉ Divisibility rule for 7, 11 and 13 :
ȋͳȌ ˆ›‘—†‘—„Ž‡–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–ƒ†•—„”ƒ – ‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•™‡”
‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǡ›‘— ƒƒ’’Ž›–Š‹•”—Ž‡–‘–Šƒ–ƒ•™‡”
ƒ‰ƒ‹‹ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘ˆ‹†‘—–‹ˆƒ—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǡ‘††‡˜‡”›‘–Š‡”†‹‰‹–ǡƒ† ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–•—̶š̶Ǥ
††–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰†‹‰‹–•ǡƒ† ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–•—̶›̶Ǥƒ‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
‘ˆšƒ†›Ǥ ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•œ‡”‘‘”ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡˜‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ—„‡”‹•
ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡˜‡Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‡Ž‡–‡–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡—„‡”ƒ†–Š‡•—„–”ƒ –ͻ–‹‡•–Š‡†‡Ž‡–‡††‹‰‹–ˆ”‘
–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰—„‡”Ǥ ˆ™Šƒ–‹•Ž‡ˆ–‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳ͵ǡ–Š‡•‘‹•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ
‡’‡ƒ––Š‡”—Ž‡‹ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
ȋͶȌ ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›
͹ǡͳͳ‘”ͳ͵ǡ–Š‡–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž›„›͹ǡͳͳ‘”ͳ͵”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Ex.9 Š‹ Š—„‡”‹•‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǫ͸ͳ͸ǡͷ͸͹ǡ͹ͻͺ‘”ͺ͹ͺ
Sol. ͸ͳ͸ǣ͸ͳȂ ͸× ʹα͸ͳȂ ͳʹαͶͻȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
ͷ͸͹ǣͷ͸Ȃ ͹× ʹαͷ͸Ȃ ͳͶαͶʹȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
͹ͻͺǣ͹ͻȂ ͺ× ʹα͹ͻȂ ͳ͸α͸͵ȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
ͺ͹ͺǣͺ͹Ȃ ͺ× ʹαͺ͹Ȃ ͳ͸α͹ͳȋ‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ

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Ex.10 Š‹ Š—„‡”‹•‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǫ͸͵Ͳ͸ͳ͸ǡͷͺͺͷ͸͹ǡʹͺͳͲͷ‘”ͶͲͳͳͳǫ
Sol. ͸͵Ͳ͸ͳ͸ǣ͸͵ͲȂ ͸ͳ͸αͳͶȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
ͷͺͺͷ͸͹ǣͷͺͺȂ ͷ͸͹αʹͳȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
ʹͺͳͲͷǣͳͲͷȂ ʹͺα͹͹ȋ†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
ͶͲͳͳͳǣͳͳͳȂ ͶͲα͹ͳȋ‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ȍ
Ex.11 ˆͳ͵šΪͺ›‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ͻšΪͷ›‹•ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ǥ
Sol. ‹ ‡ͳ͵šΪͺ›‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘– Šƒ‰‡–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ—„‡”‹ˆ™‡ƒ††ͳ͵š
Ϊͺ›–‘—„‡”Ǥ‘’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ͻšΪͷ›‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ǥ™‡ ƒƒ††ͳ͵šΪͺ›–‘‹–—–‹Ž–Š‡
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ǥ
ͻšΪͷ›Ÿ ͻšΪͷ›Ϊȋͳ͵šΪͺ›ȌαʹʹšΪͳ͵›Ÿ ʹʹšΪͳ͵›Ϊȋͳ͵šΪͺ›Ȍα͵ͷšΪʹͳ›α͹ȋͷšΪ͵›Ȍ
‹ ‡͹ȋͷšΪ͵›Ȍ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹ǡͻšΪͷ›‹•ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ǥ
Ex.12 Š‹ Š†‹‰‹–•Š‘—Ž†”‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ‹–Š‡—‹–•’Žƒ ‡•‘–Šƒ–ͻͺ͸͹ͷͶʹƒ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǫ
Sol. ‡–šαͻΪ͸ΪͷΪʹǡ›αͺΪ͹ΪͶΪƒ
ȋšȂ ›ȌαȋͻΪ͸ΪͷΪʹȌȂ ȋͺΪ͹ΪͶΪƒȌαʹʹȂ ͳͻȂ ƒα͵Ȃ ƒǤ Ÿ ƒα͵
Ex.13 ƒ†ƒ”‡‘Ǧœ‡”‘†‹‰‹–•ˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠͶ͸ͺͲͷ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǤŠƒ–‹•Ϊǫ
Sol. ‡–šαͷΪΪ͸Ϊǡ›αͲΪͺΪͶ
šȂ ›αȋͷΪΪ͸ΪȌȂ ȋͲΪͺΪͶȌαͳͳΪΪȂ ͳʹαΪȂ ͳ Ÿ Ϊαͳʹ
Ex.14 ˆ͹šΪʹ›Ȃ ͷœ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǡšǡ›ƒ†œƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–͵šȂ ͹›Ϊͳʹœ‹•ƒŽ•‘
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǤ
Sol. ‹ ‡͹šΪʹ›Ȃ ͷœ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘– Šƒ‰‡–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ—„‡”‹ˆ™‡ƒ††

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

͹šΪʹ›Ȃ ͷœ–‘–Š‡—„‡”Ǥ
‘’”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǡ™‡ ƒƒ††͹šΪʹ›Ȃ ͷœ–‘‹–—–‹Ž–Š‡
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǤ
Ž•‘ǡ™Š‡™‡—Ž–‹’Ž›ƒ—„‡”„›ƒ‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•‘–ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͳͳǡ–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”™‹ŽŽ‘– Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
͵šȂ ͹›ΪͳʹœŸ Ͷȋ͵šȂ ͹›ΪͳʹœȌΪ͵ȋ͹šΪʹ›Ȃ ͷœȌαͳͳȋ͵œȂ ʹ›Ϊ͵œȌ
Š—•ǡ͵šȂ ͹›Ϊͳʹœ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǤ
Ȉ Divisibility rule for 6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 24 and 36 :
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͸ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Šʹƒ†͵Ǥ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͲǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Šʹƒ†ͷǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Š͵ƒ†ͶǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͶǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Šʹƒ†͹Ǥ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͷǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Š͵ƒ†ͷǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͺǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Šʹƒ†ͻǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͶǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Š͵ƒ†ͺǤ
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵͸ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–ŠͶƒ†ͻǤ
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Ex.15 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•––Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”–Šƒ–‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͸ǫ
Sol. Š‡—„‡”—•–„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–Šʹƒ†͵Ǥ‘–Š‡—„‡”‹•‡˜‡ƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•
†‹‰‹–•‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵Ǥ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‹•ͻͻšǡšα͸™‘”•Ǥ
Ex.16 ˆ–Š‡ͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”ʹ͹͵‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǫ
Sol. Š‡ͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”ʹ͹͵‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ƒ†ͶǤ
ʹΪ͹Ϊ͵ΪαͳʹΪǡ—•–„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ǡ•‘ ƒ„‡Ͳǡ͵ǡ͸ƒ†ͻǤ‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ—•–
„‡‡˜‡•‘–Šƒ––Š‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷǡ•‘™‡Šƒ˜‡αͲ‘”͸Ǥ͵—•–ƒŽ•‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡
„›Ͷǡ•‘ α͸‹•–Š‡‘Ž›˜ƒŽ—‡–Šƒ–™‘”•Ǥ
Ex.17 ‹††‹•–‹ –†‹‰‹–•ƒ†•— Š–Šƒ–Ͷ͹‹•ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ††‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵͸Ǥƒ‡
–Š‡—„‡”Ǥ
Sol. Ͷ͹‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵͸ƒ†‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͻƒ†ͶǤ
ΪͶΪ͹ΪαΪΪͳͳ Ÿ Ϊα͹ƒ†Ϊαͳ͸
‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –ǡΪα͹
͹‡‡†•–‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷƒ†™‡™ƒ––Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶ͹Ǥ
αͷƒ†αʹǤͶ͹αͷͶ͹ʹǤ
Cyclicity
Note : Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‡ƒ‹‰•ǣŽƒ•–†‹‰‹–ǡ‘‡•†‹‰‹–ƒ†—‹–•†‹‰‹–•Ǥ
Ȉ Patterns of the last digit of a n :
Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–•‘ˆƒ Šƒ˜‡’ƒ––‡”••Š‘™‹–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‡ƒαʹǤ
ʹͳ αʹ ʹʹ αͶ ʹ͵ αͺ ʹͶαͳ͸
ʹͷ α͵ʹ ʹ͸ α͸Ͷ ʹ αͳʹͺ ͹
ʹͺ αʹͷ͸ǡǤǤǤ

Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–•‘ˆʹ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ’ƒ––‡”ǣʹǡͶǡͺǡ͸ǡʹǡͶǡͺǡ͸‡– ǤǤǤ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

 ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ‡”‹‘†

ͳ 1 ͳ

ʹ 2 4 8 6 Ͷ

͵ 3 9 7 1 Ͷ

Ͷ 4 6 ʹ

ͷ 5 ͳ

͸ 6 ͳ

͹ 7 9 3 1 Ͷ

ͺ 8 4 2 6 Ͷ

ͻ 9 1 ʹ
Ex.18 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͵ͳͻͻͻǤ
Sol. Š‡’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͵ ‹•ǣ ͵ǡͻǡ͹ǡͳȋ”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰‡˜‡”›ˆ‘—”—„‡”•Ȍ
Š‡ͳͻͻͻ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›Ͷǡ–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–‹•Ͷͻͻƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•͵ǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͵ͳͻͻͻ
‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͵͵Ǥ
‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͵ͳͻͻͻ ‹•͹Ǥ
”͵ͳͻͻͻ α͵ͶέͶͻͻΪ͵ α͵͵ αʹ͹ǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•͹Ǥ

[115]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Ex.19 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‹–Š‡—„‡”ƒ‡†„›ʹͶͺ ǫ
Sol. Š‡’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ ‹•ʹǡͶǡͺǡ͸ǡʹǡͶ‡– Ǥ
ͶͺίͶαͳʹǤ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹͶͺ ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹͶǤ
‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•͸Ǥ
”ʹͶͺ αʹͶέͳͳΪͶ αʹͶ αͳ͸ǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•͸Ǥ
Ex.20 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‹–Š‡—„‡”ƒ‡†„›͹ʹʹ ǫ
Sol. Š‡’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ǣ͹ǡͻǡ͵ǡͳǡ͹ǡͻǡ͵ǡͳǡ‡– Ǥ
Š‡ʹʹ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›Ͷǡ–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–‹•ͷƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•ʹǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͹ʹʹ ‹•–Š‡
•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͹ʹǡ•‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ͻǤ
”͹ʹʹ α͹ͶέͷΪʹ α͹ʹ αͶͻǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ͻǤ
Ex.21 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆͳͻͻͺͳͻͻͺ ǫ
Sol. Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆͳͻͻͺͳͻͻͺ ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆͺͳͻͻͺǤ
Š‡’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ǣͺǡͶǡʹǡ͸ǡͺǡͶǡʹǡ͸ǡ‡– Ǥ
Š‡ͳͻͻͺ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›Ͷǡ–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–‹•Ͷͻͻƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•ʹǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆͺͳͻͻͺ
‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆͺʹǡ•‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ͶǤ
”ͺͳͻͻͺ αͺͶέͶͻͻΪʹ αͺʹ α͸ͶǤŠ‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ͶǤ
Ȉ Same very useful formulas :
ƒ Ȃ „ αȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒȂͳ ΪƒȂʹ„ΪƒȂ͵„ʹ ΪǤǤǤΪƒ„Ȃʹ Ϊ„ȂͳȌ™Š‡”‡‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ Ȃ „ αȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ Ȃ ƒȂʹ„ΪƒȂ͵„ʹ Ȃ ǤǤǤΪƒ„Ȃʹ Ȃ „ȂͳȌ™Š‡”‡‹•‡˜‡
ƒ Ϊ„ αȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ Ȃ ƒȂʹ„ΪƒȂ͵„ʹ Ȃ ǤǤǤȂ ƒ„Ȃʹ Ϊ„ȂͳȌ™Š‡”‡‹•‘††
Ex.22 Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆʹʹͲʹ ǫ
Sol. ͲͶǡȋ‘”†‡”‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–Ȍ
‹”•–™‡ˆ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹʹͲʹǤ‡‘™–Šƒ–‹–‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹʹǡ™Š‹ Š
‹•ͶǤ
Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹʹͲʹ ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›ǣ
ͳ Ͷ ʹ ʹ ʹ
ȋʹʹͲʹ Ȃ ͶȌα ȋʹʹͲͲ Ȃ ͳȌα ȋʹʹͲͲ Ȃ ͳȌα ȋͳ͸ͷͲ Ȃ ͳȌα ȋͳ͸Ȃ ͳȌȋͳ͸Ͷͻ Ϊͳ͸Ͷͺ ΪǤǤǤΪͳ͸ΪͳȌ
ͳͲ ͳͲ ͷ ͷ ͷ
α͸ȋ͸Ͷͻ Ϊ͸Ͷͺ ΪǤǤǤΪ͸ΪͳȌ{ ͸ ȋ͸  ͸  ͸  ǤǤǤ  ͸  ͳȌ α͸ȋͶͻέ͸ΪͳȌαͳ͹͹Ͳ{ Ͳȋ‘†͵ȌǤ
Ͷͻ͸̵•
Ͷͻ ͸̵•

‘–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡ͲͶǤ
“
Note : Š‡™‡‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡ˆ‘” ȋš Ȃ ›Ȍǡ™Š‡”‡ȋ’ǡ“Ȍαͳǡ‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ™‡‡‡†
’
–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–’ȁšȂ ›ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘†‹–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘‰‡––Š‡ ‘””‡ –†‹‰‹–Ǥ
ʹ ʹ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ȋʹʹͲͲ Ȃ ͳȌ‹•‘–ƒ‰‘‘†ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ͳ„—– ȋͳ͸ͷͲ Ȃ ͳȌ‹•Ǥ
ͷ ͷ

[116]
 Mathematics

Ex.23 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͸ʹͲͲʹǤ
Sol. Method-1 :
͸ͳ αͲ͸
͸ʹ α͵͸ ͸͵ αͳ͸ ͸Ͷ αͻ͸ ͸ͷ α͹͸ ͸͸ αͷ͸
͸͹ α͵͸ ͸ͺ αͳ͸ ͸ͻ αͻ͸ ͸ͳͲ α͹͸ ͸ͳͳ αͷ͸
Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͸ ȋt ʹȌŠƒ˜‡–Š‡’ƒ––‡”ǣ͵͸ǡͳ͸ǡͻ͸ǡ͹͸ǡͷ͸ǡǤǤǤǤ™Š‹ Š”‡’‡ƒ–•‡˜‡”›
ͷ–‡”•Ǥ
ʹͲͲʹαͷέͶͲͲΪʹǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆʹͲͲʹ†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͷ‹•ʹǡ•‘–Š‡ Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡
‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘͸ʹǡ™Š‹ Š‹•͵͸Ǥ
Method-2 :
‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͸ʹͲͲʹ ‹•͸Ǥ
Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹– ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›ǣ
ͳ ͸ ͵ ͵
ȋ͸ʹͲͲʹ Ȃ ͸Ȍα ȋ͸ʹͲͲͳ Ȃ ͳȌα ȋ͸ʹͲͲͳ Ȃ ͳȌα ȋ͸Ȃ ͳȌȋ͸ʹͲͲͲ Ϊ͸ͳͻͻͻ ΪǤǤǤΪ͸ΪͳȌ
ͳͲ ͳͲ ͷ ͷ
α͵ȋ͸ʹͲͲͲ Ϊ͸ͳͻͻͻ ΪǤǤǤΪ͸ΪͳȌα ͵ȋ͸
ȋ͸  ͸  ͸  ǤǤǤ  ͸  ͳȌ ͵ȋʹͲͲͲ u ͸  ͳȌ { ͵ ȋ‘†Ǥ͵Ȍ
ʹͲͲͲ͸̵•
ʹͲͲͲ ͸̵•

‘ǡ–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡͵͸Ǥ
Ex.24 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͸ʹͲͲʹ
Sol. •™‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͸ʹͲͲʹ ƒ”‡͵͸ǤŠ‡Š—†”‡†•†‹‰‹– ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†‹
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ™ƒ›ǣ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ ͵͸ ͻ ͻ ͻ
ȋ͸ʹͲͲʹ Ȃ ͵͸Ȍα ȋ͸ʹͲͲͲ Ȃ ͳȌα ȋ͸ʹͲͲͲ Ȃ ͳȌα ȏȋ͸ͷȌͶͲͲ Ȃ ͳȐα ȋ͹͹͹͸ͶͲͲ Ȃ ͳȌ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͷ
ͻ
έȋ͹͹͹͸Ȃ ͳȌȋ͹͹͹͸͵ͻͻ Ϊ͹͹͹͸͵ͻͺ ΪǤǤǤΪ͹͹͹͸ΪͳȌαͻέ͵ͳͳέ ȋ͸  ͸  ͸  ǤǤǤ  ͸  ͳȌ
ʹͷ ͵ͻͻ͸̵•
͵ͻͻ ͸̵•

αͻέͳέȋ͵ͻͻέ͸ΪͳȌαͻέͳέȋͻέ͸ΪͳȌαͻέͳέͷ{ ͷȋ‘†ǤͳͲȌ
‘ǡ–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͸ʹͲͲʹ ƒ”‡ͷ͵͸
Ex.25 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹ʹͲͲͷ
Sol. Š‡’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•ǣ͹ǡͻǡ͵ǡͳǡ͹ǡͻǡ͵ǡͳǡ‡– Ǥ
ʹͲͲͷίͶαͷͲͳͳǤŠƒ–‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͹ʹͲͲͷ ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‘ˆ͹ͳǡ
•‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹•͹Ǥ
Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹– ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›ǣ
ͳ ͹ ͹ ͹
ȋ͹ʹͲͲͷ Ȃ ͹Ȍα ȋ͹ʹͲͲͶ Ȃ ͳȌα ȏͶͻͳͲͲʹ Ȃ ͳȐα ȋͶͻΪͳȌȋ͹ͳͲͲͳ Ȃ ͹ͳͲͲͲ ΪǤǤǤΪ͹Ȃ ͳȌ
ͳͲ ͳͲ ͳͲ ͳͲ
{ ͵ͷȋ͹ͳͲͲͳ Ȃ ͹ͳͲͲͲ ΪǤǤǤΪ͹Ȃ ͳȌ{ ͷȋ͹ΪʹͷͲέȋ͹Ȃ ͳΪ͵Ȃ ͻȌȂͳȌ{ ͵Ͳ{ Ͳȋ‘†ͳͲȌ
‘–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡Ͳ͹Ǥ
‘–‡ǣƒ Ȃ „ αȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ Ȃ ƒȂʹ„ΪƒȂ͵„ʹ Ȃ ǤǤǤΪƒ„Ȃʹ Ȃ „ȂͳȌ™Š‡‹•‡˜‡Ǥ

[117]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Ex.26 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹ʹͲͲͷǤ
Sol. ‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹ʹͲͲͷ ƒ”‡Ͳ͹ǤŠ‡Š—†”‡†•†‹‰‹– ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›ǣ
ͳ ͹ ͹
ȋ͹ʹͲͲͷ Ȃ ͹Ȍα ȋ͹ʹͲͲͶ Ȃ ͳȌα ȏȋ͹ͶȌͷͲͳ Ȃ ͳȐ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
͹
α ȋʹͶͲͳȂ ͳȌȋʹͶͲͳͷͲͲ ΪʹͶͲͳͶͻͻ ΪǤǤǤΪʹͶͲͳΪͳȌ
ͳͲͲ
{ ͹έʹͶέȋʹͶͲͳͷͲͲ ΪʹͶͲͳͶͻͻ ΪǤǤǤΪʹͶͲͳ͹ΪͳȌ{ ͹έͶέȋͳͷͲͲ ΪͳͶͻͻ ΪǤǤǤΪͳΪͳȌ
{ ͺέȋͷͲͳȌ{ ͺέͳ{ ͺȋ‘†ͳͲȌ
‘–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹ʹͲͲͷ ƒ”‡ͺͲ͹
Ex.27 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆͷʹͲͳʹǤ
Sol. ‡—•‡ᐦȋšȌ–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆšǤ
ᐦȋͷͳȌαͲͲͷ
ᐦȋͷʹȌαͲʹͷ
ᐦȋͷ͵Ȍαͳʹͷ
ᐦȋͷͶȌα͸ʹͷ
ᐦȋͷͷȌαͳʹͷ
ᐦȋͷ͸Ȍα͸ʹͷ
„•‡”˜‡–Š‡’ƒ––‡”–Šƒ–™Š‡š‹•ƒ‡˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆͷǡ–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡͸ʹͷ™Š‡
šεͷ͵Ǥ‹ ‡ʹͲͳʹ‹•‡˜‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡͸ʹͷǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ex.28 ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•–‘Ǧœ‡”‘†‹‰‹–‹͵ͲǨǤ
Sol. ‡ˆ‹”•–‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͵ͲǨǤ„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ–ʹͻ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‹‡—„‡”
Ž‡••–Šƒ͵ͲǤ‡Šƒ˜‡
ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º
« ʹ »  « ʹʹ »  « ʹ͵ »  « ʹͶ » ʹ͸
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º
« ͵ »  « ͵ʹ »  « ͵͵ » ͳͶ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º
« ͷ »  « ͷʹ » ͹
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ª ͵Ͳ º
«͹» Ͷ
¬ ¼
ª ͵Ͳ º
« ͳͳ » ʹ
¬ ¼
ª ͵Ͳ º
« ͳ͵ » ʹ
¬ ¼
ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º ª ͵Ͳ º
« ͳ͹ » « ͳͻ » « ʹ͵ » « ʹͻ » ͳǤ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼

[118]
 Mathematics

Š—•ǡ ͵ͲǨαʹʹ͸ ˜ ͵ͳͶ ˜ ͷ͹ ˜ ͹Ͷ ˜ ͳͳʹ ˜ ͳ͵ʹ ˜ ͳ͹˜ ͳͻ˜ ʹ͵˜ ʹͻ

͵ͲǨ
αʹͳͻ ˜ ͵ͳͶ ˜ ͹Ͷ ˜ ͳͳʹ ˜ ͳ͵ʹ ˜ ͳ͹˜ ͳͻ˜ ʹ͵˜ ʹͻ
ͳͲ͹
α͸ͳͶ ˜ ʹͷ ˜ ͹Ͷ ˜ ͳͳʹ ˜ ͳ͵ʹ ˜ ͳ͹˜ ͳͻ˜ ʹ͵˜ ʹͻ
α͸ȋʹȌȋͳȌȋͳȌȋͻȌȋ͹ȌȋͻȌȋ͵ȌȋͻȌȋ‘†ͳͲȌ
αʹȋȂ ͳȌȋȂ ͵ȌȋȂ ͳȌȋ͵ȌȋȂ ͳȌȋ‘†ͳͲȌ
αͺȋ‘†ͳͲȌǡ
Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ•–‘Ǧœ‡”‘†‹‰‹–‹•ͺǤ
Ex.29 ‡–„‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͳͷǡ–Šƒ– ‘’”‹•‡•‡šƒ –Ž›͵†‹‰‹–•™‹–Š̵Ͳ̵•ǡ
̵͵̵•ƒ†̵ͺ̵•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͳǤ
Sol. „‡‹‰ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͷƒ†͵—•–‡†™‹–ŠǮͲ̵ƒ†Šƒ•–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵Ǥ‹ ‡
͵Ϊͺαͳͳǡ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡•— Š–Šƒ–έͳͳ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵‹•͵ǤŠ—•α͵ͲͲ͵͵ͺͺͺͲ
ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•
ͲȂ ͺΪͺȂ ͺΪ͵Ȃ ͵ΪͲȂ ͲΪ͵αȂ ͷα͸ȋ‘†ͳͳȌǤ
Ex.30 ‡–„‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”•™Š‡
ʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳͺͲ͵ Ȃ ͳ͹ͺͳ Ϊͳ͹͹Ͷ
‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ʹͲ͵Ǥ
Sol. ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ
ʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳͺͲ͵ Ȃ ͳ͹ͺͳ Ϊͳ͹͹Ͷ αȋʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳͺͲ͵ȌȂ ȋͳ͹ͺͳ Ȃ ͳ͹͹ͶȌ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

αȋʹͲͳ͵Ȃ ͳͺͲ͵Ȍ— Ȃ ȋͳ͹ͺͳȂ ͳ͹͹ͶȌ˜αʹͳͲ—Ȃ ͹˜ǡ

ʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳͺͲ͵ Ȃ ͳ͹ͺͳ Ϊͳ͹͹Ͷ αȋʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳ͹ͺͳȌȂ ȋͳͺͲ͵ Ǧ ͳ͹͹ͶȌ
αȋʹͲͳ͵Ȃ ͳ͹ͺͳȌšȂ ȋͳͺͲ͵Ȃ ͳ͹͹ͶȌ›αʹͻšȂ ʹͻ›Ǥ
‘ ʹͲͳ͵ Ȃ ͳͺͲ͵ Ȃ ͳ͹ͺͳ Ϊͳ͹͹Ͷ ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹έʹͻαʹͲ͵ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
Ex.31 ‹†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‘–‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲͲ•— Š–Šƒ– Ͷ Ϊͷʹ Ϊͻ‹•
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͷǤ
Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ–Ͷ Ϊͷʹ ΪͻαͶ Ȃ ͳΪͷʹ ΪͳͲαȋȂ ͳȌȋΪͳȌȋʹ ΪͳȌΪͷȋʹΪʹȌǤ
ˆαͳ‘”Ͷȋ‘†ͷȌǡ–Š‡ͷ†‹˜‹†‡•Ȃ ͳ‘”ΪͳǤ
ˆαʹ‘”͵ȋ‘†ͷȌǡ–Š‡ͷ†‹˜‹†‡•ʹ ΪͳǤ
ˆαͲȋ‘†ͷȌǡ–Š‡ͷ†‘‡•‘–†‹˜‹†‡ȋȂ ͳȌȋʹ ΪͳȌ„—–†‹˜‹†‡•ͷȋʹ ΪʹȌǡŠ‡ ‡†‘‡•
‘–†‹˜‹†‡Ͷ Ϊͷʹ ΪͻǤ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲͲίͷαʹͲ—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆͷˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͳͲͲǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•–Š—•
”‡“—‹”‡†‹•ͳͲͲȂ ʹͲαͺͲǤ

[119]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 2.2

1. ‹˜‡ ͳš͸›͹ ‹• ƒ ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹– —„‡” †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „› ͻǤ Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘”†‡”‡† ’ƒ‹”• ȋšǡ ›Ȍ
•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‹•‹•
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵Ȍͺ ȋͶȌͳͳ
2. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹ„—–‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷ‹•
ȋͳȌʹͲͲ ȋʹȌʹʹͷ ȋ͵ȌʹͷͲ ȋͶȌͶͷͲ
3. ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡–Š‡†‹‰‹–• ‘ˆƒ ‹‡†‹‰‹– —„‡”ƒ„ ƒ„ ƒ„ ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡“—‘–‹‡– ™Š‡ –Š‹•
—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͲͲͳͲͲͳǤ
ȋͳȌͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ Ϊ„ ȋʹȌͳͲͲ ΪͳͲ„Ϊƒ ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ ȋͶȌͳͲƒΪ

4. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š ‹•–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
ʹͲ  
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ
5. Š‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆʹͲ ‡–—”›ƒ†ʹͳ ‡–—”›ƒ”‡‘ˆͶ†‹‰‹–•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡
th th

†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”‹•
ȋͳȌ͹ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵Ȍͻ ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
6. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”͵ͲƒͲ„Ͳ͵–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳ͵ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ƒ”‡†‹‰‹–•ǡ‹•
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ ȋͶȌͲ
7. ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›–™‘†‹˜‹•‘”•ƒ†ȋΪͳȌŠƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹˜‹•‘”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ
†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆȋΪʹȌ‹•
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ͵

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌ†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
8. ˆαͳͲ Ȃͳǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‹ ‹•
10 3

ȋͳȌ͵Ͳ ȋʹȌʹͺ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ʹ ȋͶȌʹ͹

9. Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͵2012ǡ™Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹†‡ ‹ƒŽ‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡
ȋͳȌͺͳ ȋʹȌͲͳ ȋ͵ȌͶͳ ȋͶȌʹͳ
10. ‹˜‡–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”͵ Ǥ 2011

ȋͳȌ͹ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵ȌͳͲ ȋͶȌͳͳ

11. Š‡™”‹––‡‘—– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ͳ͸ 2011 Šƒ•†‹‰‹–•ƒ†͸ʹͷ Šƒ•†‹‰‹–•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
2011

ȋΪȌǤ
ȋͳȌͺͲͲͲ ȋʹȌͶͲͶͷ ȋ͵ȌͺͲͶͷ ȋͶȌ͹ͲͶͲ
12. ‹†–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ Ǥ2013

ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ͵ ȋ͵Ȍͷ ȋͶȌ͹

13. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†–Šƒ– ‹• †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹Ǥ
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆǫ
ȋͳȌͳͶ ȋʹȌʹͳ ȋ͵Ȍʹͺ ȋͶȌ͸
14. ͳͲͲ
‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆͻ Ȃ ͳǤ
15. ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–Ǩ‡†•™‹–Š‡šƒ –Ž›ͳͲͲœ‡”‘•Ǥ
16. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ– Ϊʹʹ Ϊ͵͵ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪʹͲͲͷʹͲͲͷ ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡
„›Ȃ ͳǤ
[120]
 Mathematics

17. ‡–„‡–Š‡—„‡”
(999 999 999...999)2  (666 666 666...666)2 .
2006 9 's 2006 6 's

‹†–Š‡”‡‹†‡”™Š‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͳǤ
18. Šƒ–‹• –Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ †‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š ͵ ΪʹͲͲ͸‹•
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ϊʹ͸ǫ
19. ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–ȋΪͳȌȋΪʹȌ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͶ͹Ǥ
20. ‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆͲ̵•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –ͳέʹέ͵έͶέ˜˜˜ έʹͲͲͺ‹•ǡ–Š‡
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   ͳʹͷ Ǥ
21. ‡–†‡‘–‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›„‘–ŠͶƒ†ͻǡƒ†™Š‘•‡„ƒ•‡Ǧ
ͳͲ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ‘Ž›Ͷǯ•ƒ†ͻǯ•ǡ™‹–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡‘ˆ‡ƒ ŠǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡
•—‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ
22. Ǧ†‹‰‹–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹• —–‡‹ˆ‹–•†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡ƒƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–ȓͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡȔ
ƒ†‹–•ˆ‹”•–†‹‰‹–•ˆ‘”ƒ‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ǡˆ‘”αͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
͵ʹͳ‹•ƒ —–‡͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡ͳ†‹˜‹†‡•͵ǡʹ†‹˜‹†‡•͵ʹǡƒ†͵†‹˜‹†‡•͵ʹͳǤ ‘™ƒ›
—–‡͸Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
23. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‘Ǧ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•
ͳǡʹǡʹǡ͵ǡ͵ǡ͵ǡͶǡͶǡͶǡͶǡͷǡͷǡͷǡͷǡͷǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡–Š ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡–Š‡ʹͲͳͻ–Š –‡”‹•

†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͷ‹•
24. ƒ”› Š‘•‡ƒ‡˜‡ͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”ǤŠ‡™”‘–‡†‘™ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆ‹‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰

‘”†‡”ˆ”‘Ž‡ˆ––‘”‹‰Š–ǣͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡ ǡǤ–•‘‡‘‡–ƒ”›™”‘–‡͵ʹ͵ƒ•ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆǤ ˆ
ʹ
–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–†‹˜‹•‘”™”‹––‡–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ͵ʹ͵‹•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡

‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͲ
25. Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆʹǡͲͳͶǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲ‹•‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ˆ‹–•ˆ‹ˆ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–†‹˜‹•‘”‹•Ǥ ‹†•—‘ˆƒŽŽ
–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
26. ‘™ƒ›–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•ƒ”‡‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͷǡŠƒ˜‡†‹‰‹–•–Šƒ–•—–‘Ž‡••–ŠƒʹͲǡ
ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‹‰‹–‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡–Š‹”††‹‰‹–ǫ
27. ‘™ƒ›‡˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲƒ†͹ͲͲ™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ†
‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡–ͳǡʹǡͷǡ͹ǡͺǡͻǫ

[121]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

2.3 : Number theory

Ex.1 ̵ƒ̵ƒ†̵„̵ƒ”‡–™‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•™‹–ŠƒΪ„αͺǤ ˆƒt „ƒ†ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Šƒ•‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ
–Š‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡„›
ȋͳȌ͹ǡͳ ȋʹȌ͸ǡʹ ȋ͵ȌͶǡͶ ȋͶȌͷǡʹ
Sol. ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ αƒʹ ΪȋͺȂ ƒȌʹ αʹƒʹ Ȃ ͳ͸ƒΪ͸Ͷ
αʹȋƒʹ Ȃ ͺƒΪͳ͸ȌΪ͵ʹαʹȋƒȂ ͶȌʹ Ϊ͵ʹ
Š‹•‹•‹‹—™Š‡ƒαͶ
Š‡„αͶǤ
Ex.2  ‡”–ƒ‹—„‡”Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‡‹‰Š–ˆƒ –‘”•‹ Ž—†‹‰ͳƒ†‹–•‡ŽˆǤ™‘‘ˆ‹–•ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ”‡ʹͳ
ƒ†͵ͷǤŠ‡—„‡”‹•
ȋͳȌͳͲͷ ȋʹȌʹͳͲ ȋ͵ȌͶʹͲ ȋͶȌͷʹͷ
Sol. ‹ ‡–Š‡—„‡”Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‡‹‰Š–ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ‹–Šƒ•–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ ͳ͹ǡ’ͳ͵’ʹ ‘”’ͳ’ʹ’͵
™Š‡”‡’̵•ƒ”‡’”‹‡•Ǥ
•ʹͳƒ†͵ͷƒ”‡‹–•ˆƒ –‘”•͵ǡͷǡ͹ƒ”‡‹–•ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ ‡ ‡–Š‡—„‡”‹•͵έͷέ͹αͳͲͷǤ
Ex.3 ‹† –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ †‹‰‹– —„‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ™”‹––‡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ †‹‰‹–• ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷ
ȋ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ȌǤ
Sol. ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶ‹–Š‡Š—†”‡†•’Žƒ ‡ǡ–‡•’Žƒ ‡‘”—‹–•
’Žƒ ‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ͶέͶέͶα͸Ͷ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•‹ƒŽŽǤ ˆ™‡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡—‹–•
’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡͸Ͷ—„‡”•ǡ™‡•‡‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ͳ͸–‹‡•ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡
‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•–”—‡ƒ„‘—––‡•’Žƒ ‡ƒ†Š—†”‡†•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡͸Ͷ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

—„‡”•–Šƒ–™‡ ƒˆ‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡•ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–•‹•
αͳ͸ȋͳΪʹΪ͵ΪͶȌέͳͲͲΪͳ͸ȋͳΪʹΪ͵ΪͶȌέͳͲΪͳ͸ȋͳΪʹΪ͵ΪͶȌέͳ
? αͳ͸ͲͲͲΪͳ͸ͲͲΪͳ͸Ͳαͳ͹͹͸Ͳ
Ex.4 ‘™ƒ›–™‘†‹‰‹–—„‡”•†‹˜‹†‡ͳͲͻ™‹–Šƒ”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆͶǫ
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌͶ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌ‘‡
Sol. •”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•Ͷǡ™‡‡‡†–™‘†‹‰‹– †‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆͳͲͻȂ ͶαͳͲͷǤ
•ͳͲͷαͷέ͵έ͹Ǥ™‘†‹‰‹–†‹˜‹•‘”•ƒ”‡ͳͷǡʹͳƒ†͵ͷǤŠ—•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵•— Š†‹˜‹•‘”•Ǥ
ͳ
Ex.5 ˆƒʹ ΪƒΪͳαͲ–Š‡ƒʹ Ϊ ‹•ƒ
ƒʹ
ȋͳȌ‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”
ȋʹȌ‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒ‹–‡‰‡”
ȋ͵Ȍ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”
ȋͶȌ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒ‹–‡‰‡”
Sol. •ƒz Ͳˆ”‘ƒʹ ΪƒΪͳαͲǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ʹ
ͳ § ͳ·
ƒΪ αȂͳƒ† ¨ ƒ  ¸ αͳ
ƒ © ƒ¹
ͳ ͳ
? ƒʹ Ϊ ʹ
Ϊʹαͳ‘”ƒʹ Ϊ ʹ αȂͳδͲ
ƒ ƒ
[122]
 Mathematics

Ex.6 Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•™Š‘•‡•“—ƒ”‡‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆʹͲͲͲ‹•

ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵ȌͳͲ ȋͶȌͳʹ
Sol. • ʹͲͲͲ α ʹͶ έ ͷ͵ –Š‡ ˆƒ –‘”• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ •“—ƒ”‡ —„‡”• ƒ”‡ ʹʹǡ ʹͶǡ ͷʹǡ ʹʹ έ ͷʹǡ ʹͶ έ ͷʹǤ
”‹˜‹ƒŽŽ›ͳʹ αͳ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆƒ –‘”ǤŠ—•–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹š—„‡”•ͳǡʹǡͶǡͷǡͳͲǡʹͲƒ”‡
ˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆʹͲͲͲǤ
Ex.7 –Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”™‹–Š†‹‰‹–•ǡǡ‹–Šƒ–‘”†‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „›ͻǤ‹•ƒ‘†††‹‰‹–ƒ†
‹•ƒ‡˜‡†‹‰‹–Ǥƒ†ƒ”‡‘œ‡”‘ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ•— Š–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•‹•
ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸ ȋͶȌ ʹͲ
Sol. ΪΪαͻǡͳͺ‘”ʹ͹ƒ†‹•‘††ƒ†‹•‡˜‡ǡǡ‘Ǧœ‡”‘Ǥ
‡•ŠƒŽŽˆ‹š–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒ•ͳǡ͵ǡͷǡ͹ƒ†ͻƒ†ˆ‹†–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ†ƒ†
‘—––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—„‡”•Ǥ
    
ȋͳȌ ͳ͸ʹ ȋͷȌ ͵Ͷʹ ȋͻȌ ͷʹʹ ȋͳ͵Ȍ ͹ͻʹ ȋͳ͹Ȍ ͻ͹ʹ
ȋʹȌ ͳͶͶ ȋ͸Ȍ ͵ʹͶ ȋͳͲȌ ͷͻͶ ȋͳͶȌ ͹͹Ͷ ȋͳͺȌ ͻͷͶ
ȋ͵Ȍ ͳʹ͸ ȋ͹Ȍ ͵ͻ͸ ȋͳͳȌ ͷ͹͸ ȋͳͷȌ ͹ͷ͸ ȋͳͻȌ ͻ͵͸
ȋͶȌ ͳͻͺ ȋͺȌ ͵͹ͺ ȋͳʹȌ ͷͷͺ ȋͳ͸Ȍ ͹͵ͺ ȋʹͲȌ ͻͳͺ
Š—•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͲ•— Š—„‡”•Ǥ
Ex.8 Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–—„‡”‘ˆ—„‡”•–‘„‡†‡Ž‡–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡–ȓͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤǡͳ͵ǡͳͶǡͳͷȔ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡
’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰—„‡”•‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡‹•
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ

Sol. Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͳͷȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤͳͷǨȌ‹•ͳέʹͳͳ έ͵͸ έͷ͵ έ͹ʹ έͳͳͳ έͳ͵ͳ
αʹέʹͳͲ έ͵͸ έͷ͵ έ͹ʹ έͳͳͳ έͳ͵ͳ
αͳέʹͳͲ έ͵͸ έͷʹ έ͹ʹ έͳͲέͳͳέͳ͵
Š‡–Š‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͳͷ‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‘†— –‘ˆ‡˜‡’‘™‡”•‘ˆ’”‹‡—„‡”•ǡ
–Š‡—„‡”•ͳͲǡͳͳǡͳ͵Šƒ˜‡‘††’‘™‡”•Ǥ‘–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡—„‡”•–‘„‡†‡Ž‡–‡†•‘–Šƒ––Š‡
’”‘†— –‘ˆ‘–Š‡”—„‡”•„‡ ‘‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
Ex.9 —„‡”‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›™”‹–‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͳͲ’”‹‡•‹–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘”†‡”Ǥ ƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•
ƒ”‡‘™ ”‘••‡†‘—–ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡—„‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰†‹‰‹–•™‹–Š‘—– Šƒ‰‹‰
–Š‡‘”†‡”ǡ‹•ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡”ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘††‹‰‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡™—„‡”‹•
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ͵ ȋ͵Ȍͷ ȋͶȌ͹
Sol. Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ—„‡”‹•ʹ͵ͷ͹ͳͳͳ͵ͳ͹ͳͻʹ͵ʹͻǤŠ‹•Šƒ•ͳ͸†‹‰‹–•ǡͺ‘ˆ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡–‘„‡†‡Ž‡–‡†Ǥ
‘‰‡––Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–—„‡”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰†‹‰‹–••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Šͻ
–Š‡”‡ ƒ„‡‘Ž›ƒ––Š‡‘•–ͷ†‹‰‹–•Ǥ‘ͻ ƒ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‹‰‹– ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘††‹‰‹–Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘†‹‰‹–• ƒ„‡͹ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡‡™—„‡”‹•͹͹ͳͻʹ͵ʹͻǤ
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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.10 ‡–„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲǡͲͲͲ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ƒŽŽ‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ʹ
–‘ͳͲǤŠ‡
ȋͳȌαͲ ȋʹȌͳd δͷ ȋ͵Ȍͷd δͳͲ ȋͶȌͳͲd δͳͷ
Sol. Š‡—„‡”•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ʹ–‘ͳͲƒ”‡–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆƒŽŽ
–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ʹ–‘ͳͲ™Š‹ Š‹•ͺέͻέͷέ͹αʹͷʹͲǤ
‘ǡ–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆʹͷʹͲŽ‡••ͳͲǡͲͲͲƒ”‡
ʹͷʹͲǡʹέʹͷʹͲαͷͲͶͲǡ͵έʹͷʹͲα͹ͷ͸Ͳ
Š—•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡šƒ –Ž›–Š”‡‡—„‡”•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲǡͲͲͲƒ††‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ƒŽŽ‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘
ʹ–‘ͳͲǤ
Ex.11 Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’”‹‡•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲͲ„—–Šƒ˜‹‰͹ƒ•–Š‡—‹–†‹‰‹–•‹•
ȋͳȌ͸ ȋʹȌ͹ ȋ͵Ȍͺ ȋͶȌͻ
Sol. Š‡—„‡”•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲͲ„—–Šƒ˜‹‰̶͹̶ƒ•–Š‡—‹–†‹‰‹–ƒ”‡͹ǡͳ͹ǡʹ͹ǡ͵͹ǡͶ͹ǡͷ͹ǡ͸͹ǡ͹͹ǡ
ͺ͹ƒ†ͻ͹Ǥʹ͹ǡͷ͹ǡ͹͹ƒ†ͺ͹ƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡—„‡”•™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡—„‡”•͹ǡͳ͹ǡ͵͹ǡͶ͹ǡ
͸͹ƒ†ͻ͹ƒ”‡’”‹‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡͸‹—„‡”•Ǥ
Ex.12 Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–™‘†‹‰‹–—„‡”•™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•—‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͸‹•
ȋͳȌͳ͵ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ ȋͶȌʹʹ
Sol. Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ•— Š–™‘†‹‰‹–—„‡”• ƒ„‡͸ǡͳʹ‘”ͳͺǤ
? Š‡—„‡”•ͳͷǡʹͶǡ͵͵ǡͶʹǡͷͳ‰‹˜‡ƒ†‹‰‹–•—͸ǡ–Š‡—„‡”•͵ͻǡͶͺǡͷ͹ǡ͸͸ǡ͹ͷǡͺͶǡͻ͵
‰‹˜‡ƒ†‹‰‹–•—ͳʹƒ†ͻͻ‰‹˜‡•ƒ†‹‰‹–•—ͳͺǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

? Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ȋͷΪ͹ΪͳȌαͳ͵•— Šʹ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•Ǥ
Ex.13 Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡•ȋƒǡ„ǡ Ȍͳd ƒǡ„ǡ d ͻ•— Š–Šƒ–ƒ α„ʹ Ȃ ͳ‹•
ȋͳȌͻ ȋʹȌ͹ ȋ͵ȌͳͶ ȋͶȌͳͺ
Sol. ƒ α„ʹ Ȃ ͳŸ ƒ έ  αȋ„ Ȃ ͳȌȋ„ΪͳȌ™‹–Š–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›™‡ˆ‹†–Šƒ– ƒ›ʹ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡
—„‡”•ǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ȋͳǡʹǡ͵Ȍǡȋ͵ǡʹǡͳȌǡȋʹǡ͵ǡͶȌǡȋͶǡ͵ǡʹȌǡ
ȋ͵ǡͶǡͷȌǡȋͷǡͶǡ͵ȌǡȋͶǡͷǡ͸Ȍǡȋ͸ǡͷǡͶȌǡȋͷǡ͸ǡ͹Ȍǡȋ͹ǡ͸ǡͷȌǡȋ͸ǡ͹ǡͺȌǡȋͺǡ ͹ǡ͸Ȍǡȋ͹ǡͺǡͻȌǡȋͻǡͺǡ͹ȌǤ
‰ƒ‹™‡Šƒ˜‡ȋͳǡ͵ǡͺȌǡȋͺǡ͵ǡͳȌǡȋ͵ǡͷǡͺȌƒ†ȋͺǡͷǡ͵ȌǤ
Š—•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͺ‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‰‹˜‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Ex.14 Š‡–‡•’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–™‘–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•‹•ͺƒ†„‘–Š–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͶǤ
Š‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–ƒ†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–•— Š—„‡”•‹•
ȋͳȌͺͺͺ ȋʹȌͺͲͺ ȋ͵Ȍ͹Ͳͺ ȋͶȌ͹ͺͺ
Sol. Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•––Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”™‹–Šͺ‹–Š‡–‡•’Žƒ ‡ƒ††‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›Ͷ‹•ͳͺͲƒ†–Š‡
„‹‰‰‡•–•— Š—„‡”‹•ͻͺͺǤ‘–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹•ͻͺͺȂ ͳͺͲαͺͲͺ
Ex.15 Š‡—„‡”ͳͳͳǤǤǤͳͳͳͳ‹•ƒʹͲͲͻ†‹‰‹–—„‡”Ǥ –‹•—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›ʹͲͲͻǤŠ‡–Š‹”††‹‰‹–
ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –‹•
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͻ

[124]
 Mathematics

Sol. Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲͲͻ†‹‰‹– —„‡”ͳͳͳǤǤǤͳͳͳͳ‹••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

ͳͳͳͳ ǤǤǤ ͳͳͳ έ ʹͲͲͻ

ͻͻͻͻ ǤǤǤ ͻͻͻͻ

ͲͲͲͲͲ ǤǤǤ ͲͲͲ
ͲͲͲͲͲͲ ǤǤǤ ͲͲ
ʹʹʹʹʹʹʹ ǤǤǤ ʹ

ʹʹ͵ʹʹʹʹ ǤǤǤ ʹͳͻͻͻ

Š‡ ƒ””›‘˜‡”ͳ„›ƒ††‹‰ͻΪʹ•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ͷ–Š ’Žƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡ ƒ””›‘˜‡”ͳ

ˆ”‘–Š‡Ͷ–Š ’Žƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‹•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡†‹‰‹–ʹǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘‘”‡ ƒ””›‘˜‡”•Ǥ
Š‡’”‘†— –‹•
ʹʹ͵ʹʹʹʹ ǤǤǤ ʹͳͻͻͻ
ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡†‹‰‹–ƒ”‡ʹ

‘–Š‡–Š‹”††‹‰‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‹•͵Ǥ
Ex.16 Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡–Š‡—„‡”
ȋʹέ͵έͶέʹͲͲ͹έʹͲͲͺέʹͲͲͻȌȂ ʹͲͲͺ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ʹͲͲͻ‹•
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋͳȌͲ ȋʹȌʹͲͲͺ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌʹͲͲ͹

Sol. ʹέ͵έͶέʹͲͲ͹έʹͲͲͺέʹͲͲͻȂ ʹͲͲͺ
αʹέ͵έͶέʹͲͲ͹έʹͲͲͺέʹͲͲͻȂ ʹͲͲͻΪͳ
αʹͲͲͻέȏʹέ͵έͶέʹͲͲ͹έʹͲͲͺȂ ͳȐΪͳ
ʹͲͲͻ†‹˜‹†‡•ʹͲͲͻȏʹέ͵έͶέʹͲͲ͹έʹͲͲͺȂ ͳȐǤ ‡ ‡™Š‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†
„›ʹͲͲͻǡ–Š‹•”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•ͳǤ
Ex.17  ‡”–ƒ‹—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͳǡʹͺƒ†ͶͻǤŠ‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Sol. ̵̵ ‹• †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͳǡʹͺƒ†ͶͻǤ‘ ‹• †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›–Š‡ ’”‹‡ —„‡”•ʹǡ͵ƒ†͹ǤŠ‡
‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—„‡”•‹–Š‡†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆƒ”‡ʹǡͳƒ†ʹ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‘–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ʹʹ έ͵ͳ έ͹ʹ αͷͺͺǤ
Ex.18 •‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–•ʹƒ†͹ǡƒ†ƒ††‹–‹‘‘”•—„–”ƒ –‹‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž›ǡ–Š‡—„‡”ʹͲͳͲ‹•
™”‹––‡ǤŠ‡ƒš‹——„‡”‘ˆ͹–Šƒ– ƒ„‡—•‡†ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”•—•‡†‹•ƒ
‹‹—‹•
ȋͳȌʹͺͶ ȋʹȌʹͺ͸ ȋ͵Ȍʹͺͺ ȋͶȌʹͻͲ
[125]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Sol. ʹͲͳͲα͹έʹͺ͹Ϊͳǡ‰‹˜‡•
ʹͲͳͲα ͹  ͹  ͹  ǤǤǤ  ͹  ͳ ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ
ʹͺ͹–‹‡•
ʹͺ͹ –‹‡•

Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•—•‡†„‡‹‰ʹͺ͹ΪͳǢ„—–‘Ž›–Š‡†‹‰‹–•͹ƒ†ʹƒ”‡–‘„‡—•‡†Ǥ
? ʹͲͳͲα͹έʹͺ͸ΪͶέʹ
 ͹  ͹  ͹  ǤǤǤ  ͹  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
ʹͺ͸–‹‡•
ʹͺ͸ –‹‡• Ͷ
Ͷ–‹‡•
–‹‡•

Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”—•‡†‹•ʹͻͲǤ
‰ƒ‹ʹͲͳͲα͹έʹͺͺȂ ͵έʹ
͹  ͹  ͹  ǤǤǤ  ͹  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ ǤǤǤȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
ʹͺͺ–‹‡•
ʹͺͺ –‹‡• ͵
͵–™‘•
–™‘•

‘–ƒŽ—„‡”•—•‡†Šƒ˜‡‹•ʹͺͺΪ͵αʹͻͳεʹͻͲ
ȋ‹‹Ȍǡ™‡—•‡ʹͺ͸•‡˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•—•‡†‹•ʹͻͲ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‹‹—Ǥ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ex.19  ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ
ƒ „ ͳ͵
ȋͳȌƒα„αʹ͸ ȋʹȌƒαͳ͵ǡ„αͳ͵έͳͶ ȋ͵ȌƒαͳͶǡ„αͳ͵έͳͶ
ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ”‡
ȋͳȌȋͳȌƒ†ȋʹȌ ȋʹȌȋͳȌƒ†ȋ͵Ȍ ȋ͵ȌȋʹȌƒ†ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌȋͳȌȋʹȌƒ†ȋ͵Ȍ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Sol. 
ƒ „ ͳ͵
ȋͳȌƒα„αʹ͸‰‹˜‡•
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ
 ‹•ƒ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–‘”–”—‡•–ƒ–‡‡–

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹ͸ ʹ͸ ʹ͸ ͳ͵
ȋʹȌƒαͳ͵ǡ„αͳ͵έͳͶ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳͶ  ͳ ͳͷ ͳ
  z
ƒ „ ͳ͵ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ ͳ͵
? –‹•ˆƒŽ•‡
ȋ͵ȌƒαͳͶǡ„αͳ͵έͳͶ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ͵  ͳ ͳͶ ͳ
 
ƒ „ ͳͶ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ ͳ͵ u ͳͶ ͳ͵
ȋͳȌ–”—‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ‘ȋͳȌƒ†ȋ͵Ȍƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•Ǥ
Ex.20 —„‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡‹ˆ‹–”‡ƒ†•–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‘ˆ„ƒ ™ƒ”†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡
ͳ͵ͷ͵ͳ‹•ƒ’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–ͳͲ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡ƒ†–Š‡
•ƒŽŽ‡•–ͻ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡‹•
ȋͳȌͻ͹͸͸͸͸͸͸͸ ȋʹȌͻͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ȋ͵Ȍͻͺͻͻͻͻͻͻͻͺ ȋͶȌͻ͹͹͹͹͹͹͹͹͹
Sol. Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–ͳͲ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡—„‡”‹• ͻͻͻǤǤǤͻͻ

Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–ͻ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡—„‡”‹• ͳͲͲͲǤǤǤͲͳ
ͲͲͲǤǤǤͲͳ
͹–‹‡•
͹ –‹‡•

Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹• ͻͺͻǤǤǤͻͻͻͺ

ͻǤǤǤͻͻͻͺ
͹–‹‡•
͹ –‹‡•

[126]
 Mathematics

Ex.21 –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒŠƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›ͻ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•ƒ†

„Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›ͳͲ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡ȋȌ‘ˆƒƒ†„‹•ͶͶͲͲǡ
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȁƒȂ „ȁǤ
Sol. ‹ ‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆƒ‹•‘††ǡƒ—•–„‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ•ƒ‹•ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”
‘ˆͶͶͲͲαʹͶ έͷʹ έͳͳƒ†ƒŠƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›ͻ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•ǡ™‡•‡‡–Šƒ–ƒαʹʹ έͷʹǤ‘™–Š‡
Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆƒƒ†„‹•ͶͶͲͲ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–„—•–Šƒ˜‡ʹͶ έͳͳƒ•ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”Ǥ
‹ ‡ʹͶ έͳͳŠƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›ͳͲ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•ǡ™‡†‡†— ‡–Šƒ–„αʹͶέͳͳαͳ͹͸Ǥ
‡ ‡ȁƒȂ „ȁα͹͸Ǥ
Ex.22 –‹•‰‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒǡ„ƒ† ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ– ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ϊ ʹ αʹͲͳͳǤ
‡––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”ȋ  Ȍƒ†–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡ȋȌ‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡
—„‡”•ƒǡ„ǡ „‡†‡‘–‡†„›šƒ†›”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–šΪ›α͵ͺͺǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
‘ˆƒΪ„Ϊ Ǥ
Sol. ‹–Š‘—–Ž‘••‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ™‡ƒ›ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–ƒt „t Ǥ‡––Š‡  ȋ‘” Ȍ‘ˆƒǡ„ƒ† 
„‡ †Ǥ Š‡ ƒ α †ƒͳǡ „ α †„ͳ ƒ†  α † ͳǤ ‡– –Š‡  ‘ˆ ƒͳǡ „ͳ ƒ† ͳ „‡ Ǥ Š—•ǡ
ʹͲͳͳ ͵ͺͺ
ƒͳʹ  „ͳʹ  ʹ
ͳ ƒ††Ϊ†α͵ͺͺ‘”ͳڏα Ǥ‘ǡ†ʹ ȁʹͲͳͳƒ††ȁ͵ͺͺǤ‘–‡–Šƒ–ʹͲͳͳ
†ʹ †

‹•ƒ’”‹‡ǤŠ—•™‡—•–Šƒ˜‡†αͳǡƒ†‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–ƒαƒͳǡ„α„ͳǡ α ͳǡƒ†–Š—•ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ϊ ʹαʹͲͳͳǤ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡƒʹ Ϊ„ʹΪ ʹ δʹͲʹͷαͶͷʹǡ•‘–Šƒ–‘‡Šƒ•ƒǡ„ǡ δͶͷǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡

™‡Šƒ˜‡α͵ͺ͹α͵ʹ έͶ͵ǤŠ—•ƒǡ„ƒ†  ƒ‘Ž›„‡ͳǡ͵ǡͻ‘”Ͷ͵ǡ•‹ ‡ –Š‡›—•–„‡Ž‡••
–ŠƒͶͷǤŠ‡‹–‹•‡ƒ•›–‘ Š‡ –Šƒ–Ͷ͵ʹ Ϊͻʹ Ϊͻʹ αʹͲͳͳǡƒ†ƒαͶ͵ǡ„α αͻ‹•–Š‡‘Ž›
‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‰‹˜‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ—•™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒΪ„Ϊ αͶ͵Ϊͳͺα͸ͳǤ
Ex.23 ‘™ƒ›–”‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
š›œΪš›Ϊ›œΪœšΪšΪ›ΪœαʹͲͳʹǫ
Sol. ȋšΪͳȌȋ›ΪͳȌȋœΪͳȌαʹͲͳ͵α͵έͳͳέ͸ͳǤ
ˆƒŽŽšǡ›ǡœƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵Ǩα͸•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
ˆ‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡‘ˆšǡ›ǡœ‹•Ͳǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵έ͸αͳͺ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
ˆ‡šƒ –Ž›–™‘‘ˆšǡ›ǡœƒ”‡Ͳǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
͸ΪͳͺΪ͵αʹ͹Ǥ
Ex.24 ‡–  †‡‘–‡ –Š‡ ‹‹— ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ “—‘–‹‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹– —„‡” ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š”‡‡
†‹•–‹ –†‹‰‹–•†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•†‹‰‹–•Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡ȏȐǤ
ȋ™Š‡”‡ȏ˜Ȑ†‡‘–‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ˆ— –‹‘Ȍ

[127]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Sol. –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡” ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•ͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ ǡƒ†•‘™‡ƒ”‡‹‹‹œ‹‰
ͳͲͲƒ  ͳͲ„ 
ȋƒ„ Ȍα
ƒ „
„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ–™‹–Š†‹•–‹ –†‹‰‹–•ƒ„ ǡ ȋƒ„ ȌŠƒ•–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡™Š‡ƒδ„δ ǤŠ—•
™‡ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–Ͳδƒδ„δ d ͻǤ
‘–‡–Šƒ–
ͳͲͲƒ  ͳͲ„  ͻͻƒ  ͻ„
ȋƒ„ Ȍα ͳ
ƒ „ ƒ „
‡‘„•‡”˜‡‘™–Šƒ– ȋƒ„ Ȍ‹•‹‹—™Š‡ αͻǤ
ͻͻƒ  ͻ„ ͻȋƒ  „  ͻȌ  ͻͲƒ  ͺͳ ͻȋͳͲƒ  ͻȌ
ȋƒ„ͻȌαͳΪ ͳ ͳͲ 
ƒ „ͻ ƒ „ͻ ƒ „ͻ
‘™ ȋƒ„ͻȌ‹•‹‹—™Š‡„αͺǤ
ͻȋͳͲƒ  ͻȌ ͻͲȋƒ  ͳ͹Ȍ  ͳ͸ͳͳ ͳ͸ͳͳ
ȋƒͺͻȌαͳͲΪ αͳͲΪ αͳͲͲȂ
ƒ  ͳ͹ ƒ  ͳ͹ ƒ  ͳ͹
™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡™Š‡ƒαͳǡƒ†•‘α ȋͳͺͻȌαͳͲǤͷƒ†ȏȐαͳͲǤ
Ex.25 ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ•‡–•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌǡ™Š‡”‡šǡ›ƒ†œƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ
™‹–Ššδ›δœ•— Š–Šƒ–šΪ›ΪœαʹͲ͵‹•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
§ ʹͲʹ · ʹͲʹȋʹͲͳȌ
Sol. ‹”•–‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ¨ ¸ αʹͲ͵Ͳͳ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‡–•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ›
© ʹ ¹ ʹ
–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–•‹ Ž—†‡–Š‘•‡™Š‡”‡–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡
‡“—ƒŽǤ ˆšα›ǡ–Š‡ʹšΪœαʹͲ͵Ǥ›‡—‡”ƒ–‹‰ǡœαͳǡ͵ǡͷǡ˜˜˜˜˜ǡʹͲͳǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š—•ͳͲͳ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ȋšǡšǡœȌǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲͳ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ȋšǡ›ǡšȌƒ†ȋšǡ
›ǡ›ȌǤ‹ ‡šδ›δœǡ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ•™‡”‹•
ͳ § § ʹͲʹ · · ʹͲ͵Ͳͳ  ͵Ͳ͵
¨¨ ¸  ͵ȋͳͲͳȌ ¸ ͵͵͵͵Ǥ
͵Ǩ © © ʹ ¹ ¹ ͸

Ex.26 ˆƒƒ†„ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒʹ Ϊʹƒ„Ȃ ͵„ʹ Ȃ ͶͳαͲǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„Ǥ

Sol. ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒʹΪʹƒ„Ȃ ͵„ʹ αȋƒȂ „ȌȋƒΪ͵„ȌαͶͳǤ‹ ‡Ͷͳ‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ǡƒ†ƒȂ „δƒΪ
͵„ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒȂ „αͳƒ†ƒΪ͵„αͶͳǤ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‰‹˜‡•ƒαͳͳƒ†
„αͳͲǤ ‡ ‡ƒΪ„αʹͳǤ
Ex.27 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡z ͳͳǤ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”
‘ˆȂ ͳͳƒ†͵ΪʹͲ‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒͳǫ
Sol. ‡–†εͳ„‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”‘ˆȂ ͳͳƒ†͵ΪʹͲǤŠ‡†ȁȋȂ ͳͳȌƒ††ȁȋ͵Ϊ
ʹͲȌǤ
Š—•†ȁȏ͵ΪʹͲȂ ͵ȋȂ ͳͳȌȐǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ†ȁͷ͵Ǥ‹ ‡ͷ͵‹•ƒ’”‹‡ƒ††εͳǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–†αͷ͵Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
Ȃ ͳͳαͷ͵ǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ•‘αͷ͵ΪͳͳǤ‘–‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ›ǡ͵ΪʹͲ‹•ƒ
—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͷ͵•‹ ‡͵ΪʹͲα͵ȋͷ͵ΪͳͳŽȌΪʹͲαͷ͵ȋ͵ΪͳȌǤ ‡ ‡α͸Ͷȋ™Š‡αͳȌ‹•
–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–  ȋȂ ͳͳǡ͵ΪʹͲȌεͳǤ

[128]
 Mathematics

Ex.28 ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•„‡–™‡‡ͳƒ†ʹͲͳ͵™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•†‹‰‹–•
‡“—ƒŽ•ͻ‹•–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ

Sol. ƒ•‡ͳǣδͳͲͲͲǤ”‹–‡α ƒ„ ǤŠ‡ ƒΪ„Ϊ αͻǡ ƒǡ „ǡ  ȓͲǡͳǡǤǤǤǡͻȔǤ

ƒ•‡ʹǣͳͲͲͲd δʹͲͲͲǤ”‹–‡α ͳƒ„ Ǥ Š‡ ƒΪ„Ϊ αͺǡ ƒǡ„ǡ  ȓͲǡͳǡǤǤǤǡͺȔǤ

ƒ•‡͵ǣʹͲͲͲd d ʹͲͳ͵ǤŠ‡αʹͲͲ͹Ǥ

§ ͻ  ͵ ͳ· § ͺ  ͵ ͳ·
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ΪͳαͷͷΪͶͷΪͳαͳͲͳ•— Š—„‡”•Ǥ
© ͻ ¹ © ͺ ¹

Ex.29 ‡–  „‡ ƒ ͶǦ†‹‰‹– ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ Š‡ „‘–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– †‹‰‹– ȋŽ‡ˆ–Ǧ‘•–Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‹”† †‹‰‹– ƒ”‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‡ ‘† †‹‰‹– ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š †‹‰‹– ƒ”‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ǡ –Š‡ ‡™
—„‡”‹•–‹‡•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
Sol. 18

‡––Š‡ͶǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”„‡α ƒ„ †Ǥ Š‡
ͳͲͲͲȋƒΪȌΪͳͲͲȋ„Ȃ ȌΪͳͲȋ ڐȌΪȋ†Ȃ ȌαǤ
–‰‹˜‡•ΪͻͲͻαǢ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ž›ǡȋȂ ͳȌαͻͲͻǤ
‘–‡–Šƒ–ȋȂ ͳȌƒ†ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹‡ƒ†ͳͲͳ‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”Ǥ‡—•–Šƒ˜‡
ȋȂ ͳȌ‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆͻǤ‘αʹ‘”αͶǤ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ˆαͶǡ–Š‡αͳʹͳʹǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡•‹ ‡„δǤ‘αʹƒ†αͻͲͻέʹαͳͺͳͺǤ

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EXERCISE – 2.3

1. Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”ͳͲn Ȃ ͳ‹•͵͹ͻͺǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•
ȋͳȌͶ͵ͳ ȋʹȌ͸͹͵ ȋ͵ȌͶʹʹ ȋͶȌͷͲͳ
2. ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒα„ ǡ„α †ǡ ᆃƒ††αƒ„ǤŠ‡ȋƒΪ„Ȍȋ„Ϊ Ȍ
ȋ Ϊ†Ȍȋ†ΪƒȌ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
ȋͳȌȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ȍ2 ȋʹȌȋƒΪ„Ȍ2 Ϊȋ Ϊ†Ȍ2
ȋ͵ȌȋƒΪ†Ȍ2 Ϊȋ„Ϊ Ȍ2 ȋͶȌȋƒΪ Ȍ2 Ϊȋ„Ϊ†Ȍ2
3. –Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”™‹–Š†‹‰‹–•ǡǡ‹–Šƒ–‘”†‡”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͻǤ‹•ƒ‘†††‹‰‹–ƒ†
‹•ƒ‡˜‡†‹‰‹–Ǥƒ†ƒ”‡‘œ‡”‘ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ•— Š–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•‹•
ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸ ȋͶȌʹͲ
4. ‹‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡™”‹––‡‹ƒ• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡‹††Ž‡—„‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹‡ —„‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͷ Žƒ”‰‡” —„‡”• ‹• ͸ͺ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ͷ•ƒŽŽ‡”—„‡”•‹•ͶͶǤŠ‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡—„‡”•‹•
ȋͳȌͷͶͲ ȋʹȌͶͷͲ ȋ͵ȌͷͲͶ ȋͶȌͷͲͳ
5. ˆ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ʹͲ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• ‹• ʹͲ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ —„‡”
ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡ʹͲ—„‡”• ƒ„‡
ȋͳȌʹͳͲ ȋʹȌʹͲͲ ȋ͵ȌͳͻͲ ȋͶȌͳͺͲ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

6. ˆƒǡ„ƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ƒΪ„αʹͲͲͺǡ–Š‡ȋȂͳȌa ΪȋȂͳȌb ‹•
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌȂͳ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌʹ‘”Ȃʹ
7. Š‡ —„‡” ͳ͸12 ‹• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —„‡” ͺ4 „› ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡” —„‡” –‘ –Š‡
’‘™‡”ǤŠ‡‹•
ͳ͸ ͺ
ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌͶ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
͵ ͵
8. Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡–Š‡—„‡”
ȋʹέ͵έͶέʹͲͳʹέʹͲͳ͵έʹͲͳͶέʹͲͳͷȌȂ ʹͲͲͺ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ʹͲͳͷ‹•
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹͲͲͺ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ ȋͶȌʹͲͲ͹
ʹͲͲͶ
§ͳ·
9. Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–‹–Š‡ˆ‹‹–‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡” ¨ ¸ ‹•
©ͷ¹
ȋͳȌͺ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌʹ
10. ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›–™‘†‹˜‹•‘”•ƒ†ȋΪͳȌŠƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹˜‹•‘”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ
†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆȋΪʹȌ‹•
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ͵
ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌ†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
[130]
 Mathematics

11. Š‡•—‘ˆ–™‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”‹•ͳͲͲǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ„‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’”‘†— –

‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•Ǥ
ȋͳȌͳͲͲͲ ȋʹȌͶͲͲͲ ȋ͵ȌʹͷͲͲ ȋͶȌͻͲͲ
12.  ‘’—–‡” ‹• ’”‹–‹‰ ƒ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡˜‡–Š ’‘™‡”• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ–—”ƒŽ —„‡”•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡
•‡“—‡ ‡ͳ7ǡʹ7ǡ͵7ǡǤǤǤǤǤǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‡”•ȋ‘”—„‡”•Ȍ„‡–™‡‡ͷ21 ƒ†Ͷ28 ƒ”‡
ȋͳȌͳʹ ȋʹȌͳ͵Ͳ ȋ͵ȌͳͶ ȋͶȌͳͷͲ
13. ‘”ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ™‡™”‹–‡
ȋͳΪšȌȋͳΪʹšȌȋͳΪ͵šȌ˜˜˜˜˜ ȋͳڍšȌαƒͲ ΪƒͳšΪƒʹšʹ Ϊ˜˜˜˜˜˜Ϊƒšǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒͲǡƒͳǡ˜˜˜˜˜ǡƒ ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽǤ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ
•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹ˆƒͲ Ϊƒͳ Ϊƒʹ Ϊ˜˜˜˜˜˜Ϊƒ Ȃ ͳ ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͲͲͷǤ
14. Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•––Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡ƒǡ„ƒ† ǡ–Š‡
αƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊƒ„Ϊ„ Ϊƒ Ϊƒ„ Ǥ
 ͳ
˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡
ͷ
15. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ʹͲͲ δͷ͵ͲͲǫ
16. ’‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ ƒ†›ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ƒ†’ƒ ‡†‹–‘„‘š‡•ǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ Š„‘š ‘–ƒ‹‹‰Ͷͷ’‹‡ ‡•Ǥ ˆ
‹•ƒ‘Ǧœ‡”‘’‡”ˆ‡ – —„‡ƒ†Ͷͷ‹•‘‡‘ˆ‹–•ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–’‘••‹„Ž‡—„‡”
‘ˆ„‘š‡•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡’ƒ ‡†ǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

17. ‘”ƒ›‘Ǧ‡’–›ˆ‹‹–‡•‡–‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡŽ‡–•ȋȌ„‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–•‹Ǥ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡šƒ –Ž›͸ͳ͵Ǧ‡Ž‡‡–•—„•‡–•‘ˆȓͳǡǤǤǤǡʹ͵Ȕ™‹–Š•ȋȌα͵͸ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ
  Ͷͷ
͵Ǧ‡Ž‡‡–•—„•‡–•‘ˆȓͳǡǤǤǤǡʹ͵Ȕ™‹–Š•ȋȌδ͵͸‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǤŠ‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ Ǥ
ʹͷ
18. ‡––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡’”‘†— –‹•™”‹––‡ƒ•ͺ͸Ǥ ‹†ΪΪ
ȋͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳǤǤǤͳͳͳȌu ʹͲͲ
ʹͲͲ͹
ʹͲͲ͹ ͳ̵•

19. Š‡ʹͲͲ͹„ƒ”•‘ˆ•‘ƒ’ƒ”‡’ƒ ‡†‹–‘„‘š‡•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ•‹œ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”•–”‹ –Ž›

„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲƒ†͵ͲͲǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡š–”ƒͷ„ƒ”•”‡ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ‹†Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–‘ˆǤ
20. ‡––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ‘‰–Š‡—„‡”•‹•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
ª ͳʹ º ª ʹʹ º ª ʹͲͲ͹ʹ º
« ǡ
» « » ǡ ǤǤǤ ǡ « »Ǥ
¬ ʹͲͲ͹ ¼ ¬ ʹͲͲ͹ ¼ ¬ ʹͲͲ͹ ¼

21. ‘”‡ƒ Š‹–‡‰‡”t ͶǡŽ‡–ƒ †‡‘–‡–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ǧ—„‡” ͲǤͳ͵͵ ǤŠ‡’”‘†— –ƒͶƒͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤƒͻͻ


ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ• Ǥ™Š‡”‡ƒ†ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†‹•ƒ••ƒŽŽƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
Ǩ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
22. Š‡•“—ƒ”‡ ‹•ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‰‹ •“—ƒ”‡ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•‹‡ƒ Š
”‘™ǡ ‘Ž—ǡƒ††‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‡–”‹‡•ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡
•—‘ˆ–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‰ǫ
ͷͲ „
† ‡ ˆ
‰ Š ʹ

23. ‘™ƒ›ˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ––Š‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”‘„–ƒ‹‡†
„›”‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‘•–†‹‰‹–‹•‘‡‹–Š‘ˆǫ
24. ˆƒǡ„ǡƒ† ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–
ƒ„
ƒȋ„ Ϊ Ȍαͳͷʹǡ„ȋ Ϊ ƒȌαͳ͸ʹǡƒ† ȋƒΪ„Ȍαͳ͹Ͳǡ–Š‡ ‹•
ͳʹ
25. ˆšǡ›ǡƒ†œƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ šΪͳȀ›αͶǡ›ΪͳȀœαͳǡƒ†œΪͳȀšα͹Ȁ͵ǡ –Š‡
ˆ‹†š›œǫ

§ʹ·
26. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡š‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆȋ‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ȍ•‘–Šƒ–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶͲͲͲǤ ¨ ¸ ‹•ƒ
©ͷ¹
‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•šʹǫ
27. ‡– „‡ƒ•‡–‘ˆ͸‹–‡‰‡”•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘ȓͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǤǤͳʹȔ™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–‹ˆƒƒ†„ƒ”‡
‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ™‹–Šƒδ„ǡ–Š‡„‹•‘–ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆƒǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–’‘••‹„Ž‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ‡Ž‡‡–‹ǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

28. ‘‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”• ƒ„‡™”‹––‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”
ƒ͹Ǥ͵͹ Ϊƒ͸Ǥ͵͸ ΪƒͷǤ͵ͷ ΪƒͶǤ͵Ͷ Ϊƒ͵Ǥ͵͵ ΪƒʹǤ͵ʹ ΪƒͳǤ͵ͳ ΪƒͲ͵Ͳǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒ‹ ȓȂͳǡͲǡͳȔˆ‘”Ͳd ‹d ͹ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ
29. ‘™ƒ›‘††’‘•‹–‹˜‡͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵„—–†‘‘– ‘–ƒ‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–͵ǫ
ͷ ’ Ͷ
30. ‡–’ƒ†“„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–   ƒ†“‹•ƒ••ƒŽŽƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠƒ–‹•ȋ“
ͻ “ ͹

Ȃ ’Ȍʹǫ
31. ˆ— –‹‘ˆ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†”‡ —”•‹˜‡Ž›„›ˆȋͳȌαˆȋʹȌαͳƒ†ˆȋȌαˆȋȂ ͳȌȂˆȋȂ ʹȌڐˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
‹–‡‰‡”•t ͵ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆˆȋʹͲͳͺȌǫ
32. —‹–ƒŠƒ•͵Ͳ–Š‹”‘†•ǡ‘‡‡ƒ Š‘ˆ‡˜‡”›‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡‰–Šˆ”‘ͳ –Š”‘—‰Š͵Ͳ ǤŠ‡
’Žƒ ‡•–Š‡”‘†•™‹–ŠŽ‡‰–Š•͵ ǡ͹ ǡƒ†ͳͷ ‘ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡™ƒ–•–‘ Š‘‘•‡ƒ
ˆ‘—”–Š”‘†–Šƒ–•Š‡ ƒ’—–™‹–Š–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡–‘ˆ‘”ƒ“—ƒ†”‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ™‹–Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ ‘™
ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰”‘†• ƒ•Š‡ Š‘‘•‡ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š”‘†ǫ
33. ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”™‹–Š”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡†‹‰‹–•ƒ„ „ƒǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‹•‘Ǧ
œ‡”‘Ǥ‡–„‡–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ

[132]
 Mathematics

34. Š‡’”‘†— –•ȋͺȌȋͺͺͺǤǤǤǤͺȌǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†ˆƒ –‘”Šƒ•†‹‰‹–•Ǥ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•

Šƒ˜‡ƒ•—‘ˆͳͲͲͲǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ

35. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǡ•‘–Šƒ– ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠƒ–
͵Ͳ  

‹•ʹ ǫ
ͳ
36. ‡–„‡–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š Šƒ•–Š‡”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰†‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘


ͲǤƒ„ αͲǤƒ„ƒ„ƒ„ǤǤǤǤǡ™‹–Šƒƒ†„†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‹‰‹–•ǤŠ‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‹•ƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–
ƒ„
—„‡”ƒ„ ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ǫ
ͳͳ
37. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡƒ† „‡†‹‰‹–™‹–Šƒz ͲǤŠ‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”ƒ„ Ž‹‡•‘‡–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ”‘
–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”–‘–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–Žƒ”‰‡”‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠ‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ „Ž‹‡•
–™‘–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•ƒ‡–™‘•“—ƒ”‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒΪ„Ϊ ǫ
ƒ ͳͶ„
38. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋƒǡ„Ȍ•— Š–Šƒ–‰ †ȋƒǡ„Ȍαͳƒ†  ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
„ ͻƒ
Šƒ–‹•͹έ’ǫ
39. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡ‡ǡˆǡ‰ƒ†Š„‡†‹•–‹ –‡Ž‡‡–•‹–Š‡•‡–ȓȂ͹ǡȂͷǡȂ͵ǡȂʹǡʹǡͶǡ͸ǡͳ͵ȔǤŠƒ–‹•
–Š‡‹‹—’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ȍʹ Ϊȋ‡ΪˆΪ‰ΪŠȌʹ
40. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͺͺ—„‡”•ƒͳǡƒʹǡƒ͵ǡǤǤǤǡƒͺͺ ƒ†‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹•‡‹–Š‡”‡“—ƒŽ•–‘Ȃ͵‘”ȂͳǤ ‹˜‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

–Šƒ– ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ǤǤǤ  ƒʹͺͺ αʹͺͲǡƒ† ƒͳͶ  ƒʹͶ  ǤǤǤ  ƒͺͺ
Ͷ
αͳͲ͵ƒΪ„Ǥ ‹†–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆƒƒ†„

41. Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘‘ˆƒ –‘”ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘™‡•– ‘‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆš

ƒ†ͳͺ‹•ͳʹͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǤ
42. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–‹•ƒ–‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‘” ʹͲͲ͹šʹͲͲͺ› ™Š‡”‡šƒ†› ƒ„‡ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡
†‹‰‹–•ͲǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡͻǤ ‘™ƒ›•— Š—„‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵͵ǫ
ʹ  ͻ
43. ‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ™Š‡”‡ͳͲd d ͳͲͲǡƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•— Š–Šƒ– ‹•ƒˆ”ƒ –‹‘
ʹ  ͹
‹‹–•Ž‘™‡•––‡”•ǫ
44. ‡–„‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–ʹ ΪͳͻΪͶͺ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
45. ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ– ȋ ͳͲͳ  ͳͲȌ εͳǤ

46. ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–ʹ εʹ ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›‹–‡‰‡”‹ȓǡΪͳǡΪʹǡ

Ϊ͵ǡΪͶȔǤ
47. Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ƒ–—”ƒŽ —„‡” ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „› ͵Ͳ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ‡šƒ –Ž› ͵Ͳ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”• ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ•ͳͷ–Š‡ˆ‹†ΪΪǤ

[133]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
48. ‡–’ƒ†“”‡’”‡•‡––™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡’”‹‡—„‡”•Ǥ ‘”•‘‡ˆ‹š‡†‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡–
ȓȂ ͳǡ͵Ȃ ͳͻǡ͵ͺȂ ͷǡ͹Ȃ ͶͷȔ”‡’”‡•‡–•ȓ’ǡʹ’ǡ“ǡʹ“Ȕǡ„—–‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹–Šƒ–‘”†‡”Ǥ
‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
49. ˆƒǡ„ƒ† ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–
ƒ„ΪƒΪ„α„ Ϊ„Ϊ α ƒΪ Ϊƒα͵ͷǡ
–Š‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒΪͳȌȋ„ΪͳȌȋ ΪͳȌαš›Ǥ ‹†–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆšƒ†›Ǥ
50. ‹†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‡š‹•– ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•
™Š‘•‡•—‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹͲͳͲǤ
ͺ͵  ͻ͸ʹ  ͵͸Ͳ  ͶͲͲ
51. ‡–„‡–Š‡•‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ– ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
ʹ  ͹
‘ˆ ¦ȁȁ Ǥ
 

52. ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•’•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ȋšȂ ’ȌȋšȂ ͳ͵ȌΪͶ ƒ„‡

‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ȋšΪ“ȌȋšΪ”Ȍˆ‘”†‹•–‹ –‹–‡‰‡”•“ƒ†”Ǥ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
53. ‡– αͳΪ   ǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•–
 ʹ ͵
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –ʹ͵ ȉȉȉ ‡š ‡‡†•ʹͲͳͲǤ
54. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆͳͳͳǡͳͳͳǡͳͳͳǫ
55. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡƒ††„‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•™‹–ŠȁƒȂ „ȁαʹǡȁ„Ȃ ȁα͵ƒ†ȁ Ȃ †ȁαͶǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—
‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆȁƒȂ †ȁǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

56. ‡–αʹͲͲͺʹ ΪʹʹͲͲͺǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ Ϊʹǫ
57. Š‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͺƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†ƒ––Š‡˜‡”–‹ ‡•‘ˆƒ —„‡‹•— Šƒƒ‡”–Šƒ––Š‡•—
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”—„‡”•‘‡ƒ Šˆƒ ‡‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‹• ‘‘•—ǫ
58. Š‡ƒš‡ƒˆƒ‹Ž› ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”ǡƒˆƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ†•‘‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•ʹͲǡ–Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”‹•Ͷͺ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”
ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡‹•ͳ͸Ǥ ‘™ƒ› Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǫ
59. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•ȋǡȌ‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ™‹–ŠεǡŠƒ˜‡–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–
–Š‡‹”•“—ƒ”‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”„›ͻ͸ǫ
60. ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡŽ‡–ȋȌ†‡‘–‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ ‘”Š‘™ƒ›˜ƒŽ—‡•
‘ˆ‹•ΪȋȌΪȋȋȌȌαʹͲͲ͹ǫ
61. ˆ‹•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡†‹‰‹––Šƒ–‹•ƒʹ‘”ƒ͵
–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•’”‡•‡–‹ǫ
62. ‘™ƒ›–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ––Š‡‹††Ž‡†‹‰‹–‹•–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–•ǫ
63. ‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡” —„‡•†‹˜‹†‡͵Ǩ˜ ͷǨ˜ ͹Ǩǫ

[134]
 Mathematics

64. Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆƒ–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”‹••—„–”ƒ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—„‡”ǤŠ‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–

‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•͸Ǥ ‘™ƒ›–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›ǫ
65. ‘”Š‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•†‘‡•ͳΪʹΪ˜˜˜˜˜ ڐ‡˜‡Ž›†‹˜‹†‡ˆ”‘͸ǫ
66. ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”εͳǡŽ‡–ȋȌ†‡‘–‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”‘ˆǤ ‘”Š‘™
ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‹•‹––”—‡–Šƒ–„‘–ŠȋȌα  ƒ†ȋΪͶͺȌα   Ͷͺ ǫ
§ ƒǤ„Ǥ Ǥ† ·
67. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–Ͷƒ αͷǡͷ„ α͸ǡ͸ α͹ƒ†͹† αͺǤŠƒ–‹• ¨ ¸ǫ
© ʹ ¹
68. ŽŽ‘ˆƒ˜‹†ǯ•–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡—„‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘”ͷͷͷȂ ƒ„ Ȃ †‡ˆ‰ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ǡ‡ǡˆƒ†‰
ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –†‹‰‹–•ƒ†‹‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘”†‡”ƒ†‘‡‹•‡‹–Š‡”Ͳ‘”ͳǤ ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡—„‡”• ƒƒ˜‹†Šƒ˜‡ǫ
69. ‘”Š‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹͶ‹•Ǩ‡˜‡Ž›†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳΪʹΪǤǤǤڐǫ
70. ‡–šƒ†›„‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–›‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›”‡˜‡”•‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆšǤ—’’‘•‡
–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡‰‡”•šƒ†›•ƒ–‹•ˆ›šʹ Ȃ ›ʹ αʹ ˆ‘”•‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǮǯǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
§ šΪ›Ϊ ·
‘ˆ ¨ ¸ǫ
© ͳͳ ¹
71. •—„•‡–Ǯǯ‘ˆ–Š‡ •‡–‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͳͲͲ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡŠƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–‘–™‘
‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ•—–‘ͳʹͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—’‘••‹„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–•‹ǫ
72. ‡–„‡ƒͷǦ†‹‰‹–—„‡”ǡƒ†Ž‡–“ƒ†”„‡–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–ƒ†”‡ƒ‹†‡”ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ™Š‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͲͲǤ‡––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‘”™Š‹ Š“Ϊ”†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳ‹•Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
73. ‡– ȋšȌ†‡‘–‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”šǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ȋͺȌαͺƒ†
ȋͳʹ͵ȌαͳΪʹΪ͵α͸Ǥ ‘”Š‘™ƒ›–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš‹• ȋ ȋšȌȌα͵ǫ
74. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–͵ͺ ˜ ͷʹ Ⴤǡ™Š‡”‡„‘–Šƒƒ†„ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡˆ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡
§ ƒ  „  ͻ͵ ·
˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘” ¨ ¸Ǥ
© ʹͷ ¹
75. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆ ȋΪͳȌȋΪ͵ȌȋΪͷȌȋΪ͹ȌȋΪͻȌ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǫ
76. Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‹•ͺ–‹‡•–Š‡‹”•—ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”•“—ƒ”‡•ǫ
77. ‡–ȋȌƒ†ȋȌ†‡‘–‡–Š‡’”‘†— –ƒ†–Š‡•—ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”
Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡȋʹ͵Ȍα͸ƒ†ȋʹ͵ȌαͷǤ—’’‘•‡‹•ƒ–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ–
αȋȌΪȋȌǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆǫ
78. Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š”‡‡—„‡”•‹•ͳͲ‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ†ͳͷŽ‡••–Šƒ–Š‡
‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ǤŠ‡‡†‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡—„‡”•‹•ͷǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹”•—ǫ
[135]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
79. ™‘‘Ǧœ‡”‘”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡƒƒ†„ǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒ„αƒȂ „Ǥ
ƒ „
Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ  Ȃ ƒ„ǫ
„ ƒ
80. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‘–‡š ‡‡†‹‰ʹͲͲͳƬƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ͵‘”Ͷ„—–
§  ͳ ·
‘–ͷǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ¨ ¸Ǥ
© ͷͲ ¹
81. –Š‡ƒ‰‹ •“—ƒ”‡•Š‘™ǡ–Š‡•—•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”•‹‡ƒ Š”‘™ǡ ‘Ž—ǡƒ††‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽƒ”‡
–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ ‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›˜ǡ™ǡšǡ›ǡƒ†œǤ ‹†›ΪœǤ
˜ ʹͶ ™
ͳͺ š ›
ʹͷ œ ʹͳ

82. •—„•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”•ͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡͳͲͲŠƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ‹–•‡„‡”•‹•͵–‹‡•
ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–—„‡”‘ˆ‡„‡”••— Šƒ•—„•‡– ƒŠƒ˜‡ǫ
83. ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹•ƒ’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡‹ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›”‡˜‡”•‹‰–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ
†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǤŠ‡›‡ƒ”ͳͻͻͳ‹•–Š‡‘Ž››‡ƒ”‹–Š‡ —””‡– ‡–—”›™‹–Š–Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–™‘’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǣ
ȋƒȌ –‹•ƒ’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ –ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ•ƒ’”‘†— –‘ˆƒʹǦ†‹‰‹–’”‹‡’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡ƒ†ƒ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–’”‹‡’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡Ǥ
‘™ƒ››‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡‹—„‡–™‡‡ͳͲͲͲƒ†ʹͲͲͲȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡›‡ƒ”ͳͻͻͳȌŠƒ˜‡

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ȋƒȌƒ†ȋ„Ȍǫ
84. Š‡–™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ͳͻ–‘ͻʹƒ”‡™”‹––‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ž›–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‹–‡‰‡”
αͳͻʹͲʹͳʹʹǤǤǤǤͻͲͻͳͻʹǤ ˆ͵ ‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘™‡”‘ˆ͵–Šƒ–‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆǡ–Š‡α
85. ‘”Š‘™ƒ›‹ȓͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͲȔ‹•–Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ ‘††ǫ
86. ˆƒƒ†„ƒ”‡†‹‰‹–•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š
ʹƒ
έ͵„
͸ͻ
ͻʹ
ͻͺͻ
–Š‡ƒΪ„α
87. ‘”’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ†‡‘–‡„›ȋȌ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ†Œƒ ‡–†‹‰‹–•‹
–Š‡ „‹ƒ”› ȋ„ƒ•‡ –™‘Ȍ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ȋ͵Ȍ α ȋͳͳʹȌ α Ͳǡ ȋʹͳȌ α
ȋͳͲͳͲͳʹȌαͶǡƒ†ȋͻ͹ȌαȋͳͳͲͲͲͲͳʹȌαʹǤ ‘”Š‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ž‡••–Šƒ
‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͻ͹†‘‡•ȋȌαʹǫ

[136]
 Mathematics

88. ƒŽŽƒ͹Ǧ†‹‰‹––‡Ž‡’Š‘‡—„‡”†ͳ†ʹ†͵Ǧ†Ͷ†ͷ†͸†͹ ‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡’”‡ˆ‹š•‡“—‡ ‡†ͳ†ʹ†͵

‹•‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡•†Ͷ†ͷ†͸ ‘”†ͷ†͸†͹ ȋ’‘••‹„Ž›„‘–ŠȌǤ••—‹‰
–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š†‹ ƒ„‡ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ†‹‰‹–•ͲǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤͻǤ—’’‘•‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‘Ǥ‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡‘ǯ•‹•ǮǯǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǮǯǤ
89. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ȋǡȌˆ‘”™Š‹ Št Ͳƒ† ͵ ڐ͵ Ϊͻͻα͵͵͵
‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
90. ŽŽ‡˜‡—„‡”•ˆ”‘ʹ–‘ͻͺ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‡š ‡’––Š‘•‡‡†‹‰‹Ͳǡƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘•–†‹‰‹–ȋ–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –ǫ
91. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–š›œαʹͲͳͶǡƒ†šǡ›ƒ†œƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–šδ›δœǡŠ‘™ƒ›
’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‹’Ž‡•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
92. –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•”‡’”‡•‡–•—‹“—‡Ž›ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‹‰‹–‹„ƒ•‡–‡ǣ
ȋȌǤȋȌα
Š‡•—ΪΪΪ‡“—ƒŽ•
93. ‡–ƒǡ„ǡ ǡƒ††„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–‰ †ȋƒǡ„ȌαʹͶǡ‰ †ȋ„ǡ Ȍα͵͸ǡ‰ †ȋ ǡ†ȌαͷͶǡ
ƒ†͹Ͳδ‰ †ȋ†ǡƒȌδͳͲͲǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—•–„‡ƒ†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆƒǫ
94. ‘”ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†‘œ‡”‘†‹‰‹–•ƒǡ„ǡƒ† ǡŽ‡–  „‡–Š‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ
™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ƒǢŽ‡– „‡–Š‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘„ǡ
ƒ†Ž‡– „‡–Š‡ʹǦ†‹‰‹–ȋ‘–Ǧ†‹‰‹–Ȍ‹–‡‰‡”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‘•‡†‹‰‹–•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡
‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„Ϊ ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ•— Š–Šƒ–
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

 Ȃ  α ʹ ǫ
95. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•ȋƒǡ„Ȍ‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ƒȉ„Ϊ͸͵αʹͲȉŽ ȋƒǡ„ȌΪͳʹȉ‰ †ȋƒǡ„Ȍǡ
™Š‡”‡‰ †ȋƒǡ„Ȍ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‘‘†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆƒƒ†„ǡƒ†Ž ȋƒǡ„Ȍ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡‹”
Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡ǫ
96. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲŠ‘”•‡•ǡƒ‡† ‘”•‡ͳǡ ‘”•‡ʹǡǤǤǤǡ ‘”•‡ͳͲǤŠ‡›‰‡––Š‡‹”ƒ‡•ˆ”‘Š‘™
ƒ›‹—–‡•‹––ƒ‡•–Š‡–‘”—‘‡Žƒ’ƒ”‘—†ƒ ‹” —Žƒ””ƒ ‡–”ƒ ǣ ‘”•‡”—•‘‡
Žƒ’‹‡šƒ –Ž›‹—–‡•Ǥ––‹‡ͲƒŽŽ–Š‡Š‘”•‡•ƒ”‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‘–Š‡
–”ƒ ǤŠ‡Š‘”•‡••–ƒ”–”—‹‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡›‡‡’”—‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡
‹” —Žƒ”–”ƒ ƒ––Š‡‹” ‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡†•ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ•––‹‡εͲǡ ‹‹—–‡•ǡƒ–™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽͳͲ
Š‘”•‡•™‹ŽŽƒ‰ƒ‹•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›„‡ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‹•αʹͷʹͲǤ‡–εͲ„‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–
–‹‡ǡ‹‹—–‡•ǡ•— Š–Šƒ–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͷ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘”•‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ǤŠƒ–‹•
–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ
97. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡•ȋšǡ›ǡœȌ‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›Ž ȋšǡ›Ȍα͹ʹǡŽ ȋšǡœȌα͸ͲͲ
ƒ†Ž ȋ›ǡœȌαͻͲͲǫ
[137]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
š
98. ‘”–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǡ‹ˆʹš ‹•ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆͳͲͳͲͲʹ Ȃ ͶͷͲͳǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͷ
99. „ƒ•‡ͳͲǡ–Š‡—„‡”ʹͲͳ͵‡†•‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–͵Ǥ „ƒ•‡ͻǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡
—„‡”‹•™”‹––‡ƒ•ȋʹ͸͹͸Ȍͻƒ†‡†•‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–͸Ǥ ‘”Š‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•„
†‘‡•–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ǧ„”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹͲͳ͵‡†‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–͵ǫ
100. ‡ƒŽ—„‡”•šƒ†›•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ Ϊ›ʹ αͳͲšȂ ͸›Ȃ ͵ͶǤŠƒ–‹•šΪ›ǫ
101. Š‡—„‡”ʹͲͳ͵Šƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–‹–•—‹–•†‹‰‹–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•‘–Š‡”†‹‰‹–•ǡ–Šƒ–‹•
ʹΪͲΪͳα͵Ǥ ‘™ƒ›‹–‡‰‡”•Ž‡••–ŠƒʹͲͳ͵„—–‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳͲͲͲ•Šƒ”‡–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›ǫ
102. Š‡—„‡”ʹͲͳ͵‹•‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”
ƒͳ Ǩƒ ʹ ǤǤǤƒ  Ǩ
ʹͲͳ͵α ǡ
„ͳ Ǩ„ʹ ǤǤǤ„ Ǩ

™Š‡”‡ƒͳ t ƒʹ t ǤǤǤt ƒ ƒ†„ͳ t „ʹ t ǤǤǤ„ ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†ƒͳ Ϊ„ͳ ‹•ƒ••ƒŽŽƒ•

’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠƒ–‹•ȁƒͳ Ȃ „ͳȁǫ
103. ™‘‹–‡‰‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ•—‘ˆʹ͸ǤŠ‡–™‘‘”‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘‹–‡‰‡”•
–Š‡•—‹•ͶͳǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡–™‘‘”‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•ˆ‘—”
‹–‡‰‡”• –Š‡ •— ‹• ͷ͹Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ‹‹— —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡˜‡ ‹–‡‰‡”• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡
͸‹–‡‰‡”•ǫ
 ͸
104. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋǡ Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

͸ 
105. ‡‡–ƒƒ†ƒ„‡‡–ƒ’Žƒ›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰ƒ‡Ǥ‹–‡‰‡”„‡–™‡‡Ͳƒ†ͻͻͻǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‹•
•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ†‰‹˜‡–‘ ‡‡–ƒǤŠ‡‡˜‡” ‡‡–ƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡•ƒ—„‡”ǡŠ‡†‘—„Ž‡•‹–ƒ†’ƒ••‡•
–Š‡”‡•—Ž––‘ƒ„‡‡–ƒǤŠ‡‡˜‡”ƒ„‡‡–ƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡•ƒ—„‡”ǡ•Š‡ƒ††•ͷͲ–‘‹–ƒ† ’ƒ••‡•
–Š‡”‡•—Ž––‘ ‡‡–ƒǤŠ‡™‹‡”‹•–Š‡Žƒ•–’‡”•‘™Š‘’”‘†— ‡•ƒ—„‡”Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲͲͲǤ
‡–„‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹‹–‹ƒŽ—„‡”–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ™‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡
†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ
106.  ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͵Ͳ •–—†‡–• ‹ ”•Ǥ Šƒ–ƒ‰ƒ”ǯ• Žƒ•• „‘—‰Š– ’‡ ‹Ž• ƒ– –Š‡ • Š‘‘Ž
„‘‘•–‘”‡Ǥƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‡–•„‘—‰Š––Š‡•ƒ‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡ ‹Ž•ǡƒ†–Š‹•—„‡”™ƒ•
‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͳǤŠ‡ ‘•–‘ˆƒ’‡ ‹Ž‹’ƒ‹•ƒ™ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡ ‹Ž•‡ƒ Š
•–—†‡–„‘—‰Š–ǡƒ†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ ‘•–‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡’‡ ‹Ž•™ƒ• ` ͳ͹Ǥ͹ͳǤŠƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆƒ
’‡ ‹Ž‹’ƒ‹•ƒǫ

[138]
 Mathematics

2.4 : Surds

Definitions
‘”ƒ‡˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ„›–Š‡‘–ƒ–‹‘  ƒ ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒt Ͳǡ™‡†‡‘–‡–Š‡‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡
”‡ƒŽ—„‡”š™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘š αƒǤ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ™Š‡αʹǡ ʹ ƒ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
square root of a, ƒ††‡‘–‡†„› ƒ —•—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
‘”‘††’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ƒǡ„›–Š‡‘–ƒ–‹‘  ƒ ™‡†‡‘–‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ
—„‡”š™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘š αƒǤ
ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒ‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒεͲ‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”ǡ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
ͳ
quadratic surd expression, Ž‹‡ͳȂ ʹǡ ǡ‡– Ǥ
ʹ ͵
Basic Operational Rules on a
­ ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ ! Ͳǡ
ʹ °
ȋȌ a αƒǡ™Š‡”‡ƒt ͲǤ ȋ Ȍ ƒ αȁƒȁα ® Ͳ ˆ‘” ƒ Ͳǡ
ʹ

° ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ  ͲǤ
¯
ȋ Ȍ ƒ„ ȁƒȁ ˜ ȁ„ȁ ‹ˆƒ„t ͲǤ
ƒ ȁƒȁ
ȋ Ȍ ‹ˆƒ„t Ͳǡ„z ͲǤ
„ ȁ„ȁ

ȋȌ ƒ ƒ ‹ˆƒt ͲǤ
ȋ Ȍ ƒ  „ ȋƒ  „Ȍ ‹ˆ t ͲǤ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Rationalization of Denominators
ͳ ƒ „ †
ȋȌ ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ƒ”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡ„ǡ†ǡt Ͳƒ†ƒʹ„Ȃ ʹ†z ͲǤ
ƒ „ † ƒʹ„  ʹ†
ͳ ƒ „ †
ȋ Ȍ ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†ƒ”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”•ǡ„ǡ†t Ͳƒ†ƒʹ„Ȃ ʹ†z ͲǤ
ƒ „ † ƒʹ„  ʹ†
ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒǡ–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•Ϊ  ƒ†Ȃ   ǡ™Š‡”‡ǡǡƒ”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†  ‹•
‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†conjugate surd expressionsǤ
Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—”† ˆ‘”• ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ƒ† ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒǡ •‹ ‡ •—”†
ˆ‘”•ƒ†‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡—„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”
 ǡ  ƒ”‡‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—”†ˆ”‘‡š’”‡••‹‘‹•–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
Basic Methods for Simplifying Compound Surd Forms
ȋ Ȍ ‹”‡ –Ž›•‹’Ž‹ˆ›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒ‹ ˆ‘”—Žƒ•ǣŽ‹‡
ʹ Ͷ
ƒ„ αȁƒΪ„ȁǡ ƒ„ αȋƒΪ„Ȍʹǡ ͵
ȋƒ  „Ȍ͵ αƒΪ„ǡ‡– Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ •‡ –Š‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡• ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‹‰ •“—ƒ”‡• –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡
‘—–‡”‘•–•“—ƒ”‡”‘‘–•‹‰–‘ƒ•“—ƒ”‡ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ʹ  ͵ Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ •‡‘–Š‡”‡–Š‘†•Ž‹‡‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǧ†‡–‡”‹‹‰‡–Š‘†ǡ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 2.4

ʹ  ͳ ʹ  ͳ  ͳ
Ex.1 ‹˜‡–Šƒ– εͳƒ†šα ǡ›α ǡœα ǡƒ””ƒ‰‡šǡ›ǡœ
 ͳ ͳ  ʹ  ͳ
‹ƒ• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡”Ǥ
Sol. ”‘
ʹ  ͳ ȏȋ  ʹȌʹ  ȋ  ͳȌʹ Ȑȋ   ͳȌ  ͳ
šα ǡ
 ͳ ȋ ʹ   ͳȌȏȋ Ȍ ȋ
ʹ
 ͳȌ Ȑ
ʹ
ʹ  ͳ

ʹ  ͳ ȏȋ  ʹȌʹ  ȋ  ͳȌʹ Ȑȋ ͳ  Ȍ ͳ 
›α
ͳ  ȋ ʹ   ͳȌȏȋ  ͳȌ  ȋ
ʹ ʹ
ȌȐ ʹ  ͳ
‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–šδ›Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ
 ͳ ȏȋ Ȍʹ  ȋ  ͳȌʹ Ȑȋ ʹ   ͳȌ ʹ  ͳ
œα Ǥ
ʹ  ͳ ȋ   ͳȌȏȋ  ʹȌ  ȋ
ʹ
 ͳȌ Ȑ
ʹ
 ͳ

‹ ‡  ͳ  ͳ   ʹ   ͳ ǡ–Š—•šδ›δœǤ

͹ ͵ ͹ ͵
Ex.2 ‹˜‡šα ǡ›α ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšͶ Ϊ›Ͷ ΪȋšΪ›ȌͶǤ
͹ ͵ ͹ ͵
Sol. ‡”‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ––‡ Š‹“—‡‹•–‘‡š’”‡••–‘šͶ Ϊ›Ͷ ΪȋšΪ›ȌͶ „›šΪ›ƒ†š›‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
—•‹‰–Š‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆšƒ†›Ǥ ”‘
ͳ ʹ ͳ ͳ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

š ͹ ͵ ͳͲ  ʹ ʹͳ ͷ  ʹͳ ǡ
͹ ͵ Ͷ ʹ
ͳ ʹ ͳ ͳ
› ͹ ͵ ͳͲ  ʹ ʹͳ ͷ  ʹͳ ǡ
͹ ͵ Ͷ ʹ
‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–šΪ›αͷƒ†š›αͳǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
šͶ Ϊ›Ͷ ΪȋšΪ›ȌͶ αȋšʹΪ›ʹȌʹ Ȃ ʹšʹ›ʹ ΪͷͶ αȏȋšΪ›Ȍʹ Ȃ ʹȋš›ȌȐʹ Ȃ ʹȋš›Ȍʹ Ϊ͸ʹͷ
αʹ͵ʹ Ȃ ʹΪ͸ʹͷαͷʹ͹Ϊ͸ʹͷαͳͳͷʹǤ
ʹ ͵ ͷ
Ex.3 ‹’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ „›”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”Ǥ
ʹ ͵ ͷ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ʹ ͷ
Sol. ͳ
ʹ ͵ ͷ ʹ ͵ ͷ
ʹ ͷȋ ʹ  ͵  ͷȌ ʹȋ ͳͲ  ͳͷ  ͷȌ
ͳ ͳ
ȋ ʹ  ͵Ȍ  ͷ ʹ
ʹ ʹ˜ ͵

ͳͲ  ͳͷ  ͷ ͸Ͳ  ͻͲ  ͷ ͸
ͳ ͳ
͸ ͸

ͳͷ ͳͲ ͷ ͸
ͳ   Ǥ
͵ ʹ ͸

[140]
 Mathematics

Ex.4 ‹’Ž‹ˆ›α šʹ  ʹš  ͳ  šʹ  Ͷš  Ͷ  šʹ  ͸š  ͻ Ǥ
Sol. ”‘α šʹ  ʹš  ͳ  šʹ  Ͷš  Ͷ  šʹ  ͸š  ͻ α
ȁšΪͳȁȂ ȁšΪʹȁΪȁšȂ ͵ȁǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ•‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡šd Ȃʹǡ–Š‡αȂ ȋšΪͳȌΪȋšΪʹȌȂ ȋšȂ ͵ȌαȂ šΪͶǤ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡Ȃʹδšd Ȃͳǡ–Š‡αȂ ȋšΪͳȌȂ ȋšΪʹȌȂ ȋšȂ ͵ȌαȂ ͵šǤ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡Ȃ ͳδšd ͵ǡ–Š‡αȋšΪͳȌȂ ȋšΪʹȌȂ ȋšȂ ͵ȌαȂšΪʹǤ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ Š‡͵δšǡ–Š‡αȋšΪͳȌȂ ȋšΪʹȌΪȋšȂ ͵ȌαšȂ ͶǤ
Ex.5 ‹’Ž‹ˆ›
ͳ ͳ ͳ
   ǤǤǤ  Ǥ
ʹ ͳ  ʹ ͵ ʹ ʹ ͵ ͳͲͲ ͻͻ  ͻͻ ͳͲͲ
Sol. ‘”‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ
ͳ ͳ  ͳ   ͳ ͳ
 ǡ
ȋ  ͳȌ      ͳ ȋ  ͳȌȋ   ͳ   Ȍ ȋ  ͳȌ   ͳ
§ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ · § ͳ ͳ · ͳ ͳ ͻ
‡ ‡  ¨ ͳ  ¸¨  ¸  ǤǤǤ  ¨  ¸ ͳ ͳ Ǥ
© ʹ¹ © ʹ ͵¹ © ͻͻ ͳͲͲ ¹ ͳͲͲ ͳͲ ͳͲ

Ex.6 ‹’Ž‹ˆ›α ʹ  ʹ  ʹ ͷ  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ ͷ Ǥ

Sol. ‡– ƒα ʹ  ʹ  ʹ ͷ ǡ„α ʹ  ʹ  ʹ ͷ ǤŠ‡ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ αͶƒ†

ƒ„ Ͷ  ȋ ʹ  ʹ ͷȌ ͸ ʹ ͷ ͷ  ͳǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ȋƒȂ „Ȍʹ αͶȂ ʹȋ ͷ Ȃ ͳȌ
α͸Ȃ ʹ ͷ αȋ ͷ Ȃ ͳȌʹǡ•‘
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

αƒȂ „α ͷ Ȃ ͳǤ
Ex.7 ‹’Ž‹ˆ› ͻ  ʹȋͳ  ͵Ȍȋͳ  ͹Ȍ Ǥ
Sol. ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Šƒ–ͻΪʹȋͳΪ ͵ ȌȋͳΪ ͹ ȌαͳͳΪʹ ͵ Ϊʹ ͷ Ϊʹ ͳͷ ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•
‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ ͵ ǡ ͷ ǡ ͳͷ ƒ”‡ƒŽŽʹǡ‹–‹•ƒ–—”ƒŽ‘–—•‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǧ†‡–‡”‹‹‰‡–Š‘†ǡ
ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–
ͻ  ʹȋͳ  ͵Ȍȋͳ  ͹Ȍ ƒ „ Ǥ
ƒ‹‰•“—ƒ”‡•‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•›‹‡Ž†•
ͳͳ  ʹ ͵  ʹ ͷ  ʹ ͳͷ αƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ ʹ ƒ„  ʹ ƒ  ʹ „
›–Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǣ
ƒΪ„Ϊ αͳͳǡ ǥȋͳȌ
ƒ„α͵ǡ ǥȋʹȌ
ƒ αͷǡ ǥȋ͵Ȍ
„ αͳͷǤ ǥȋͶȌ
ȋʹȌέȋ͵ȌέȋͶȌ›‹‡Ž†•ȋƒ„ Ȍʹ αͳͷʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ„ αͳͷǡ•‘ƒαͳˆ”‘ȋͶȌǡ„α͵ˆ”‘ȋ͵Ȍǡƒ† αͷ
ˆ”‘ȋͳȌǤŠ—•ǡ
ͻ  ʹȋͳ  ͵Ȍȋͳ  ͹Ȍ ͳ ͵ ͷ Ǥ

[141]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

ʹ
Ex.8 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–›‹•–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–‹–‡‰‡”‘ˆ  ͵ ͵ ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ͻ  Ͷ › Ǥ
͵
͵ ͳ
Sol. ‹ ‡ʹα ȋ ͵ ͵Ȍ͵  ͳ ȋ ͵ ͵  ͳȌȋ ͵ ͻ  ͵ ͵  ͳȌ ǡ
ʹ
͵͵ ͵
ͻ  ͵ ͵ ͳ ͵ ͵ ȋ ͵ ͵  ͳȌʹ ͵
͵ ͳ Ǥ
͵
͵ ͳ
‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ʹδ ͵ ͵ Ϊͳδ͵Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡȋͳǤͷȌ͵ ε͵
Ÿ ʹǤͷȂ ȋ ͵ ͵ ΪͳȌα ͳǤͷȂ ͵ ͵ ε ͵ ͵ Ȃ ͵ ͵ αͲǡ
‘ ʹδ ͵ ͵ ΪͳδʹǤͷǡŠ‡ ‡›αʹǤŠ—•
ͻ Ͷ › ͻͶ ʹ ȋ ͺ  ͳȌʹ ʹ ʹ ͳǤ

ƒ  ͺ ƒ ͳ ͵ ƒ  ͺ ƒ ͳ
Ex.9 ‹’Ž‹ˆ› ͵ ƒ   ƒ Ǥ
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵
ƒ ͳ ƒͺ
Sol. ‡– š α ǡ –Š‡ ƒ α ͵šʹ Ϊ ͳ ƒ† α šʹ Ϊ ͵ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ „‡
͵ ͵
‡š’”‡••‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆšǣ
ƒ  ͺ ƒ ͳ ͵ ƒ  ͺ ƒ ͳ
͵ ƒ  ƒ
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵
͵
͵šʹ  ͳ  ȋšʹ  ͵Ȍš  ͵ ͵šʹ  ͳ  ȋšʹ  ͵Ȍš
͵
š͵  ͵šʹ  ͵š  ͳ  ͵ ͳ  ͵š  ͵šʹ  šʹ ͵
ȋš  ͳȌ͵  ͵ ȋͳ  šȌ͵

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

αȋšΪͳȌΪȋͳȂ šȌαʹǤ

Ex.10 ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ˜˜˜  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ˜˜˜Ǥ

Sol. ‡–šα ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ˜˜˜ ǡ › ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ˜˜˜Ǥ

Š‡š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ Ǣšʹ αʹšǡ

ƒ†‹–••‘Ž—–‹‘‹•šαʹȋ•‹ ‡šεͲȌǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ›•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
›ʹ αʹΪ›Ǥ
Š‡ȋ›Ȃ ʹȌȋ›ΪͳȌαͲƒ†›εͲ›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘›αʹǤŠ—•

ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ˜˜˜  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ʹ  ˜˜˜ αšȂ ›αͲǤ

Ex.11 ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–ƒ†ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ͵͹  ʹͲ ͵ ƒ”‡šƒ†›”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‹†

Ͷ
–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšΪ›Ϊ Ǥ
›

Sol. ͵͹  ʹͲ ͵ αͷȂ ʹ ͵ αͳΪʹȋʹȂ ͵ Ȍ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–

šαͳǡ ƒ† ›αʹȋʹȂ ͵ Ȍǡ
Ͷ
Š‡ ‡ šΪ›Ϊ αͷȂ ʹ ͵ ΪαͷȂ ʹ ͵ ΪʹȋʹΪ ͵ ȌαͻǤ
›

[142]
 Mathematics

ͳ͵ š Ͷ  ͸š͵  ʹšʹ  ͳͺš  ʹ͵

Ex.12 —’’‘•‡šα Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‡šƒ –˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͻ  ͺ ͵ šʹ  ͺš  ͳͷ

ͳ͵ ͳ͵ȋͶ  ͵Ȍ
Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ–šα αͶȂ ͵ Ǥ‘ȋšȂ ͶȌʹ α͵ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ
ȋͶ  ͵Ȍ ʹ ȋͶ  ͵ȌȋͶ  ͵Ȍ

šʹ Ȃ ͺšΪͳͷαʹǤ
–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
š Ͷ  ͸š͵  ʹšʹ  ͳͺš  ʹ͵ ͵ͺ  ʹͲš
αšʹ ΪʹšȂ ͳΪ ʹ
š  ͺš  ͳͷ
ʹ
š  ͺš  ͳͷ

͵ͺ  ʹͲš
αšʹ ΪʹšȂ ͳΪ
ʹ

αšʹ Ȃ ͺšΪͳͺ αʹΪ͵αͷǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[143]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 2.4

ͳ ʹ  ͵
1. ‹’Ž‹ˆ› „›”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‘”Ǥ
ͳ ʹ  ͵

šʹ  Ͷš  ͵  ȋš  ͳȌ š ʹ  ͻ
2. ‹’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ ǡ™Š‡”‡šε͵Ǥ
šʹ  Ͷš  ͵  ȋš  ͳȌ š ʹ  ͻ

3. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ǣ ȋ ͷ  ͸  ͹Ȍȋ ͷ  ͸  ͹Ȍȋ ͷ  ͸  ͹Ȍȋ ͷ  ͸  ͹Ȍ Ǥ

4. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒα ͸ Ȃ ʹƒ†„α ʹ ʹ Ȃ ͸ ǤŠ‡
ȋȌƒε„ǡ ȋȌƒα„ǡ ȋȌƒδ„ǡ ȋȌ„α ʹƒ ǡ ȋȌƒα ʹ„ Ǥ
5. ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡–Š”‡‡˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ ʹ͹  ʹ͸ǡ„ ʹͺ  ʹ͹ǡ ʹͻ  ʹͺ ‹ƒ• ‡†‹‰‘”†‡”Ǥ
͵ ͵
6. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•š™Š‹ Š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–› δšδ ‹•
ͳ ͵ ͷ ͵
ȋȌʹǡ ȋȌ͵ǡ ȋȌͶǡ ȋȌͷǡ ȋȌ͸Ǥ
ͳ ͳ ʹ
7. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   Ǥ
ͳ ͷ ͳ ͷ ͳ ͷ
Ͷ Ͷ

8. ‹˜‡ƒε„ε ε†εͲǡƒ†α ƒ„  † ǡα ƒ  „† ǡα ƒ†  „ Ǥ•‡Dzδdz–‘ ‘‡ –

ǡ ǡ Ǥ
ͳ
§ Ͷ ͳ·

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹ
9. ‹’Ž‹ˆ› ͵
͵¨ ͵  ͵  ͵ ¸ Ǥ
¨ ͻ
© ͻ ͻ ¸¹

͵ ͵ ͳ
10. ‹˜‡ƒα ͵ Ͷ  ͵ ʹ  ͳ ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ   Ǥ
ƒ ƒ ʹ ƒ͵

11. ‹˜‡šΪ›α ͵ ͷ  ʹ ǡšȂ ›α ͵ ʹ  ͷ ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš›Ǥ

12. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ƒ  ͵  Ͷ ƒ  ͳ  ƒ  ͵  Ͷ ƒ  ͳ Ǥ

ȋ ƒ  ͳ  ƒ Ȍͷ ȋ ƒ  ͳ  ƒ Ȍͷ
13. ‹’Ž‹ˆ› ͵ ͵ Ǥ
ƒ ͳ  ƒ ƒ  ƒ ͳ

14. ‹’Ž‹ˆ› ͳ  ƒʹ  ͳ  ƒʹ  ƒͶ Ǥ

ͳ š  ʹ  š ʹ  Ͷš
15. ‹˜‡ š ƒ ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ƒ š  ʹ  š ʹ  Ͷš
16. ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–ŠƒȋʹΪ ͵ ȌͶǤ
ͳ
17. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆȋšȌα Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ
͵  ͵
š

͵ ȏˆȋȂͷȌΪˆȋȂͶȌΪˆȋȂ͵ȌΪˆȋȂʹȌΪˆȋȂͳȌΪˆȋͲȌΪˆȋͳȌڈȋʹȌΪˆȋ͵ȌΪˆȋͶȌΪˆȋͷȌΪˆȋ͸ȌȐǤ

[144]
 Mathematics

18. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋšǡ›Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘

š ›  › š  ʹͲͲ͸š›  ʹͲͲ͸š  ʹͲͲ͸›  ʹͲͲ͸ Ͳǫ

19. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡‹‹–••‹’Ž‡•–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹†•—‘ˆƒŽŽ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤŠ‡”‡‹•‰‹˜‡ƒ•

 ʹͲͲͺ  ʹͲͲ͹ ʹͲͲͺ  ʹͲͲ͹ ʹͲͲͺ  ʹͲͲ͹ ǤǤǤ Ǥ

20. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ȋšǡ›Ȍ–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘

š ›  › š  ʹͲͲͻš›  ʹͲͲͻš  ʹͲͲͻ›  ʹͲͲͻ ͲǤ

21. ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ͵ ͹͹  ʹͲ ͳ͵  ͵ ͹͹  ʹͲ ͳ͵ Ǥ
ͳȀ͵ ͳȀ͵
22. ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ʹͷ  ͳͲ ͷ  ʹͷ  ͳͲ ͷ Ǥ

ͳ  ʹͲͲͻ
23. ‡–ƒα Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȋƒ͵ Ȃ ͷͲ͵ƒȂ ͷͲͲȌͷǤ
ʹ

24. ‡–„‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
   ǤǤǤ 
ͻ ͳͳ  ͳͳ ͻ ͳͳ ͳ͵  ͳ͵ ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳͷ  ͳͷ ͳ͵    ʹ  ȋ  ʹȌ  ͻ

‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ

ͳ§ ͳ · ͵
25. ˆšα ¨ ͵ ʹͲͲͻ  ͵ ¸ ƒ†›α š  ͳ  š
ʹ
ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ›Ǥ
ʹ ʹͲͲͻ ¹
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

26. ‡–šƒ†›„‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰
ʹͲͲͺš  ʹͲͲͻ ʹͲͲͺš  ʹͲͲͻ
›   ʹͷǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ›Ǥ
ʹͲͳͲš  ʹͲͳͳ ʹͲͳͳ  ʹͲͳͲš

ʹȋ ʹȌ  ͸Ȍ
27. ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͳʹǤ ‹†Ǥ
͵ ʹ ͵

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
28. ‡–α     Ǣ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•
͵ ͺ ͺ ͹ ͹ ͸ ͸ ͷ ͷ ʹ

29. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–”‡ƒŽ—„‡”š•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡• Ͷͻ  šʹ  ʹͷ  šʹ ͵ Ǥ

Šƒ–‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ͷͻ  šʹ  ʹͷ  šʹ ǫ
ʹͷ
30. ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ͻ  ͸ ʹ  ͻ  ͸ ʹ ‹•ǡˆ‹† ݍǤ
͸

[145]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

2.5 : Congruence of integers

Definition 1
Š‡ƒ‹–‡‰‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ƒ‘Ǧœ‡”‘‹–‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ“—‘–‹‡–“
ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹†‡””ǡ™Š‡”‡Ͳd ȁ”ȁδǤŠ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•†‡‘–‡†„›
α“Ϊ”ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰–Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡††‹˜‹•‹‘™‹–Š”‡ƒ‹†‡”Ǥ
Definition 2
™‘‹–‡‰‡”•ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡congruent modulo ǡ†‡‘–‡†„›ƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍǡ‹ˆƒ
ƒ† „ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡ƒ‹†‡” ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ †‹˜‹†‡† „› ƒ ‘Ǧœ‡”‘ ‹–‡‰‡” Ǥ ˆ –Š‡
”‡ƒ‹†‡”•ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ–Š‡ƒƒ†„ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡not congruent modulo ǡ†‡‘–‡†
„›ƒ { „ȋ‘†ȌǤ
›–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‘‰”—‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘—”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘„˜‹‘—•ǣ
ƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍœ ƒȂ „ፏœ ƒȂ „{ Ͳȋ‘†Ȍœ ȁȋƒȂ „ȌǤ
Basic Properties of Congruence
ȋ‹Ȍ ˆƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍƒ†„{ ȋ‘†Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒα ȋ‘†ȌǤ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍƒ† { †ȋ‘†Ȍǡ–Š‡
ȋƒΪ Ȍȋ„Ϊ†Ȍȋ‘†ȌǡȋƒȂ Ȍ{ ȋ„Ȃ †Ȍȋ‘†ȌǤ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ˆƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍƒ† { †ȋ‘†Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒ˜ { „˜ †ȋ‘†ȌǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ‹˜Ȍ ˆƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍ–Š‡ƒ{ „ȋ‘†Ȍˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ
ȋ˜Ȍ ˆƒ { „ ȋ‘†Ȍƒ†ȋ ǡȌαͳǡ–Š‡ƒ{ „ȋ‘†ȌǤ
The Units Digit of Powers of Positive Integers a
‡–„‡–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒǡƒ†„‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”’‘™‡”‘ˆƒǤŠ‡
–Š‡ —‹–• †‹‰‹– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹• †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡ —‹–• †‹‰‹–• ‘ˆ ǡ †‡‘–‡† „› ȋȌǡ ƒ† –Š‡
•‡“—‡ ‡ȓȋȌǡαͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤȔˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”—Ž‡•ǣ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡–ƒ‡• ‘•–ƒ–˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”αͲǡͳǡͷǡ͸ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤȋȌ†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡ƒ• Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‹•’‡”‹‘†‹ ™‹–Šƒ’‡”‹‘†ʹˆ‘”αͶ‘”ͻǤ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡‹•’‡”‹‘†‹ ™‹–Šƒ’‡”‹‘†Ͷˆ‘”αʹǡ͵ǡ͹ǡͺǤ
The Last Two digits of some positive integers
ȋ Ȍ Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆͷ ȋt ʹȌ‹•ʹͷǤ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”‘ˆŽƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͸ ȋt ʹȌ Šƒ‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”‹‘†̶͵͸ǡͻ͸ǡ͹͸ǡͷ͸̶
ƒ• Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”‘ˆŽƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹ ȋt ʹȌ Šƒ‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”‹‘†̶Ͳ͹ǡͶͻǡͶ͵ǡͲͳ̶
ƒ• Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”‘ˆŽƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ͹͸ ‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•͹͸Ǥ

[146]
 Mathematics

Decimal Representation of Integers

Definition
Š‡decimal representation of integers ‹•–Š‡—„‡”•›•–‡–Šƒ––ƒ‡•ͳͲƒ•–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ǥ
†‡”–Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡ǡƒȋΪͳȌǦ†‹‰‹–™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”ȋ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡

‹–‡‰‡”Ȍ  ƒ ƒ  ͳ ǤǤǤƒͳƒͲ ‡ƒ•

ა έͳͲ ΪƒȂͳ έͳͲȂ ͳ ΪǤǤǤΪƒͳ έͳͲΪƒͲǤ

Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–ƒ™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”‹•‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ•Ϊͳ‹†‡’‡†‡–
’ƒ”–•ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡”‡ ƒ› „‡ —‘™ †‹‰‹–•ǡ –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ
•—„–”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘‹–‡‰‡”• ƒ„‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ
Decimal Expansion of Whole Numbers with Same Digits or Periodically Changing Digits
ƒ
ƒȋͳ  ͳ  ͳͲ ʹ  ǤǤǤ  ͳͲ  ͳȌ
ƒƒƒǤǤǤƒ ƒȋͳͲ ȋͳͲ  ͳȌǡ
 ͻ

ƒ„
ƒ„ ƒ„ ǤǤǤƒ„ ƒ„ ȋͳͲ͵ȋ ͳȌ  ͳͲ͵ȋ ʹȌ  ǤǤǤ  ͳͲ͵  ͳȌ ȋͳͲ͵  ͳȌǤ
‘ˆˆ ƒ„
„
ͻͻͻ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 2.5

Ex.1 Š‡ƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹– —„‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷƒ†͹ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽͳǤ ‹†–Š‡
‹‹—ƒ†ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ•— Š–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡–š„‡ƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”ͳ™Š‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›ʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷƒ†͹ǤŠ‡š Ȃ ͳ‹•
†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›‡ƒ Š‘ˆʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͹ǡ•‘šȂ ͳαǤȏʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͹ȐαͶʹͲǤ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš‹•ͶʹͲΪͳαͶʹͳǡ–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš‹•ʹέͶʹͲΪͳαͺͶͳǤ
Ex.2 –‹•‘™–Šƒ–ʹ͹ʹ͸ǡͶͶ͹ʹǡͷͲͷͶǡ͸ͶͳʹŠƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›
•‘‡–™‘†‹‰‹–ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
Sol. ‘”‡š Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡—‘™”‡ƒ‹†‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•„›–Š‡ˆ‘—”‰‹˜‡
—„‡”• ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽˆ‘—”—„‡”•ǤŠ‡
ȁȋͶͶ͹ʹȂ ʹ͹ʹ͸ȌŸ ȁͳ͹Ͷ͸Ǥ ͳ͹Ͷ͸αʹǤ ͵ʹ Ǥͻ͹Ǣ
ȁȋͷͲͷͶȂ ͶͶ͹ʹȌŸ ȁͷͺʹǤ ͷͺʹαʹǤ͵Ǥͻ͹Ǣ
ȁȋ͸ͶͳʹȂ ͷͲͷͶȌŸ ȁͳ͵ͷͺ ͳ͵ͷͺαʹǤ͹Ǥͻ͹Ǥ
‹ ‡ͻ͹‹•–Š‡—‹“—‡–™‘†‹‰‹– ‘‘†‹˜‹•‘”‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ•‘αͻ͹Ǥ
Ex.3 ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ͵ʹͲͲͲ ™Š‡‹–‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳ͵Ǥ
Sol. ͵͵ αʹ͹{ ͳȋ‘†ͳ͵Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡‡–Š‘†ˆ‘””‡†— ‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ͵ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–
͵ʹͲͲͲ { ȋ͵͵Ȍ͸͸͸Ǥ͵ʹ { ͵ʹ{ ͻȋ‘†ͳ͵ȌǤ Š—•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•ͻǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Note: ‘”ˆ‹†‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘™‡”‘ˆƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘
ˆ‹†–Š‡‹‹—’‘™‡”™‹–Š”‡ƒ‹†‡”ͳǡ‘”•‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ•–Š‡
’‘™‡” Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Ex.4 ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–ʹ͸ͻ ڍ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳʹ͹Ǥ
Sol. ʹ͹ { ͳȋ‘†ͳʹ͹Ȍ‹’Ž‹‡•ʹ͹ αȋʹ͹Ȍ { ͳ { ͳȋ‘†ͳʹ͹ȌǡŠ‡ ‡
ʹ͸ͻ αȏȋʹ͹ȌͻȐȋʹ͸Ȍ{ ʹ͸ { ͸Ͷȋ‘†ͳʹ͹Ȍǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͳʹ͹Ȃ ͸Ͷα͸͵Ǥ
Ex.5 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡͸ʹ͹͵ Ϊͺʹ͹͵ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›Ͷͻǫ
Sol. ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡˆ‘”‘††’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ
ƒ Ϊ„ αȋƒΪ„ȌȋƒȂͳ Ȃ ƒȂʹ„ΪƒȂ͵„ʹ ǤǤǤǤΪ„ȂͳȌαͳͶǡ•‘–Šƒ–
͸ʹ͹͵ Ϊͺʹ͹͵ αȋ͸ΪͺȌȋ͸ʹ͹ʹ Ȃ ͸ʹ͹ͳǤͺΪ͸ʹ͹ͲǤͺʹ Ȃ ǤǤǤΪͺʹ͹ʹȌαͳͶǡ
Š‡”‡α͸ʹ͹ʹ Ȃ ͸ʹ͹ͳǤͺΪ͸ʹ͹ͲǤͺʹ ȂǤǤǤΪͺʹ͹ʹǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ
ʹ͹ { Ͳ ȋ‘†͹Ȍǡ
 { ȋ ͳȌʹ͹ʹ  ȋ ͳȌʹ͹ͳ  ȋͳȌʹ͹Ͳ  ǤǤǤ  ͳ { ʹ͹͵
ʹ͹͵–‡”•

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡͹ȁǡŠ‡ ‡ͶͻȁͳͶǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•ͲǤ

[148]
 Mathematics
ʹͲͲͻ
Ex.6 ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡” ʹͲͲͷʹͲͲ͹ ™Š‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›͹Ǥ
ȋ‘†͹ȌǤ‹ ‡͵͵ { Ȃͳȋ‘†͹Ȍ›‹‡Ž†•͵͸ { ȋ͵͵Ȍʹ { ͳȋ‘†͹Ȍǡ
ʹͲͲͻ ʹͲͲͻ
Sol. ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ ʹͲͲͷʹͲͲ͹ { ͵ʹͲͲ͹
ʹͲͲ͹ʹͲͲͻ { ͵ʹͲͲͻ { ͵ȋ‘†͸Ȍǡ
‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–ʹͲͲ͹ʹͲͲͻ α͸Ϊ͵ˆ‘”•‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ʹͲͲͻ
ʹͲͲͷʹͲͲ͹ { ͵͸ ͵ { ͵͵ { ͸ ȋ‘†͹ȌǤ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹•͸Ǥ
Ex.7 ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ–‹–•ˆ‹”•–†‹‰‹–‹•Ͷǡƒ†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”
‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›‘˜‹‰–Š‹•Ͷ–‘–Š‡Žƒ•–’Žƒ ‡‹•ͳȀͶ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ
Sol. —’’‘•‡–Šƒ––Š‡†‡•‹”‡†™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”Šƒ•Ϊͳ†‹‰‹–•ǡ–Š‡αͶǤͳͲ Ϊš™Š‡”‡š‹•ƒ
Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”Ǥ ”‘ƒ••—’–‹‘•‹“—‡•–‹‘
ͶȋͳͲšΪͶȌαͶǤͳͲ Ϊšǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ͵ͻšαͶȋͳͲ Ȃ ͶȌ ͶǤͻͻ
ͻͻ}ͻ͸ǡ
 ͳ

? ͳ͵šα ͶǤ͵͵
͵͵}͵ʹǡ ƒ†ͳ͵ȁ ͵͵}͵ʹǤ
 ͳ  ͳ

› Š‡ ‹‰–Š‡ ƒ•‡•αͳǡʹǡǤǤǤ‘‡„›‘‡ǡ‹–‹•‡ƒ•›–‘•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ͷǣ

͵͵͵͵ʹίͳ͵αʹͷ͸ͶǤ? šαͶέʹͷ͸ͶαͳͲʹͷ͸ǡƒ†αͶͳͲʹͷ͸Ǥ
Ex.8 ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ̶‰‘‘†—„‡”̶‹ˆ‹–‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ˆ‘—”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•
†‹‰‹–•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ‰‘‘†—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ˆƒ‘‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”ƒ‹•‰‘‘†—„‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒαͶƒǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤƒαͲǡ•‘‘‘‡†‹‰‹–‰‘‘†—„‡”
‡š‹•–•Ǥ
‡– ƒ„ αͳͲƒΪ„„‡ƒ–™‘†‹‰‹–‰‘‘†—„‡”ǡ–Š‡ͳͲƒΪ„αͶȋƒΪ„Ȍ‹’Ž‹‡•ʹƒα„ǡ•‘–Š‡”‡
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”‰‘‘†—„‡”•ͳʹǡ ʹͶǡ ͵͸ǡ Ͷͺǡƒ†–Š‡‹”•—‹•ͳʹͲǤŠ”‡‡†‹‰‹–‰‘‘†—„‡” ƒ„

•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ αͶȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥͻ͸ƒΪ͸„Ȃ ͵ αͲǤ‹ ‡ͻ͸ƒΪ͸„Ȃ
͵ t ͻ͸ΪͲȂ ʹ͹εͲƒŽ™ƒ›•ǡ•‘‘•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”ȋƒǡ„ǡ Ȍǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–‰‘‘†—„‡”‡š‹•–•Ǥ
‹ ‡ƒ—„‡”™‹–Šȋt ͶȌ†‹‰‹–•—•–„‡‘–Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲȂͳǡƒ†–Š‡Ͷ–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•—
‘ˆ‹–•†‹‰‹–•‹•‘–‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ͵͸Ǥ ‘”t ͶǡͳͲȂͳ Ȃ ͵͸ε͵͸ȋͳͲȂ͵ Ȃ ȌεͲǡ•‘‘†‹‰‹–
‰‘‘†—„‡”‡š‹•–•‹ˆt ͶǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ‰‘‘†—„‡”•‹•ͳʹͲǤ
Ex.9 ‡– ƒ„ †‡ˆ „‡ƒ͸Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ– †‡ˆƒ„ ‹•͸–‹‡•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ƒ„ †‡ˆ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ϊ‡ΪˆǤ
Sol. ”‘ƒ••—’–‹‘‹–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ǡ
ȋͳͲͲͲȌȋ†‡ˆȌ  ƒ„ ͸ȏȋͳͲͲͲȌȋƒ„ Ȍ  †‡ˆȐǡ
ȋͻͻͶȌȋ†‡ˆȌ ȋͷͻͻͻȌȋƒ„ Ȍǡ
ȋͳͶʹȌȋ†‡ˆȌ ȋͺͷ͹Ȍȋƒ„ ȌǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ͺͷ͹ȁȋͳͶʹȌ ȋ†‡ˆȌ Ǥ ‹ ‡ ͺͷ͹ ƒ† ͳͶʹ Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‘‘ ˆƒ –‘” ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Šƒ ͳǡ
•‘ͺͷ͹ȁ †‡ˆ Ǥ‹ ‡ʹέͺͷ͹εͳͲͲͲ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”ǡ•‘ †‡ˆ αͺͷ͹ǤŠ—•ǡ
ƒ„ αͳͶʹǡƒ†
ƒΪ„Ϊ Ϊ†Ϊ‡ΪˆαͳΪͶΪʹΪͺΪͷΪ͹αʹ͹Ǥ

[149]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.10 ”‘˜‡ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š —„‡” ‹ –Š‡ •‡“—‡ ‡ ͳʹǢ ͳͳʹʹǢ ͳͳͳʹʹʹǢ ǤǤǤǤǤ ‹• ƒ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ –™‘
‘•‡ —–‹˜‡™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ›—•‹‰–Š‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—„‡”™‹–Š”‡’‡ƒ–‡††‹‰‹–•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ͳ ʹ ͳ
ͳͳǤǤǤͳͳʹʹǤǤǤʹʹ ȋȋͳͲ  ͳȌǤ ȋͳͲ  ͳȌ ȋͳͲ  ͳȌȋͳͲ  ʹȌ
  ͻ ͻ ͻ
§ ͳͲ  ͳ · § ͳͲ  ʹ · § ͳͲ  ͳ · § ͳͲ  ͳ ·
¨ ¸ Ǥ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ Ǥ¨  ͳ ¸ Ǥȋ  ͳȌǡ ™Š‡”‡
© ͵ ¹© ͵ ¹ © ͵ ¹© ͵ ¹
ͳ
 ȋͳͲ  ͳȌ ͵͵ǤǤǤ͵͵ ‹•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”ǤŠ‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•’”‘˜‡Ǥ
͵ 

Ex.11 ƒ’ƒ”Ž‘” ‰ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‹ ‹ƒƒ••‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘–Š‹‘ˆƒ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”

ƒ„ ™Š‡”‡ƒǡ„ǡƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–†‹‰‹–•‹„ƒ•‡ͳͲ‹–Š‡‘”†‡”‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‹ ‹ƒ–Š‡
ƒ••–Š‹•’‡”•‘–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡—„‡”• ƒ „ǡ„ ƒǡ„ƒ ǡ ƒ„ ƒ† „ƒǡ –‘ƒ††–Š‡•‡ˆ‹˜‡—„‡”•ǡ
ƒ† –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Š‡‹” •—ǡ Ǥ ˆ –‘Ž† –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹ ‹ƒ ƒ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ
—„‡”ǡ ƒ„ ǤŽƒ›–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‹ ‹ƒƒ††‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ ƒ„ ‹ˆα͵ͳͻͶǤ
Sol. ‡–    ƒ„ ƒ„  ƒ „  „ ƒ  „ƒ  ƒ„  „ƒǡ –Š‡
αȋͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ„Ϊ ȌΪȋͳͲͲƒΪͳͲ Ϊ„ȌΪȋͳͲͲ„ΪͳͲƒΪ ȌΪȋͳͲͲ„ΪͳͲ ΪƒȌΪȋͳͲͲ ΪͳͲƒΪ„Ȍ
ΪȋͳͲͲ ΪͳͲ„ΪƒȌ αʹʹʹȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍǣ
͵ͳͻͶααʹʹʹȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍ ƒ„ ‹’Ž‹‡•ʹʹʹȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍα͵ͳͻͶΪ ƒ„ αʹʹʹέͳͶΪͺ͸Ϊ ƒ„ Ǥ
‡ ‡
ȋ‹Ȍ ƒΪ„Ϊ εͳͶǢ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ͺ͸Ϊ ƒ„ ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹʹʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒ„ Ϊͺ͸αʹʹʹˆ‘”•‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳͲͺͷ
‹ ‡ʹʹʹd ͻͻͻΪͺ͸αͳͲͺͷǡ•‘ d  ͷǡ Š‡ ‡ƒ›„‡‘‡‘ˆͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǤ
ʹʹʹ
Š‡αͳǡ–Š‡ ƒ„ αʹʹʹȂ ͺ͸αͳ͵͸ǡ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ‹•‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
Š‡αʹǡ–Š‡ ƒ„ αͶͶͶȂ ͺ͸α͵ͷͺǡ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ȋ‹Ȍƒ†ȋ‹‹Ȍƒ”‡•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
Š‡α͵ǡ–Š‡ ƒ„ α͸͸͸Ȃ ͺ͸αͷͺͲǡ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ‹•‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
Š‡αͶǡ–Š‡ ƒ„ αͺͺͺȂ ͺ͸αͺͲʹǡ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ‹•‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
Š—•ǡ ƒ„ α͵ͷͺǤ
Ex.12 ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǣ
ȋƒȌ –•†‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•͸ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–͸‹•‡”ƒ•‡†ƒ†’Žƒ ‡†‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰†‹‰‹–•ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰
—„‡”‹•ˆ‘—”–‹‡•ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ
Sol. –‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ– ‹•‘–ƒ‘‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”Ǥ‡–αͳͲšΪ͸ǡ™Š‡”‡š‹•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ
†‹‰‹–•ǤŠ‡
͸·ͳͲ ΪšαͶȋͳͲšΪ͸ȌŸ ͵ͻšα͸·ͳͲ Ȃ ʹͶŸ ͳ͵šαʹ·ͳͲ Ȃ ͺǡ•‘ͳ͵ȁȋʹ·ͳͲ Ȃ ͺȌˆ‘”•‘‡
ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆʹ·ͳͲ ‹•ͺ™Š‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳ͵Ǥ›Ž‘‰†‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ‹–‹•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡
‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ͷǤŠ—•ǡ
ʹȉͳͲ  ͺ ͳͻͻͻͻʹ
š ͳͷ͵ͺͶǡ ͳͷ͵ͺͶ͸Ǥ
ͳ͵ ͳ͵
[150]
 Mathematics

Ex.13 ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹– —„‡”•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘–Šƒ–‹ˆ͵‹•ƒ††‡†ǡ–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•

‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–—„‡”‹•ͳȀ͵‘ˆ–Šƒ–‘ˆǤ

Sol. ‡–α ƒ„ Ǥ›ƒ••—’–‹‘–Š‡ ƒ””›‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•—•–Šƒ˜‡Šƒ’’‡‡†™Š‡†‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘

ƒ„ Ϊ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ t ͹Ǥ

›Ͳ ƒ†ͳ ™‡†‡‘–‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–—„‡””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ”‡‡

ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ ˆƒα„αͻǡ–Š‡Ͳ t ͻΪͻΪ͹αʹͷǡ„—–ͳ αͳΪȋ Ϊ͵ Ȃ ͳͲȌd ͵ǡƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆƒδͻǢ„αͻǡ–Š‡Ͳ αƒΪͻΪ Ǣͳ αƒΪͳΪȋ Ϊ͵ȂͳͲȌαƒΪ Ȃ ͸ǡ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡͵ȋƒΪ Ȃ ͸ȌαƒΪͻΪ ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤʹȋƒΪ Ȍαʹ͹ǡƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘Ǥ‘‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ˆ„δͻǡ–Š‡Ͳ αƒΪ„Ϊ Ǣͳ αƒΪȋ„ΪͳȌΪȋ Ϊ͵ȂͳͲȌαƒΪ„Ϊ Ȃ ͸ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–

͵ȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȃ ͸ȌαƒΪ„Ϊ ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤƒΪ„Ϊ αͻǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ„ αͳͲͺǢͳͳ͹ǢʹͲ͹Ǥ

Š—•ǡ ƒ„ αͳͲͺ‘”ͳͳ͹‘”ʹͲ͹Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[151]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 2.5

1. ”‘˜‡–Šƒ–͹ȁȋʹʹʹʹͷͷͷͷ ΪͷͷͷͷʹʹʹʹȌǤ

2. ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ 4737 ™Š‡‹–‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͳǤ

27

3. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡ͻͳͻͻͲ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͳǫ
4. Š‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͷǡ͹ǡͻǡͳͳǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”•ƒ”‡ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
‹†–Š‡‹‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
5. ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆʹͻͻͻǤ
6. ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆȋʹͷ͹͵͵ ΪͶ͸Ȍʹ͸ ™Š‡‹–‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͷͲǤ
7. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”εͳ•— Š–Šƒ–͵ ‡†•™‹–ŠͲͲ͵ǫ
8. ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ•— Š–Šƒ–˜ ʹ Ϊͳ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵Ǥ

9. ”‘˜‡–Šƒ–™Š‡ abc ‹•ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆ͵͹ǡ–Š‡•‘‹•–Š‡—„‡” bca Ǥ

10. ‹†ƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•™‹–Š‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‹‰‹–͸•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡‰‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›†‡Ž‡–‹‰–Š‹•͸
‹•ͳȀʹͷ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
11. ‡–š„‡ƒ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‡“—ƒŽ•ʹͳǤ ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆšƒ”‡
”‡˜‡”•‡†ǡ–Š‡—„‡”–Š—•ˆ‘”‡†‡š ‡‡†•š„›ͶͻͷǤŠƒ–‹•šǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

12. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–—„‡”ƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆŠƒ˜‡ƒ•—ʹͲͲͳǤ ‹†Ǥ
13. Š‡α 11...11 u 11...11 ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǫ
ͳͻͺͻ †‹‰‹–• ͳͻͺͻ †‹‰‹–•

14. ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”–‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ‹–•†‹‰‹–•Ǥ

15. ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•α ƒ„ •— Š–Šƒ–αȋƒΪ„Ϊ Ȍ͵Ǥ

16. ‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•—„‡”•ƒǡ„ǡ ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹‰‹–•šǡ†‹‰‹–•
›ǡƒ†ʹ†‹‰‹–•œ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‘”ƒ›t ʹˆ‹†–Š‡†‹‰‹–•šǡ›ǡœ•— Š–Šƒ–ƒʹ Ϊ„α Ǥ
17. Š‡ƒ–™‘†‹‰‹–—„‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡—„‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›‡š Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡–™‘†‹‰‹–•ǡ
–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘‹–•”‡ƒ‹†‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–™‘†‹‰‹–—„‡”Ǥ
18. ‹† –Š‡ ƒš‹— ’‡”ˆ‡ – •“—ƒ”‡ǡ •— Š –Šƒ– ƒˆ–‡” †‡Ž‡–‹‰ ‹–• Žƒ•– –™‘ †‹‰‹–• ȋ™Š‹ Š ‹•
ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡‘–ƒŽŽœ‡”‘•Ȍǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰’ƒ”–‹••–‹ŽŽƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
ʹͲͲͷ
19. ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•ȋ‹‘”†‡”Ȍ‘ˆ ͹͵ Ǥ
20. ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•––™‘Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆͳͲ Ȃ ‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›
ͳ͹ͲǤ

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21. ‡–αͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻͳͲͳͳͳʹͳ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵ͶͶ„‡–Š‡͹ͻ†‹‰‹–—„‡”‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›
™”‹–‹‰–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ͶͶ‹‘”†‡”ǡ‘‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡‹•
†‹˜‹†‡†„›Ͷͷ‹•”ǤŠƒ–‹•”ʹǫ
22. ‡–αʹͲͲͺʹ ΪʹʹͲͲͺǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ Ϊʹǫ
23. ƒ”ƒ†‘Ž›’‹ ‡†ˆ‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‹•–
ͷ͵ǡ͸ʹǡ͸͸ǡ͸ͺǡ͹ͳǡͺʹǡͺͻ
ƒ††‹• ‘˜‡”–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••Š‡’‹ ‡†‹••–‹ŽŽƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ˆ–™‘
‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”••Š‡’‹ ‡†™‡”‡͸ʹƒ†ͺͻǡˆ‹†–Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰–Š”‡‡‹–‡‰‡”•Ǥ
24. ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡ȋͳǨέͳȌΪȋʹǨέʹȌΪȋ͵Ǩέ͵ȌΪǤǤǤΪȋʹͺ͸Ǩέʹͺ͸Ȍ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ʹͶ έͷ͵Ǥ
25. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”™Š‡͵Ͳ Ϊ͵ͳ Ϊ͵ʹ ΪǤǤǤΪ͵ʹͲͲͻ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͺǫ
26. ‘™ ƒ› †‹•–‹ – ˆ‘—”Ǧ†‹‰‹– —„‡”• ƒ”‡ †‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „› ͵ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ʹ͵ ƒ• –Š‡‹” Žƒ•– –™‘
†‹‰‹–•ǫ
27. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆʹͲͳͷʹͲͳ͸ Ȃ ʹͲͳ͹ǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

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2.6 : Perfect square numbers

Definition
™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒperfect square number ȋ‘”•Š‘”–Ž›ǡperfect squareȌǡ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ
‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–αʹǤ
Basic Properties of Perfect Square Numbers
ȋȌ Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ ƒ„‡ͲǡͳǡͶǡͷǡ͸ƒ†ͻ‘Ž›Ǥ
–•—ˆˆ‹ ‡•–‘ Š‡ –Š‡’”‘’‡”–›ˆ‘”ͲʹǡͳʹǡʹʹǡǤǤǤǡͻʹǤ
ȋ Ȍ ˆ–Š‡’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”‹• ’ͳD ’ʹD ǤǤǤ’D ǡ–Š‡
ͳ ʹ 

‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡œ ‡ƒ ŠD‹ ‹•‡˜‡œ WȋȌ‹•‘††Ǣ

™Š‡”‡W ȋȌ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆǤ
ȋ Ȍ ‘”ƒ›’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–•–ƒ‹Žœ‡”‘•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡†‹‰‹–Ͳ•‘‹–•”‹‰Š–
‡†Ȍ—•–„‡‡˜‡ǡ•‹ ‡‹–Š‡’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ –‘”ʹƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆ
ˆƒ –‘”ͷƒ”‡„‘–Š‡˜‡Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ ʹ { ͳ‘”Ͳ‘†—Ž‘ʹǡ͵ǡͶǤ
–•—ˆˆ‹ ‡•–‘ Š‡ –Š‡—„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”•ȋʹȌʹ ƒ†ȋʹΪͳȌʹ „›–ƒ‹‰‘†—Ž‘ʹƒ†
‘†—Ž‘Ͷ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǣ–Š‡—„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆȋ͵Ȍʹ ƒ†ȋ͵άͳȌʹ „›–ƒ‹‰‘†—Ž‘͵Ǥ
ȋȌ ʹ { Ͳǡͳ‘”Ͷȋ‘†ͺȌǤ
–•—ˆˆ‹ ‡•–‘ Š‡ –Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ˆ‘”ȋͶάͳȌʹǡȋͶȌʹǡȋͶΪʹȌʹǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ›‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ Ȍ ‘††’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡˜‡–‡•†‹‰‹–ȋ‹ˆ‘‡†‹‰‹–’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡•ͳʹ
ƒ†͵ʹ ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•Ͳͳƒ†Ͳͻ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ȌǤ
–‹•‡ƒ•›–‘•‡‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ ‘”ε͵ǡʹ αȋͳͲƒΪ„Ȍʹ αͳͲͲƒʹ ΪʹͲƒ„Ϊ„ʹǤŠ‡—„‡”
ͳͲͲƒʹ ΪʹͲƒ„Šƒ•—‹–•†‹‰‹–Ͳƒ†ƒ‡˜‡–‡•†‹‰‹–Ǥ ˆ„‹•ƒ‘†††‹‰‹–ǡ–Š‡–Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹–
ƒ””‹‡†ˆ”‘„ʹ —•–„‡‡˜‡ǡ•‘–Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ —•–„‡‡˜‡Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ ˆ–Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ ‹•‘††ǡ–Š‡–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ —•–„‡͸Ǥ
‘–‹—‡–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹ȋ ȌǤ ˆ–Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹– ƒ””‹‡†ˆ”‘„ʹ ‹•‘††ǡ–Š‡„αͶ‘”͸‘Ž›ǡ•‘
„ʹ αͳ͸‘”͵͸ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ —•–„‡͸Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡”‡‹•‘’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”„‡–™‡‡ƒ›–™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”•
ʹ ƒ†ȋΪͳȌʹǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ›‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–Š‹”†‹–‡‰‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ†Ϊͳǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
‹–‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
Š‡„ƒ•‹ ’”‘„Ž‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡ȋ‹Ȍ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰‹ˆƒ—„‡”‹•ƒ
’‡”ˆ‡ – •“—ƒ”‡Ǣ ȋ‹‹Ȍ –‘ ˆ‹† ’‡”ˆ‡ – •“—ƒ”‡ —„‡”• —†‡” •‘‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ ’‡”ˆ‡ –
•“—ƒ”‡•Ǣ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡‰‡” •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• „› —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”•Ǥ
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Solved Examples 2.6

Ex.1 –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‹•–‡†—„‡”•ǡ–Š‡‘‡™Š‹ Š—•–‘–„‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡‹•

ȋȌ͵ʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊ͵ǡ ȋȌͶʹ ΪͶΪͶǡ ȋȌͷʹ Ȃ ͷȂ ͷǡ
ȋȌ͹ʹ Ȃ ͹Ϊ͹ǡ ȋȌͳͳʹ ΪͳͳȂ ͳͳǤ
Sol. ͵ʹ Ȃ ͵Ϊ͵α͵ȋʹ Ȃ ΪͳȌ™Š‹ Š‹•͵ʹ ™Š‡αʹǢ
ͷʹ Ȃ ͷȂ ͷαͷȋʹ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȌαͷʹ ™Š‡α͵Ǣ
͹ʹ Ȃ ͹Ϊ͹α͹ȋʹ Ȃ ΪͳȌα͹ʹ ™Š‡α͵Ǣ
ͳͳʹ ΪͳͳȂ ͳͳαͳͳȋʹ ڐȂ ͳȌαͳͳʹ ™Š‡α͵Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ȋȌǡȋȌǡȋȌƒ†ȋȌƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘––Š‡ƒ•™‡”Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ
ȋʹΪͳȌʹ αͶʹ ΪͶΪͳδͶʹ ΪͶΪͶδͶʹ ΪͺΪͶαȋʹΪʹȌʹ
‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–Ͷʹ ΪͶΪͶ‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”‹•ȋȌǤ
Ex.2 ‹˜‡–Šƒ–ˆ‹˜‡†‹‰‹–—„‡” ʹšͻ›ͳ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ͵šΪ͹›Ǥ
Sol. ‡—•‡‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡šƒ†›Ǥ‡–ʹ α ʹšͻ›ͳ Ǥ‹ ‡ͳͶͳʹ αͳͻͺͺͳδʹ
ƒ†ͳ͹ͷʹ α͵Ͳ͸ʹͷεʹǡ•‘ͳͶͳʹ δʹ δͳ͹ͷʹǤŠ‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆʹ ‹•ͳ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡—‹–•
†‹‰‹–‘ˆ‹•ͳ‘”ͻ‘Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‹–‹••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‘ Š‡ ͳͷͳʹǡͳ͸ͳʹǡͳ͹ͳʹǡͳͷͻʹǡͳ͸ͻʹ ‘Ž›ǡ
•‘™‡ˆ‹†–Šƒ–
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ͸ͳʹ αʹͷͻʹͳ
•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”—„‡”• ƒ‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǤŠ—•ǡ
šαͷǡ›αʹǡ•‘–Šƒ–͵šΪ͹›αͳͷΪͳͶαʹͻǤ
Ex.3 ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ‹”•ȋšǡ›Ȍ‘ˆ–™‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ•— Š–Šƒ–αʹ͵šΪͻʹ›‹•ƒ
’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹ͵ͻʹǤ
Sol. αʹ͵šΪͻʹ›αʹ͵ȋšΪͶ›Ȍƒ†ʹ͵‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–šΪͶ›αʹ͵ ʹ ˆ‘”•‘‡
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ•‘
ʹ͵ͻʹ ͳͲͶ
αʹ͵ʹʹ d ʹ͵ͻʹŸ ʹ d ͷǤ
ʹ͵ʹ ʹ͵
‡ ‡ʹ αͳ‘”Ͷǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡαͳ‘”ʹǤ
Š‡ʹ αͳǡ–Š‡šΪͶ›αʹ͵‘”šαʹ͵Ȃ Ͷ›Ǥ‹ ‡šǡ›ƒ”‡–™‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ•‘›αͳǡ
ʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷƒ†šαͳͻǡͳͷǡͳͳǡ͹ǡ͵ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Š‡ʹαͶǡ–Š‡šΪͶ›αͻʹ‘”šαͻʹȂ Ͷ›ǡ•‘› ƒ–ƒ‡‡ƒ Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ”‘
ͳ–Š”‘—‰Šʹʹǡƒ†š–Š‡ ƒ–ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•‰‹˜‡„›šα
ͻʹȂ Ͷ›Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†’ƒ‹”•ȋšǡ›Ȍ‹•ͷΪʹʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥʹ͹Ǥ

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Ex.4 ”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ʹͲͲ͸ ƒ‘–„‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–‡‘††’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Sol. ‡ ’”‘˜‡ „› ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘Ǥ —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ʹͲͲ͸ ƒ „‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ• –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –‡ ‘††
’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡—„‡”•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ
ʹͲͲ͸αšͳʹ Ϊšʹʹ ΪǤǤǤ̴šͳͲʹǡ
™Š‡”‡šͳǡšʹǡǤǤǤǡšͳͲ ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘††—„‡”•ǤŠ‡–ƒ‹‰‘†—Ž‘ͺ–‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–Šƒ†
•‹†‡‹•͸ǡ„—––Š‡”‹‰Š–Šƒ†•‹†‡‹•ʹǡƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘ǨŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘‹•™”‘‰ǡƒ†
–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•’”‘˜‡Ǥ
Ex.5 ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ–ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
Sol. ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡εͳͲǡ–Š‡Ȃ ͻεͲǡ•‘
ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳαʹ Ȃ ʹͲΪͳͲͲΪȋȂ ͻȌαȋȂ ͳͲȌʹ ΪȋȂ ͻȌεȋȂ ͳͲȌʹǡ
ƒ†
ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳαʹ Ȃ ͳͺΪͺͳΪȋͳͲȂ ȌδȋȂ ͻȌʹǡ
•‘ȋȂ ͳͲȌʹ δʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳδȋȂ ͻȌʹǡ™Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳ‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡δͻǡ–Š‡
ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳαȋͳͲȂ Ȍʹ ΪȋȂ ͻȌδȋͳͲȂ Ȍʹ
ƒ† ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳαȋͻȂ Ȍʹ ΪͳͲȂ εȋͻȂ Ȍʹǡ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

•‘ȋͻȂ Ȍʹ δʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳδȋͳͲȂ Ȍʹǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳ ƒ‘–„‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡αͻǡ–Š‡ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳαȋͳͲȂ ͻȌʹ αͳǢ™Š‡αͳͲǡ–Š‡
ʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳαȋͳͲȂ ͻȌʹ αͳǤ
Š—•ǡʹ Ȃ ͳͻΪͻͳ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆαͻ‘”ͳͲǤ
Ex.6 ‡– šα ͳͲͲͲǤǤǤͲͲͲͳͲͲͲǤǤǤͲͲͲͷͲ
ͲͲͲǤǤǤͲͲͲͳͲͲͲǤǤǤͲͲͲͷͲ Ǥ
ʹͲͳͳ –‹‡• ʹͲͳʹ –‹‡•

ˆšȂ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ ȓͳͷǡʹͷǡͷͲǡ͹ͷȔǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ

Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ–
šα ȋͳͲͳͲͳʹ ΪͳȌέͳͲʹͲͳͶ ΪͷͲαͳͲͶͲʹ͸ ΪͳͲʹͲͳͶ ΪͷͲ
αȋͳͲʹͲͳ͵Ȍʹ ΪʹέͳͲʹͲͳ͵ έͷΪͷͲαȋͳͲʹͲͳ͵ ΪͷȌʹ ΪʹͷǤ
‘ šȂ ʹͷ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ

[156]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – 2.6

1. ˆȋšȂ ͳȌȋšΪ͵ȌȋšȂ ͶȌȋšȂ ͺȌڏ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ǡ–Š‡‹•

ȋͳȌ͵ʹǡ ȋʹȌʹͶǡ ȋ͵Ȍͻͺǡ ȋͶȌͳͻ͸Ǥ
2. ˆΪʹͲƒ†Ȃ ʹͳƒ”‡„‘–Š’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ—„‡”ǡˆ‹†Ǥ
3. ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹ƒŽ‹–‡‰‡”š•— Š–Šƒ–Ͷʹ͹ ΪͶͳͲͲͲͲ ΪͶš ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
4. ”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡͶ Ϊʹ͵ Ϊʹʹ ΪʹΪͳ‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
5. ”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡” ƒ„ ǡ•— Š–Šƒ– ƒ„ Ϊ „ ƒ Ϊ ƒ„ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
6. ”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒʹ Ϊ„ʹ Ȃ ͺ α͸Šƒ•‘‹–‡‰‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
7. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–’‹•ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‘”•‘ˆ’Ͷ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•— Š’”‹‡•’Ǥ
8. ˆšƒ†›ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆšʹ Ϊ›Ϊͳƒ†›ʹ ΪͶšΪ͵ ƒ‘–
„‘–Š„‡’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǥ
9. ‡–†„‡ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‘–‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹǡͷǡ‘”ͳ͵ǤŠ‘™–Šƒ–‘‡ ƒˆ‹††‹•–‹ –ƒǡ„‹
–Š‡•‡–ȓʹǡͷǡͳ͵ǡ†Ȕ•— Š–Šƒ–ƒ„Ȃ ͳ‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
10. ”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡—„‡”͵ Ϊʹέͳ͹ǡ™Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ‹•‡˜‡”ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –
•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
11. ‡–’„‡ƒ’”‹‡—„‡”•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‡š–Žƒ”‰‡”—„‡”‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—
‘ˆƒŽŽ•— Š’”‹‡—„‡”•Ǥȋ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ˆ›‘—–Š‹–Šƒ–ͳͳƒ†ͳ͵ƒ”‡–™‘•— Š’”‹‡
—„‡”•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•—‹•ʹͶǤȌ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹ
12. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–  d ʹͲͲ͹ʹ  ʹͲͲ͹Ͳ  ͵ͳǤ ‹† Ǥ
ͳͲͲ
13. ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–„‘–ŠΪͶͻ͸ƒ†ΪʹʹͶƒ”‡
’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡•Ǥ
14. Š‡•—‘ˆͳͺ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ –Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‹••—ǡˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆˆ‹”•––™‘‹–‡‰‡”•ǫ
15. ‡–„‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•— Š–Šƒ–‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹͲǡʹ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ – —„‡ǡƒ†
͵ ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡—„‡” ‘–ƒ‹•†‹‰‹–•ǤŠƒ–‹•ʹǫ
16. ‘™ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•— Š–Šƒ–͹Ϊͳ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ƒ†͵ΪͳδʹͲͲͺǫ
17. Š‡’”‘†— –ͳέʹέ͵έ˜ ˜ ˜ ݐ‹•†‡‘–‡†„›ǨǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ ͶǨαͳέʹέ͵έͶαʹͶǤ‡–
αͳǨέʹǨέ͵ǨέͶǨέͷǨέ͸Ǩέ͹ǨέͺǨέͻǨǤ‘™–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‡ –
•“—ƒ”‡•‹•ȋʹͳ„ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ„Ǥ
18. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•ȋšǡ›Ȍǡ™Š‡”‡š‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†›‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –•“—ƒ”‡ǡ•— Š
–Šƒ– ›αȋšȂ ͻͲȌʹ Ȃ ͶͻͲ͹Ǥ
19. Š‡—„‡”ʹͷ͸Ͷ ˜ ͸Ͷʹͷ ‹•–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ †‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡
•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ‹•Ǥ
20. ˆͷͷͶ‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‡„”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”™Š‘•‡„ƒ•‡„”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘
‹•ʹͶǡ–Š‡„ǡ™Š‡™”‹––‡‹„ƒ•‡ͳͲǡ‡“—ƒŽ•

[157]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

2.7 : [x] and {x}

Greatest Integer function [x] and fractional part function {x}

Definition 1
‘”ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡” šǡ–Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šǡ†‡‘–‡†„›ȏšȐǡ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡
integer part ‘ˆšǤ™Š‡š‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆȋšȌαȏšȐǡš ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡
Gaussian function.
Definition 2
‘”ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”šǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡šȂ ȏšȐǡ†‡‘–‡†„›ȓšȔǡ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡decimal part ‘ˆšǤ
Some Basic Properties of [x] and {x}
Ȉ Ͳd ȓšȔδͳǡƒ†ȓšȔαͲ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆš‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
Ȉ šȂ ͳδȏšȐd šδȏšȐΪͳǤ
Ȉ ‘”ƒ› ǡȏΪšȐαΪȏšȐǤ
­ȏšȐ  ͳ ‹ˆ š‹•‘–ƒ ‹–‡‰‡”
Ȉ ȏȂ šȐα ®
¯ ȏšȐ ‹ˆš‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ

Ȉ ȏšΪ›Ȑt ȏšȐΪȏ›Ȑˆ‘”ƒ›šǡ› Ǥ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡˆ‘”šͳǡǤǤǤǡš  ǡ

ȏšͳ Ϊšʹ ΪǤǤǤΪšȐt ȏšͳȐΪȏšʹȐΪǤǤǤΪȏšȐǤ
Ȉ ȏš›Ȑt ȏšȐ˜ ȏ›Ȑǡ™Š‡”‡šǡ›t ͲǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡˆ‘”šͳǡšʹǡǤǤǤǡš t Ͳǡ
ȏšͳšʹ ǤǤǤšȐt ȏšͳȐ˜ ȏšʹȐ˜˜˜ ȏšȐǤ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ª š º ª ȏšȐ º
Ȉ «  » «  » ˆ‘” ǡš Ǥ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
Theorem I. ȋ ‡”‹–‡ †‡–‹–›Ȍ ‘”ƒ›š ƒ† ǡ
ª ͳº ª ʹº ª  ͳº
ȏšȐ  « š  »  « š  »  ǤǤǤ  « š  ȏšȐǤ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬  »¼
Proof. ‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›ˆ— –‹‘
ª ͳº ª ʹº ª  ͳº
ˆȋšȌαȏšȐΪ « š  »  « š  »  ǤǤǤ  « š   ȏšȐǤ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬  »¼
Š‡‹–•—ˆˆ‹ ‡•–‘•Š‘™ˆȋšȌαͲ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‹ ‡
§ ͳ· ª ͳº ª ʹº
ˆ ¨ š  ¸ « š  »  « š  » ΪǤǤǤΪȏšΪͳȐȂ ȏšΪͳȐ
© ¹ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼

ª ͳº ª ʹº ª  ͳº
αȏšȐΪ « š  »  « š  »  ǤǤǤ  « š   ȏšȐ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬  »¼
αˆȋšȌǤ
ͳ ͳ
‘ˆȋšȌ‹•ƒ’‡”‹‘†‹ ˆ— –‹‘™‹–Šƒ’‡”‹‘† ǡŠ‡ ‡‹–‹•‡‘—‰Š–‘•Š‘™ˆȋšȌαͲˆ‘”Ͳd šδ ǡ
 
ƒ†–Š‹•‹•‘„˜‹‘—•ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆˆǤ
[158]
 Mathematics

Theorem II. ȋ‡‰‡†”‡ǯ•Š‡‘”‡Ȍ –Š‡’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –

Ǩαͳέʹέ͵έ˜˜˜ ݐǡ–Š‡‹†‡š‘ˆƒ’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”’‹•‰‹˜‡„›
ªº ª  º ª  º
« ’ »  « ’ʹ »  « ’͵ » Ϊ ˜ ˜ ˜ Ǥ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
Proof. Ǩ–Š‡‹†‡š‘ˆ‹–•’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”’‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹ ‡•‘ˆ’”‹‡ˆƒ –‘”’‹
ªº
–Š‡ —„‡”• ͳǡ ʹǡ ǤǤǤǡ Ǥ ‹ ‡ ‹ –Š‡  —„‡”• ͳ –Š”‘—‰Š  –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ « » —„‡”•
¬’¼
ªº
‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ˆƒ –‘”’ǡ « ʹ » —„‡”• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ˆƒ –‘”’ʹǡǤǤǤǡ•‘ƒ„‘˜‡
¬’ ¼
•— ƒ ‘—––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ –‘”’‹Ǩǡ–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•’”‘˜‡Ǥ
‡•‹†‡•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ„‘—–ȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡šƒ†–Š‡ǡ•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ’”‘„Ž‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔ ‘–ƒ‹
ƒŽ•‘–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘š‰‡–ȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔǡ‘” ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡˆ”‘ȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔ‰‡–šǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ•‘Ž˜‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
™‹–ŠȏšȐƒ†ȓšȔˆ‘”šǤ
‘–Š‡”‹†‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‡†’”‘„Ž‡•‹•–‘‰‹˜‡•‘‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ȏšȐƒ†
ȓšȔǡƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹Š‡‘”‡ ƒ†Š‡‘”‡ Ǥ—–Š‡”‡™‡™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘Ž›
„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘‹†•‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[159]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Solved Examples 2.7

Ex.1 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹȏšȐαšΪʹȓšȔǤ
Sol. ‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡšαȏšȐΪȓšȔ›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ʹȏšȐαȏšȐΪ͵ȓšȔǡ
? ȏšȐα͵ȓšȔδ͵Ǥ
ͳ ʹ
Š‡ ȏšȐ α Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ȓšȔ Ͳǡ ǡ ǡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰Ž›ǡ •‘ –Š‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ”‡
͵ ͵
Ͷ ͺ
š Ͳǡ ǡ Ǥ
͵ ͵
Ex.2 ‹†ƒŽŽ”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ͷšʹ Ȃ ͶͲȏšȐΪͷͳαͲǤ
Sol. ‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡšt ȏšȐ‰‹˜‡•ƒ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹šǣ
ͲαͶšʹ Ȃ ͶͲȏšȐΪͷͳt Ͷšʹ Ȃ ͶͲšΪͷͳαȋʹšȂ ͵ȌȋʹšȂ ͳ͹Ȍǡ
͵ ͳ͹
•‘ d šd Ǥ –‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ȏšȐƒ›„‡ͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡͺǤ
ʹ ʹ
Š‡ȏšȐαͳǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ ΪͳͳαͲǡ‘”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”šǤ
ʹͻ
Š‡ȏšȐαʹǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ʹͻαͲǡšα ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–ʹǡ
ʹ
Š‡ ‡‹–‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
͸ͻ
Š‡ȏšȐα͵ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ͸ͻαͲǡšα ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‘‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–͵ǡƒ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ʹ
‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘ǡŠ‡ ‡‘•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”šǤ
ͳͲͻ
Š‡ȏšȐαͶǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ͳͲͻαͲǡšα εͷǡƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘ǡŠ‡ ‡‘
ʹ
•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ͳͶͻ
Š‡ȏšȐαͷǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ͳͶͻαͲǡšα ε͸ǡŠ‡ ‡‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ʹ
ͳͺͻ
Š‡ȏšȐα͸ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ͳͺͻαͲǡšα ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–͸ǡ
ʹ
Š‡ ‡‹–‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ʹʹͻ
Š‡ȏšȐα͹ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ʹʹͻαͲǡšα ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–͹ǡ
ʹ
Š‡ ‡‹–‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ʹ͸ͻ
Š‡ȏšȐαͺǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͷšʹ Ȃ ʹ͸ͻαͲǡšα ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹–‡‰‡”’ƒ”–ͺǡ
ʹ
Š‡ ‡‹–‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ʹͻ ͳͺͻ ʹʹͻ ʹ͸ͻ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
[160]
 Mathematics
ͳͲͲͳ ˜ ͳͲͲʹ ˜˜˜˜˜ ͳͻͺͷ ˜ ͳͻͺ͸
Ex.3 ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ•— Š–Šƒ– ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
ͳͳ
ͳͲͲͳ ˜ ͳͲͲʹ ˜˜˜˜˜ ͳͻͺͷ ˜ ͳͻͺ͸
Sol. ‡– α ǡ–Š‡
ͳͳ
ͳͲͲͲǨ˜ ͳͲͲͳ ˜ ͳͲͲʹ ˜˜˜˜˜ ͳͻͺͷ ˜ ͳͻͺ͸ ͳͻͺ͸Ǩ
α 
α  Ǥ
ͳͳ ȋͳͲͲͲǨȌ ͳͳ ȋͳͲͲͲǨȌ
Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘™‡”‘ˆͳͳ‹ͳͻͺ͸Ǩ‹•
ª ͳͻͺ͸ º ª ͳͻͺ͸ º ª ͳͻͺ͸ º
« ͳͳ »  « ͳͳʹ »  « ͳͳ͵ » αͳͺͲΪͳ͸Ϊͳαͳͻ͹Ǥ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ª ͳͲͲͲ º ª ͳͲͲͲ º
Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘™‡”‘ˆͳͳ‹ͳͲͲͲǨ‹• « »« ʹ »
αͻͲΪͺαͻͺǡ•‘–Š‡ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡
¬ ͳͳ ¼ ¬ ͳͳ ¼
‘ˆ‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǡαͳͻ͹Ȃ ͻͺαͻͻǤ
ª š º ª ʹš º
Ex.4 ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ « »  « » αšǤ
¬ʹ¼ ¬ ͵ ¼
Sol. Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘š—•–„‡ƒ‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ‡–šα͸“Ϊ”ǡ™Š‡”‡
”αͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷƒ†“‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•
ª ” º ª ʹ” º
“Ϊ « »  « » α”Ǥ
¬ʹ¼ ¬ ͵ ¼
ȋ‹Ȍ ”αͲ‰‹˜‡•“αͲǡ•‘šαͲ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ”αͳ‰‹˜‡•“αͳǡ•‘šα͹‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ”αʹ‰‹˜‡•“αͲǡ•‘šαʹ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ”α͵‰‹˜‡•“αͲǡ•‘šα͵‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ˜Ȍ ”αͶ‰‹˜‡•“αͲǡ•‘šαͶ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ˜‹Ȍ ”αͷ‰‹˜‡•“αͲǡ•‘šαͷ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͸”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
Ex.5 ‡–šǡ›ǡœ„‡–Š”‡‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”••— Š–Šƒ–
šΪȏ›ȐΪȓœȔαͳ͵Ǥʹ ȋͳȌ
ȏšȐΪȓ›ȔΪœαͳͶǤ͵ ȋʹȌ
ȓšȔΪ›ΪȏœȐαͳͷǤͳ ȋ͵Ȍ
™Š‡”‡ȏƒȐ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”d ƒƒ†ȓ„Ȕ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ„ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
ȏͷǤͶȐαͷǡȓͶǤ͵ȔαͲǣ͵ȌǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆšǤ
Sol. ȋͳȌΪȋʹȌΪȋ͵Ȍ›‹‡Ž†•ʹȋšΪ›ΪœȌαͶʹǤ͸ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ
šΪ›ΪœαʹͳǤ͵ ȋͶȌ
ȋͶȌȂ ȋͳȌ‰‹˜‡•ȓ›ȔΪȏœȐαͺǤͳǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ȏœȐαͺƒ†ȓ›ȔαͲǤͳǤ
Š‡ȋʹȌ‰‹˜‡•ȏšȐΪœαͳͶǤʹǡ•‘ȓœȔαͲǤʹƒ†œαͺǤʹ™Š‹ Š‰‹˜‡•ȏšȐα͸Ǥ
ȋͳȌ‰‹˜‡•šΪȏ›Ȑαͳ͵ǡ•‘š‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤšαȏšȐα͸Ǥ
[161]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

Ex.6 ‡–αȏ ͳ ȐΪȏ ʹ ȐΪǤǤǤΪȏ ͳͻͺͺ ȐǤ ‹†ȏȐǤ

Sol. ‘”ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ†šǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–
ȏ š Ȑαœ ʹ d šδȋΪͳȌʹ œ š ȏʹǡʹ ΪʹȐǡ
‘ʹΪͳ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‹ ‡ͶͶʹ αͳͻ͵͸δͳͻͺͺδʹͲʹͷαͶͷʹ ƒ†ͳͻͺͺȂ ͳͻ͵͸Ϊͳαͷ͵ǡ
 αͳȋ͵ȌΪʹȋͷȌΪ͵ȋ͹ȌΪ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪͶ͵ȋͺ͹ȌΪͶͶȋͷ͵Ȍ
αʹȋͳʹ Ϊʹʹ Ϊ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪͶ͵ʹȌΪȋͳΪʹΪ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪͶ͵ȌΪͶͶȋͷ͵Ȍ
Ͷ͵ ˜ ͶͶ ˜ ͺ͹ Ͷ͵ ˜ ͶͶ
α  Ϊʹ͵͵ʹαͷͶͺ͸ͺΪͻͶ͸Ϊʹ͵͵ʹαͷͺͳͶ͸Ǥ
 ʹ
‹ ‡ʹͶͲʹ αͷ͹͸ͲͲδʹͶͳʹ αͷͺͲͺͳδδʹͶʹʹ αͷͺͷ͸Ͷǡ ȏ Ȑ αʹͶͳǤ
ª ͳͲʹͲͲͲͲ º
Ex.7 Šƒ–‹•–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆ « » ǫ
¬ ͳͲ  ͵ ¼
ͳͲͲ

Sol. ‡–αͳͲͳͲͲǤŠ‡
ͳͲʹͲͲͲͲ ʹͲͲ ȋʹ ȌͳͲͲ  ȋ͵ʹ ȌͳͲͲ ͻͳͲͲ

ͳͲͳͲͲ  ͵   ͵  ͵  ͵
ȋʹ  ͵ʹ Ȍ ͻͳͲͲ ͻͳͲͲ
α  αȋȂ ͵ȌΪ Ǥ
 ͵  ͵  ͵
‹ ‡ͻͳͲͲ δǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡
ª ʹͲͲ º ʹͲͲ  ͻͳͲͲ ͳͲʹͲͲͲͲ  ͺͳͷͲ
« » αȋȂ ͵Ȍα Ǥ
¬   ͵¼  ͵ ͳͲͳͲͲ  ͵

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

‹ ‡–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆͳͲʹͲͲͲͲ Ȃ ͺͳͷͲ ‹•ͻƒ†–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–‘ˆͳͲͳͲͲ Ϊ͵‹•͵ǡ–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–
‘ˆ–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–—•–„‡͵Ǥ
Ex.8 ‘”ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”šǡŽ‡–ȏšȐ†‡‘–‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šǤ ‹†–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȏšȐ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–š•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ȏšʹȐȂ ȏšȐʹ αͳͲͲǤ
Sol. ”‹–‡šαȏšȐΪȓšȔǤŠ‡ͳͲͲd ȋȏšȐΪȓšȔȌʹ Ȃ ȏšȐʹ αʹȏšȐȓšȔΪȓšȔʹ δʹȏšȐΪͳǤ
‘ȏšȐt ͷͲƒ†šʹ t ȏšʹȐαͳͲͲΪͷͲʹ αʹ͸ͲͲǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡšα ʹ͸ͲͲ ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ͳͲͲͲ
Ex.9 ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ¦ ȏŽ‘‰ ʹ Ȑ Ǥ
 ͵

ȋ™Š‡”‡ȏ˜Ȑ†‡‘–‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ˆ— –‹‘Ȍ
Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ–ʹΪͳ Ȃ ʹ αʹǡƒ†–Šƒ–ʹ d –δʹΪͳ ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆȏŽ‘‰ʹ –ȐαǤŠ‡–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡•
•—ȋ†‡‘–‡†„›Ȍ ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›
ͻ ͳͲʹ͵
α ¦ ¦ ȏŽ‘‰ʹ –Ȑ  ȏŽ‘‰ʹ ͵Ȑ  ¦ ȏŽ‘‰ ʹ –Ȑ
 ʹ ʹ d – ʹ ͳ – ͳͲͲͳ

§ ͻ
· ͳͲʹ͵
α ¨ ¦ ʹ ¸  ͳ  ¦ ͻ
© ʹ ¹ – ͳͲͲͳ

αͺͳͻʹΪͳȂ ʹ͵ȋͻȌα͹ͻͺ͸

[162]
 Mathematics

Ex.10 Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘š͵ Ȃ ͶȏšȐαͷǡ™Š‡”‡š‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ǡƒ”‡†‡‘–‡†„›


šͳǡšʹǡš͵ ǤǤǤš ˆ‘”•‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ‹† ¦ š͵‹ Ǥ
‹ ͳ

ȋ™Š‡”‡ȏ˜Ȑ†‡‘–‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ˆ— –‹‘Ȍ
Sol. ‘–‡–Šƒ–šȂ ͳδȏšȐd šǤ‘–‡–Šƒ–‹ˆšt ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•
š͵ Ȃ ͶȏšȐt š͵ Ȃ Ͷšαšȋšʹ Ȃ ͶȌt ͵ȋͷȌαͳͷǤ
Ž•‘ǡ‹ˆšd Ȃ ʹǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•š͵ Ȃ ͶȏšȐδš͵ Ȃ ͶȋšȂ ͳȌαšȋšʹ Ȃ ͶȌΪͶd ͶǤ
‡ ‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘—•–„‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽȋȂ ʹǡ͵ȌǤ
ˆȏšȐαȂ ʹǡ–Š‡š͵ αȂ ͵ǡ‰‹˜‹‰šα ͵ Ȃ͵ ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ˆȏšȐαȂͳǡ–Š‡š͵ αͳǡ‰‹˜‹‰šαͳ™Š‹ Š ‘–”ƒ†‹ –•™‹–ŠȏšȐαȂͳǤ
ˆȏšȐαͲǡ–Š‡š͵ αͷǡŠ‡ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ˆȏšȐαͳǡ–Š‡š͵ αͻǤ‹ ‡ʹδ ͵ ͻ δ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ˆȏšȐαʹǡ–Š‡š͵ αͳ͵Ǥ‹ ‡ʹδ ͵ ͳ͵ δ͵ǡšα ͵ ͳ͵ ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ•™‡”‹•Ȃ ͵Ϊͳ͵αͳͲǤ
Ex.11 ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•—
ªͳ º ªͳ º ªʹ º ªͳ º ªʹ º ª͵ º ª ͳ º ª ʹ º ª ͵ º ª Ͷ º ªͳ º
« ͳ »  « ʹ »  « ʹ »  « ͵ »  « ͵ »  « ͵ »  « Ͷ »  « Ͷ »  « Ͷ »  « Ͷ »  « ͷ »  ǤǤǤǡ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
—’–‘–Š‡ʹͲͳ͵–Š –‡”Ǥ
ȋ™Š‡”‡ȏ˜Ȑ†‡‘–‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ˆ— –‹‘Ȍ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ª”º ª º ª º
Sol. ‡ˆ‹”•–‘–‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ͳd ”δͳ « » αͲƒ† « » αͳǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ–‡”•—’–‘ « »
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ͳ
‹•‰‹˜‡„› ȋΪͳȌǡƒ†™‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
ʹ
͸ʹȋ͸͵Ȍ ͸͵ȋ͸ͶȌ
αͳͻͷ͵δʹͲͳ͵δʹͲͳ͸α Ǥ
ʹ ʹ
ª ͸Ͳ º
‘–Š‡ʹͲͳ͵–Š –‡”‹• « » ǡƒ†–Š‡•——’–‘–Š‹•–‡”‹•Œ—•–͸ʹǤ
¬ ͸͵ ¼
Ex.12 ‡–ȓšȔαšȂ ȏšȐǡ™Š‡”‡ȏšȐ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šǤ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”
‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȓšȔΪȓšʹȔαͳǡȁšȁd ͳͲ‹•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
Sol. ‹ ‡ȓšȔΪȓšʹȔαͳǡšΪšʹ αˆ‘”•‘‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ
ͳ r ͳ  Ͷ
Š‡ š Ǥ
ʹ
ͳ  ͳ  Ͷ ͳ  ͳ  Ͷ
d ͳͲ‰‹˜‡•Ͳd d ͳͳͲǢ t Ȃ ͳͲ‹’Ž‹‡•Ͳd d ͻͲǤ
ʹ ʹ
ˆȓšȔΪȓšʹȔz ͳǡ–Š‡ȓšȔΪȓšʹȔαͲǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ’’‡•‘Ž›‹ˆš‹•ƒ‹–‡‰‡”„‡–™‡‡Ȃ ͳͲ–‘ͳͲǤ
‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘ȓšȔΪȓšʹȔαͳ‹•ͳͳͳΪͻͳȂ ʹͳαͳͺͳǤ
[163]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE – 2.7

1. ˆ‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ– ª¬     ͳ º¼ ª¬ Ͷ  ʹ º¼ Ǥ

2. ‘Ž˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȏš͵ȐΪȏšʹȐΪȏšȐαȓšȔȂ ͳǤ
ͳ
3. ‘Ž˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȏ͵šΪͳȐαʹšȂ ǡƒ†ˆ‹†–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ”‘‘–•Ǥ
ʹ
ª ͳͲ º
4. ‹† –Š‡ ‹‹— ƒ–—”ƒŽ —„‡” ǡ •— Š –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ « » α ͳͻͺͻ Šƒ• ‹–‡‰‡”
¬ š ¼
•‘Ž—–‹‘šǤ
5. ‘™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͳͲͲͲ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”• ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ȏʹšȐΪȏͶšȐΪȏ͸šȐΪ
ȏͺšȐǡ™Š‡”‡š‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”ǡƒ†ȏœȐ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘œǫ
6. ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡•‡“—‡ ‡
ª ͳʹ º ª ʹʹ º ª ͵ʹ º ª ͳͻͺͲʹ º
« » ǡ« » ǡ« » ǡǤǤǤǡ « »ǫ
¬ ͳͻͺͲ ¼ ¬ ͳͻͺͲ ¼ ¬ ͳͻͺͲ ¼ ¬ ͳͻͺͲ ¼
7. ‘”‡˜‡”›’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ǡ•Š‘™–Šƒ–
ª     ͳ º ª Ͷ  ͳ º ª Ͷ  ʹ º ª Ͷ  ͵ º Ǥ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
8. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȏšȐȓšȔΪšαʹȓšȔΪͳͲǤ
ª ͳͲͻ͵ º

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

9. ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡” « » ȋ”‹–‡†‘™–Š‡–‡•†‹‰‹–ˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡™”‹–‡
¬ ͳͲ  ͵ ¼
͵ͳ

†‘™–Š‡—‹–•†‹‰‹–ȌǤ
ͻʹ ͻʹ
10. ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ š  ȏšȐ  Ǥ
š ȏšȐ
11. ˆš‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ—„‡”–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•
ª ͳͳ º ª ͳʹ º ª ͻͻ º
« š  ͳͲͲ »  « š  ͳͲͲ »  ǤǤǤ  « š  ͳͲͲ » ͹͸ͷǡ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȏͻͲͲȐȂ ȏͳͲͲšȐǤ ‡”‡ȏƒȐ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”d ƒǤ
12. ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ͳ̵•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‡ͳͲ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹͲ͸ǨǤ
ªº ªº ªº
13. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–ŠƒʹͲͲ͹•— Š–Šƒ– « »  « »  « » ᐙŠ‡”‡
¬ʹ¼ ¬͵¼ ¬͸¼
ȏšȐ‹•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šǤ”‹–‡–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–‘ˆǤ
ȋ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡȏʹǤͷȐαʹǢȏͷȐαͷǢȏȂʹǤͷȐαȂ͵‡– ǤȌ
14. ‡–ȏšȐ†‡‘–‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šǤ‘‡”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆš•ƒ–‹•ˆ›
–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šʹ ΪͳͲǡͲͲͲȏšȐαͳͲǡͲͲͲšǤŠƒ–‹•Ȃ ͳͲͲǫ

[164]
 Mathematics

15. ‘”ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”šǡŽ‡– «ªš »º †‡‘–‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘

šƒ† ¬«š ¼» †‡‘–‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ

«ªͳǤʹ͵»º αʹƒ† «¬ͳǤʹ͵¼» αͳȌǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ

ʹͲͳͲ
ª ʹͲͳͲ « ʹͲͳͲ » º
ʹͲͳͲȂ ¦ « « » »Ǥ
 ͳ «  ¬  ¼»
16. ‹˜‡–Šƒ–
šαȏͳͳȀ͵ȐΪȏʹͳȀ͵ȐΪȏ͵ͳȀ͵ȐΪǤǤǤΪȏ͹ͻͻͻͳȀ͵Ȑǡ
ª š º
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ « » ǡ™Š‡”‡ȏ›Ȑ†‡‘–‡• –Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘›Ǥ
¬ ͷͲͲͲ ¼
ȋ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡȏʹǤͳȐαʹǡȏ͵ͲȐα͵ͲǡȏȂ ͳͲǤͷȐαȂͳͳǤȌ
͵ͳͲͲ  ʹͳͲͲ
17. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ ǫ
͵ͻ͸  ʹͻ͸
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[165]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 2.1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. ͵ ͵ Ͷ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͵ ͵ ͳ ͵ ͳ ʹ
13. Ͳͳ 14. ͻͷ 15. Ͳ͹ 16. ͳͷ 17. ͳͻ 18. ͸ͷ 19. ʹ͸
20. ͳʹ 21. ͷͳ 22. ͵͸ 23. ͸͵ 24. ͻͳ 25. ʹ͹ 26. ͲͶ
27. Ͷͳ 28. Ͳ͹ 29. ͸Ͳ 30. ͳʹ 31. ͳͻ 32. Ͳʹ 33. ͷ͵
34. Ͳͳ 35. Ͳ͵

EXERCISE - 2.2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. Ͷ ʹ ͵ ͵ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͳ ͵ ͳ ͵ ʹ ͵
14. ͲͲ 15. ͳ͵ 16. ͳ͸ 17. ͲͲ 18. ͳͻ 19. ͵͹ 20. ʹͷ
21. ʹͳ 22. Ͳʹ 23. ͲͶ 24. ͵Ͷ 25. ʹͲ 26. ͸Ͳ 27. ͳʹ

EXERCISE - 2.3
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ans. ͵ ͳ Ͷ ͵ ͳ Ͷ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͳ ͵ ʹ
13. Ͳͷ 14. ͶͲ 15. ͳͳ 16. ͹ͷ 17. ͵͸ 18. ͲͶ 19. ͺ͸
20. ͳʹ 21. ͳ͹ 22. ͵ͷ 23. Ͳ͹ 24. ͸Ͳ 25. Ͳͳ 26. ͺͳ
27. ͳ͸ 28. ͺͳ 29. ͻ͸ 30. Ͷͻ 31. ͳͲ 32. ͳ͹ 33. ͳͺ
34. ͳͻ 35. Ͷͻ 36. ͳ͵ 37. ͳ͸ 38. ʹͺ 39. ͵Ͷ 40. ͳ͸
41. Ͷʹ 42. Ͳ͵ 43. Ͷ͸ 44. ͵͵ 45. ʹͳ 46. Ͳͷ 47. Ͳ͵
48. Ͳ͹ 49. ͳͺ 50. ͸Ͳ 51. ͷͲ 52. ʹ͸ 53. ͳͻ 54. ͺͳ
55. ͳͺ 56. Ͳ͸ 57. ͳͺ 58. Ͳ͸ 59. ͲͶ 60. ͲͶ 61. ͳ͸
62. Ͷͷ 63. Ͳ͸ 64. ͳͲ 65. Ͳͷ 66. Ͳͳ 67. Ͳ͵ 68. Ͳͺ
69. ͳ͸ 70. ͳͶ 71. ͸ʹ 72. ͺͳ 73. ͳͲ 74. ʹͲ 75. ͳͷ
76. ͹͹ 77. Ͳͻ 78. ͵Ͳ 79. Ͳʹ 80. ͳ͸ 81. Ͷ͸ 82. ͹͸
83. ͲͶ 84. Ͳͳ 85. ʹͲ 86. Ͳ͹ 87. ʹ͸ 88. ʹͺ 89. ͵ͷ
90. Ͳ͸ 91. Ͳͷ 92. ʹͳ 93. ͳ͵ 94. ͳͺ 95. Ͳʹ 96. Ͳ͵
97. ͳͷ 98. ͸͹ 99. ͳ͵ 100. ʹ 101. Ͷ͸ 102. ʹ 103. Ͳͳ
104. Ͳͻ 105. ͹ 106. ͳͳ

[166]
 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 2.4
šʹ  ͻ
1. ͵  ʹ 2. 3. ͳͲͶ 4. ƒε„
š ͵
5. δ„δƒ 6. ȋȌǡšαʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷ 7. Ȃͳ 8. δδ
­ Ͷ
° ‹ˆ ͳ d ƒ  ͷ°
½
9. ͵ ʹ  ͳ 10. ͳ 11. ͷ  ʹ 12. ® ¾
°ʹ ƒ  ͳ
¯ ‹ˆ ƒ t ͷ ¿°

ʹȋ ƒʹ  ƒ  ͳ  ƒʹ  ƒ  ͳȌ
13. Ͷ ƒȋƒ  ͳȌ 14. 15. ƒʹ 16. ͻ͵
ʹ
17. Ͳ͸ 18. Ͳͺ 19. ͳͲ 20. Ͳ͸ 21. Ͳ͹ 22. Ͳͷ
23. ͵ʹ 24. ͹ͻ 25. ͳͳ 26. ʹͷ 27. ͲͶ 28. Ͳͷ
29. Ͳͺ 30. ͷͲ

EXERCISE - 2.5
2. ͻ 3. ͳ 4. ͳ͹͵ͳ 5. ͺͺ 6. ʹͻ 7. ͳͲͳ
8. ƒŽŽ—„‡”•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”͸Ϊͳ‘”͸ΪʹǡαͲǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǤǤ 10. ͸ʹͷέͳͲȂʹ ȋt ʹȌ
11. Ͷͺͻ 12. ͳͻ͹͹ 13. ͳ͹ͻͲͳ 15. ͷͳʹ 16. ȋ͵ǡʹǡͳȌǡȋ͸ǡͺǡͶȌǡȋͺǡ͵ǡ͹Ȍ
17. αͷʹ 18. ͳ͸ͺͳ 19. Ͷ͵ 20. ʹͲ 21. ͺͳ 22. ͵͸
23. ͹͵ 24. Ͳͺ 25. ͲͶ 26. ͵Ͳ 27. Ͳͺ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

EXERCISE - 2.6
1. ȋͶȌ 2. Ͷʹͳ 3. ͳͻ͹ʹ 7. ’α͵ȋ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ȍ 11. Ͳ͵
12. ʹͲ 13. ͳ͹ 14. Ͳͻ 15. Ͷͻ 16. ͳͺ
17. ͵ʹ 18. ͲͶ 19. ͳͶ 20. ͳʹ

EXERCISE - 2.7
2. Ȃͳ 3. Ȃʹ 4. ͹ 5. ͸ͲͲ 6. ͳͶͺ͸
ͳ ͳ ʹ Ͷ
8. ͳͲǡ͹ ǡͻ ǡͺ ǡ͸ 9. Ͳͺ 10. ȂͻǤʹ 11. Ͷ͹ 12. ͷͲ 13. ͵Ͷ
ʹ ͺ ͹ ͷ
14. ͻͻ 15. ͳ͸ 16. ʹ͵ 17. ͺͲ

[167]
[168]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

 3 Counting

3.1 : Permutations

DEFINITION 1 :
’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡ –•‹•ƒƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•‹•‘‡
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘”†‡”Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ „†ƒ††ƒ„ ƒ”‡„‘–Š’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‡––‡”•ƒǡ„ǡ ǡƒ††Ǥ Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›
‹–‡”‡•–•—•‹•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒ‰‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ 
–Š‹• ƒ•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͶ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ͶŽ‡––‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ͷ
Ž‡––‡”• ‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‹”•–ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵’‘••‹„Ž‡ Š‘‹ ‡•”‡ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ž‡––‡”ǡʹ’‘••‹„Ž‡
Š‘‹ ‡•”‡ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹”†ǡƒ†ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‘Ž›‘‡ Š‘‹ ‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ
RESULT 1 : Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡ –•‹•
ȉȋȂ ͳȌȉȋȂ ʹȌȉȉȉʹȉͳαǨ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Š‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡‘–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•‹•”‡†— ‡†Ǥ

—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–™‡™ƒ––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡Ž‡––‡”•ƒǡƒǡ„ǡ ǡƒ††Ǥ ˆ–Š‡
Ž‡––‡”•™‡”‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡–Š‡—„‡”™‘—Ž†„‡ͷǨǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡ ƒ‘–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡–™‘ƒǯ••‘™‡—•–”‡†— ‡–Š‡—„‡”„›ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆʹǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ƒƒƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–
‘—Ž†„‡ƒ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ʹ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ‡”ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡•‡–‘ˆŽ‡––‡”•™ƒ•ƒǡƒǡƒǡ„ǡƒ† Ǥ
‡™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡—„‡”„›ƒŽƒ”‰‡”ˆƒ –‘”͵Ǩ•‹ ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ƒƒƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹ƒ
’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ›‘ˆ
–Š‡ʹ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ƒǯ•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡‘Ž›‘‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›”‡ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘” –Š‡–Š‹”†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ƒǤ
Š‹•Ž‘‰‹ Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –•‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡
†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†Ǥ
RESULT 2 : —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ™‡ Šƒ˜‡  ‘„Œ‡ –• ‹  †‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ••‡•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡  ͳ
‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡ –•‹ Žƒ••ͳǡʹ ‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡ –•‹ Žƒ••ʹǡǤǤǤǡ ‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡
‘„Œ‡ –•‹ Žƒ••ǡ™‹–Šαͳ ڐʹ ΪȉȉȉڐǤŠ‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘„Œ‡ –•‹•
Ǩ
ͳ ǨǤʹ ǨǤǤǤ Ǩ

[169]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

3.2 : Combinations

DEFINITION 1 :
 ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ™ƒ›–‘ Š‘‘•‡ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹—„‡”‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –•ˆ”‘ƒ‰‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡
‘”†‡”‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ Š‘•‡‹•‘–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ
•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•—’’‘•‡™‡ƒ”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‰‹˜‡–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•ƒǡ„ǡ ǡƒ††Ǥ ˆ‘Ž›ͳ‘„Œ‡ –‹• Š‘•‡–Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡Ͷ†‹•–‹ – ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ȓƒȔǡȓ„Ȕǡȓ Ȕǡƒ†ȓ†ȔǤ ˆʹ‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ Š‘•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͸
†‹•–‹ – ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ȓƒǡ„Ȕǡȓƒǡ Ȕǡȓƒǡ†Ȕǡȓ„ǡ Ȕǡȓ„ǡ†Ȕǡƒ†ȓ ǡ†ȔǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡Ͷ†‹•–‹ –
‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‹ˆ͵‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ Š‘•‡ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•‹ˆ‘Ž›ͳ‘„Œ‡ –™ƒ• Š‘•‡ǡ•‹ ‡ Š‘‘•‹‰͵‘ˆ
–Š‡Ͷ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•‘– Š‘‘•‹‰ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ͶǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›ͳ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‹ˆƒŽŽͶȋ‘”
ͲȌƒ”‡ Š‘•‡Ǥ‘–‹ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ – ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡Ͳǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ‘”Ͷ‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡
Š‘•‡ˆ”‘ƒ•‡–‘ˆͶ‘„Œ‡ –•‹•ͳǡͶǡ͸ǡͶǡͳǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‹–Š‡„‹‘‹ƒŽ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”
ȋƒΪ„ȌͶ αͳȉƒͶ ΪͶȉƒ͵„Ϊ͸ȉƒʹ„ʹ ΪͶȉƒ„͵ Ϊͳȉ„ͶǤ
Š‹• ‘‡ –‹‘‹•–”—‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ
RESULT 1 : Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –• Š‘•‡ˆ”‘‘„Œ‡ –•‹•–Š‡–Š
„‹‘‹ƒŽ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǡ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

§· Ǩ
¨ ¸
©¹ Ǩȋ  ȌǨ

Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Š‹‰–‘‘–‹ ‡ ‘ ‡”‹‰’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‹•ǣ

Ȉ ‘”ƒ’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ†–Š‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‹•
–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Ȉ ‘”ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•‡‡†„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ†–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘
†‘‡•‘–ƒ––‡”Ǥ

[170]
 Mathematics

3.3 : Counting factors

—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–™‡™ƒ––‘‘™–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡˜‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‡••
–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”Ǥ ˆ‹–•‡ŽˆŠƒ’’‡•–‘„‡ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆǡ•ƒ›αȉǡ
–Š‡–Š‡ƒ•™‡”‹•‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›αȀǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ǡʹǡǤǤǤǡαǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”
Šƒ†ǡ‹ˆ‹•‘–ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆǡ–Š‡•‘‡‹–‡‰‡”—•–‡š‹•–™‹–ŠδδȋΪͳȌǡƒ†‹•
–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•Ž‡••–ŠƒȀǤ‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ †‹• —••‹‘ǡ™‡ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ
DEFINITION 1 :
‘”ƒ›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”š–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆšǡ†‡‘–‡† ¬« š ¼» ǡ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ
‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘šǤ
‘” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ”‡ƒŽ —„‡”• š –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘” ˆ— –‹‘ •‹’Ž› ”‘—†• –Š‡ —„‡” †‘™ –‘ ‹–• ‹–‡‰‡”
’‘”–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ «¬ͳǤ͹»¼ αͳǡ « ͷ » αʹǡƒ† «¬͵ͷ͹»¼ α͵ͷ͹Ǥ
¬ ¼
RESULT 1 : Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡
«»
’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‹• « »Ǥ
¬¼
‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž™Š‡—•‹‰–Š‹•”‡•—Ž–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ͵–Šƒ–ƒ”‡„‡–™‡‡ͷ
ƒ†ͳͲǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‹•
« ͳͲ » « ͷ » « ͳͲ  ͷ » « ͷ »
« ͵ »  « ͵ » α͵Ȃ ͳαʹǡ‹–‹•‘– « ͵ »  « ͵ » αͳǤ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”ˆ— –‹‘‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡Š‘™ƒ›—„‡”•‹ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹•‡–ƒ”‡

†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›•‘‡—„‡”•„—–‘–„›‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ
Ȉ PROBLEM 1 : ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•‘–‡š ‡‡†‹‰ͷͲ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹ
‘”„›͵Ǥ
‹”•–™‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
« ͷͲ »
« ʹ » αʹͷ—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
¬ ¼
« ͷͲ »
« ͵ » αͳ͸—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵ǡ
¬ ¼
‘™‡‹‰Š– ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͷΪͳ͸αͶͳ–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•‹•‘– ‘””‡ –„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ ‘—–‡†–™‹ ‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ͸αʹǤ͵Ǥ ‡ ‡
™‡‡‡†–‘•—„–”ƒ ––Š‹•‘˜‡” ‘—–ǡ–Š‡
« ͷͲ » « ͷͲ »
« ʹǤ͵ » « ͸ » αͺ—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͸Ǥ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
Š‹•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡–”—‡”‡•—Ž–ʹͷΪͳ͸Ǧ ͺα͵͵Ǥ
—’’‘•‡‘™–Šƒ–™‡‡š’ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ

[171]
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Ȉ PROBLEM 2 : ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•‘–‡š ‡‡†‹‰ͷͲ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹ
‘”„›͵‘”„›ͷǤ
Š‡—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ʹǡ͵ǡƒ†ͷǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ”‡

« ͷͲ » « ͷͲ » « ͷͲ »
« ʹ » αʹͷǡ « ͵ » αͳ͸ǡ ƒ† « ͷ » αͳͲǤ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ƒ† ʹͷΪͳ͸ΪͳͲ α ͷͳ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ —„‡” ‹ –Š‡ •‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• –‘–ƒŽ Šƒ•
‘—–‡†–™‹ ‡ƒŽŽ–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ„‘–Šʹƒ†͵ǡ–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š
ʹƒ†ͷǡƒ†–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š͵ƒ†ͷǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡

« ͷͲ » « ͷͲ » « ͷͲ »
« ʹǤ͵ » αͺǤ « ʹǤͷ » αͷ ƒ† « ͵Ǥͷ » α͵
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•—„–”ƒ –‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘‰‹˜‡
ʹͷΪͳ͸ΪͳͲȂ ͺȂ ͷȂ ͵α͵ͷ
”‡•—Ž–•‹•—„–”ƒ –‹‰–™‹ ‡–Š‘•‡—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆʹƒ†͵ƒ†ͷǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ

« ͷͲ »
–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ͵ͲǤ‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž› « » αͳ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ–Š‡–”—‡–‘–ƒŽ‹•
¬ ͵Ͳ ¼
ʹͷΪͳ͸ΪͳͲȂ ͺȂ ͷȂ ͵Ϊͳα͵͸Ǥ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

–Š‹• ƒ•‡‹–‹•‡ƒ•›–‘•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•–Š‡ ‘””‡ ––‘–ƒŽǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡‘Ž›—„‡”•‘–†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡
„›ƒ›‘ˆʹǡ͵ǡ‘”ͷƒ”‡–Š‡ͳͶ—„‡”•
ͳǡ͹ǡͳͳǡͳ͵ǡͳ͹ǡͳͻǡʹ͵ǡʹͻǡ͵ͳǡ͵͹ǡͶͳǡͶ͵ǡͶ͹ǡƒ†ͶͻǤ
RESULT 2 : The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle: —’’‘•‡–Šƒ–‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡Ǥ‡–
Ȉ ȋDȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–›Dǡ
Ȉ ȋEȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–›Eǡ
Ȉ ȋJȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–›J ǡ‡– Ǥ
‡–
Ȉ ȋDǡEȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•D ƒ†Eǡ
Ȉ ȋDǡJȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•D ƒ†Jǡ
Ȉ ȋEǡJȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•E ƒ†Jǡ‡–
‡–ȋDǡEǡJȌ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡDǡEǡƒ†Jǡ‡– Ǥ
Š‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒŽŽ‘ˆ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•DǡEǡJǡǤǤǤ‹•
ȋȋDȌΪȋEȌΪȋJȌΪȉȉȉȌ Ȃ ȋȋDǡEȌΪȋDǡJȌΪȋEǡJȌΪȉȉȉȌ ΪȋȋDǡEǡJȌΪȉȉȉȌȂ ȉȉȉǤ

[172]
 Mathematics

Solved Examples
Ex.1 ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š”‡‡†‡••‡”–•ǡƒ†‡šƒ –Ž›–™‹ ‡ƒ•ƒ›ƒ’’‡–‹œ‡”•ƒ•ƒ‹ ‘—”•‡•Ǥ
†‹‡” ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒƒ’’‡–‹œ‡”ǡƒƒ‹ ‘—”•‡ǡƒ†ƒ†‡••‡”–ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–—„‡”‘ˆ
ƒ‹ ‘—”•‡• –Šƒ––Š‡ ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ– •Š‘—Ž† ‘ˆˆ‡”•‘–Šƒ–ƒ —•–‘‡” ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
†‹‡”‡ƒ Š ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒ›‡ƒ”ǫ
ȋͳȌͷ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ ȋͶȌͺ
Sol. (4)
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‹ ‘—”•‡•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡ Š‘‘•‹‰‘ˆƒ’’‡–‹œ‡”ǡƒ‹
‘—”•‡ǡƒ††‡•‡”–ƒ”‡‹†‡’‡†‡–‡˜‡–•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
ȋ’’‡–‹œ‡”•Ȍȋƒ‹ ‘—”•‡•Ȍȋ‡•‡”–•ȌαȋʹȌȋȌȋ͵Ȍα͸ʹ
†‹•–‹ –™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡ƒ‡ƒŽǤ
‘ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ™‡‡‡†–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹–‡‰‡”˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•— Š–Šƒ–
͸ʹ t ͵͸͸ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡʹt ͸ͳǡ
•‘ t ͺǤ
Ex.2 ƒ–‹•–‘•‡Ž‡ –•‹š ‘‘‹‡•ˆ”‘ƒ–”ƒ› ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‘Ž› Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ Š‹’ǡ‘ƒ–‡ƒŽǡƒ†’‡ƒ—–
„—––‡” ‘‘‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‹š‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡‹†•‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡•‘–Š‡–”ƒ›Ǥ
‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ••‘”–‡–•‘ˆ•‹š ‘‘‹‡• ƒ„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ǫ
ȋͳȌʹʹ ȋʹȌʹͷ ȋ͵Ȍʹ͹ ȋͶȌʹͺ
Sol. (4)
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Š‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ™ƒ› –‘ ™‘” –Š‹• ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• –‘ ‘•‹†‡” ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™ƒ›• –Š‡
‘‘‹‡• ƒ„‡ Š‘•‡Ǥ‘•‹’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡ ‘—–‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ•—’’‘•‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘”†‡”‡†–”‹’Ž‡
ȋ ǡ‘ǡ’Ȍ†‡‘–‡•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ Š‹’ǡ‘ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ†’‡ƒ—–„—––‡” ‘‘‹‡• Š‘•‡Ǥ
Š‡‹ˆ‘Ž›‘‡–›’‡‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡‹••‡Ž‡ –‡†ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‹’Ž‡•‹•
§͵·
¨ ¸ α͵ǣȋ͸ǡͲǡͲȌǡȋͲǡ͸ǡͲȌǡȋͲǡͲǡ͸ȌǤ
©ͳ¹
ˆ–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†™‹–Šͷ‘ˆ‘‡ƒ†ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡
–”‹’Ž‡•‹•
§ ͵· § ʹ·
¨ ¸ ˜ ¨ ¸ α͵ȉʹα͸Ǥ
©ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹
Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ȋͷǡͳǡͲȌǡȋͷǡͲǡͳȌǡȋͳǡͷǡͲȌǡȋͲǡͷǡͳȌǡȋͳǡͲǡͷȌǡȋͲǡͳǡͷȌǤ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›‹ˆ–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†™‹–ŠͶ‘ˆ‘‡ƒ†ʹ‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ
’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‹’Ž‡•‹•
§ ͵· § ʹ·
¨ ¸ ˜ ¨ ¸ α͵ȉʹα͸Ǥ
©ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹

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Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ȋͶǡʹǡͲȌǡȋͶǡͲǡʹȌǡȋʹǡͶǡͲȌǡȋͲǡͶǡʹȌǡȋʹǡͲǡͶȌǡȋͲǡʹǡͶȌǤ ˆ–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡ƒ”‡
•‡Ž‡ –‡†™‹–Š͵‘ˆ‘‡ƒ†͵‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‹’Ž‡•‹•
§͵·
¨ ¸ α͵ǣȋ͵ǡ͵ǡͲȌǡȋ͵ǡͲǡ͵ȌǡȋͲǡ͵ǡ͵ȌǤ
©ͳ¹
ˆƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡•ƒ”‡ Š‘•‡ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡Ͷ‘ˆ‘‡ƒ†ͳ‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ
–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ•‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‹’Ž‡•‹•
§͵·
¨ ¸ α͵ǣȋͶǡͳǡͳȌǡȋͳǡͶǡͳȌǡȋͳǡͳǡͶȌǢ
©ͳ¹
‘”͵‘ˆ‘‡ǡʹ‘ˆƒ•‡ ‘†ǡƒ†ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹”†ǡƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‹’Ž‡•‹•
§ ͵· § ʹ·
¨ ¸ ˜ ¨ ¸ α͵ȉʹα͸ǡ
©ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹
™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ȋ͵ǡʹǡͳȌǡȋ͵ǡͳǡʹȌǡȋʹǡ͵ǡͳȌǡȋʹǡͳǡ͵Ȍǡȋͳǡʹǡ͵ȌǢ‘”ˆ‘”–™‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Šǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘
ȋʹǡʹǡʹȌǤ
‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡
§͵· § ͵· § ʹ·
͵ȉ ¨ ¸  ͵¨ ¸ ˜ ¨ ¸ Ϊͳα͵ȉ͵Ϊ͵ȉ͸ΪͳαͻΪͳͺΪͳαʹͺǤ
©ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹ ©ͳ¹
Ex.3 •’‹†‡”Šƒ•‘‡•‘ ƒ†‘‡•Š‘‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ‹–•‡‹‰Š–Ž‡‰•Ǥ‡ƒ ŠŽ‡‰–Š‡•‘ —•–„‡
’—–‘„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•Š‘‡Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘”†‡”• ƒ–Š‡•’‹†‡”’—–‘‹–••‘ •ƒ†
•Š‘‡•ǫ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ͳ͸Ǩ
ȋͳȌͺǨ ȋʹȌʹͺ ȉͺǨ ȋ͵ȌȋͺǨȌʹ ȋͶȌ
ʹͺ
Sol. (4)
‹–Š‘—––Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘–Šƒ–‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰•–Š‡•‘ —•–‰‘‘„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•Š‘‡ǡ–Š‡
•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ǤŠ‡•Š‘‡•ƒ†•‘ •–‘–ƒŽͳ͸‘„Œ‡ –•ǡ•‘–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†
„‡ͳ͸Ǩ‘”†‡”•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ’—––‹‰–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ •‘„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•Š‘‡•
”‡†— ‡•–Š‹•—„‡”ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘Ǥ
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–™‡Ž‡–‹ „‡–Š‡•Š‘‡–Šƒ–‹•’Žƒ ‡†‘–Š‡‹–Š Ž‡‰ǡƒ†•‹ „‡–Š‡•‘ –Šƒ–‹•’Žƒ ‡†
‘–Š‡‹–Š Ž‡‰ǡ™Š‡”‡ͳd ‹d ͺǤ ˆ™‡™”‹–‡–Š‡‘”†‡”–Šƒ––Š‡•’‹†‡”’Žƒ ‡†‘„Œ‡ –•‘‹–•Ž‡‰•ǡ
‹–—•–•–ƒ”–™‹–Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ •ǡ•ƒ›•‹ǤŠ‡‹– ƒ’Žƒ ‡ƒ›‘ˆ‹–•”‡ƒ‹‹‰•‘ •„—–‘Ž›
–Š‡ •Š‘‡ ‹Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‘„Œ‡ – ‹• ’Žƒ ‡†ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ †‡’‡†• ‘
™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡ ‘†‘„Œ‡ – Š‘•‡™ƒ•–Š‡•Š‘‡‹ ‘”‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰•‘ •Ǥ
–•‡‡• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡‹•–‘‘†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘•‘Ž˜‡„›–”›‹‰–‘ˆ‹†ƒ’ƒ––‡”–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ
‡—‡”ƒ–‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ •’‹†‡” Šƒ† ‘Ž› ʹ Ž‡‰•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ͸
’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•
•ͳͳ•ʹʹǡ•ͳ•ʹͳʹǡ•ͳ•ʹʹͳǡ•ʹʹ•ͳͳǡ•ʹ•ͳͳʹǡ‘”•ʹ•ͳʹͳǤ

[174]
 Mathematics

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† ‡—‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ Ž—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡”Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ –™‘ǦŽ‡‰‰‡†
•’‹†‡”ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‘”†‡”•ǡͶǨαʹͶǡŠƒ•„‡‡”‡†— ‡†„›—Ž–‹’Ž›‹‰„›ͳȀͶαȋͳȀʹȌʹ
„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡˆ‘”‡ƒ ŠŽ‡‰ǡŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡–Š‡•‘ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ•— ‡••ǡƒ†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ
–Š‡–‹‡–Š‡•Š‘‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ
‹ ‡–Š‡”‡—•–„‡ƒ•— ‡••‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ͺŽ‡‰•‘ˆ‘—”‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•’‹†‡”ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”•
‘ˆ™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡•’‹†‡” ƒ„‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹•–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•–Š‡ͳ͸‘„Œ‡ –• ƒ„‡
ͺ
§ͳ·
Š‘•‡ǡͳ͸Ǩǡ—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†–Š‡•’‹†‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘‡ƒ ŠŽ‡‰ ¨ ¸ Ǥ
©ʹ¹
‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘”†‡”•‹•ͳ͸ǨȀʹͺǤ
Ex.4 – ƒ ’ƒ”–›ǡ ‡ƒ Š ƒ †ƒ ‡† ™‹–Š ‡šƒ –Ž› –Š”‡‡ ™‘‡ ƒ† ‡ƒ Š ™‘ƒ †ƒ ‡† ™‹–Š
‡šƒ –Ž› –™‘ ‡Ǥ ™‡Ž˜‡ ‡ ƒ––‡†‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–›Ǥ ‘™ ƒ› ™‘‡ ƒ––‡†‡† –Š‡
’ƒ”–›ǫ
ȋͳȌͺ ȋʹȌͳʹ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸ ȋͶȌͳͺ
Sol. (4)
‹ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳʹ‡ƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–›ǡƒ†‡ƒ Š†ƒ ‡†™‹–Š͵™‘‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ
ͳʹȉ͵α͵͸†ƒ ‹‰’ƒ‹”•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–›‹•†‡‘–‡†™ǡ–Š‡•‹ ‡
‡ƒ Š†ƒ ‡†™‹–Šʹ‡ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ ‹‰’ƒ‹”•‹•ƒŽ•‘ʹ™Ǥ‘ʹ™α͵͸ƒ†™αͳͺǤ
Ex.5 ”ƒƒ•Š ‡ •ƒ†™‹ Š ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‹–• •ƒ†™‹ Š‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†‹‡–•ǣ ‡– Š—’ǡ
—•–ƒ”†ǡƒ›‘ƒ‹•‡ǡ–‘ƒ–‘ǡŽ‡––— ‡ǡ’‹ Ž‡•ǡ Š‡‡•‡ǡƒ†‘‹‘•Ǥ —•–‘‡” ƒ Š‘‘•‡
‘‡ǡ –™‘ǡ ‘” –Š”‡‡ „”‡ƒ† ’ƒ––‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹‡–•Ǥ ‘™ ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‹†•‘ˆ•ƒ†™‹ Š‡• ƒ„‡‘”†‡”‡†ǫ
ȋͳȌʹͶ ȋʹȌʹͷ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͹͸ͺ ȋͶȌͶͲǡ͵ʹͲ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Sol. (3)
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›͵†‹•–‹ –™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡ —•–‘‡” ƒ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ––‹‡•ǡ„—–
ƒ›™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘†‹‡–•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ —•–‘‡” Š‘‘•‡•‹‘ˆ–Š‡ǡˆ‘”•‘‡Ͳd ‹d ͺǡ
§ͺ·
–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ¨ ¸ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡ —•–‘‡” ƒ Š‘‘•‡‘‡‘”ƒ›—„‡”—’–‘
©‹¹
ͺ‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘†‹‡–•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘†‹‡–• ƒ„‡ Š‘•‡‹•
ͺ
§ ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ· § ͺ·
¦¨ ‹ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
‹ Ͳ© ¹ © Ͳ¹ © ͳ¹ © ʹ¹ © ͵¹ © Ͷ¹ © ͷ¹ © ͸¹ © ͹¹ © ͺ¹
αͳΪͺΪʹͺΪͷ͸Ϊ͹ͲΪͷ͸ΪʹͺΪͺΪͳαʹͷ͸™ƒ›•Ǥ
‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡•‹•͵ȉʹͷ͸α͹͸ͺǤ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•–‘•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͷ͸†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡
‘†‹‡–•Ǥ ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–‹ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹‘‹ƒŽŠ‡‘”‡‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–
ͺ
§ͺ·
ʹͷ͸αʹͺ αȋͳΪͳȌͺ α ¦¨ ‹ ¸
‹ Ͳ © ¹
™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡— Š‘ˆ–Š‡–‡†‹‘—•ƒ”‹–Š‡–‹ ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›™‡ ‘—Ž†‘–‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘”
‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‹‡–•ǡƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ —”•™Š‡–Šƒ– ‘†‹‡–‹••‡Ž‡ –‡†‘”
‹•‘‹––‡†Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͺ ‘†‹‡–•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡‡‹–Š‡”•‡Ž‡ –‡†‘”†‡Ž‡–‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
ʹͺ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ„‡ Š‘•‡Ǥ
[175]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Ex.6 „ƒ‰‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–ƒ‹•”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ†„Ž—‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘Ž›ǡ™‹–Š‘”‡„Ž—‡–Šƒ”‡†Ǥ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•
ƒ”‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡„ƒ‰—–‹Ž‘Ž›ͳȀ͵‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‹–Š‡„ƒ‰ƒ”‡„Ž—‡ǤŠ‡›‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡
ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡„ƒ‰—–‹Ž‘Ž›ͳȀͷ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‹–Š‡„ƒ‰ƒ”‡„Ž—‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ„Ž—‡
ƒ”„Ž‡•‹–Š‡„ƒ‰‹•†‘—„Ž‡†ǤŠƒ–ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘™‹–Š‡„ƒ‰ƒ”‡„Ž—‡ǫ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͷ
Sol. (3)
—’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ‰ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–ƒ‹•  ”‡† ƒ†  „Ž—‡ ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ  Ϊ 
ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ††‹‰–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵ƒ”„Ž‡•‹–Š‡„ƒ‰ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ”‡„Ž—‡ƒ†ʹ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡”‡†ǤŠ‡›‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒ††‡†—–‹Ž–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͷƒ”„Ž‡•
‹–Š‡„ƒ‰ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡„Ž—‡ǡʹƒ”‡”‡†ǡƒ†ʹƒ”‡›‡ŽŽ‘™Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡†‘—„Ž‡–Š‡—„‡”
‘ˆ„Ž—‡•–‘ƒ‡ʹ‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ‘Ž‘”Ǥ‘ͳȀ͵‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‹–Š‡„ƒ‰ƒ”‡‘™„Ž—‡Ǥ
‘–‹ ‡–Šƒ–™‡†‘ǯ–‡‡†–‘†‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ —•–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Žƒ•–
„Ž—‡ ƒ”„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ „ƒ‰ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡  „Ž—‡ ƒ”„Ž‡• ƒ† Ͷ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘– „Ž—‡Ǥ
‘—„Ž‹‰–Š‡„Ž—‡•‰‹˜‡•ʹ„Ž—‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ†Ͷ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ”‡‘–„Ž—‡ǡ•‘ͳȀ͵ƒ”‡„Ž—‡Ǥ‡
†‘ǯ– ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ„Ž—‡•Ǥ
Ex.7 ‘–ƒǡ –Š‡ Š‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ Šƒ‰‡† ‹–• Ž‹ ‡•‡ ’Žƒ–‡ • Š‡‡Ǥ ƒ Š ‘Ž† Ž‹ ‡•‡ ’Žƒ–‡
‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆƒŽ‡––‡”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹–•Ǥƒ Š‡™Ž‹ ‡•‡’Žƒ–‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡Ž‡––‡”•

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› –Š”‡‡ †‹‰‹–•Ǥ › Š‘™ ƒ› –‹‡• ‹• –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ Ž‹ ‡•‡ ’Žƒ–‡•
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ǫ
ʹ͸ ʹ͸ʹ ʹ͸ʹ ʹ͸͵
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ͵
ͳͲ ͳͲʹ ͳͲ ͳͲ
Sol. (3)
Š‡‘Ž†Ž‹ ‡•‡’Žƒ–‡• Š‡‡Šƒ†
ȋŽ‡––‡”Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍαʹ͸ȉͳͲȉͳͲȉͳͲȉͳͲαʹ͸έͳͲͶ
†‹•–‹ –’Žƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡‡™• Š‡‡Šƒ•
ȋŽ‡––‡”ȌȋŽ‡––‡”ȌȋŽ‡––‡”Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍȋ†‹‰‹–Ȍαʹ͸ȉʹ͸ȉʹ͸ȉͳͲȉͳͲȉͳͲαʹ͸͵ έͳͲ͵
†‹•–‹ –’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™• Š‡‡–‘–Š‡‘Ž†‹•
ʹ͸͵ u ͳͲ͵ ʹ͸ʹ
ʹ͸ u ͳͲͶ ͳͲ
Ex.8 ƒ‡‡” ™ƒ–• –‘ „—› ˆ‘—” ƒ•–‡”‹‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ’Ž‡ •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ•–‡”‹‡•ǣ
‰Žƒœ‡†ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ǡƒ†’‘™†‡”‡†Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǫ
ȋͳȌ͸ ȋʹȌͻ ȋ͵Ȍͳʹ ȋͶȌͳͷ

[176]
 Mathematics

Sol. (4)
Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ȋ‰Žƒœ‡†ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ǡ’‘™†‡”‡†Ȍƒ”‡
ŽŽ‘ˆ‘‡–›’‡ǣ ȋͶǡͲǡͲȌǡȋͲǡͶǡͲȌǡȋͲǡͲǡͶȌ
Š”‡‡‘ˆ‘‡–›’‡ǡ‘‡‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”ǣ ȋ͵ǡͳǡͲȌǡȋ͵ǡͲǡͳȌǡȋͳǡ͵ǡͲȌǡ ȋͲǡ͵ǡͳȌǡȋͳǡͲǡ͵ȌǡȋͲǡͳǡ͵Ȍ
™‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•ǣ ȋʹǡʹǡͲȌǡȋʹǡͲǡʹȌǡȋͲǡʹǡʹȌ
™‘‘ˆ‘‡–›’‡ǡ‘‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǣ ȋʹǡͳǡͳȌǡȋͳǡʹǡͳȌǡȋͳǡͳǡʹȌ
Š‹•‰‹˜‡•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͷ†‹•–‹ – Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ
OR
Žƒ ‡ƒ•Ž‘–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒ•–”›ƒ†ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–™‘•Ž‘–•ˆ‘”†‹˜‹†‡”•ǤŠ‡†‹•–‹ –
•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‹˜‹†‡”•‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘–Š‡†‹•–‹ –•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘‘‹‡•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡
§ ͸ · ͸Ǩ ͸Ǥͷ
¨ ¸ ͳͷ
© ʹ ¹ ʹǨͶǨ ʹ
™ƒ›•–‘•‡Ž‡ ––Š‡†‹˜‹†‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͷ™ƒ›•–‘•‡Ž‡ ––Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆƒ•–”›Ǥ
‹•–‹‰ƒŽŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹•‘–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡ǡ„—– ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘
‹ˆƒ‡‡”™ƒ•–‘ Š‘•‡ƒ•–‡”‹‡•ˆ”‘ͷ–›’‡•ǤŠ‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‹• ƒ•‡™‘—Ž†
”‡“—‹”‡ͷ†‹˜‹†‡”•ǡ•‘–Š‡™‘—Ž†„‡͵Ϊͷαͺ•Ž‘–•‹™Š‹ Š–‘’Žƒ ‡–Š‡ͷ†‹˜‹†‡”•Ǥ
§ ͺ · ͺǨ ͺ ˜͹ ˜ ͸ ˜͵˜ ʹ
Š‹•‰‹˜‡• ¨ ¸ ͷ͸
© ͷ ¹ ͷǨ͵Ǩ ͸
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

†‹•–‹ – Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ

Ex.9 ‡–„‡ƒˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”ǡƒ†Ž‡–“ƒ†”„‡–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–ƒ†”‡ƒ‹†‡”ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ
™Š‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†„›ͳͲͲǤ ‘”Š‘™ƒ›˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‹•“Ϊ”†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǫ
ȋͳȌͺͳͺͲ ȋʹȌͺͳͺͳ ȋ͵Ȍͺͳͺʹ ȋͶȌͻͲͲͲ
Sol. (2)
‹ ‡ αͳͲͲȉ“Ϊ”αͻͻȉ“Ϊȋ“Ϊ”Ȍǡ
‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳ‹ˆƒ†‘Ž›‹ˆ“Ϊ”‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǤŠ‡ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡
« ͻͻǡͻͻͻ » « ͳͲǡͲͲͲ »
„‡–™‡‡ͳͲǡͲͲͲƒ†ͻͻǡͻͻͻ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡƒ† « »« » αͻͲͻͲȂ ͻͻͻαͺͳͺͳ ‘ˆ
¬ ͳͳ ¼ ¬ ͳͳ ¼
–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›ͳͳǤ
Ex.10  ͹Ǧ†‹‰‹– –‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ —„‡” †ͳ†ʹ†͵†Ͷ†ͷ†͸†͹ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡ˆ‹š •‡“—‡ ‡
†ͳ†ʹ†͵ ‹• ‡šƒ –Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ• ‡‹–Š‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡“—‡ ‡• †Ͷ†ͷ†͸ ‘” †ͷ†͸†͹ ȋ’‘••‹„Ž› „‘–ŠȌǤ
••—‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š†‹ ƒ„‡ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ†‹‰‹–•ͲǡͳǡʹǡǤǤǤǡͻǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡—„‡”
‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡—„‡”•ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͻǡͺͳͲ ȋʹȌͳͻǡͻͳͲ ȋ͵ȌͳͻǡͻͻͲ ȋͶȌʹͲǡͳͲͲ

[177]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
Sol. (3)
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲȉͳͲȉͳͲαͳͲ͵ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘••‹„Ž‡•‡“—‡ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡—„‡”•†ͳ†ʹ†͵Ǥ
‘”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ–Š‡—„‡”•†Ͷ†ͷ†͸ ‘—Ž†ƒ– Šƒ†–Š‡†͹ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ›˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ•‘–Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡ȋͳͲ͵ȌȉͳͲαͳͲͶ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹–Š‹•ˆ‘”Ǥ
Ž‹‡ƒ‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲͶ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•™Š‡”‡†ͷ†͸†͹ ƒ– Š†ͳ†ʹ†͵ ƒ†–Š‡†Ͷ ‘—Ž†„‡
ƒ›˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ
Š‹•‰‹˜‡•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆʹͲǡͲͲͲ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ„—––Š‡”‡‹•‘˜‡”Žƒ’ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘—–‡†–™‹ ‡ǤŠ‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’‘ —”•™Š‡†Ͷ†ͷ†͸ ƒ††ͷ†͸†͹ „‘–Šƒ– Š†ͳ†ʹ†͵Ǥ 
–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ†ͳ α†Ͷ α†ͷǡƒ††ʹ α†ͷ α†͸ǡƒ††͵ α†͸ α†͹ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‹–Š‡
–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ —„‡” ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ Šƒ’’‡ ‹ ͳͲ †‹•–‹ – ™ƒ›•Ǥ Š‡  Ž—•‹‘Ǧ
š Ž—•‹‘”‹ ‹’Ž‡‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–™‡•Š‘—Ž†•—„–”ƒ ––Š‹•—„‡”ǡ‰‹˜‹‰ʹͲǡͲͲͲǦ ͳͲαͳͻǡͻͻͲ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡—„‡”•Ǥ
Š‡™‡ƒ‡••‹–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡–Š‡’‡”•‘™Š‘†‘‡•
‘– ƒ•™‡” –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ™ƒ”†‡† ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” • ‘”‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ ™Š‘ ”‡ƒ•‘•
Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ „—– ‡‰Ž‡ –• –‘ ‘—– –Š‡ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’Ǥ ‡ ˜‡”› ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ™‹–Š ‘—–‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡• –‘
‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ ƒ•‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ
Ex.11 ‹‡ Šƒ‹”•‹ƒ”‘™ƒ”‡–‘„‡ ‘ —’‹‡†„›•‹š•–—†‡–•ƒ†”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ž’Šƒǡ‡–ƒǡƒ†
ƒƒǤ Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒ””‹˜‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ •‹š •–—†‡–• ƒ† †‡ ‹†‡ –‘ Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡‹”

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Šƒ‹”• •‘ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •–—†‡–•Ǥ  Š‘™ ƒ› ™ƒ›• ƒ
’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ž’Šƒǡ‡–ƒǡƒ† ƒƒ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‹” Šƒ‹”•ǫ
ȋͳȌͳʹ ȋʹȌ͵͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͸Ͳ ȋͶȌͺͶ
Sol. (3)
‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‹‡ Šƒ‹”•
‘ ‘
”‘ˆ‡••‘” ”‘ˆ‡••‘”
Šƒ‹”ͳ Šƒ‹” ʹ Šƒ‹” ͵ Šƒ‹” Ͷ Šƒ‹” ͷ Šƒ‹” ͸ Šƒ‹” ͹ Šƒ‹” ͺ Šƒ‹”ͻ
ƒ†ˆ‹”•–‘–‡–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒ‘ —’› Šƒ‹”•ͳ‘”ͻǤ ˆƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ —’‹‡•
Šƒ‹”ʹƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ —’‹‡• Šƒ‹”Ͷǡ–Š‡–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘—Ž†‘ —’›
ƒ›‘ˆ Šƒ‹”•͸ǡ͹ǡ‘”ͺǤ ‡ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•™Š‡ Šƒ‹”•ʹƒ†Ͷƒ”‡‘ —’‹‡†Ǥ ˆ
ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ —’‹‡• Šƒ‹”ʹƒ†–Š‡‡š– Šƒ‹”‘ —’‹‡†„›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹• Šƒ‹”ͷǡ–Š‡–Š‡
–Š‹”†’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘—Ž†‘ —’›‡‹–Š‡” Šƒ‹”•͹‘”ͺǡ•‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ Šƒ‹”
ʹ‹•‘ —’‹‡†„›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”„—––Š‡‡š– Šƒ‹”‘ —’‹‡†„›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹• Šƒ‹”͸ǡ–Š‡–Š‡”‡
‹•‘Ž›‘‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹• Šƒ‹”ͺǤ ‡ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͸™ƒ›•
–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒ‘ —’›–Š‡ Šƒ‹”•‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– Šƒ‹”‘ —’‹‡†„›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹• Šƒ‹”ʹǤ

[178]
 Mathematics

ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Šƒ‹” ‘ —’‹‡† „› ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‹• Šƒ‹” ͵ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‡š– Šƒ‹” ‘ —’‹‡† „› ƒ
’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘—Ž†„‡ Šƒ‹”ͷǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡ Šƒ‹”͹
ƒ† Šƒ‹”ͺǤ ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– Šƒ‹”‘ —’‹‡†„›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹• Šƒ‹”͵ƒ†–Š‡ ‡š–‘ —’‹‡†„›ƒ
’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹• Šƒ‹”͸–Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• Šƒ‹”
ͺǤ ‡ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵™ƒ›•–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒ‘ —’›–Š‡ Šƒ‹”•‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– Šƒ‹”‘ —’‹‡†
„›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹• Šƒ‹”͵Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ‘—Ž†‘ —’› Šƒ‹”•Ͷǡ͸ǡƒ†ͺǤ—‹‰–Š‡•‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•™‡•‡‡
–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͸Ϊ͵ΪͳαͳͲ™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡ Šƒ‹”• ƒ„‡‘ —’‹‡†„›’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǡ„—––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
ƒŽ•‘͵Ǩα͸™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒ„‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡•‡ Šƒ‹”•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡
–™‘‡˜‡–•ƒ”‡‹†‡’‡†‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͲȉ͸α͸Ͳ™ƒ›•–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ž’Šƒǡ‡–ƒǡ
ƒ† ƒƒ ƒ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‹” Šƒ‹”•Ǥ
OR
Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ””‹˜‡†ˆ‹”•–ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‰‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹
ƒ”‘™ǤŠ‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ†’Žƒ ‡† Šƒ‹”•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

Žƒ ‡•ˆ‘””‘ˆ‡••‘”•

–—†‡–ͳ –—†‡–ʹ –—†‡–͵ –—†‡–Ͷ –—†‡–ͷ –—†‡–͸

Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͷ’Žƒ ‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒ’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‹” Šƒ‹”•ǡ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

•‡ ‘†•–—†‡–•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†–Š‹”†•–—†‡–•ǡǤǤǤǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Šƒ†•‹š–Š•–—†‡–•Ǥˆ–Š‡•‡
§ ͷ·
ˆ‹˜‡ •Ž‘–•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• —•– Š‘‘•‡ ͵ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ †‘‡ ‹ ¨ ¸ α ͳͲ ™ƒ›•Ǥ Š‡
© ͵¹
”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•ƒ•ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
Ex.12 ‘™ƒ›ͳͷǦŽ‡––‡”ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•‘ˆͷǯ•ǡͷǯ•ǡƒ†ͷǯ•Šƒ˜‡‘ǯ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷŽ‡––‡”•ǡ
‘ǯ•‹–Š‡‡š–ͷŽ‡––‡”•ǡƒ†‘ǯ•‹–Š‡Žƒ•–ͷŽ‡––‡”•ǫ
͵
ͷ
§ͷ·
ȋͳȌ ¦ ¨ ¸ ȋʹȌ͵ͷǤʹͷ
‹ Ͳ©‹¹

ͳͷǨ
ȋ͵Ȍʹͳͷ ȋͶȌ
ȋͷǨȌ͵
Sol. (1)
Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡‹•Šƒ”†‡”–Šƒ‹–ˆ‹”•–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•Ǥ –‹•”ƒ–Š‡”‡ƒ•›–‘•‡‡–Šƒ–ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷŽ‡––‡”•
—•–„‡ Š‘•‡ˆ”‘ǯ•ƒ†ǯ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲȉͻȉͺȉ͹ȉ͸™ƒ›•–‘•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘–Šƒ–
–Š‡”‡„‡‘ǯ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷŽ‡––‡”•Ǥ—––Š‡™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡‡š–ͷŽ‡––‡”•™‡Šƒ˜‡ͷǯ•
–‘ Š‘‘•‡ˆ”‘„—––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆǯ•–‘ Š‘‘•‡ˆ”‘†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡—„‡”™‡—•‡†‹
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ‡‡‡†–‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡ ƒ•‡••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

[179]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–™‡—•‡‘Ž›ǯ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ͷǨ™ƒ›•–‘†‘–Š‹•ǤŠ‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡
ǯ•—•–‰‘‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ȋ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› ƒ‘–‰‘‹–Š‡Žƒ•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•Ȍƒ†ƒŽŽ–Š‡
ǯ•—•–‰‘‹–Š‡Žƒ•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ȋͷǨȌʹ Š‘‹ ‡•‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡ǤŠ‹•‰‹˜‡•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ
ȋͷǨȌ͵ Š‘‹ ‡•™Š‡™‡—•‡‘Ž›ǯ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡’Žƒ ‡•ǤȋŠ‡•ƒ‡™Š‡™‡—•‡‘Ž›ǯ•
‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ǤȌ
§ͷ·
ˆ™‡—•‡Ͷǯ•ƒ†ͳǯ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ ¨ ¸ ™ƒ›•–Š‡› ƒ„‡ Š‘•‡ǤŠ‡
©ͳ¹
™‡‡‡†–‘—•‡Ͷǯ•ƒ†ͳ‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ƒ†ͳƒ†Ͷǯ•‹–Š‡Žƒ•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ
ʹ
§ͷ·
Š‹•‰‹˜‡•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ ¨ ¸ ™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†–Š‹”†„Ž‘ •‘ˆˆ‹˜‡Ž‡––‡”•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘
©ͳ¹
͵
§ͷ·
‰‹˜‡•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ ¨ ¸ ™ƒ›•™Š‡™‡—•‡Ͷǯ•ƒ†ͳ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ǤȋŠ‡•ƒ‡Š‘Ž†•
©ͳ¹
™Š‡™‡—•‡Ͷǯ•ƒ†ͳ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ’Žƒ ‡•ǤȌ
͵
§ͷ·
ˆ™‡—•‡͵ǯ•ƒ†ʹǯ•™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š‰‹˜‡• ¨ ¸ –‘–ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ
© ʹ¹
††‹‰–Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡•‹•
͵ ͵
§ͷ· § ͷ·
ʹȋͷǨȌ͵ Ϊʹ ¨ ¸  ʹ ¨ ¸
©ͳ ¹ ©ʹ¹

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Š‹•‹•‘–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•™‡” Š‘‹ ‡•ǡ„—–‹–Ž‘‘• Ž‘•‡•––‘–Š‡ƒ•™‡” Š‘‹ ‡‹Ǥ†
‹†‡‡†ǡ•‹ ‡
§ ͷ · § ͷ· § ͷ· § ͷ · § ͷ· § ͷ·
ͳα ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ǡ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ǡ ƒ† ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ǡ
© Ͳ ¹ ©ͷ ¹ ©ͳ ¹ © Ͷ ¹ © ʹ ¹ ©͵ ¹
™‡Šƒ˜‡
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵
§ ͷ· § ͷ· § ͷ · § ͷ· § ͷ· § ͷ· § ͷ · § ͷ·
ʹȋͳȌ͵ ΪʹǤ ¨ ¸  ʹ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©ͳ ¹ ©ʹ ¹ © Ͳ ¹ ©ͳ ¹ © ʹ ¹ ©͵ ¹ © Ͷ ¹ ©ͷ ¹
͵
§ͷ· ͷ
‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•–‘ Š‘‘•‡ǡǡƒ†‹• ¦ ¨ ¸
‹ Ͳ©‹¹

Ex.13 Š”‡‡‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡–αͳǡʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤǡͳͻǡʹͲǤ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•

™Š‡”‡–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡‹–‡‰‡”•‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵‹•šǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆšǤ
Sol. ƒ”–‹–‹‘  ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡ •—„•‡–• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‡•‹†—‡• ‘†—Ž‘ ͵ ǣ  Ͳ α ͵ǡ ͸ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ͳͺǡ
ͳ αͳǡͶǡǤǤǤǡͳͻƒ†ʹ αʹǡͷǡǤǤǤǡʹͲǤ ‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‹–‡‰‡”•–‘„‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡
„›͵ǡ‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡—•–„‡Ž‘‰–‘‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡‹ ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡—•–„‡Ž‘‰–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹Ǥ
‡ ‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ•— Š Š‘‹ ‡•‹•
͸
͵ ʹ ͹
͵ Ϊ͸š͹š͹α͵ͺͶǤ

[180]
 Mathematics

Ex.14 ƒ Š Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ ‘•–•ͳ”—’‡‡ǡ‡ƒ Š ƒ†›•–‹  ‘•–•ͷͲ’ƒ‹•‡ƒ†‡ƒ ŠŽ‘ŽŽ›’‘’ ‘•–•ͶͲ

’ƒ‹•‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡‹–‡• ‘•–ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͲ”—’‡‡•ǫ
Sol. ‡–šǡ›ƒ†œ†‡‘–‡ –Š‡—„‡”•‘ˆ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ǡŽ‹ ‘”‹ ‡ •–‹ ƒ†Ž‘ŽŽ›’‘’ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Š‡
šΪͲǤͷ›ΪͲǤͶœαͳͲǤ
‘”‡ƒ ŠαͲǡ ǤǤǤǡͳͲǡ ‘•‹†‡”ͲǤͷ›ΪͲǤͶœǡαǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡͷ›ΪͶœαͳͲǤŠ‡
ʹȁ›ƒ†ͷȁœǤ
‡–›αʹ•ƒ†œαͷ–ǤŠ‡ͳͲ•ΪʹͲ–αͳͲǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•Ϊʹ–αǤŠ‡–αͲǡ ǤǤǤǡȏȀʹȐǤ
‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ȏȀʹȐΪͳ™ƒ›•–‘—•‡”—’‡‡•ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•‹•
ͳͲ

¦ȋȏ ȀʹȐ  ͳȌ αͳΪͳΪʹΪʹΪ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪͷΪͷΪ͸α͵͸Ǥ

 Ͳ

Ex.15 ˆ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡• ™Š‘•‡ •‹†‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ •‹†‡• ƒ† –Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ƒ
”‡‰—Žƒ”Š‡’–ƒ‰‘ȋ͹Ǧ•‹†‡†’‘Ž›‰‘Ȍ‹•šǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†šȂ ʹͲͲǤ
ȋ‘–‡ǣŠ‡˜‡”–‹ ‡•‘ˆ–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡•‡‡†‘–„‡–Š‡˜‡”–‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’–ƒ‰‘ǤȌ
Sol. –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰͵ǡͶǡͷ‘”͸˜‡”–‹ ‡•Ǥ

‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‹•
§͹· §͹· §͹ · §͹·
¨ ¸  ͷ u ¨ ¸  ʹ u ʹ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸ ʹͺ͹Ǥ
©͸¹ © ͷ¹ © Ͷ¹ © ͵¹
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Ex.16 –ƒ™‘”•Š‘’ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹ͹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒ‡•Šƒ†‘ ‡™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ

ˆ–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆŠƒ†•Šƒ‡•ƒ”‡Ǥ ‹†–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
Sol. Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–™‹ŽŽ•Šƒ‡Šƒ†™‹–Šʹ͸‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǣ–Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–™‹ŽŽ
•Šƒ‡Šƒ†™‹–Šʹͷ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǣ–Š‡–Š‹”†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–™‹ŽŽ•Šƒ‡Šƒ†™‹–ŠʹͶ‘–Š‡”
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǣ‡– ǤŠ—•–‘–ƒŽ‘Ǥ‘ˆŠƒ†•Šƒ‡•αʹ͸ΪʹͷΪʹͶΪǤǤǤΪ͵ΪʹΪͳ
Method 1
ͳΪʹ͸αʹ͹ ½
ʹΪʹͷαʹ͹ °°
°
͵ΪʹͶαʹ͹ ¾ͳ͵ ’ƒ‹”•
°
°
ͳ͵ΪͳͶαʹ͹ °¿
? –‘–ƒŽ‘Ǥ‘ˆŠƒ†•Šƒ‡•αʹ͹έͳ͵α͵ͷͳ
Method 2
ȋ  ͳȌ
‹ ‡ͳΪʹΪ͵ΪǤǤǤڐα ǡ
ʹ
ʹ͸ u ʹ͹
–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‘Ǥ‘ˆŠƒ†•Šƒ‡•α α͵ͷͳ
ʹ

[181]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

EXERCISE
1.  –‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ —„‡” Šƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‘”  Ȃ   Ȃ ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ Š Ž‡––‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹‰‹–Ǥ Š‡ †‹‰‹–• ‹ ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘”†‡”Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ
εεǡεε ǡƒ† ε ε ε Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡǡǡƒ† ƒ”‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‡˜‡†‹‰‹–•Ǣ
ǡ ǡ ǡƒ† ƒ”‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‘†††‹‰‹–•Ǣƒ†ΪΪαͻǤ ‹†Ǥ
2. ‡ˆ‹‡ƒǨˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡–‘„‡ƒǨαȋȂ ƒȌȋȂ ʹƒȌȋȂ ͵ƒȌǤǤǤǤǤȋȂ ƒȌǡ™Š‡”‡‹•
–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‹–‡‰‡”ˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠεƒǤŠ‡–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–͹ʹͺǨȀͳͺʹǨ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹšǤ ‹†šǤ
3. ‘™ƒ›™ƒ›• ƒƒ•–—†‡–• Š‡†—Ž‡͵ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • ‘—”•‡•Ȃ ƒŽ‰‡„”ƒǡ‰‡‘‡–”›ǡƒ†
—„‡”–Š‡‘”›‹ƒ͸Ǧ’‡”‹‘††ƒ›‹ˆ‘–™‘ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • ‘—”•‡• ƒ„‡–ƒ‡‹ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡
’‡”‹‘†•ǫȋŠƒ– ‘—”•‡•–Š‡•–—†‡––ƒ‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡‘–Š‡”͵’‡”‹‘†•‹•‘ˆ‘ ‘ ‡”Š‡”‡ȌǤ
4. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ʹͲ•–—†‡–• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ƒƒˆ–‡”Ǧ• Š‘‘Ž’”‘‰”ƒ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ Žƒ••‡• ‹›‘‰ƒǡ
„”‹†‰‡ǡƒ†’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǥƒ Š•–—†‡–—•––ƒ‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡ Žƒ••‡•ǡ„—–ƒ›
–ƒ‡–™‘‘”ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲ•–—†‡–•–ƒ‹‰›‘‰ƒǡͳ͵–ƒ‹‰„”‹†‰‡ǡ ƒ†ͻ–ƒ‹‰
’ƒ‹–‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ͻ•–—†‡–•–ƒ‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘ Žƒ••‡•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡–ƒ‹‰
ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡ Žƒ••‡•ǫ
5. ‹˜‡ˆ”‹‡†••ƒ–‹ƒ‘˜‹‡–Š‡ƒ–”‡ ‹ƒ”‘™ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ͷ•‡ƒ–•ǡ—„‡”‡†ͳ–‘ͷˆ”‘Ž‡ˆ–
–‘”‹‰Š–ǤȋŠ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘•DzŽ‡ˆ–dzƒ†Dz”‹‰Š–dzƒ”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡›

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

•‹–‹–Š‡•‡ƒ–•ǤȌ—”‹‰–Š‡‘˜‹‡•Šƒ™‡––‘–Š‡Ž‘„„›–‘‰‡–•‘‡’‘’ ‘”ǤŠ‡•Š‡
”‡–—”‡†ǡ•Š‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–Šƒ™ƒŠƒ†‘˜‡†–™‘•‡ƒ–•–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–ǡŠ‡–ƒŠƒ†‘˜‡†‘‡
•‡ƒ––‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ǡƒ†‹˜›ƒƒ†•ŠƒŠƒ†•™‹– Š‡†•‡ƒ–•ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ‡†•‡ƒ–ˆ‘”•ŠƒǤ 
™Š‹ Š•‡ƒ–Šƒ†•Šƒ„‡‡•‹––‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡•Š‡‰‘–—’ǫ
6. ’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡—„‡”‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡‡‹–Š‡””‡ƒ†ˆ”‘Ž‡ˆ––‘”‹‰Š–‘””‹‰Š––‘Ž‡ˆ–ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
ͳʹͳ‹•ƒ’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡—„‡”Ǥ‘–ƒŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡ͷǦ†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡—„‡”• ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ•
ͳͲƒǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒǤ
7. ‹˜‡•–—†‡–•ǡǡǡƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‡ƒ–‘–ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹ƒͷǦŽ‡‰”‡Žƒ› ‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ ˆ
ƒ‘–”—–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‡‰ƒ† ƒ‘–”—–Š‡Žƒ•–Ž‡‰ǡŠ‘™ƒ›™ƒ›• ƒ™‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡
–‘”—–Š‡”‡Žƒ›ǫ
8. ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘•‹–‹˜‡͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡†‹‰‹–•ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͷǡ͹ǡƒ†”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•
‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•— Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡͵Ǧ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”•‹ Ž—†‡͵ͷʹǡͷ͹͹ǡ
ͳͳͳǡ ‡– Ǥ ‘™ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ †‹•–‹ – ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ͵Ǧ†‹‰‹– ‹–‡‰‡”• ˆ‘”‡† ‹ –Š‹• ™ƒ› ‹•
™”‹––‡ƒ•ͷͲǤ ‹†ΪΪǤ

[182]
 Mathematics

9. ••Š‘™‹–Š‡’‹ –—”‡ǡ–Š‡‹‰Š– ƒ‘˜‡–‘ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†•“—ƒ”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ͺέͺ

Š‡••„‘ƒ”† ‹ ͳ ‘˜‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰Š– •–ƒ”–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ •Š‘™ǡˆ‹† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ
’‘••‹„Ž‡Žƒ†‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒˆ–‡”ʹͲ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‘˜‡•Ǥ

10. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—„‡”‘ˆͳͳǦ†‹‰‹–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ––Š‡†‹‰‹–•ˆ”‘Ž‡ˆ––‘”‹‰Š–ƒ”‡

‘Ǧ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥȋ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻͻͻǡͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷǡʹ͵͵Ͷͷͷͷ͹ͺͺͻȌǤ ‹†•—‘ˆ
ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆǤ
11. ˆ‘—”†‹‰‹– —„‡” ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ–™‘†‹•–‹ –’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ”‡’‡ƒ–‡††‹‰‹–•ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ʹʹͳͳǡ
ʹ͸ʹ͸ƒ†͹ͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‹†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ•— Š’‘••‹„Ž‡—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͹‘”
ͳͲͳ„—–‘–„‘–ŠǤ
12. ƒ†ƒ”‡–™‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰ͳd d d ͶͲǤ ‹†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ‹”•‘ˆȋ‹ǡȌ
•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’”‘†— –‹•†‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡„›͵͵Ǥ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

13. ‘™ƒ›͹†‹‰‹–’ƒŽ‹†”‘‡•ȋ—„‡”•–Šƒ–”‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡„ƒ ™ƒ”†ƒ•ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ȍ ƒ„‡

ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–•ʹǡʹǡ͵ǡ͵ǡͷǡͷǡͷǫ
14. Œƒ›”‡ˆ—•‡•–‘•‹–‡š––‘‡‹–Š‡”Šƒ”ƒ–‘”Šƒ†ƒǤ‡‡’ƒ”‡ˆ—•‡•–‘•‹–‡š––‘‡‡•Ǥ ‘™
ƒ›™ƒ›•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘•‹–‹ƒ”‘™‘ˆͷ Šƒ‹”•—†‡”–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǫ
15. ˆ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡  ‹–‡‰‡”• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͲͲ ƒ† ͻͻͻǡ ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘’‡”–› –Šƒ– •‘‡
’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•†‹‰‹–•‹•ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͳͳ„‡–™‡‡ͳͲͲƒ†ͻͻͻǫ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ„‘–Šͳʹͳ
 ͳ
ƒ†ʹͳͳŠƒ˜‡–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͷ
16. Š‡—„‡”•ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷƒ”‡–‘„‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ ‹” Ž‡Ǥƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‹•„ƒ†‹ˆ‹–‹•‘–
–”—‡ –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ‡˜‡”›  ˆ”‘ ͳ –‘ ͳͷ ‘‡ ƒ ˆ‹† ƒ •—„•‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”
‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ž›‘–Š‡ ‹” Ž‡–Šƒ–•—–‘Ǥ””ƒ‰‡‡–•–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‘Ž›„›ƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘”ƒ
”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
17. •–—†‡– —•– Š‘‘•‡ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒ ‘ˆˆ‘—” ‘—”•‡• ˆ”‘ƒ ‡—‘ˆ ‘—”•‡• ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ
‰Ž‹•ŠǡŽ‰‡„”ƒǡ ‡‘‡–”›ǡ ‹•–‘”›ǡ”–ǡƒ†ƒ–‹ǤŠ‹•’”‘‰”ƒ—•– ‘–ƒ‹‰Ž‹•Šƒ†
ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • ‘—”•‡Ǥ Š‘™ƒ›™ƒ›• ƒ–Š‹•’”‘‰”ƒ„‡ Š‘•‡ǫ
18. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰‡”ͳǨΪʹǨΪ͵ǨΪ ˜ ˜ ˜ ΪʹͲͲͷǨǫ
[183]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC
19. ‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š͹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‹œ‡•„‡ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–‘ͷ•–—†‡–•‹•— Š

  ͳͲͲ
ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š•–—†‡–Šƒ•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡’”‹œ‡‹•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ʹ
20. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡†‹‰‹–—„‡”•ǡŽ›‹‰„‡–™‡‡ͳͲͲƒ†ͻͻͻ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡŠƒ˜‡–™‘ƒ†‘Ž›

–™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡†‹‰‹–•‹†‡–‹ ƒŽǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͻ
21. •‡–‘ˆͳ͸•“—ƒ”‡„Ž‘ •‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹–‘ƒͶέͶ•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ͵„Ž‘ • ƒ„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Šƒ–•‡–•‘–Šƒ–‘–™‘ƒ”‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡”‘™‘” ‘Ž—ǫ
22. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲͲ’Žƒ›‡”•‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡•–‡‹•–‘—”ƒ‡–ǤŠ‡–‘—”ƒ‡–‹••‹‰Ž‡‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ’Žƒ›‡”™Š‘Ž‘•‡•ƒƒ– Š‹•‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘—†ǡ–Š‡•–”‘‰‡•–ʹͺ
’Žƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ ƒ „›‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰͹ʹ’Žƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡’ƒ‹”‡†‘ˆˆ –‘ ’Žƒ›Ǥˆ–‡”‡ƒ Š
”‘—†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰’Žƒ›‡”•’Žƒ›‹–Š‡‡š–”‘—†ǤŠ‡ƒ– Š ‘–‹—‡•—–‹Ž‘Ž›‘‡
’Žƒ›‡””‡ƒ‹•—„‡ƒ–‡Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆƒ– Š‡•’Žƒ›‡†Ǥ
23. ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š”‡‡†‡••‡”–•ǡƒ†‡šƒ –Ž›–™‹ ‡ƒ•ƒ›ƒ’’‡–‹œ‡”•ƒ•ƒ‹ ‘—”•‡•Ǥ
†‹‡” ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒƒ’’‡–‹œ‡”ǡƒ•ƒ‹ ‘—”•‡ǡƒ†ƒ†‡••‡”–ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–—„‡”
‘ˆƒ‹ ‘—”•‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–•Š‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”•‘–Šƒ–ƒ —•–‘‡” ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
†‹‡”‡ƒ Š‹‰Š–‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲ͵ǫ
24. •–—†‡– ‘— ‹Ž—•–•‡Ž‡ –ƒ–™‘Ǧ’‡”•‘™‡Ž ‘‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ƒ†ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‡”•‘’Žƒ‹‰
‘‹––‡‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘‰‹–•‡„‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‡šƒ –Ž›ͳͲ™ƒ›•–‘•‡Ž‡ –ƒ–™‘Ǧ’‡”•‘–‡ƒ

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡Ž ‘‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡Ǥ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•–‘•‡”˜‡‘„‘–Š ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ Š‘™
ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›• ƒƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‡”•‘’Žƒ‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ǫ
25. ‹†–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–•— Š–Šƒ–™Š‡‡˜‡”–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–ȓͳǡʹǡ ǤǤǤǡȔƒ”‡ ‘Ž‘—”‡†”‡†‘”
„Ž—‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡š‹•–šǡ›ǡœǡ™ȋ‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›†‹•–‹ –Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘Ž‘—”•— Š–Šƒ–
šΪ›Ϊœα™Ǥ
26. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡„ƒŽŽ•‹ƒ„‘šǡƒ†–Š‡„ƒŽŽ•ƒ”‡—„‡”‡†ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǤǤǤǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
„ƒŽŽ• ‹• ”‡‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‘šǡ ƒ† ‹– –—”• ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”• ‘ –Š‡
”‡ƒ‹‹‰„ƒŽŽ•‹–Š‡„‘š‹•ͷͲͶͺǤ ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘–Š‡„ƒŽŽ”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡„‘š‹•ǡ
ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǤ
27. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ͺͲͲǦ†‹‰‹–‹–‡‰‡”
ʹ͵Ͷͷʹ͵Ͷͷʹ͵Ͷͷ˜ ˜ ˜ ʹ͵ͶͷǤ
Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‹‰‹–•ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•–†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹–‡‰‡”ƒ”‡ ”‘••‡†‘—–•‘–Šƒ––Š‡•—

‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰†‹‰‹–•‹•ʹ͵ͶͷǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͳͲ
28. Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•„‡–™‡‡Ͳƒ†ͳͲͷ Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–•—‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͺ‹•–Š‡
ˆ‹†ͷȋͷͲͲȂ ȌǤ

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 Mathematics

29. ‘™ƒ›‘”†‡”‡†’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ‹–‡‰‡”•ȋǡȌ™Š‡”‡ͲδδδʹͲͲͺ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ʹͲͲͺʹ ڏʹ αʹͲͲ͹ʹ ڐʹǫ
30. •‡–‘ˆ–‹Ž‡•—„‡”‡†ͳ–Š”‘—‰ŠͳͲͲ‹•‘†‹ˆ‹‡†”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ
”‡‘˜‡ ƒŽŽ –‹Ž‡• —„‡”‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ – •“—ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ† ”‡—„‡” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ –‹Ž‡•
‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ž›•–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–ŠͳǤ ‘™ƒ›–‹‡•—•––Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–‘”‡†— ‡
–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‹Ž‡•‹–Š‡•‡––‘‘‡ǫ
31. ”Ǥƒ†”•Ǥƒ†ƒ˜™ƒ––‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”„ƒ„›ƒ†ƒ˜•‘–Šƒ–‹–•‘‘‰”ƒȋˆ‹”•–ǡ‹††Ž‡ǡƒ†
Žƒ•– ‹‹–‹ƒŽ•Ȍ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹ ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘”†‡” ™‹–Š ‘ Ž‡––‡”• ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ ˆ –‘–ƒŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ

’‘••‹„Ž‡‘‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡ǡˆ‹† Ǥ
͵Ͳ
32. ‹‡ Šƒ‹”• ‹ ƒ ”‘™ ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ‘ —’‹‡† „› •‹š •–—†‡–• ƒ† ”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ƒŽ’ŠƒǤ ‡–ƒ ƒ†
ƒƒǤŠ‡•‡–Š”‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ””‹˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‹š•–—†‡–•ƒ††‡ ‹†‡–‘ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‹”
Šƒ‹”• •‘ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •–—†‡–•Ǥ   Š‘™ ƒ› ™ƒ›• ƒ
”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ž’Šƒǡ‡–ƒƒ† ƒƒ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‹” Šƒ‹”•ǫ
33. Ž‹•–‘ˆʹͲͳͺ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”•Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡‘†‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ —”•‡šƒ –Ž›ͳͲ–‹‡•ǤŠ‡–Š‡

Ž‡ƒ•–—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹ –˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ– ƒ‘ —”‹–Š‡Ž‹•–‹•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ͷ
34. ‡–„‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͶ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǨ‡†•
‹œ‡”‘•ƒ†–Š‡†‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆȋʹȌǨ‡†•‹͵œ‡”‘•Ǥ‡–•†‡‘–‡–Š‡•—
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”Ž‡ƒ•–’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–•‘ˆ•ǫ
̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

35. ‡–ȋƒͳǡƒʹǡǤǤǤǡƒͳͲȌ„‡ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͳͲ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–‡‰‡”••— Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Šʹd ‹d ͳͲ‡‹–Š‡”

ƒ‹ Ϊͳ‘”ƒ‹ Ȃ ͳ‘”„‘–Šƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘‡™Š‡”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‹ ‹–Š‡Ž‹•–Ǥ ˆ—„‡”‘ˆ•— ŠŽ‹•–•ƒ”‡ʹǡ
ˆ‹†Ǥ
36. •Š—Žǡ‘‰‡•Šǡƒ†—‹ŽŽ‹•–‡–‘ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘‰•ƒ††‹• —••™Š‹ Š‘‡•–Š‡›Ž‹‡Ǥ
‘•‘‰‹•Ž‹‡†„›ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ–Š‡„‘›•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•
ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡•‘‰Ž‹‡†„›–Š‘•‡–™‘„‘›•„—–†‹•Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡–Š‹”†Ǥ ˆ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ʹ ΪͶ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†Ǥ
37. Š‡’Žƒ›‡”•‘ƒ„ƒ•‡–„ƒŽŽ–‡ƒƒ†‡•‘‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•ǡ•‘‡–™‘Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•ǡƒ†
•‘‡ ‘‡Ǧ’‘‹– ˆ”‡‡ –Š”‘™•Ǥ Š‡› • ‘”‡† ƒ• ƒ› ’‘‹–• ™‹–Š –™‘Ǧ’‘‹– •Š‘–• ƒ• ™‹–Š
–Š”‡‡Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•ǤŠ‡‹”—„‡”‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žˆ”‡‡–Š”‘™•™ƒ•‘‡‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡‹”—„‡”
‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–™‘Ǧ’‘‹–•Š‘–•ǤŠ‡–‡ƒǯ•–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡™ƒ•͸ͳ’‘‹–•Ǥ ‘™ƒ›ˆ”‡‡–Š”‘™•
†‹†–Š‡›ƒ‡ǫ
38. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͷʹ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒ”‘‘ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–Dz–
Ž‡ƒ•–’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‹•”‘‘Šƒ˜‡„‹”–Š†ƒ›•ˆƒŽŽ‹‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‘–Šdz‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•–”—‡ǫ
39. ‘™ƒ›™ƒ›• ƒ–Š‡™‘”†  „‡’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‡†•‘–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š’ƒ”– ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ–
Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ ˜‘™‡Žǫ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡǦ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǦǦ ƒ†
  ƒ”‡•— Š’ƒ”–‹–‹‘•Ǥ

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ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE
1. Ͳͺ 2. ͳͺ 3. ʹͶ 4. Ͳ͵ 5. Ͳʹ 6. ͻͲ 7. ͹ͺ
8. ʹʹ 9. ͵ʹ 10. ʹ͹ 11. ͻ͹ 12. ͸Ͷ 13. Ͳ͸ 14. ʹͺ
15. Ͷͷ 16. Ͳʹ 17. Ͳͻ 18. ͲͶ 19. ͸ͷ 20. ͳͺ 21. ʹͶ
22. ͻͻ 23. Ͳͺ 24. ͳͲ 25. ͳͳ 26. Ͳʹ 27. ͳ͵ 28. ʹͷ
29. Ͳ͵ 30. ͳͺ 31. ͳͲ 32. ͸Ͳ 33. Ͷͷ 34. Ͳͺ 35. ͻ
36. ͹ 37. ͳ͵ 38. ͷ 39. ͵͸

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

[186]
 ̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Mathematics

[187]
[188]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

 ̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡

Mathematics

[189]
[190]
Pre-RMO/IOQM/NMTC

̳̳Ǧ ǦͲʹǤŽŽ‡‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ‘̳ŽŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦ–‘”ƒ‰‡̳—„Ž‹•Š‹‰̳ ̳ʹͲʹͶǦʹͷ̳”‹–‘†—Ž‡̳Ǧͳ̳̳‘†—Ž‡